W Galicji i nad Socza: Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej = V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish Slovenian |
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Kraków
Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica"
2016
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Physical Description: | 226 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Porträts 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788365080363 |
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W GALICJI I NAD SOCZĄ
POLACY I SŁOWEŃCY NA FRONTACH
I WOJNY ŚWIATOWEJ
V GALICIJI IN OB SOCI
POLJAKI IN SLOVENCI NA FRONTAH
I SYETOYNE YOJNE
pod redakcją
Antoniego Cetnarowicza, DuSana Nećaka,
Stanisława Pijaja, Bojany Todorović
KRAKÓW 2016
SPIS TREŚCI
W GALICJI I NAD SOCZĄ
POLACY I SŁOWEŃCY NA FRONTACH I WOJNY ŚWIATOWEJ
Marjan Śetinc, Wstęp 9
Część I: Z dziejów stosunków polsko-słoweńskich 11
Antoni Cetnarowicz, Pod berłem Habsburgów Polsko-słoweńskie stosunki
polityczne w drugiej połowie XIX wieku 13
Rok Stergar, Nieznany słoweński program narodowy i rezolucja galicyjska 25
Zdzisław Darasz, Polacy i Słoweńcy we wzajemnych relacjach w świetle publicystyki
doby monarchii austro-węgierskiej 39
Część II: Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej 49
Bożo Repe, Słoweńcy a front wschodni 51
Petra Svoljśak, Front wschodni we wspomnieniach słoweńskich żołnierzy 59
Duśan Nećak, Feldmarszałek Svetozar Boroević de Bojna — bohater frontów
w Galicji i nad Soczą? 69
Darja Kerec, Stosunki polsko-słoweńskie w czasie I wojny światowej (Ich echa
w niektórych słoweńskich gazetach centralnych i prasie z terenu Prekmurja) 7 7
Wacław Szczepanik, Udział jednostek rekrutowanych w Galicji w walkach nad Soczą
(ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem 57 tarnowskiego pułku piechoty) 85
Kamil Ruszała, „Requiem aeternam Groby Galicjanpoległych w I wojnie światowej
na terenie dzisiejszej Słowenii 93
Kamil Ruszała, „Żołnierze cesarza odeszli na spoczynek Zachodniogalicyjskie
cmentarze wojenne i pochówki Słoweńców z armii austro-węgierskiej 105
V GALICIJI IN OB SOĆI
POLJAKI IN SLOVENCI NA FRONTAH 1 SVETOVNE VOJNE
Marjan Setinc, Predgovor 119
1 del: Iz zgodovine poljsko-slovenskih odnosov 121
Antoni Cetnarowicz, Pod źezlom Habsburźanov Poljsko-slovenski politićni odnosi
v 2 polovici 19 stoletja 123
Rok Stergar, Galiśka resolucija in slovenski nacionalniprogram iz leta 1869 133
6 Spis treści
Zdzisław Darasz, Poljaki in Slovenci v medsebojnih poroćilih v luci publicistike v ćasu
Avstro-ogrske monarhije 145
2 del: Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1 svetovne vojne 153
Bożo Repe, Slovenci in vzhodna fronta 155
Petra Svoljśak, Yzhodna fronta v spominih slovenskih vojakov 163
Duśan Nećak, Feldmarśal Svetozar Boroević de Bojna junak galicijske in sośke
fronte? 171
Darja Kerec, Odnosi med Slovenci in Poljaki med 1 svetovno vojno (Odzivi nanje
v nekaterih osrednjih slovenskih ćasopisih ter v prekmurskem tisku) 179
Wacław Szczepanik, Sodelovanje v Galiciji rekrutiranih enot v bojih na Soći
(sposebnim ozirom na 57 tarnowskipeśpolk) 185
Kamil Ruszała, »Requiem aeternam « Groboviprebivalcev Galicije, padlih v ćasu
1 svetovne vojne na obmoćju danaśnje Slovenije 193
Kamil Ruszała, »Cesarjevi vojaki so legli kpoćitku « Zahodnogalicijska vojaśka
pokopaliśća in grobovi Slovencev iz avstro-ogrske vojske 203
Noty o autorach 215
Podatki o avtorjih 216
Abstracts 217
ABSTRACTS Antoni Cetnarowicz UNDER THE SCEPTRE OF THE HABSBURGS: POLISH-SLOVENIAN POLITICAL RELATIONS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19™ CENTURY Polish interest in southern Slavdom, and later mutual relations between Poles and South Slavic nations, have their roots in the idea of Slavophilism. After 1831, for émigré activists propagating Poland’s mission among the Slavs in the name of freedom and brotherhood the fact that South Slavic peoples were undergoing a national revival was an additional incentive. The march of Polish refugees through the Slovenian territory after the collapse of the November Up rising was an opportunity to establish direct contacts with the local population. The ideas propagated by the Polish emigration (along with the French ideas) definitely influenced the views of the greatest Slovenian poet, France Prešeren, which he expressed in the poem entitled Zdravlica, written in 1844. During the Revolutions of 1848/49, Slovenians chose a different path than Poles to wards their nationalist demands. Together with the Czechs, Croats, and Serbs from Voivodina they strongly supported the idea of Austro-Slavism, joining the ranks of the defenders of the monarchy. In a way, this fact in itself deter mined their negative attitude to the Polish drive for independence. One of the main problems which Slovenians were keenly interested in, and was to have a powerful impact on their attitude towards Poles, was the Ukrainian problem. This stemmed from the fact that Ukrainians, like Slovenians, were a so-called ‘non-historic’ nation and some of their nationalist demands
overlapped with the slogans of the Slovenian nationalist movement. The situation and course of events in the territory under Prussian partition also drew the attention of Slovenian nationalist activists. The reason for this interest is not hard to guess, considering that it was there that Poles had to face the same enemy as Slove nians, i.e. German nationalism. With the onset of the constitutional era, when
218 Abstracts two concepts of organising the monarchy (Federalist and Centralist) clashed, Slovenians and Poles ended up in the Federalist camp. Slovenian activists tried to use the Poles’ political experience and to follow in their footsteps in some endeavours. On the forum of the Vienna Parliament (Reichsrat), the Sloveni an delegates in the Parliament usually worked together with the Poles, giving one another mutual support. Flowever, the Slovenian position on the Polish drive for independence remained basically unchanged. The January Uprising of 1863 received a lot of response among Slovenians, but it cannot be said that they sympathised with the Polish national movement; at most, they expressed sympathy for the fate of the insurgents. In the early period of dualism, the Pol ish delegates to the Parliament together with the Slovenians and the Tyrolese formed a coalition of sorts in the Reichsrat, giving one another solidary support in important debates concerning e.g. the constitution, civil rights, and parlia mentary competences. It was only when the Galician Seym passed the resolu tion demanding autonomy for Galicia on September 24, 1868 that the coopera tion was partly disturbed. During the fourteen years of E. Taaffe’s government, Slovenians and Poles were on the side of the government majority, consisting of three clubs: the Polish, Czech, and Hohenwart’s one. Rok Stergar THE GALICIAN RESOLUTION AND THE SLOVENE NATIONAL PROGRAMME OF 1869 On February 13, 1869, the Viennese federalist newspaper Der Osten published an article entitled ‘Ein slovenisches Programm’
(A Slovene Programme). Its anony mous author, a correspondent from Southern Styria, claimed that the programme had been drafted by a number of ‘Slovene representatives’ in order to help the government meet the demands of the non-German peoples of Austria. The pro gramme proposed the reestablishment of the Kingdom of Illyria, enlarged and renamed the Kingdom of Slovenia. It was to include four Austrian provinces: Camiola, Gorizia-Gradisca, Istria, and Trieste and the southern, Slovene parts of Styria and Carinthia. The programme was drafted in a political situation in which many still perceived dualism as only a first step; further reforms of the Habsburg Monarchy seemed not only necessary but also possible. The programme was clearly a reaction to the initiative of the Galician Poles and its inception may have been helped along by parts of the government searching for a formula for internal stability. However, as it was not well received by those circles and as the Galician Resolution was rejected by the Vienna Parliament (Reichsrat) shortly thereafter, it became just a short-lived
219 and quickly forgotten attempt. Nevertheless, an analysis of the programme, the events that inspired its formulation, and subsequent reactions help us better un derstand the political atmosphere of that turbulent period. Furthermore, they help us better understand the interactions between different nationalist movements in Austria-Hungary. Zdzisław Darasz POLES AND SLOVENIANS IN RECIPROCAL RELATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF POLITICAL COMMENTARY JOURNALISM IN THE DAYS OF THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY Polish-Slavic (including Polish-Slovenian) cultural, socio-political, and national ties had the best conditions to develop in the political commentary journalism of the early 20th century, when in 1901 Krakow’s academic milieu created the ‘Slavic Club’, under the leadership of the philosopher Marian Zdziechowski, which gathered a team of academics and writers endeavouring to organise a Slavic ideological movement alternative to Great Russian Pan-Slavism. The club’s press organ was Świat Słowiański (The Slavic World), published in 19051914, with the historian Feliks Koneczny as editor-in-chief. The monthly, which is a very valuable source of knowledge for our Slavic studies and an equally as important record of the intellectual culture of the milieu which published it, represents a group of intelligentsia with a clearly Catholic ideological profile (al though with some exceptions). On the one hand, this explains Świat Słowiański’s friendly dialogue, full of mutual affinity and understanding, with the Slovenec (The Slovenian) ֊ an organ of the Slovenian ‘clerical’ party (Slovenska
ljudska stranka ֊ Slovenian People’s Party); on the other hand, it also accounts for the colder relations of the Krakow monthly with the liberal daily Slovenski nar od (Slovenian People), which identified itself with the programme of the ‘pro gressive’ party (Slovenska napredna stranka - the Slovenian Progressive Party). Świat Słowiański developed a particularly close collaboration with the priest Leopold Lenard, a political journalist writing for the Slovenian Catholic press. His views on Slavophilism, similar to those of Feliks Koneczny, were in favour of Austro-Slavism as the optimum (in the reality of the time and place) concep tion of satisfying the nationalist aspirations of the Slavs under the Habsburg Monarchy. The best choice for the capital city of their cultural life would have been the imperial-royal, and at the same time very Polish, city of Kraków if the monarchy itself had not soon come to the end of its historical existence in the inferno of the Great War.
220 Abstracts Božo Repe THE SLOVENIANS AND THE EASTERN FRONT After mobilisation was declared in July 1914, all able-bodied men between the ages of 21 and 42 were drafted. The war was initially welcomed by the people, and even more so by politicians, with enthusiasm, which was reported by news papers on a massive scale. On the other hand, the mobilisation, which reflected the national and social differences, especially during the first year of the war, was a time of disillusionment. The Slovenian territory fell under the 3rd Graz corps; soldiers were enlisted according to regional origin. Approximately 30,000 sol diers departed for the Eastern Front from the Austrian part of the monarchy; no data exists for Slovenians from Prekmurje, who served in the Hungarian Army. The first and most famous Slovenian regiment, the 17th Infantry Regiment, called pešpolk Kranjskih Janezov (Infantry Regiment of Camiolan Johns), engaged on the Eastern Front as early as August 1914; half of the soldiers and officers were instantly killed in battle. After subsequent heavy battles near Wołcza Dolna and in the Carpathians, to which it retreated (the Dukla Pass), and after the Battle of Jodłowa in December 1915, only 350 soldiers survived, despite reinforcements. Until October 1915, when it was transferred to the Isonzo Front, it continued to fight in Galicia, and afterwards along the Dniester River. Thus Slovenians first experienced the horrors of war on the Eastern Front, particularly in Galicia, where they fought and died on a massive scale until the Isonzo Front was opened. The Eastern Front
held an important role also due to the large number of prisoners or deserters to the Russian side. Among them, revolutionary Bolshevist ideas began to spread after 1917, which they continued spreading throughout the Austro-Hungarian Army and at home after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and their return from captivity. The failures of the Austrian Army on the fronts against Russia in the summer and autumn of 1914 convinced emigrant politicians ‘that the general conflict in Europe can be used to sever the bond of Slovenians and other South Slavs to the Austro-German area and to the Habsburg framework.’ It was due to the geostrategic plans of the Entente Powers, partially connected with the events on the Eastern Front, and in part due to the widespread opinion on the potential course of the war and on the changed relations after it, that Slovenians were first noticed on the political map by Russia and Great Brit ain. Neither knew much about them, nor were they at all interested in Slovenians, nationally speaking. They were merely interested in their territory and in the fact that they would not resist Italian occupation of their territory. It was only the end of the war that aroused some interest in Slovenians, nationally speaking too, especially in the context of the demarcation of borders with the newly-formed Yugoslav state. The Eastern Front, however, no longer had a direct impact on the matter, since Russia had concluded a separate peace. We could speak of a certain
221 indirect impact due to the changes in Russia, as revolutionary ideas were being spread from there by former soldiers from the Eastern Front; this revolution reached a part of the Slovenian territory (namely Prekmurje) through Hungary. In order to form the so-called cordon sanitaire around Bolshevist Russia, Prekmurje was occupied by the army of the newly-formed Yugoslav state in the summer of 1919, with permission from the Entente; this was also the main reason why it was annexed to the Kingdom of SCS. Petra Svoljšak THE EASTERN FRONT IN THE MEMORIES OF SLOVENIAN SOLDIERS The Slovenian experience of the First World War may be viewed as a direct paral lel to the Austro-Hungarian experience, as much from the geographical perspec tive as in terms of the military objectives and military strategies to achieve them. What makes it singular and sets it apart, however, is the ‘bottom-up’ view; that is, the perception and memory of not just any individual soldier, but a soldier as a member of the small Slovenian nation, which used language and culture as the main weapons in the struggle for national emancipation and equality within the multinational monarchy. The vast majority of Slovenian soldiers were sent with the ‘Slovenian’ regiments to the Eastern Front to fight the Russian enemy and only a small portion were deployed against Serbia, even though the most heart felt patriotic feelings and elation, as well as the greatest wave of mobilisation, followed the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Serbia. Galicia and the war on the Eastern Front took a central place in the
Slovenian memory of the First World War. Galicia became a metaphor of the war waged by Austria-Hungary precisely due to its geographical vastness and distinctiveness. Galicia was a different Austria, largely unknown to the citizens, evoking images spanning awfiil backwardness and advanced modernity. In the history of the Aus tro-Hungarian Monarchy, Galicia was a metaphor for a boundless territory, for climate extremes, for urban settlements of unusual familiarity. Galicia was also a metaphor for otherness and diversity. When describing the distant land, Slovenian soldiers, soldiers from the Alpine countries, resorted to adjectives - to superlatives, which, they felt, were the only way to appropriately convey their impressions of Galicia. The Slovenian regiments received their true baptism of fire in the eastern battlefield near Lviv, more than 1,000 km away (26 August, 1914). What had been unfathomable distances and geographical vastness until then became part of daily speech and conversations both on and off the battlefield, and even more so in the distant homeland. Most descriptions referred to the vast marshes and thick forests in the highlands. The war on the Eastern Front took on completely unexpected
222 Abstracts dimensions, entirely different from those on the Western Front, by markedly fluctuating between a static and highly dynamic conflict, with each warring side gaining several hundred kilometres of ground at a time and conducting protracted military campaigns. At times when the front reached a stalemate, the Slovenian soldiers would commit to their diaries and memoirs the surprising observations of nature, which they found still unspoiled. Nature also offered a spiritual retreat from the everyday reality of war, even though the climate posed a challenge that many soldiers could not handle. The Slovenian soldiers walked around with their eyes wide open, and so they noticed many characteristics of the ‘new’ world they had been marched into that were different from those back home. In addition to nature, the people that the soldiers met during their marches through Galicia not only caught their attention, but even astonished them. Thus all the geographical, climate, and weather characteristics — or, better, peculiarities — of distant Galicia created in the memory of Slovenian soldiers an image of otherness and foreignness that they left behind once a new Austro-Hungarian theatre of war opened on the western margins of their immediate homeland (i.e. the Slovenian provinces), which lost the character of geographical strangeness and foreignness in their perspective and understanding, and took on completely new dimensions. Dušan Nećak FIELD MARSHAL SVETOZAR BOROEVIĆ VON BOJNA: THE HERO OF THE EASTERN AND ISONZO FRONTS? The article presents the controversial Field
Marshal Svetozar Boroević von Bo jna, who had a profound impact on the Austro-Hungarian Army’s battles on two battlefields. He was considered one of those who had preserved the Austro-Hun garian Army from defeat against the Russian Army on the battlefields of Gali cia, while on the south western, so-called Isonzo Front, he was believed to have prevented the breakthrough of the Italian Army onto the Slovenian and Croatian territories. That is why his biographers called him ‘The Lion of Isonzo’. Besides the fact that he prevented the breakthrough of the Russian Army into the Carpathian Mountains and succeeded in stabilising the front line and consolidating the army, he was credited with the fact that in October 1914 the fortress at Przemyśl resisted the siege and did not surrender. In December 1914 (1-14 December, 1914) he distinguished himself in the Limanova/Lapanow battle, where his Third Army participated in the concluding stages, and he contributed to the tactical victory of the Austro-Hungarian Army there. In recognition of his successful command on the Eastern Front (from 4 November to 31 July, 1915), he was awarded several high decorations.
223 When the Italians joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente forces, Boroević, already hailed as Galicia’s hero and a very successful commander, was transferred to the Isonzo front line. On 27 May, 1915 he became the Commander of the Fifth Army, and in August 1917 the Commander of the First and the Sec ond Armies. It was his duty to prevent the Italian intentions to penetrate deep into the rear of the front line. He executed this task to perfection. He succeeded in repelling eleven Italian attacks on the Isonzo front line, and on 1 May, 1916 he was promoted to the rank of General Colonel (Generaloberst). It was due to his brilliant strategy that a much stronger enemy was held back, and for the same reason he figures high on the list of prominent First World War army commanders. In recognition of his successful defence of the Isonzo front line in 1915-1917, he was awarded the highest military decoration of the imperial army, the Military Order of Maria Theresa. For his merits in defending the Slovenian and the Croatian territories during World War I, Svetozar Boroević was given high honours on several occasions, including the status of a honorary citizen of Ljubljana. All the high praise was of no avail when, with the breakthrough of the front line on the Piave River, the war ended and the double monarchy collapsed. Svetozar Boroević suffered a stroke and died on 23 May, 1920 in a KlagenfUrt hospital as an impoverished imperial officer. Darja Kerec POLISH-SLOVENIAN RELATIONS DURING WORLD WAR I (THEIR ECHOES IN SELECTED SLOVENIAN NATIONAL NEWSPAPERS AND IN THE
LOCAL PRESS FROM THE PREKMURJE REGION) In the homeland, readers could read about Slovenian soldiers who ended up on Polish battlefields in World War I in dozens of newspapers. These genuine, often intimate testimonies of soldiers reveal more than just official military news. Their fondness of Slavic culture and language, particularly of Polish, is expressed in amateur poems and diary entries of individuals who came into contact with Pol ish literary treasures in the hinterland of the battlefields. Particularly noticeable is their dislike of Russians as soldiers and of Russian politics in general, both on the battlefields and on Slovenian soil. In the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary, Prekmurje, journalism was distinctly Catholic in nature, which influenced the contents of the articles published in several local newspapers, such as Nevtepeno poprijeta Devica Marija, zmožna Gospá Vogrska (after 1919: Marijin list), the political newspaper Novine and Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga. The editor of these newspapers, the priest Klekl, showed the Russian Army and Russians to be high ly disinclined towards the Polish nation and its religion, both in original articles and in translations of Polish or Hungarian articles. The battle of words between
224 Abstracts ‘good’ and ‘evil’, i.e. between the Catholic (Poles, Slovenians and others) and the Orthodox religion (Russians), became a regular feature in almost every issue of the aforementioned newspapers. News of soldiers who had fought in Galicia and survived solely owing to their profound faith was not rare. The symbolic power of religious holy cards (the image of Mary), which soldiers carried with them for good luck, likewise cannot be ignored. Despite the pastoral role of these newspapers, readers could also read about current events on the front and in the hinterland; these articles, albeit less often, contained pictorial material or photo graphs from the battlefields. Wacław Szczepanik THE PARTICIPATION OF MILITARY UNITS RECRUITED IN GALICIA IN THE FIGHTS ON THE SOČA RIVER (IN PARTICULAR THE 57™ INFANTRY REGIMENT OF THE LAND OF TARNÓW) The aim of the article is to touch upon the fundamental problems connected with the presence of Galician military units on the Italian front and their participation in the fights on the Soča River during World War I. Polish academic and popu lar science publications written so far have put an emphasis on the description and analysis of the war activities which involved Poles who served in the Aus tro-Hungarian Army against Russia in Galicia and in the Kingdom of Poland. The presented study can be considered pioneering due to shifting the focus to a different geographical area. The article includes topics such as the outline of the organisation of the Austro-Hungarian Army on the eve of World War I and a description of the
military units in which Poles served in large numbers in 1914. The history of Polish soldiers fighting on the Soča River during World War I is presented using the example of one of such formations, i.e. the 57th Infantry Reg iment of the Land of Tarnów. The author also endeavoured to show that the fate of the soldiers of the 57th Infantry Regiment was representative of other ‘Polish’ regiments of the Austro-Hungarian Army. The article is a starting point for further studies e.g. on the casualties of the ‘Polish’ units of the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Italian front, or the collective experience of war by Polish soldiers in an environment which was ethnically and geographically remote.
225 Kamil Ruszała ‘REQUIEM AETERNAM’: GRAVES OF THE GALICIANS FALLEN DURING WORLD WAR I IN PRESENT-DAY SLOVENIA The article addresses the problem of burials in the Valley of the Soča River of the soldiers from the Austro-Hungarian Army who hailed from Galicia. The topic has not been discussed in the literature, similarly to the activity of the Depart ment for War Graves in Graz, which was established as a unit of the Ministry of War in Vienna. In terms of territorial jurisdiction, it covered the Austrian Littoral (Österreichisches Küstenland), Carinthia (Kärnten), and Camiola (Krain). It was responsible for preparing the records of the fallen soldiers. Their burials were prepared by soldiers from the Armee Etappenkommando. The burial places of Galician soldiers were chosen on the basis of the records of the Kriegsarchiv and the author’s partial field study. Archival materials give only the original location of the war cemeteries, since (even though often there is archival documentation of Italian origin from later years) they do not take into consideration exhumations and aggregation of burial places in the interwar period. Particular attention was paid to the description of the Memorial Church of the Holy Spirit on the Javorca hill near Tolmin. It was built in 1916 by the soldiers of the Third Austro-Hungarian Mountain Infantry Brigade of the 15th Corps, on the basis of the design by Remigius Geyling, a well-known Viennese artist. The place is a special one because the memory of the fallen soldiers is preserved in the form of their names carved out on wooden, movable
plates, which resemble a book. Many soldiers hailing from Galicia can also be found there. The article proposes fhrther directions of studies on sites of memory of the Italian front and mentions the activity of an organisation which popularises the battlefields in the Valley of the Soča River: the Poti Miru Foundation (Fundacija ‘Poti Miru’ v Posočju), located in Kobarid. Kamil Ruszała ‘THE EMPEROR’S SOLDIERS HAVE GONE TO THEIR RESTING PLACE’: WEST GALICIAN WAR CEMETERIES AND BURIALS OF SLOVENIANS FROM THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY The aim of the article is to present the burial places of soldiers recruited from the territory of Slovenia to the multinational Austro-Hungarian Army, who were killed or died in the western part of Galicia as a result of the fights. The presented examples of cemeteries are a pretext to discuss the activities of the Department for War Graves (Kriegsgräber-Abteilung) in the Austrian Military Commandant’s
226 Abstracts Office of Kraków. The activity of artists and architects working for this institution (such as Dušan Jurkovič, Johann Jäger, Gustav Rossmann etc.) resulted in the construction of a unique complex of war cemeteries, whose location was to tie in with the conducted military operations and whose architecture contained numer ous symbols. The authors’ intention was for the cemeteries to be not only the final resting places for the soldiers but also monuments in praise of the fallen heroes, which is why they were often referred to as heroes’ cemeteries (Heldenfriedhof), in contrast to soldiers’ cemeteries (Soldatenfriedhof). The discussed cemeteries were not selected at random. The war cemetery number 8 in Nowy Żmigród is where Captain Franz Dobnik was buried; his fate exemplifies the cruelty and unpredictability of the Great War. On 15 August, 1914 he left Ljubljana in a pro-war atmosphere and exactly four months later, having participated in fights on the Galician front, his life ended. The next discussed cemetery, cemetery number 22 in Jasło, is an example of a place which people tried to forget. The other described cemeteries show how various forms these types of places took, from burial grounds with enormous monuments to more modest ones. Undoubtedly, these places are an important heritage of World War I in Lesser Poland and can be said to have a much broader significance. Translatedfrom Polish by Anna Sosenko Bayerische л Staateftii Hôťhfek Müncheni J |
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| indexdate | 2025-03-15T09:02:32Z |
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| spelling | W Galicji i nad Socza Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej = V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne pod redakcją Antoniego Cetnarowicza, Dušana Nećaka, Stanisława Pijaja, Bojany Todorović V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne V Galiciji in ob Soči Kraków Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" 2016 226 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Porträts 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text der Beiträge polnisch und slowenisch Zusammenfassungen der Beiträge auf Englisch Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 gnd rswk-swf Galizien (DE-588)4019124-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Galizien (DE-588)4019124-2 g Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 g Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s DE-604 Cetnarowicz, Antoni 1944- (DE-588)1145897223 edt Nećak, Dušan 1948- (DE-588)105899610X edt Pijaj, Stanisław 1965- (DE-588)116272868X edt Todorović, Bojana edt Towarzystwo Wydawnicze Historia Iagellonica (DE-588)3048746-8 isb HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029383014&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029383014&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | W Galicji i nad Socza Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej = V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4055302-4 (DE-588)4019124-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | W Galicji i nad Socza Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej = V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne |
| title_alt | V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne V Galiciji in ob Soči |
| title_auth | W Galicji i nad Socza Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej = V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne |
| title_exact_search | W Galicji i nad Socza Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej = V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne |
| title_full | W Galicji i nad Socza Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej = V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne pod redakcją Antoniego Cetnarowicza, Dušana Nećaka, Stanisława Pijaja, Bojany Todorović |
| title_fullStr | W Galicji i nad Socza Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej = V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne pod redakcją Antoniego Cetnarowicza, Dušana Nećaka, Stanisława Pijaja, Bojany Todorović |
| title_full_unstemmed | W Galicji i nad Socza Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej = V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne pod redakcją Antoniego Cetnarowicza, Dušana Nećaka, Stanisława Pijaja, Bojany Todorović |
| title_short | W Galicji i nad Socza |
| title_sort | w galicji i nad socza polacy i slowency na frontach i wojny swiatowej v galiciji in ob soci poljaki in slovenci na frontah 1 svetovne vojne |
| title_sub | Polacy i Słoweńcy na frontach I wojny światowej = V Galiciji in ob Soči : Poljaki in Slovenci na frontah 1. svetovne vojne |
| topic | Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Erster Weltkrieg Slowenien Galizien Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029383014&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029383014&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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