Verfügbarkeit: A thing may last, but not forever

A thing may last, but not forever: tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Zimmermann, Armin 1967- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Abschlussarbeit Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Weikersheim Margraf Publishers [2016]
Schriftenreihe:	Kommunikation und Beratung 120
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 1900-2015 Sozioökonomischer Wandel Traditionale Kultur Nkosi > Kamerun Bakossi Cameroon Tradition Hochschulschrift
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	xviii, 604 Seiten Karten
ISBN:	9783823617334 3823617338

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245	1	0	\|a A thing may last, but not forever \|b tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study \|c Armin Zimmermann
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE OF THE EDITORS............................................................................................................. II PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR WITH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................. III OVERVIEW TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................. V DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................VII LIST OF MAPS.........................................................................................................................XVI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................... XVII OVERVIEW TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. I N TR O D U C TIO N .................................................. L 1.1 THE TOPIC AND THE AIM AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY .................................................... 1 1.2 HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND OVER VIEW OF WRITTEN SOURCES ON THE BAKOSSI.......................6 1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND OUTLINE OF THE STUDY ...................................................... 15 2. B A K O S S I - T H E L A N D A N D T RA D ITIO N O F A P E O P L E ..........................................24 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION OF BAKOSSI ............................................... 24 2.2 THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY............................................................................................ 51 2.3 THE SOCIO-CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL MILIEU ........................................................... 76 2.4 RELIGION....................................................................................................................106 3. T RA D ITIO N A N D C H A N G E IN TH E B A K O S S I E C O N O M Y ...................................... 126 3.1 THE CONEXT OF CHANGE: THE COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL HISTORY OF BAKOSSI ............. 126 3.2 PLANTATIONS, TIMBER EXPLOITATION AND CASH CROPS......................................................149 3.3 THE TRADITIONAL BAKOSSI ECONOMY UNDER CONDITIONS OF CHANGE ............................... 183 3.4 LAND..........................................................................................................................228 3.5 LABOUR.......................................................................................................................256 3.6 MIGRATION AND CHANGING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ........................................................... 277 4. T H E S O C IA L D Y N A M IC S O F C H A N G E ....................................................................311 4.1 THE SOCIAL LIFE AND THE SOCIO-CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS....................311 4.2 CHRISTIANITY AND MODEM EDUCATION..........................................................................345 4.3 THE ROLE OF THE ELITES................................................................................................ 380 4.4 MEN AND WOMEN .... . ................................................................................................. 406 4.5 YOUNG AND OLD.......................................................................................................... 441 4.6 LOCALS AND FOREIGNERS...............................................................................................474 5. SYNTHESIS AND OUTLOOK ........................................................................................ 514 5.1 THE FORCES OF CHANGE................................................................................................514 5.2 MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR THE BAKOSSI AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES ......... 536 5.3 TRADITION AND CHANGE - A FINAL ANALYSIS................................................................... 567 6. SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 588 7. APPENDIX: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE................................................... 590 8. SOURCES ...... ............................................................................................................... 593 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................L 1.1 THE TOPIC AND THE AIM AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ..................................................... 1 1.1.1 THE THEORETICAL AND ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK ............................................................... 1 1.1.2 THE BAKOSSI CONTEXT................................................................................................. 3 1.2 HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND OVERVIEW OF WRITTEN SOURCES ON THE BAKOSSI ....................... 6 1.2.1 RESEARCH DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD AND ARCHIVAL SOURCES.....................................7 1.2.2 POST-COLONIAL RESEARCH AND SOURCES..........................................................................9 1.2.2.1 WESTERN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BAKOSSI RESEARCH ................................................... 10 1.2.2.2 BAKOSSI AND OTHER CAMEROONIANS WRITING ON THE BAKOSSI.............................11 1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND OUTLINE OF THE STUDY ..................................................... 15 1.3.1 FIELD RESEARCH, OBSERVATION AND INTERACTION............................................................15 1.3.2 TECHNICAL REMARKS................................................................................................... 20 1.3.3 OUTLINE AND STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY...........................................................................21 2. BAKOSSI - THE LAND AND TRADITION OF A PEOPLE ......................................24 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION OF BAKOSSI ................................................ 24 2.1.1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY................................................................................................. 24 2.1.1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW.................................................... 24 2.1.1.2 THE DIFFERENT REGIONS.......................................................................................29 2.1.1.2.1 NORTHERN BAKOSSI.....................................................................................31 2.1.1.2.2 WESTERN AND NORTHWESTERN BAKOSSI ........................................................ 34 2.1.1.2.3 SOUTHERN BAKOSSI.....................................................................................36 2.1.2 SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY............................................................................................. 38 2.1.2.1 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS.......................................................................................... 38 2.1.2.2 THE DESIGNS OF VILLAGES AND HOUSES ............................................................... 40 2.1.3 POPULATION GEOGRAPHY............................................................................................. 42 2.1.3.1 CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN OF THE BAKOSSI ........................................................ 42 2.1.3.2 DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE BAKOSSI POPULATION ............................ 44 2.1.4 THE PRE-COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE BAKOSSI ................................................................ 47 2.1.4.1 THE STORIES ABOUT NGOE AND HIS DESCENDANTS AND THE EARLY MIGRATIONS ........ 47 2.1.4.2 DATING AND ANALYSING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ............................................ 50 2.2 THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY............................................................................................. 51 2.2.1 GATHERING, HUNTING AND FISHING............................................................................ 52 VII 2.2.1.1 GATHERING.......................................................................................................... 52 2.2.1.2 HUNTING............................................................................................................ 54 2.2.1.3 FISHING.............................................................................................................. 56 2.2.2 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY...................................................................................................57 2.2.2.1 THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF ANIMALS....................................................................57 2 2 2 2 OWNERSHIP OF ANIMALS......................................................................................59 2 2 2 3 WAYS AND PURPOSE OF KEEPING ANIMALS .......................................................... 61 2.2.3 FOOD CROP PRODUCTION..............................................................................................62 2.2.3.1 THE MAIN FOOD CROPS...................................................................................... 63 2.2.3.2 THE AGRICULTURAL CYCLE ..................................................................................... 65 2.2.3.3 LAND TENURE AND ACCESS TO LAND......................................................................66 2.2.3.4 CULTIVATION SYSTEM AND METHODS....................................................................69 2.2.4 HANDICRAFT AND TRADE................................................................................................73 2.2.4.1 HANDICRAFT........................................................................................................73 2.2.4.2 TRADE................................................................................................................ 74 2.3 THE SOCIO-CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL MILIEU ............................................................. 76 2.3.1 THE NUCLEAR FAMILY...................................................................................................76 2.3.1.1 THE LIFE OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE FAMILY CONTEXT ........................................ 77 2.3.1.2 CHILDREN AND INHERITANCE................................................................................. 78 2.3.2 THE EXTENDED FAMILY AND LINEAGE...........................................................................80 2.3.2.1 STRUCTURE AND LEADERSHIP .................................................................................. 81 2.3.2.2 MARRIAGE AS SOCIAL INSTITUTION.......................................................................... 82 2.3.3 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL LIFE............................................................................... 85 2.3.3.1 HIERARCHY, CLASSES AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.....................................................85 2.3.3.2 SOCIAL LIFE IN THE COMMUNITY........................................................................... 87 2.3.3.3 FAMILY FEASTS AND CEREMONIES......................................................................... 89 2.3.4 SOCIO-CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS AND STRUCTURES ............................ 91 2.3.4.1 SECRET SOCIETIES AS SOCIO-CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS .................. 92 2.3.4.1.1 RELEVANCE AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS......................................................92 2.3.4.1.2 AHON.........................................................................................................94 2.3.4.2 POLITICAL HIERARCHIES AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF LAW AND ORDER.......................96 2.3.4.2.1 CHIEFS, COUNCILS AND ASSEMBLIES........................................................... 96 23.4.2.2 N GW E........................................................................................................98 2.3.4.23 MWANKUM...............................................................................................102 2.3.4.2.4 NKANAG................................................................................................ 105 2.4 RELIGION....................................................................................................................... 106 2.4.1 THE BELIEF SYSTEM OF BAKOSSI TRADITIONAL RELIGION ............................................ 107 2.4.1.1 THE SUPREME BEING....................................................................................... 107 2.4.1.2 THE ANCESTORS..................................................................................................109 2.4.1.3 SPIRITS.............................................................................................................I L L 2.4.1.4 IMPERSONAL POWERS, MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT ................................................... 113 2.4.2 THE PRACTICE OF BAKOSSI TRADITIONAL RELIGION ..................................................... 116 2.4.2.1 TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS EXPERTS.......................................................................... 117 2.4.2.2 PERSONAL, FAMILY AND COMMUNAL RITUALS AND FEASTS......................................119 2.4.2.3 SACRIFICE AND PRAYER....................................................................................... 122 3. T RA D ITIO N A N D C H A N G E IN TH E B A K O S S I E C O N O M Y ..................................... 126 3.1 THE CONTEXT OF CHANGE: THE COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL HISTORY OF BAKOSSI ............ 126 3.1.1 COLONIAL HISTORY.....................................................................................................126 3.1.1.1 THE GERMAN COLONIAL PERIOD.......................................................................... 126 3.1.1.1.1 COLONIAL AND MISSIONARY PENETRATION OF BAKOSSI.................................126 3.1.1.1.2 GERMAN ADMINISTRATION AND THE COLONIAL SYSTEM..................................129 3.1.1.2 THE BASEL MISSION......................................................................................... 132 3.1.1.3 THE BRITISH COLONIAL PERIOD............................................................................ 135 3.1.1.3.1 THE PARTITION OF BAKOSSI AND ITS ADMINISTRATION BY THE BRITISH ........... 135 3.1.1.3.2 IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE BRITISH COLONIAL PERIOD ............... 138 3.1.1.4 THE BASEL MISSION AND THE ARRIVAL OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSION ........... 141 3.1.2 POST-COLONIAL HISTORY ............................................................................................. 142 3.1.2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENTS AND THE TOMBEL CRISIS.................................142 3.1.2.2 FOREST RESERVES AND NATIONAL PARKS, POLITICS AND LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS ............ 145 3.2 PLANTATIONS, TIMBER EXPLOITATION AND CASH CROPS................................................149 3.2.1 PLANTATIONS.............................................................................................................149 3.2.1.1 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PLANTATIONS BY THE GERMANS ...................................... 149 3.2.1.2 THE PLANTATIONS DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD ................................................. 152 3.2.1.3 THE CAMEROON DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION....................................................154 3.2.2 TIMBER EXPLOITATION..............................................................................................156 3.2.3 CASH CROP FARMING AMONG THE BAKOSSI.................................................................158 3.2.3.1 THE BEGINNING OF BAKOSSI CASH CROP FARMING .............................................. 159 3.2.3.2 AN ECONOMY DOMINATED BY CASH CROPS ........................................................ 163 IX 3.2.3.3 BAKOSSI CASH CROP FARMING AFTER THE LIBERALISATION OF TRADE.........................165 3.2.3.4 COCOA CULTIVATION........................................................................................... 167 3.2.3.5 COFFEE CULTIVATION........................................................................................... 169 3.2.3.6 COOPERATIVES AND MARKETING..........................................................................171 3.2.3.7 SERVICES AND INTERVENTIONS IN THE CASH CROP SECTOR ...................................... 175 3.2.3.7.1 THE COLONIAL PERIOD.............................................................................. 175 3.23.7.2 THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE ............................................................... 177 3.2.3.8 ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE......................................................................................... 181 3.3 THE TRADITIONAL BAKOSSI ECONOMY UNDER CONDITIONS OF CHANGE ............................... 183 3.3.1 GATHERING, HUNTING AND FISHING............................................................................ 183 3.3.1.1 GATHERING........................................................................................................ 184 3.3.1.2 HUNTING.......................................................................................................... 185 3.3.1.3 FISHING............................................................................................................ 187 3.3.2 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY................................................................................................. 188 3.3.2.1 THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES ................................................................... 188 33.2.2 THE TRADITIONAL ANIMALS..................................................................................190 33.2.3 OWNERSHIP OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS .................................................................... 193 33.2.4 WAYS OF KEEPING DOMESTIC ANIMALS ............................................................... 195 33.2.5 SERVICES AND INTERVENTIONS IN THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR ...................................... 197 33.2.6 THE PURPOSE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ............. ;.................................................199 33.2.7 THE EXTENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.................................................................... 201 3.3.3 FOOD CROP FARMING.................................................................................................203 3.33.1 THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW CROPS...................................................................... 203 3.33.2 THE TRADITIONAL CROPS................................................................................... 205 3.3.33 SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF CULTIVATION.............................................................207 3.33.4 MARKETING OF FOOD CROPS................................................................................ 210 3.33.5 SERVICES AND INTERVENTIONS IN THE FOOD CROP SECTOR ...................................... 212 3.33.6 THE EFFECTS OF CASH CROP FARMING ON THE CULTIVATION OF FOOD CROPS ............ 216 3.3.4 NON-AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS............................................................................... 218 33.4.1 HANDICRAFT......................................................................................................218 33.4.2 TRADE.............................................................................................................. 221 3.3.43 MODEM OCCUPATIONS...................................................................................... 225 3.4 LAND........................................................................................................................... 228 3.4.1 THE WESTERN LAND TENURE SYSTEM AND THE PRESENT LEGAL SITUATION ...................... 228 3.4.2 OWNERSHIP OF LAND AND ACCESS TO LAND FOR THE NATIVE BAKOSSI............................230 3.4.2.1 COMMUNAL LAND............................................................................................. 231 3.4.2.2 FAMILY LAND.................................................................................................... 233 3.4.3 CASH CROP FARMING AND INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP OF LAND.........................................236 3.4.4 ACCESS TO LAND AND OWNERSHIP OF LAND FOR FOREIGNERS.........................................238 3.4.4.1 THE IMMIGRATION OF FOREIGNERS INTO BAKOSSI AND THEIR ACCESS TO LAND ......... 239 3.4.4.2 THE PROCEDURE OF GRANTING ACCESS TO LAND TO FOREIGNERS ................................. 240 3.4.5 LAND AS COMMODITY.............................................................................................. 243 3.4.5.1 HISTORY, PRINCIPLES AND MOTIVATIONS OF SELLING AND BUYING LAND ................. 243 3.4.5.2 THE SOURCES AND PROCESS OF BUYING AND SELLING LAND...................................245 3.4.6 PLEDGING, RENTING AND SHARECROPPING ................................................................... 247 3.4.6.1 PLEDGING AND RENTING......................................................................................248 3.4.6.2 SHARECROPPING................................................................................................ 250 3.4.7 SCARCITY OF LAND AND LAND DISPUTES.......................................................................252 3.4.7.1 SCARCITY OF LAND.............................................................................................. 252 3.4.7.2 LAND DISPUTES................................................................................................. 254 3.5 LABOUR....................................................................................................................... 256 3.5.1 FAMILY LABOUR........................................................................................................ 257 3.5.1.1 WOMEN AS LABOURERS.....................................................................................257 3.5.1.2 MEN AS LABOURERS...........................................................................................259 3.5.1.3 COOPERATION, COMPETITION AND CONFLICT IN REGARD TO LABOUR.........................261 3.5.2 COLLECTIVE LABOUR................................................................................................... 262 3.5.2.1 COMMUNITY WORK........................................................................................... 262 3.5.2.2 INFORMAL AND FORMAL COLLECTIVE LABOUR .......................................................... 264 3.5.2.3 NJANGI............................................................................................................ 266 3.5.3 PAID LABOUR....................................................................... 268 3.5.3.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAID LABOUR ................................................................... 268 3.5.3.2 ORGANISATION AND FORMS OF PAID LABOUR ......................................................... 271 3.5.4 PLANTATION LABOUR................................................................................................... 272 3.5.4.1 EARLY PLANTATION LABOUR AND THE QUESTION OF LABOUR RECRUITMENT ................. 272 3.5.4.2 THE BAKOSSI AS PLANTATION LABOURERS ............................................................. 274 3.6 MIGRATION AND CHANGING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS............................................................277 3.6.1 NORTHERN BAKOSSI............................................................................................... 278 3.6.1.1 EMIGRATION.................................................................................................. 279 XI 3.6.1.2 IMMIGRATION.................................................................................................281 3.6.2 NORTHWESTERN AND WESTERN BAKOSSI..................................................................... 283 3.6.3 SOUTHERN BAKOSSI...................................................................................................286 3.6.3.1 IMMIGRATION TO SOUTHERN BAKOSSI................................................................287 3.6.3.1.1 PLANTATIONS AND TIMBER COMPANIES.........................................................287 3.6.3.1.2 TRADE AND COMMERCE............................................................................. 289 3.6.3.1.3 CASH CROP FARMING................................................................................. 291 3.6.4 CHANGING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS............................................................................... 295 3.6.4.1 SETTLEMENTS AND VILLAGES................................................................................ 295 3.6.4.2 SETTLEMENT STRUCTURES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF SETTLERS ................................... 298 3.6A.3 URBANISATION...................................................................................................301 3.6.4.3.1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS............................................................................. 301 3.6.43.2 TOMBEL.................................................................................................304 3.6.4.4 THE DESIGN OF HOUSES.................................................................................. 308 4. T H E S O C IA L D Y N A M IC S O F C H A N G E .................................................................311 4.1 THE SOCIAL LIFE AND THE SOCIO-CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ..................... 311 4.1.1 SOCIAL LIFE............................................................................................................... 311 4.1.1.1 LINEAGES, EXTENDED FAMILIES, NUCLEAR FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS .................. 311 4.1.1.2 SUCCESSION AND INHERITANCE........................................................................... 314 4.1.1.3 COMMUNAL, FAMILY AND INDIVIDUAL CEREMONIES AND FEASTS..........................317 4.1.1.4 SOCIAL LIFE IN THE COMMUNITY......................................................................... 320 4.1.1.5 LIVING CONDITIONS, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES .................. 321 4.1.2 SOCIO-CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS......................................................327 4.1.2.1 SECRET SOCIETIES...............................................................................................327 4.1.2.1.1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS............................................................................. 327 4.1.2.1.2 AHON.......................................................................................................330 4.1.2.1.3 N GW E......................................................................................................332 4.1.2.1.4 MWANKUM.............................................................................................. 334 4.1.2.2 THE FORMAL ADMINISTRATION OF LAW AND ORDER ................................................ 338 4.1.2.2.1 CHIEFTAINCY............................................................................................ 338 4.1.2.2.2 THE JUDICIARY.......................................................................................... 342 4.2 CHRISTIANITY AND MODERN EDUCATION.......................................................................... 345 4.2.1 CHRISTIANITY ....... ................................................................................................. 345 4.2.1.1 CHRISTIANITY AS PART OF BAKOSSI SOCIETY.......................................................345 4.2.1.2 CHRISTIANITY AND DEVELOPMENT........................................................................350 4.2.1.2.1 EDUCATION AND HEALTH.............................................................................350 4.2.1.2.2 AGRICULTURE, HANDICRAFT AND INDUSTRIES, AND INFRASTRUCTURE .................. 354 4.2.1.3 CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITION...............................................................................358 4.2.1.3.1 CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL RELIGION.....................................................358 4.2.1.3.2 CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL CULTURE......................................................361 4.2.2 THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF WESTERN EDUCATION ............................................... 365 4.2.2.1 THE ATTITUDE OF THE BAKOSSI TOWARDS EDUCATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .... 365 4.2.2.1.1 RESISTANCE, ACCEPTANCE, AND PROMOTION ............................................... 365 4.2.2.1.2 EMBRACING EDUCATION WHOLEHEARTEDLY.................................................. 369 4.2.2.2 CHANGE THROUGH EDUCATION............................................................................373 4.2.2.2.1 THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON THE TRADITIONAL BAKOSSI SOCIETY ............... 373 4.2.2.2.2 EDUCATION, SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ............. 377 4.3 THE ROLE OF THE ELITES................................................................................................ 380 4.3.1 WEALTH AND THE ATTAINMENT OF PRESTIGE AND STATUS ............................................... 380 4.3.2 THE RICH AND THE POOR........................................................................................... 384 4.3.3 TRADITIONAL AND MODEM ELITES...............................................................................388 4.3.4 EXPECTATIONS TOWARDS THE MODEM ELITES AND PAST AND PRESENT REALITIES ............. 392 4.3.4.1 EXPECTATIONS...................................................... 392 4.3.4.2 REALITIES................................................................................... 394 4.3.4.2.1 THE MODEM ELITES AND THEIR COMMUNITIES OF ORIGIN ............................ 395 4.3.4.2.2 THE MODEM ELITES AND THEIR FAMILIES IN THE VILLAGE ............................ 399 4.3.5 WITCHCRAFT AND CULTURAL AND DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATIONS......................................401 4.3.5.1 WITCHCRAFT...................................................................................................... 402 4.3.5.2 CULTURAL AND DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATIONS ........................................................ 404 4.4 MEN AND WOMEN........................................................................................................406 4.4.1 A CHANGING ECONOMY AND ITS EFFECTS ON GENDER ROLES AND RELATIONS ................... 407 4.4.1.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR.......................407 4.4.1.2 THE GENERATION OF INCOME..............................................................................410 4.4.1.3 THE DISTRIBUTION AND ALLOCATION OF INCOME .................................................... 412 4.4.2 THE PATRIARCHAL SYSTEM AND THE EMANCIPATION OF WOMEN....................................415 4.4.2.1 THE POSITION OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE FAMILY SYSTEM................................415 4.4.2.2 FAMILY LIFE..................................................................................................... 418 4.4.2.3 THE PUBLIC ROLE AND POSITION OF WOMEN ........................................................ 422 XIII 4.4.3 MARRIAGE............................................................................................................. 426 4.4.3.1 CHANGING PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE ....... .............................................................. 426 4.4.3.2 BRIDE PRICE......................................................................................................430 4.4.3.3 POLYGYNY........................................................................................................434 4.43.4 DIVORCE........................................................................................................ 436 4.43.5 WIDOWHOOD....................................................................................................438 4.5 YOUNG AND OLD............................................................................................................441 4.5.1 THE SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT .................................................................................... 441 4.5.1.1 YOUTH AND ELDERS AS PART OF THE COMMUNITY..................................................442 4.5.1.2 YOUTH AND MODERNITY.................................................................................... 445 4.5.1.3 YOUTH AND TRADITION ....................................................................................... 449 4.5.1.4 SEXUALITY, RELATIONSHIPS AND MARRIAGE............................................................452 4.5.2 YOUTH AND THE ECONOMY....................................................................................... 456 4.5.2.1 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE YOUTH..................................................................456 4.5.2.2 COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES............................................................................. 459 4.5.3 GENERATION CONFLICT................................................................................................465 4.5.3.1 RISING TENSIONS AND THE CURRENT CRISIS .......................................................... 465 4.5.3.2 POLITICAL CONFLICTS .......................................................................................... 468 4.5.3.3 GENERATION CONFLICT AND WITCHCRAFT...............................................................470 4.6 LOCALS AND FOREIGNERS................................................................................................ 474 4.6.1 RECAPITULATING THE IMMIGRATION OF FOREIGNERS INTO BAKOSSI................................474 4.6.1.1 FROM PRE-COLONIAL TIMES TO INDEPENDENCE ................................................... 474 4.6.1.2 THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE............................................................................. 478 4.6.2 ECONOMIC ROLES AND POSITIONS OF FOREIGNERS.........................................................479 4.6.2.1 PLANTATION LABOURERS, TRADERS AND BUSINESS PEOPLE ....................................... 479 4.6.2.2 FOREIGNERS AND AGRICULTURE............................................................................ 483 4.6.2.2.1 FARM LABOURERS, PLEDGEES, TENANTS AND SHARECROPPERS.........................483 4.6.2.2.2 USUFRUCT AND LAND OWNERSHIP.................................................................487 4.6.2.23 COMPETITION FOR LAND AND CONFLICTS OVER LAND ...................................... 490 4.6.3 SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN LOCALS AND FOREIGNERS ................................................... 495 4.6.3.1 BETWEEN SEGREGATION AND INTEGRATION............................................................495 4.63.2 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND MUTUAL PERCEPTIONS .............................................. 499 4.6.4 POLITICAL CONFLICTS AND THE TOMBEL CRISIS............................................................503 4.6.4.1 EARLY PARTY POLITICS AND THE EFFECTS OF THE UPC INSURGENCY........................503 4.6.42 THE TOMBEL CRISIS AND MULTI-PARTY POLITICS ................................................ 506 4.6.5 THE PRESENT SITUATION OF LOCALS AND FOREIGNERS IN BAKOSSI...............................509 5. S Y N TH E S IS A N D O U T L O O K ................................................................................... 514 5.1 THE FORCES OF CHANGE.................................................................................................514 5.1.1 COLONIALISM........................................................................................................... 514 5.1.1.1 COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICS........................................................... 514 5.1.1.2 COLONIAL ECONOMIC INTERVENTIONS .................................................................. 517 5.1.2 CHRISTIANITY AND MODEM EDUCATION......................................................................521 5.1.2.1 SOCIO-CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS IMPACT .............................................................. 521 5.1.2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT.................................................................. 525 5.1.3 CASH CROP FARMING................................................................................................ 527 5.1.4 THE POLICIES OF THE CAMEROONIAN GOVERNMENT AND THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALISATION. 531 5.2 MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR THE BAKOSSI AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OR PERSPECTIVES ........... 536 5.2.1 THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT........................................................................................... 536 5.2.1.1 THE CURRENT SITUATION: POVERTY OR NOT? ......................................................... 536 5.2.1.2 TRANSPORT AND ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................ 538 5.2.1.3 DIVERSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES .......................................................... 541 5.2.1.4 THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE BASE ...................... 545 5.2.1.5 EXTERNAL INTERVENTIONS AND FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS......................................548 5.2.2 THE SOCIAL CONTEXT................................................................................................. 553 5.2.2.1 THE FUNDAMENTALLY OF SOCIAL LIFE ................................................................ 553 5.2.2.2 HINDERING OR PROMOTING CHANGE: WITCHCRAFT AND THE ROLE OF THE ELITES ....... 556 5.2.2.3 ASPECTS OF SOCIAL IDENTITY: GENDER, AGE AND ETHNICITY..................................560 5.2.2.4 MODEM COMPLEXITIES: URBANISATION, SOCIAL SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ..... 564 5.3 TRADITION AND CHANGE - A FINAL ANALYSIS.................................................................... 567 5.3.1 FROM COMPARATIVE ISOLATION TO BECOMING PART OF A GREATER WORLD.......................568 5.3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE AS A NECESSITY.................................................................572 5.3.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL CHANGE AS A CHALLENGE....................................................................577 5.3.4 HOW TO CONCLUDE AND WHERE TO GO FROM HERE ....................................................... 582 5.3.4.1 TRADITION - NOT TRADITIONALISM........................................................................582 5.3.4.2 WHAT KIND OF CHANGE?....................................................................................585 6. S U M M A R Y ............................................................................................................... 588 7. A P P E N D IX : R E S E A R C H Q U E S T I O N N A I R E ..........................................................514 8. SOURCES ................................................................................................................. 593 8.1 INTERVIEWS................................................................................................................... 593 8.2 FILES FROM THE GERMAN STATE ARCHIVES IN BERLIN.......................................................593 8.3 DOCUMENTS FROM THE BASEL MISSION ARCHIVES IN B ASEL............................................594 8.4 REPORTS FROM THE CAMEROON NATIONAL ARCHIVES IN BUEA ......................................... 595 8.5 REPORTS FROM CAMEROONIAN MINISTRIES ...... ............................................................... 595 8.6 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES.................................................................................................596 8.7 PUBLISHED SOURCES...................................................................................................... 599 LIST OF MAPS 1. THE SITUATION OF BAKOSSI WITHIN CAMEROON..................................................................... 25 2. THE RELIEF OF BAKOSSI.......................................................................................................27 3. THE VEGETATION OF BAKOSSI................................................................................................30 4. THE BAKOSSI VILLAGES ACCORDING TO CLANS........................................................................ 46 5. BAKOSSI AGRICULTURE........................................................................................................ 162
any_adam_object	1
author	Zimmermann, Armin 1967-
author_GND	(DE-588)121737101
author_facet	Zimmermann, Armin 1967-
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author_sort	Zimmermann, Armin 1967-
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dewey-full	630
dewey-hundreds	600 - Technology (Applied sciences)
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dewey-raw	630
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dewey-sort	3630
dewey-tens	630 - Agriculture and related technologies
discipline	Geowissenschaften Agrarwissenschaft Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Sozial-/Kulturanthropologie / Empirische Kulturwissenschaft
era	Geschichte 1900-2015 gnd
era_facet	Geschichte 1900-2015
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spelling	Zimmermann, Armin 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)121737101 aut A thing may last, but not forever tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study Armin Zimmermann Weikersheim Margraf Publishers [2016] © 2016 xviii, 604 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kommunikation und Beratung 120 Dissertation Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 2016 Geschichte 1900-2015 gnd rswk-swf Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd rswk-swf Traditionale Kultur (DE-588)4323955-9 gnd rswk-swf Nkosi Kamerun (DE-588)4380965-0 gnd rswk-swf Bakossi Cameroon Tradition (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Nkosi Kamerun (DE-588)4380965-0 s Traditionale Kultur (DE-588)4323955-9 s Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 s Geschichte 1900-2015 z DE-604 Margraf Publishers und Morra Musik Verlagsges. mbH (DE-588)1065283059 pbl Kommunikation und Beratung 120 (DE-604)BV010181633 120 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029360365&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Zimmermann, Armin 1967- A thing may last, but not forever tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study Kommunikation und Beratung Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd Traditionale Kultur (DE-588)4323955-9 gnd Nkosi Kamerun (DE-588)4380965-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4318539-3 (DE-588)4323955-9 (DE-588)4380965-0 (DE-588)4113937-9
title	A thing may last, but not forever tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study
title_auth	A thing may last, but not forever tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study
title_exact_search	A thing may last, but not forever tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study
title_full	A thing may last, but not forever tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study Armin Zimmermann
title_fullStr	A thing may last, but not forever tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study Armin Zimmermann
title_full_unstemmed	A thing may last, but not forever tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study Armin Zimmermann
title_short	A thing may last, but not forever
title_sort	a thing may last but not forever tradition and change among the bakossi of southwest cameroon a socio economic study
title_sub	tradition and change among the Bakossi of Southwest Cameroon : a socio-economic study
topic	Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd Traditionale Kultur (DE-588)4323955-9 gnd Nkosi Kamerun (DE-588)4380965-0 gnd
topic_facet	Sozioökonomischer Wandel Traditionale Kultur Nkosi Kamerun Hochschulschrift
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029360365&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV010181633
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