Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain: the search for a historical movement
This book is the first comprehensive history of consumerism as an organised social and political movement. Matthew Hilton offers a groundbreaking account of consumer movements, ideologies and organisations in twentieth-century Britain. He argues that in organisations such as the Co-operative movemen...
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
2003
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | BSB01 UBG01 Volltext |
Zusammenfassung: | This book is the first comprehensive history of consumerism as an organised social and political movement. Matthew Hilton offers a groundbreaking account of consumer movements, ideologies and organisations in twentieth-century Britain. He argues that in organisations such as the Co-operative movement and the Consumers' Association individual concern with what and how we spend our wages led to forms of political engagement too often overlooked in existing accounts of twentieth-century history. He explores how the consumer and consumerism came to be regarded by many as a third force in society with the potential to free politics from the perceived stranglehold of the self-interested actions of employers and trade unions. Finally he recovers the visions of countless consumer activists who saw in consumption a genuine force for liberation for women, the working class and new social movements as well as a set of ideas often deliberately excluded from more established political organisations |
Beschreibung: | Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015) |
Beschreibung: | 1 online resource (xiii, 382 pages) |
ISBN: | 9780511610097 |
DOI: | 10.1017/CBO9780511610097 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nmm a2200000zc 4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV043928158 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20200819 | ||
007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
008 | 161202s2003 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d | ||
020 | |a 9780511610097 |c Online |9 978-0-511-61009-7 | ||
024 | 7 | |a 10.1017/CBO9780511610097 |2 doi | |
035 | |a (ZDB-20-CBO)CR9780511610097 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)967421345 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV043928158 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-473 | ||
082 | 0 | |a 339.4/7/09410904 |2 21 | |
084 | |a QW 100 |0 (DE-625)142173: |2 rvk | ||
100 | 1 | |a Hilton, Matthew |d 1971- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)137516150 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain |b the search for a historical movement |c Matthew Hilton |
264 | 1 | |a Cambridge |b Cambridge University Press |c 2003 | |
300 | |a 1 online resource (xiii, 382 pages) | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
500 | |a Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015) | ||
505 | 8 | |a Socialism, co-operation, free trade and fair trade : the politics of consumption in the nineteenth century -- Revolutionary shoppers : the Consumers' Council and scarcity in World War One -- The right to live : consumer 'ideology' in inter-war Britain -- The price of depression : consumer politics in inter-war Britain -- Austerity to affluence : the twilight of the politics of necessity -- The new consumer : good housewives and enlightened businessmen -- The professionals : the origins of the organised consumer movement -- Individualism enshrined : the state and the consumer in the 1960s -- The right to shop : consumerism and the economy -- The duty of citizens : consumerism and society -- Affluence or effluence : globalisation and ethical consumerism -- The quantity or the quality of choice | |
520 | |a This book is the first comprehensive history of consumerism as an organised social and political movement. Matthew Hilton offers a groundbreaking account of consumer movements, ideologies and organisations in twentieth-century Britain. He argues that in organisations such as the Co-operative movement and the Consumers' Association individual concern with what and how we spend our wages led to forms of political engagement too often overlooked in existing accounts of twentieth-century history. He explores how the consumer and consumerism came to be regarded by many as a third force in society with the potential to free politics from the perceived stranglehold of the self-interested actions of employers and trade unions. Finally he recovers the visions of countless consumer activists who saw in consumption a genuine force for liberation for women, the working class and new social movements as well as a set of ideas often deliberately excluded from more established political organisations | ||
648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
650 | 4 | |a Gesellschaft | |
650 | 4 | |a Politik | |
650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
650 | 4 | |a Consumption (Economics) / Great Britain / History / 20th century | |
650 | 4 | |a Consumption (Economics) / Social aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century | |
650 | 4 | |a Consumption (Economics) / Political aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century | |
650 | 4 | |a Consumers / Great Britain / History / 20th century | |
650 | 4 | |a Consumer protection / Great Britain / History / 20th century | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Verbraucher |0 (DE-588)4062632-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
651 | 4 | |a Großbritannien | |
651 | 4 | |a Great Britain / Economic conditions / 20th century | |
651 | 7 | |a Großbritannien |0 (DE-588)4022153-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Großbritannien |0 (DE-588)4022153-2 |D g |
689 | 0 | 1 | |a Verbraucher |0 (DE-588)4062632-5 |D s |
689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 |A z |
689 | 0 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Druckausgabe |z 978-0-521-53853-4 |
776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Druckausgabe |z 978-0-521-83129-1 |
856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610097 |x Verlag |z URL des Erstveröffentlichers |3 Volltext |
912 | |a ZDB-20-CBO | ||
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029337236 | ||
883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610097 |l BSB01 |p ZDB-20-CBO |q BSB_PDA_CBO |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610097 |l UBG01 |p ZDB-20-CBO |q UBG_PDA_CBO |x Verlag |3 Volltext |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804176857649643520 |
---|---|
any_adam_object | |
author | Hilton, Matthew 1971- |
author_GND | (DE-588)137516150 |
author_facet | Hilton, Matthew 1971- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Hilton, Matthew 1971- |
author_variant | m h mh |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV043928158 |
classification_rvk | QW 100 |
collection | ZDB-20-CBO |
contents | Socialism, co-operation, free trade and fair trade : the politics of consumption in the nineteenth century -- Revolutionary shoppers : the Consumers' Council and scarcity in World War One -- The right to live : consumer 'ideology' in inter-war Britain -- The price of depression : consumer politics in inter-war Britain -- Austerity to affluence : the twilight of the politics of necessity -- The new consumer : good housewives and enlightened businessmen -- The professionals : the origins of the organised consumer movement -- Individualism enshrined : the state and the consumer in the 1960s -- The right to shop : consumerism and the economy -- The duty of citizens : consumerism and society -- Affluence or effluence : globalisation and ethical consumerism -- The quantity or the quality of choice |
ctrlnum | (ZDB-20-CBO)CR9780511610097 (OCoLC)967421345 (DE-599)BVBBV043928158 |
dewey-full | 339.4/7/09410904 |
dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
dewey-ones | 339 - Macroeconomics and related topics |
dewey-raw | 339.4/7/09410904 |
dewey-search | 339.4/7/09410904 |
dewey-sort | 3339.4 17 79410904 |
dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
doi_str_mv | 10.1017/CBO9780511610097 |
era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 |
format | Electronic eBook |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04511nmm a2200649zc 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV043928158</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20200819 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">161202s2003 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780511610097</subfield><subfield code="c">Online</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-511-61009-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1017/CBO9780511610097</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(ZDB-20-CBO)CR9780511610097</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)967421345</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV043928158</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">339.4/7/09410904</subfield><subfield code="2">21</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">QW 100</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142173:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hilton, Matthew</subfield><subfield code="d">1971-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)137516150</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain</subfield><subfield code="b">the search for a historical movement</subfield><subfield code="c">Matthew Hilton</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cambridge</subfield><subfield code="b">Cambridge University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2003</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 online resource (xiii, 382 pages)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Socialism, co-operation, free trade and fair trade : the politics of consumption in the nineteenth century -- Revolutionary shoppers : the Consumers' Council and scarcity in World War One -- The right to live : consumer 'ideology' in inter-war Britain -- The price of depression : consumer politics in inter-war Britain -- Austerity to affluence : the twilight of the politics of necessity -- The new consumer : good housewives and enlightened businessmen -- The professionals : the origins of the organised consumer movement -- Individualism enshrined : the state and the consumer in the 1960s -- The right to shop : consumerism and the economy -- The duty of citizens : consumerism and society -- Affluence or effluence : globalisation and ethical consumerism -- The quantity or the quality of choice</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This book is the first comprehensive history of consumerism as an organised social and political movement. Matthew Hilton offers a groundbreaking account of consumer movements, ideologies and organisations in twentieth-century Britain. He argues that in organisations such as the Co-operative movement and the Consumers' Association individual concern with what and how we spend our wages led to forms of political engagement too often overlooked in existing accounts of twentieth-century history. He explores how the consumer and consumerism came to be regarded by many as a third force in society with the potential to free politics from the perceived stranglehold of the self-interested actions of employers and trade unions. Finally he recovers the visions of countless consumer activists who saw in consumption a genuine force for liberation for women, the working class and new social movements as well as a set of ideas often deliberately excluded from more established political organisations</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1900-2000</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1900-2000</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Gesellschaft</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Politik</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaft</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Consumption (Economics) / Great Britain / History / 20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Consumption (Economics) / Social aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Consumption (Economics) / Political aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Consumers / Great Britain / History / 20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Consumer protection / Great Britain / History / 20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Verbraucher</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4062632-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Großbritannien</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Great Britain / Economic conditions / 20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Großbritannien</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4022153-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Großbritannien</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4022153-2</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Verbraucher</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4062632-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1900-2000</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druckausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-0-521-53853-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druckausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-0-521-83129-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610097</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="z">URL des Erstveröffentlichers</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-20-CBO</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029337236</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610097</subfield><subfield code="l">BSB01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-20-CBO</subfield><subfield code="q">BSB_PDA_CBO</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610097</subfield><subfield code="l">UBG01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-20-CBO</subfield><subfield code="q">UBG_PDA_CBO</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
geographic | Großbritannien Great Britain / Economic conditions / 20th century Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
geographic_facet | Großbritannien Great Britain / Economic conditions / 20th century |
id | DE-604.BV043928158 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:38:51Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780511610097 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029337236 |
oclc_num | 967421345 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
physical | 1 online resource (xiii, 382 pages) |
psigel | ZDB-20-CBO ZDB-20-CBO BSB_PDA_CBO ZDB-20-CBO UBG_PDA_CBO |
publishDate | 2003 |
publishDateSearch | 2003 |
publishDateSort | 2003 |
publisher | Cambridge University Press |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Hilton, Matthew 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)137516150 aut Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain the search for a historical movement Matthew Hilton Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2003 1 online resource (xiii, 382 pages) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015) Socialism, co-operation, free trade and fair trade : the politics of consumption in the nineteenth century -- Revolutionary shoppers : the Consumers' Council and scarcity in World War One -- The right to live : consumer 'ideology' in inter-war Britain -- The price of depression : consumer politics in inter-war Britain -- Austerity to affluence : the twilight of the politics of necessity -- The new consumer : good housewives and enlightened businessmen -- The professionals : the origins of the organised consumer movement -- Individualism enshrined : the state and the consumer in the 1960s -- The right to shop : consumerism and the economy -- The duty of citizens : consumerism and society -- Affluence or effluence : globalisation and ethical consumerism -- The quantity or the quality of choice This book is the first comprehensive history of consumerism as an organised social and political movement. Matthew Hilton offers a groundbreaking account of consumer movements, ideologies and organisations in twentieth-century Britain. He argues that in organisations such as the Co-operative movement and the Consumers' Association individual concern with what and how we spend our wages led to forms of political engagement too often overlooked in existing accounts of twentieth-century history. He explores how the consumer and consumerism came to be regarded by many as a third force in society with the potential to free politics from the perceived stranglehold of the self-interested actions of employers and trade unions. Finally he recovers the visions of countless consumer activists who saw in consumption a genuine force for liberation for women, the working class and new social movements as well as a set of ideas often deliberately excluded from more established political organisations Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Gesellschaft Politik Wirtschaft Consumption (Economics) / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumption (Economics) / Social aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumption (Economics) / Political aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumers / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumer protection / Great Britain / History / 20th century Verbraucher (DE-588)4062632-5 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien Great Britain / Economic conditions / 20th century Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Verbraucher (DE-588)4062632-5 s Geschichte 1900-2000 z 1\p DE-604 Erscheint auch als Druckausgabe 978-0-521-53853-4 Erscheint auch als Druckausgabe 978-0-521-83129-1 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610097 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Hilton, Matthew 1971- Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain the search for a historical movement Socialism, co-operation, free trade and fair trade : the politics of consumption in the nineteenth century -- Revolutionary shoppers : the Consumers' Council and scarcity in World War One -- The right to live : consumer 'ideology' in inter-war Britain -- The price of depression : consumer politics in inter-war Britain -- Austerity to affluence : the twilight of the politics of necessity -- The new consumer : good housewives and enlightened businessmen -- The professionals : the origins of the organised consumer movement -- Individualism enshrined : the state and the consumer in the 1960s -- The right to shop : consumerism and the economy -- The duty of citizens : consumerism and society -- Affluence or effluence : globalisation and ethical consumerism -- The quantity or the quality of choice Geschichte Gesellschaft Politik Wirtschaft Consumption (Economics) / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumption (Economics) / Social aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumption (Economics) / Political aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumers / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumer protection / Great Britain / History / 20th century Verbraucher (DE-588)4062632-5 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4062632-5 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
title | Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain the search for a historical movement |
title_auth | Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain the search for a historical movement |
title_exact_search | Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain the search for a historical movement |
title_full | Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain the search for a historical movement Matthew Hilton |
title_fullStr | Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain the search for a historical movement Matthew Hilton |
title_full_unstemmed | Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain the search for a historical movement Matthew Hilton |
title_short | Consumerism in twentieth-century Britain |
title_sort | consumerism in twentieth century britain the search for a historical movement |
title_sub | the search for a historical movement |
topic | Geschichte Gesellschaft Politik Wirtschaft Consumption (Economics) / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumption (Economics) / Social aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumption (Economics) / Political aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumers / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumer protection / Great Britain / History / 20th century Verbraucher (DE-588)4062632-5 gnd |
topic_facet | Geschichte Gesellschaft Politik Wirtschaft Consumption (Economics) / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumption (Economics) / Social aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumption (Economics) / Political aspects / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumers / Great Britain / History / 20th century Consumer protection / Great Britain / History / 20th century Verbraucher Großbritannien Great Britain / Economic conditions / 20th century |
url | https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610097 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT hiltonmatthew consumerismintwentiethcenturybritainthesearchforahistoricalmovement |