Microplastic pollutants:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam ; Boston ; Heidelberg ; London ; New York ; Oxford ; Paris ; San Diego ; San Francisco ; Singapore ; Sydney ; Tokyo
Elsevier
[2017]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 315 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780128094068 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176779120738304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Microplastic pollutants
Autor: Crawford, Christopher Blair
Jahr: 2017
Contents
About the Author, Christopher Blair Crawford xi
About the Author, Brian Quinn xiii
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 The emergence of plastics 1
Introduction 1
What are plastics? 2
The advent of plastics 4
The early history of plastics 5
1862-98 5
1899-1931 8
1932-44 13
2 The contemporary history of plastics 19
The modern history of plastics 19
1945-62 19
1963-89 25
1990-present 31
3 Plastic production, waste and legislation 39
Global production of plastics 39
Long-term forecasts 40
Plastic waste 40
What are macroplastics? 42
Floating macroplastics 43
Beached macroplastics 45
Beach cleanups 46
Submerged macroplastics 47
Macroplastic litter legislation 48
International 49
Regional 49
National 50
Plastics recycling 50
vi
Contents
The ASTM International Resin Identification Coding System 53
Applications of plastics 53
4 Physiochemical properties and degradation 57
The structure of plastics 57
Polymerisation 57
Stereochemistry 58
Crystallinity 62
Branching 63
Copolymers 64
Polymer blends 65
Commodity plastics 66
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 66
Polyethylene (PE) 67
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 68
Polypropylene (PP) 69
Polystyrene (PS) 70
Polycarbonate (PC) 71
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMA) 72
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 73
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 74
Polyamide (nylon) 76
Polychloroprene (neoprene) 77
Degradation 78
Biotic degradation and biodegradable plastics 78
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) 79
Polycaprolactone (PCL) 80
Polylactic acid (PLA) 81
Plastic degrading insects 83
Plastic degrading microorganisms and fungi 84
Abiotic degradation 87
Chemical additives 87
Characteristic weaknesses of common plastics 88
Thermal degradation 89
Photo-oxidative degradation 91
Atmospheric oxidation and hydrolytic degradation 94
Mechanical degradation 96
Susceptibly of plastics in different marine zones 99
5 Microplastics, standardisation and spatial distribution 101
What are microplastics? 101
What are plasticles? 101
The history of microplastics 103
Primary microplastics 104
Secondary microplastics 109
Microplastic litter legislation 110
Contents
vii
Microplastic characteristics 113
Microplastic density 115
Microplastics in the terrestrial environment and the atmosphere 119
Microplastics in lakes 120
Microplastics in rivers and estuaries 120
Microplastics in marine surface waters 122
The mystery of the missing plastic 124
Microplastics in marine sediments and shorelines 125
The global abundance of microplastics in marine
surface waters and sediments 129
Weathering of microplastics 129
6 The interactions of microplastics and chemical pollutants 131
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 131
Classes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 133
Chlordane 133
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 133
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) 134
Perfluoroalkylates 135
Phthalates 136
Poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 137
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) 138
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 138
Microplastics as vectors for chemical pollutants 139
Desorption 140
Absorption 140
Adsorption 141
The effect of the surface-area-to-volume ratio and weathering 144
Contaminated microplastics in the aquatic environment 147
Chlordane contaminated microplastics 147
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) contaminated microplastics 148
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) contaminated microplastics 148
Perfluoroalkylate contaminated microplastics 148
Phthalate contaminated microplastics 150
PAH contaminated microplastics 150
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contaminated microplastics 151
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated microplastics 151
Metal and metalloid contaminated microplastics 152
The effect of salinity 154
7 The biological impacts and effects of contaminated microplastics 159
Ingestion of contaminated microplastics 159
Aquatic invertebrates 160
Humans 166
Seabirds 168
Marine turtles 168
viii
Contents
Seals and sea otters 169
Whales 169
Fish 170
The effect of colour on the consumption of microplastics 173
Translocation and trophic transfer of microplastics 174
Microplastics as vectors for microorganisms and
invasive species 175
8 Microplastic collection techniques 179
Collection of microplastics from the environment 179
Standardisation of collection techniques 179
Sampling methods 180
Selective sampling 181
Volume reduced sampling 181
Bulk sampling 181
Environmental parameters 182
Contamination mitigation 182
Aquatic sampling 184
Freshwater 185
Estuarine 186
Marine 187
Surface water sampling 187
Water column sampling 190
Horizontal sampling of the water column 191
Vertical sampling of the water column 191
Sediment sampling 194
Intertidal and estuarine 195
Sub-tidal 200
9 Microplastic separation techniques 203
Separation of microplastics from samples 203
Visual detection and separation 203
Water samples 204
Filtration 204
Sieving 206
Sediment samples 207
Density separation 207
Elutriation 214
Froth flotation 215
Biological samples 216
Visual detection and separation from biological material 216
Chemical and enzymatic digestion 217
Contents ix
10 Microplastic identification techniques 219
Identification of microplastics 219
Sample purification 219
Visual identification 220
Selection criteria to identify microplastics 220
The standardised size and colour sorting (SCS) system
for categorising microplastics 222
The size and colour sorting (SCS) system procedure 223
Step 1: category 223
Step 2: type 224
Step 3: colour 225
Step 4: polymer 226
Step 5: quantity 229
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) 232
Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) 235
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy 236
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 241
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy reference
spectra for plastic materials 249
Polyethylene terephthalate 249
Polyethylene 250
Polyvinyl chloride 251
Polypropylene 251
Polystyrene 252
Poly(methyl methacrylate) 253
Polytetraftuoroethylene 253
Polyamide (nylon) 254
Near-infrared (NIR) and short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy 255
Raman spectroscopy 256
Raman spectroscopy reference spectra for plastic materials 259
Polyethylene terephthalate ¦ 259
Polyethylene 260
Polyvinyl chloride 262
Polypropylene 262
Polystyrene 264
Polytetraftuoroethylene 264
Polyamide (nylon) 265
Future analysis 267
References
Glossary and list of abbreviations
Index
269
295
305
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:37:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780128094068 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029292227 |
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| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-29T |
| physical | xviii, 315 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| spelling | Crawford, Christopher Blair Verfasser aut Microplastic pollutants Christopher Blair Crawford, Brian Quinn Amsterdam ; Boston ; Heidelberg ; London ; New York ; Oxford ; Paris ; San Diego ; San Francisco ; Singapore ; Sydney ; Tokyo Elsevier [2017] xviii, 315 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 gnd rswk-swf Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd rswk-swf Mikropartikel (DE-588)4336527-9 gnd rswk-swf Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 s Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 s Mikropartikel (DE-588)4336527-9 s DE-604 Quinn, Brian Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029292227&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Crawford, Christopher Blair Quinn, Brian Microplastic pollutants Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 gnd Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Mikropartikel (DE-588)4336527-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4166051-1 (DE-588)4189299-9 (DE-588)4336527-9 |
| title | Microplastic pollutants |
| title_auth | Microplastic pollutants |
| title_exact_search | Microplastic pollutants |
| title_full | Microplastic pollutants Christopher Blair Crawford, Brian Quinn |
| title_fullStr | Microplastic pollutants Christopher Blair Crawford, Brian Quinn |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microplastic pollutants Christopher Blair Crawford, Brian Quinn |
| title_short | Microplastic pollutants |
| title_sort | microplastic pollutants |
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| topic_facet | Kunststoffabfall Wasserverschmutzung Mikropartikel |
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