Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja: rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Gdańsk
Muzeum II Wojny Światowej
2016
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Register // Personenregister Register // Ortsregister |
| Beschreibung: | Englische Zusammenfassung auf den Seiten 243-249 |
| Beschreibung: | 266 Seiten Diagramme, 1 Karte 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363029791 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176734265802752 |
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| adam_text | Sprawiedliwość,
zemsta i rewolucja
Rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją
w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej
Redakcja naukowa
Andrzej Paczkowski
Gdańsk 2016
Mf/V
Menem II Wofay Świttowej
Spis treści
Wstęp 7
Tadeusz Czekalski
Albania 17
Adam Burakowski
Bułgaria 39
Grzegorz Gąsior
Czechosłowacja 63
Paweł Wawryszuk
Jugosławia 97
Andrzej Paczkowski
Polska 129
Adam Burakowski
Rumunia 175
Aleksander Gubrynowicz
Węgry 201
Andrzej Paczkowski
Próba podsumowania 231
Nota o autorach 241
Summary 243
Indeks nazwisk 251
Indeks nazw geograficznych i etnicznych 261
Summary
This study of the post-1945 settling of scores in the Communist-ruled
countries of east-central Europe is far from complete. Its authors’ ability to treat
their subject extensively was limited by the book’s total size and, even more,
by the insufficient research available about the seven countries discussed here
(Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Romania and Hungary).
Virtually throughout the entire Communist era, the question of some of these
countries’ alliances with the Third Reich and collaboration was marginalized, and
nothing was written about the post-war retributions. The regime transformations
of 1989-91 brought significant change, but the research has still not progressed
much. In many cases, for example, it has been impossible to calculate precisely
the numbers of people who were interned, arrested, tried, convicted and put to
death, as all too often the statistical data given in primary or secondary literature
are unconfirmed or contain significant disparities. It has also not been possible to
find figures about the ‘wild’ retributions, especially by various types of kangaroo
courts formed spontaneously, for instance by neighbours. The state of affairs is
similar with the purges that took place in all these countries in state and local
administration, the army, education and the justice system. Thus, many areas
could not be described in satisfactory detail. The authors focused on legal and
judicial questions and paid less attention to the extensive moral dimensions or
economic issues. They wrote only about collaboration with the Third Reich, and
to a much lesser degree with Italy, as collaboration with the Soviet administration
of eastern Poland in 1939-41 did not, for obvious reasons, lead to repressions
in Communist Poland but, if anything, could be a reason for promotion. The
contributions to this book were based primarily on existing literature, most
of which exists in the languages (including Albanian and Hungarian) of the
countries discussed here, but often also used international, primarily English-
language, literature and did some original archival research.
The greatest challenge in compiling this study was not collecting, describing
and analysing the goings-on in the different countries, even though some factual
gaps may be significant and lead to errors in the interpretations of events and
processes. Instead, the greatest difficulty lay in attempts to synthesize the analysis
because of the enormous differences between these countries’ experiences during
the war, which in turn led to huge disparities in the form and scale of retributions.
The different speeds and tactics of the Communist takeovers, albeit ultimately
successful everywhere, also played a role.
243
One group of countries were sovereign states (Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and
Slovakia, created in 1939) that entered alliances with the Third Reich and took part,
with different degrees of enthusiasm, in its military aggression against the Soviet
Union (Hungary and Romania), Yugoslavia (Bulgaria and Hungary) and Poland
(Slovakia). These countries, with Germany’s blessing, either annexed lands occupied
by their armed forces or installed occupation administrations and committed mass
crimes. Slovakia was the exception. But they all participated in the Holocaust not
only by implementing anti-Jewish laws but also by sending Jews to extermination
camps (although Bulgaria only ‘got rid’ of Jews from the lands it occupied) or by
murdering them themselves (Romania). The armistices these countries signed with
the Allies in 1944- 45 compelled them to punish war criminals but did not specify
whom or how. They differed in the ways they walked away from their initial wartime
allies. Thus, Romania and Bulgaria parted ways with the Third Reich through coups
d’état; in Bucharest it was a palace coup with the king participating, while in Sofia
the break-up was driven by an illegal opposition with a small, mostly Communist,
partisan force at its disposal after the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria. In
both cases, alliances were reversed and the monarchs remained in office for a time.
In Hungary an interim pro-Communist government was formed in the east, while
a Fascist government of the Arrow Cross created on Germany’s initiative continued
to operate in Budapest. Hungary remained Hitler’s last ally, as remnants of its army
continued to fight alongside the Germans until April 1945.
Also in these countries, retributions targeted not only collaboration with
the Third Reich through alliances, but also occupation of foreign lands and
war crimes committed in them. Slovak leaders were similarly accused of state
collaboration and participation in the Holocaust, even though they re-merged
into a state with the Czechs in 1945. Here, it was a question of punishing people
who had occupied legal positions in the state, military, police and administration.
In theory, the settling of accounts was managed entirely by these countries
themselves and they were at liberty to decide how to do it. There were no
international regulations until the August 1945 London Agreement, but trials had
opened in Bulgaria already in December 1944 and in Romania three months
later. The government of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was treated
similarly, albeit it had very limited autonomy, had not taken part in any German
aggression (if only because it had no armed forces) and its functionaries had
played only a minor part in war crimes since it had been the Germans who kept
the population and the system of repression under control.
Yugoslavia’s situation was different: after the invasion by Germany, Italy, Bulgaria
and Hungary in April 1941, its rightful authorities, the king and the government, left
the country and were replaced by a collaborationist administration (the Independent
State of Croatia and the Nedic regime in Serbia). Yugoslavia was now engulfed by
244
a brutal civil war based in part on ethnic differences (principally the Serbo-Croatian
conflict) and in part on politics. The royalist Chetniks and the Communists confronted
each other and also fought the invaders differently. The Serbian units controlled by
Nedic and the Croatian units fighting among themselves focused on waging war on
the Chetniks and the Communists. The winner in this many-sided civil war was the
pan-Yugoslav Communist party, whose partisans made the greatest contribution to
fighting the Germans. The events in Albania, which was occupied by Italy in 1939
and by Germany from 1943, were somewhat similar or at least ended similarly. The
king fled, a collaborationist administration was established, and the monarchists,
their liberal opponents and the Communists went underground. Hence, the Albanian
civil war featured clashes between the partisans and the collaborationist forces and,
less often, the occupier; as in Yugoslavia, the Communists were the winners. In
both Albania and Yugoslavia punishing collaborators and enemy partisans, and not
the occupiers, was the focus of retributions. The situation in Poland was different
still, as there had been no political institutional collaboration with the Germans, and
a fledgling civil war between some partisan forces (Nationalists and Communists)
was crushed as the multi-million-strong Red Army invaded. The invasion enabled
the Communists to take a dominant position in the state administration installed by
the Soviets as an alternative to the government in exile.
Hence, both the area and scale of the process of settling scores and its launch
differed between these countries. Bulgaria was an extreme case, as ‘people’s courts’
tried and executed the prime minister, 24 government ministers and 68 members
of parliament within a few months of the revolution of 9 September 1944, prior
to the end of the war. Similarly in Albania, on 13 April 1945, 60 people were
sentenced in a show trial (19 of them to death), including two prime ministers and
three speakers of parliament. Poland was at the other extreme, where no Polish
court tried a single upper-level civil servant or army officer for collaboration, and
only from 1948 were wartime underground fighters charged with ‘collaboration
with the occupier’. The background to these trials was the goal of destroying the
political opposition and not of settling scores with real collaborators, since none
of those who were sentenced had collaborated with the Germans. Poland therefore
focused on trying German war criminals and their collaborators or assistants, as
well as various types of collaborators such as journalists with the Polish-language
German press. Crucial here was the harsh political battle, which included armed
bloody and brutal fighting, running parallel to the process of reprisals. It ended
with the victory of the Communist government, assisted crucially by the Soviets.
Prisons and courtrooms were consequently filled with partisans and underground
and opposition party activists much more than with Germans or their collaborators.
What many of these countries (except Yugoslavia and Albania) had in common
was the Soviet Union’s role in the initial phase of retributions, when its special
245
forces (Smersh counterintelligence and the NKVD) arrested and abducted to
Moscow many representatives of the state authorities from areas occupied by the
Red Army. This was the case in Bulgaria, where the regents governing on behalf
of the underage king were kidnapped, and in Romania, where Marshal Antonescu
was among those arrested and taken to Moscow. In both cases the captives were
returned to be tried by Their own’ courts. There were also cases, such as that of the
Hungarian politician Istvan Bethlen, an active opponent of Hungaiy’s alliance with
Germany, who died in a prison hospital in Moscow in 1946, The shrewd capture
and sentencing in Moscow in June 1945 of sixteen Polish Underground State
leaders accused of sabotage’ against the Red Army and, by implication, working
for Germany, detained members of state and military elites but also conducted
massive deportations, which were part-retribution (Germans, Volksdeutsche or
Hungarian prisoners of war), from Hungary, Romania, Slovakia and Poland. But
these, for example the arrests and expulsions of tens of thousands of disarmed
Home Army soldiers from Poland, were often police-political operations. The
Western powers were also active, albeit in a totally different way, as they handed
over not only German war criminals but also some collaborationist government
leaders to the countries asking for them: Poland alone received about 1,800 German
war criminals, Slovakia got Father Jozef Tiso, Hungary Ferenc Szalasi and the
Soviet Union General Andrei Vlasov, who for Moscow personified collaboration.
With the exception of Bulgaria and Albania, deportations based on ethnic criteria
were a crucial component of retribution. These forced removals included Hungarians
out of Voivodina and Bachka by Yugoslavia, Italians out of Istria and Dalmatia,
and nearly all the Germans (Volksdeutsche) out of Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary;
Czechoslovakia and Poland. The Soviet Union did the same after annexing East
Prussia. These expulsions of about 10 million people led to the virtual disappearance
of Germans from the whole region. With the majority of Jews dying in the Holocaust
and most of the survivors’ emigrating to the West and to Palestine, east-central
Europe lost two nations that for centuries had played a crucial economic and cultural
role. The significant numbers of real property-factories, homes, shops and farms-
seized by the state as ‘abandoned’ (Jewish) or ‘confiscated’ (expellees’) property or
grabbed by locals, often illegally were one of the effects of their disappearance. The
value of this property, which has still not been calculated, was enormous.
The retribution trials of collaborationist political and economic elites played
a similar but smaller role since their sentences often included confiscation of
their property by the state. They were especially significant in the Balkans (in
Albania, for example, the property of those who emigrated or who claimed no
for it), but also in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Both the deportations and court
sentences went hand in hand with the effects of laws that all these countries had
adopted, such as dividing up large landed estates or nationalizing factories and
246
banks. These expropriations were indispensable (but insufficient) for winning
the support of numerous social groups, especially the poorest ones, aimed at
solidifying Communist rule. But the fundamental reason for all radical settling of
scores with elites was to discredit the ancien régime and eliminate those whose
authority or resources would make them an alternative to the Communists. Thus,
punishing collaborators became an instrument in the social revolution.
The general principles of the judicial methods used against collaborators and
war criminals were similar in all the countries of the region. They may be called
‘special procedures’ since they operated alongside earlier penal codes and judicial
institutions. Albania imposed a decree (December 1944) on the Commission for
War Crimes and Criminals; Bulgaria passed a decree on punishing those guilty
of ‘dragging Bulgaria into the war and infringements related to it’ (September
1944); Czechoslovakia had the Great Retribution Decree (June 1945), and
Slovakia a similar document (May 1945); Yugoslavia formed the Commission
for Examining the Crimes of the Occupation Forces and Their Helpers already in
November 1943; Poland passed a law on ‘punishing the Fascist-Nazi criminals
guilty of murders and torment of civilians and prisoners of war and traitors to the
Polish Nation’ (31 August 1944); Romania announced orders about punishing
those ‘guilty of our country’s tragedy’ (October 1944) and ‘war crimes’, and
about penalizing those who had ‘benefited from the war’ (both January 1945);
and Hungary passed a law on ‘administering people’s justice’ (January 1945).
All the countries that chose to administer justice in military courts, with the
exception of Albania and Yugoslavia, created ad hoc judicial structures solely
for the prosecution of war criminals and collaborators. Thus, Poland created
Special Criminal Courts, which began operating in October 1944, while the other
countries mostly called theirs ‘people’s courts’ or ‘people’s tribunals’. Variations
included Romania’s newly created separate courts ‘for war crimes’ and ‘for
those guilty of the country’s tragedy’, but what they all had in common was that
they were lay assessors’ courts and not professional ones. Professional judges
headed the juries, but the lay jurors were appointed by political parties or trade
unions. All procedures provided forjudging in absentia, a widespread practice (in
one Romanian trial, 12 of the 46 defendants were judged in absentia), while in
Bulgaria even a defendant’s death was no reason to exclude him from his trial and
sentencing (sometimes people who had already died were sentenced to death).
All this shows the emotional and political tensions that accompanied retributions.
Some trials were held in large halls, such as theatres and sports arenas, and
‘society’s representatives’ filled the audience. Some trials evidently served as
propaganda, as they were publicized in the media, broadcast on the radio and written
about at length in the newspapers. Participants in rallies sponsored by the Communist
parties or compliant trade unions demanded harsh sentences for war criminals as
247
well as for members of overthrown state elites. Public punishments, often staged
in central squares, appealed to society’s emotions; at times, for example in Poland,
recently released concentration camp inmates participated in the executions of their
former oppressors. The retribution laws were harsh, especially for war crimes, in
which the death sentence was often obligatory. While large numbers of people were
suspected, interrogated and put on trial, many proceedings were suspended during the
investigation or the trial, and there were many acquittals (in Budapest, for instance,
about 43 per cent of those charged were eventually acquitted). It is very difficult to
gauge the total numbers of victims of retributions and of those charged with war
crimes. Region-wide, there must have been hundreds of thousands of investigations,
perhaps a million, and even if we narrow our calculations down to sentences that
were passed, there must have been over 200,000. It is impossible to determine the
numbers of native collaborators and occupiers among those sentenced. In Poland
about one-quarter of the people condemned in summary justice were Germans
and Austrians; in Czechoslovakia Germans were a majority of those sentenced;
in Slovakia it was Hungarians; in Yugoslavia probably almost 30 per cent of the
condemned were Germans and Austrians, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Italians and
Albanians or Volksdeutsche; while in Romania a large percentage were Hungarians.
The sentences were harsh. In Albania, a small country, nearly 10,000 people
were arrested and most were sentenced, including 500 to death. In Bulgaria,
about 11,000 people were tried in people’s courts, and about 2,600 death
sentences were issued, and just over 1,000 of them were executed. In
Czechoslovakia by the end of 1947, people’s courts handled about 38,000 cases
(out of 133,000 initiated investigations) and sentenced about 22,000 people,
722 of them to death. In Slovakia, by the end of 1947 some 38,000 cases had
been taken on by people’s courts, about 21,000 of them went to trial and about
8,000 defendants were sentenced. In 1948 in Czechoslovakia unified regulations
led to the sentencing of over 3,000 more people, which meant that in May 1950
over 10,000 people were serving prison terms. By April 1948, Yugoslavia had
sentenced about 17,000 members of various occupation organizations, including
Bulgarians, Hungarians and Albanians, and about 49,000 ‘internal traitors’, most
of them Slovenes. Of the 100,000 people investigated in Poland, about 25,000
were sentenced, 1,200 of them to death. In Romania, for which statistics are
unavailable, at least 20 group trials took place leading to the sentencing of several
hundred people. In Hungary, people’s courts sentenced about 27,000 people.
All the countries of the region used not only court proceedings but also
large-scale internments and terms in transition camps, mostly for members of
the German minorities awaiting expulsions and Volksdeutsche. In Poland at
least 150,000-200,000 people were interned, while in Hungary apart from those
awaiting deportations, the figure was about 40,000. There were also camps for
248
German prisoners of war (about 50,000 in Poland alone) and Hungarian prisoners
of war. Large numbers of camp inmates were forced to perform physical labour.
The living conditions in the camps (and in prisons) were very poor or outright
dramatic, in part because of ill treatment by guards but even more because of the
pervasive destitution brought on by the years of destructive war.
The phenomenon of account-settling stretched out over time and did not
end all at once. One could even say that it continues today, since the last war-
crimes trial in Poland took place in 2001. The numbers of trials have dropped
naturally, since the pool of people to judge is running out. The war-crimes trials
begun in the autumn of 1944 in Poland were most intensive in 1946-48, and
most trials of collaborators took place in 1947-49. The emotions stemming
from dramatic wartime experiences calmed down, and the dragging out of social
tensions about them made no longer made sense for state, economic and social
interests. The governing Communists gradually shifted the burden of repressions
onto more up-to-date attitudes and actions, and their main adversary was no
longer the wartime ‘national traitor’, but ‘imperialism’s lackey’, ‘saboteur’ and
‘kulak’. Yugoslavia terminated its reckonings with Austria and Germany in
1949-50 as it began to expect economic support from these countries when it
reoriented itself towards the West. Poland returned prisoners of war, terminated
deportations and regulated the issue of the Volksdeutsche with the creation of the
German Democratic Republic. The series of amnesties in 1955—56 in the wake
of Stalin’s death released from prisons the majority of those serving sentences for
collaboration everywhere, including the Soviet Union itself, ending the pursuit of
collaborators. The concept of war crimes, defined primarily or even exclusively
as those committed by Germans, survived in legal codes and court practices. The
death in 1986 of Erich Koch in Barczewo prison in Poland closed the post-war
era of retributions in east-central Europe.
After the fall of Communism, the subject of the post-Second World War
settling of accounts returned in some countries, when radical nationalist groups
attempted to rehabilitate at least some politicians and military men who had been
sentenced for collaborating with the Germans, including Father Tiso in Slovakia,
Marshal Antonescu in Romania, Nedic in Serbia and Ante Pavelic in Croatia.
Some have also demanded rehabilitating those anti-Communists who had been
sentenced on trumped-up charges of collaborating with the occupying forces,
such as General Mihailovic in Serbia or Cardinal Stepinac in Croatia. The issue
of retroactive justice, even though it has long been over, survives in public life,
which is all the more reason to study its evolution.
A.R
Translation Maja Latyñska
249
Indeks nazwisk
A
Acimovic Milan 119
Aleksander II Karadziordziewic,
ksiqzç koronny Serbii i Jugoslawii
Aiexianu Gheorghe 186, 196
Ali Hafiz Musa 29
Ancerewicz Czeslaw 158
Antonesculon 15,40, 175-181,
186-197, 199, 200, 235
Antonescu Mihai 178, 186, 194, 196
Ápor Péter 211
Argalás Lajos 218
Auscaler Gustaw 160
B
Baba Faja Martaneshi zob.
Martaneshi Baba Faja
Baba Fejzo Dervishi zob. Dervishi
Baba Fejzo
Babic Goran 98
Bagossy Zoltán 216, 219
Bagrianow Iwan 51, 54
Bajew Jordan 44, 57
Bajewa ískra 41,46, 58
Baky László 211
Balluku Beqir 32
Balan Stanislaw 52
Banky Robert 211,212
Banushi Ireneo 29
Bárdossy László 205, 210, 213, 226,
228
Bama íldikó 206, 210, 212-214, 218,
222, 228
Barth Heinz 75
Bartulin Nevenko 98
Baf a Jan Antonín 84, 85
Beck Józef 173
Bede $tefan 193
Bejsäkovä Sandra 75
Belew Aleksandyr 56
Bencsik Gabor 217
Benes Edvard 64-69, 73, 81, 83, 88,
89,91
Benini Zenone 17
Benziger Karl P. 226
Beran Rudolf 68, 81-83,95
Beregfy Käroly 211
Bergsamo Morten 206
Beding Zygmunt 131, 132
Betea Lavinia 180, 182
Bethell Nicholas 102
Bethlen Istvan 203, 235
Bianchini Stefano 98
Bibö Istvan 212
Bi$aku Ibrahim 25
Bienert Richard 80, 81
Bieriuzow Siergiej 48, 57
Bierut Boleslaw 157
Bilandzic Dusan 103
Bilbija Bojan 124
Blloshmi Bedri 21, 25, 30
Boboszewski Cwjatko 41
Bogetic Dragan 115
Bohri Läszlö 203, 204
Bojkovic Dusan 97
Bojta Bela 214
Boräk Mecislav 63, 66-68, 70-74,
76-78, 80,81,83-92, 94, 96
Borkovic Milan 120
Borys III, car Bulgarow 40, 50-53
Bosnyak Zoltän 211,212
Bottoni Stefano 203, 222
251
Bozduganow Georgi 48
Bozitow Dobri 51, 54
Brätianu Constantin (Dinu) LC. 179
Brätianu Gheorghe I. 196
Brozek Andrzej 138
Bühler Josef 151
Bujnicki Teodor 134
BunaciuAvram 187, 192
Burakowski Adam 39, 175, 199
Burczyk Dariusz 151, 155
Burda Josef 83
Burdecki Feliks 158, 167, 173
Burian Vlasta 79
Bushati Maliq 27
Butka Uran 22
c
Cako Hito 22
Cancicov Mircea 197
Catlos Ferdinand 89, 90
Ceau^escu Nicolae 191, 199
Cepicka Alexej 92
Cemy Josef 82
Chary Frederick 56
Chruszczow Nikita 122
Chudoba Wieslaw 165
Churchill Winston Leonard Spencer
43, 101
Chvalkovsky Frantisek 80
Ciesielski Stanislaw 12
Cioran Emil 176, 200
Codreanu Comeliu 176
Crainic Nichifor 191
Cri$an Gheorghe 195
Cristescu Eugen 180, 186, 194-196
Csatary Läszlo 227
Csurka Istvän 226
Cukier Jözef 159
Cuprilovic Vaso 121
Cvetkovic Dragisa 99
Cvetkovic Srdan 110, 124
Czapiewski Edward 99
Czekalski Tadeusz 17, 39, 121
Czerwenkow Wylko 50, 55
Czyngis-chan, wladca mongolski
195
Czyhska Malgorzata 145
D
Dajani Daniel 27
Dalnoki Miklös Béla 204, 205, 207
Daluege Kurt 74
Datkatyczew Kiryl 56
Danajlow Lj üben 53
Daxner Igor 88, 91
Deäk Istvän 13, 227
Deletant Dennis 175, 178, 180, 181,
188, 190, 195, 196
Demel Juliusz 175
Demetrescu-Gyr Radu 186, 191
Dervishi Baba Fejzo 28
Dervishi Kastriot 20, 26, 28
Dezhgiu Muharrem 17
Diac Cristina 182
Dibra Hafez Ibrahim 29
Diczew Dimo 41
Dimitrijevic Bojan 115
Dimitrow Georgi 41, 43, 45, 50, 55,
57
Dimow Wergil 58
Dinic Tanasije 119, 120
Djilas Milovan 125
Dmitröw Edmund 134, 150
Dobrian Constantin 195
Dode Luan 21-23, 29, 34, 35
Dolapczijew Nikola 54
Dragojczewa Cola 40, 47
Draskovic Vuk 128
Drtina Prokop 68, 76, 81, 88, 91
Dulic Tomislav 120
252
Durcansky Ferdinand 89
Durisic Pavle 120
Dyrmishi Demir 33
Dyrzanski Angel 46
DziurokAdam 145, 153, 154, 156
E
Eichmann Adolf 217, 2 i 8
Elefterescu Mircea 178
Elezi Ismet 30, 33
Eliade Mircea 176, 200
Elsie Robert 26
Elster Jon 13
Endre Laszlo 211, 223
Engelking Barbara 155
Erban Evzen 84
Esterhazy Janos hrabia 90, 91
F
Fadenchecht Iosif 52, 53
Faragho Gabor 218, 219
Fausti Gjon 27
Feierabend Ladislav 67, 95
Ferdynand I Koburg, car Bulgarow
45, 50
Ferenczy Laszlo 218
Fieldorf August Emil „Nil” 161, 235
Fierlinger Zdenek 67, 70
Filow Bogdan 40, 41, 51, 53, 54
Finder Gabriel N. 152, 156, 169
Fischer Bemd 18
Fischer Otakar 82
Fishta Ilias 19, 33
Fotew Georgi 45
Frank Karl Hermann 74, 76
Frasheri Mehdi 18
Frenkel Boris 193
Frick Wilhelm 74
Frommer Benjamin 66-71, 73-75, 77,
79,81, 83-86,92,95,96
G
Gabrowski Petyr 51
Gajda Radola (wlasc. Rudolf Geidl)
84
Ganew Wenelin 41
Garton Ash Timothy 7, 8
Gaulle Charles de 65
Gavrilovici Constantin 198
G^sior Grzegorz 63
Geiger Vladimir 98, 104, 109,
111-114
Georgescu Teohari 180, 187
Georgijew Kimon 40, 41, 44, 57
Gheorghiu-Dej Gheorghe 199
Gierek Edward 13
Gingold Nandor 193
Girgirow Aleksandyr 58
Giurescu Dinu C. 197
Gje9ovi Xhelal 17
Gjini Frano, prymas Albani 29
Goebbels Joseph 9
Gomulka Wladyslaw 133
GondekLeszek 135, 158
Goring Hermann 9
Gottspfennig Fritz 75
Gottwald Klement 67, 81, 86, 91,
92
Goralczyk Bogdan 224
Gorski Grzegorz 163
Grabowski Jan 155
Grabowski Waldemar 134, 161
Gran Wiera (wlasc. Dwojra Grinberg)
169
Greiser Arthur 151
Gross Jan Tomasz 13, 157
Grossman-Grozea Adolf 193
Groza Petru 177, 183, 184, 187,
188
Gruew Pawel 52, 53
Grünberg Matias 193
253
Gubinski Arnold 170, 171
Gubrynowicz Aleksander 201
H
Hächa Emil 64, 68, 80-82
Hafiz Musa Ali zob. Ali Hafiz Musa
Harapi Anton 27, 28
Havelka Jifi 82
Hebrang Andrija 118, 123, 127
Hejjas Istvan 210
Hejl Vilem 95
Hellebronth Vilmos 210
Henke Klaus-Ditmar 13
Hess Rudolf 240
Heydrich Reinhard 64, 75, 81, 84
Hi lger Andreas 12
Himmler Heinrich 9, 19, 87
Hitler Adolf 9, 50, 52, 63, 64, 68, 82,
98, 99, 194, 202-204, 225, 226,
233
Hlinka Andrej 64, 86, 87
Hodza Enver 20, 33, 35,38
Höffle Hermann 90
Hoffmann Tämas 206
Holak Martin 89
Horthy Miklös 193, 201, 202, 207,
210, 216, 217, 220, 221, 224, 233
Höman Bahnt 228
Hoxha Celo 22, 34
Hoxha Enver zob. Hodza Enver
Hruby Adolf 80, 81
Husäk Gustav 85, 86
Huszär Tibor 212
Huszär-Värdy Agnes 204
I
Iliescu Ion 190
Imredy Bela 210
Iohannis Klaus 175
Irakli Pandi 34
J
Jackowicz Jerzy 58
Jacomoni di San Savino Francesco
17
Jakova Tuk 21
Jaksch Wenzel 68
Janeckovä Eva 81
Janjetovic Zoran 98, 105, 109,
111-115
Jankovic Momcilo 124
Jankowiak Stanislaw 135, 137
Jankô Péter 214, 223
Jano Ariste 23
Jaracz Stefan 166
Jarkovskä Lucie 93
Jaross Andor 211
Jasek Peter 90
Jaspers Karl 12
Jelic-Bukic Fikreta 98
Jezek Josef 81
Jifik Vaclav 95
Jockusch Laura 169
Jonic Velibor 119, 120
Jovanovic Dragomir 120
Judt Tony 11, 13, 16
Jugow Anton 48, 57
K
Kaczorowska Blanka 159
Kâdâr Janos 223-225
Kadare Tahir 22
Kalfus Josef 80, 81
Kalinowa Ewgenija 41, 46, 58
Kalkstein Ludwik 159
Kalfow Christo 54, 55
Kamenicky Jindrich 80, 81
Kaminski Lukasz 12
Kapesius Victor 192, 193
Kaplan Karel 66
Karbunara Ibrahim 29
254
Karmasin Franz 92
Karol II, król Rumunii 175, 176, 181,
188
Karszai László 208, 209, 212, 213,
215,218
Kasmi Marengien 20, 38
Kasparek Norbert 126
Kastory Agnieszka 175
Kenez Peter 203
Képíró Sándor 227
Kiradzijew Swetoslaw 54
Kirschner Thomas 75
Kiryl Preslawski, ksiqz^ regent
Bulgarii 40, 41,51, 53-55
Kisic Kolanovic Nada 118
Kisielewski Tadeusz 126
Kiss Ferenc 211,212
Kiss Mihály Francia 224
Kissi Kristofor, abp prawostawny 29,
30
Kliment Josef 81
Klubert Tomás 85, 87
Kladoczny Piotr 135, 139, 160
Kobierska-Motas Elzbieta 8, 134,
147,150, 152-154
Kobro Katarzyna 145
Kocew Boris 56
Koch Erich 151, 155,240
Kochanowski Jerzy 87, 139, 144
Kochariski Aleksander 164
Kocová Katerina 76, 77, 91-93
Kofman Jan 203
Koleci Vaske 34
Kolosváry-Borcs Mihály 211
Koíakowski Leszek 165
Konomi Manol 22, 24, 25, 34
Kontrym Boleslaw 235
Kombluth Andrew 153, 155, 156
Kosiñski Mieczyslaw 139
Kostek-Biemacki Waclaw 161
Kostow Trajczo 41, 50, 55
Kotani Apostol 20
Kotta Kostaq 25
Koutek Ondfej 76
Kozul Stjepan 123
Krajina Vladimir 76
Krasihski Edward 165, 166
Krasniqi Affim 24
Krejöi Jaroslav 80, 81
KritzNeilJ. 13
Krizman Bogdan 98
Kroner Bernhard R. 19
Krumey Hermann 75
Krzeptowski Waclaw 159
Krzyzanowski Lech 163
Kubala Otomar 90
Kubicki Leszek 152-154
Kulesza Witold 160
Kun Bela 201,210
Kundt Emst 74
Kupi Abaz 19
Kwasiborski Jozef 161
Kyncl Vojtech 75
L
La9i Vasil 18
Lacko Martin 90
Latorczay Lörinz 211
LeccaRadu 194, 196
Lehne Walter 75
Leon Jack 193
Lettrich Jozef 88
Litwihski Robert 164
Lityhski Adam 148
Logofetow Nikola 54, 55
Löhr Alexander 107
Lopicic Borde 98, 104, 108, 116
Lopusina Marko 126
Lowe Keith 12
Ludin Hanns 90
255
Lukäcs Tibor 206, 209
Lungu Hafiz Shérif, gtowny mufti
Tirany 29
L
Lawrynowicz Olgierd 151
Lozanow Boris 55
M
Mach Alexander 89
Machcewicz Pawel 157
Machnikowska Anna 162
Macici Nicolae 191
Madajczyk Piotr 141
Majer Piotr 164
Majewski Piotr M. 65, 72, 77
Major Äkos 213, 214
Malinowski Rodion 178, 179
Maniu Iuliu 179, 180, 196, 197, 200
Manoilescu Grigore 191
Marciniak Wojciech 12
Marinkovic Goran 110
Marinowa-Christidi Rumiana 39
Markagjoni, rodzina 31
Marks Karol 191
Marrus Michael R. 10
Martaneshi Baba Faja 28
Masaryk Jan Garrigue 79
Materski Wojciech 132
Mborja Tefik 17, 26
Medveckÿ Matej 89
Mengele Josef 192
Meto Memo 22
Micha! I, kröl Rumunii 175, 177, 179,
184,196, 197
Michow Nikola 40, 41
Mihai Florin-Räzvan 182
Mihail Gheorghe 181
Mihajlovic Dragoljub „Draza” 100,
119, 120, 123-125
Mindszenty Jözsef (wlasc. Jözsef
Pehm), kard. 223
Mitrogjorgji Vangjo 34
Mitrovica Rexhep 19
Mocsony-Stärcea loan 180
Moczarski Kazimierz 161
Molnär Imre 90
Molotow Wiaczeslaw (wlasc.
W. Skriabin) 66, 177
Moravec Emanuel 80, 83, 84
Moravec Frantisek 95
Morfow Petyr 55
Mulleti Qazim 38
Mulleti Tanush 38
Muraru Andrei 175, 180, 182, 183,
190,193-195
Muraszko Galina P. 29, 33
Murawiew Konstantin 51, 54, 55, 58
Mussolini Benito 11,98
Musta Agim 34
Myftiu Manush 35
N
Nagy Endre 212
Nagy Imre 224
Napoleon Bonaparte, cesarz
Francuzöw 7
Nathanaili Andrea 22
Nedic Aleksandar 123
Nedic Milan 99, 119, 120, 123-125,
128, 129, 234
Neubacher Hermann 19
Neurath Konstantin von 74
Nicolescu-Buze^ti Grigore 180
Nikolaj, archimandryta 56
Niznansky Ladislav 94
Noica Constantin 176, 200
Nosek Vaclav 70, 78
Noskowa Albina F. 29, 33
Nova Ko ?o 21
256
Novomeskÿ Ladislav 89
Nowak Jerzy Robert 126
O
Ognianow Ljubomir 48, 59
Olejnik Leszek 133, 138, 142—144,
146,147,150,154
Omari Luan 26
P
Paczkowski Andrzej 16, 129, 231
Pajsij (Pashko Vodica), archimandryta
29,30
Pantazi Constantin 178, 186, 194, 196
Papp Gyula 209
Paraschivescu-Bâlâceanu Constantin
195
Pariani Albert 29
Pasek Andrzej 146,153,155, 160, 172
Pàtràçcanu Lucre{iu 177, 178, 180,
187,188
PavelicAnte 98,99,119,121
Pavlica Branko 110-113, 116, 117
Pavlicevic Dragutin 97
Pawlow Todor 41
Pazari Xhemal 29
Pazûr Karol 69
P^gowski Tadeusz 168
Peçi Shefqet 22
Pejcoch Ivo 76, 84, 85, 92, 93
Pepa Pjetër 26, 27
Persak Krzysztof 12, 157
Petacci Clara 11
Pétain Philippe 12
Petkow Nikola 46, 59,61
Petô Andrea 204, 205, 210, 212-214,
218, 222, 227
Petranskÿ Ivan A. 92-94
Petrinski Petko 56
Petrow Georgi 48, 50, 51, 53-55
Pfitzner Josef 74
Pilichowski Czeslaw 152
Ping Yi 206
Piotr II Karadziordziewic, krôl
Jugoslawii 99, 100
PirjevecJoze 118
Plachÿ Jifi 76, 85, 92, 93
Ple§a Liviu 180, 187
Pokomÿ Bedrich 76
Pomenow Swetoslaw 52
Popescu Dumitru 194
Popovic Jovan P. 98, 104-108
Poppetrow Nikolaj 49, 56
Pospisil Leopold 76
Potopeanu Gheorghe 183
Preda Marin 199
Pritz Pal 207
Prusin Alexander V. 149, 151, 152,
156, 161
Pytlakowski Piotr 139
Q
Qazimi Azem 34
Quisling Vidkun 12
R
Raczkiewicz Wladyslaw 135
Radanovic Milan 124
Rädescu Nieolae 177, 183, 184
Radie Rade 120, 124
Radocsai Laszlo 218
RadosJawow Wasil 44, 45, 51
Radulescu Ilie 191
Râjk Laszlo 209, 223
Râkôsi Mâtyâs (wlasc. M. Rosenfeld)
210, 213, 217, 220, 221, 223, 225
Rankovic Aleksandar 33, 101
Rasa Anastas 28
Rasla Anton 87, 88, 91
Râtz de Nagylak Jeno 211
257
Rev Istvän 210, 211,225
Ribbentrop Joachim von 173
Riege Paul 75
Rigan Eudovit 88
Rigö Mate 229
Rokicki Pawel 134
Rokosky Jaroslav 68, 82, 83, 95
Romanow Zenon 140
Romsics Ignac 203
Rostock Max 75
Roszkowski Wojciech 203
Rotholc Szapsel „Szapsio” 169
Rothschild Joseph 14
Rowecki Stefan „Grot” 159
Rus Emil 181, 182, 184, 189, 191,
197,200
Rys-Rozsevac Jan 83
Rzeplihski Andrzej 160
s
Sach Maike 87
Sakskoburggotski Symeon 40
Sänätescu Constantin 177, 183
Säracu Dumitru 195
Sazdow Szulew Bogdan 51
Schiller Leon 166
Schnepf Zuzanna 158
Scotti Giacomo 98
§eicaru Pamfil 191
Semerdzyjew Petyr 42, 45, 47-51, 54,
56-58, 61
SerantPaul 13
Shehu Mehmet 21, 22
Shllaku Gjon 27
Sidorkiewicz Krzysztof 161
Siewierski Mieczyslaw 161
Sikorski Wladyslaw 133
Sima Horia 176, 177, 186, 191, 194,
196, 200
Siwek Tadeusz 72
Skibinska Alina 155, 156
Skiwski Jan Emil 158, 167, 173
Slánsky Rudolf 93
Slojewski Marek 161
Smigovsky Ján 90
Spahiu Bedri 23
Srámek Jan 65
Stajczew Enczo 47
Stalin (wlasc. Iosif Wissarionowicz
Dzugaszwili) 43, 58, 65, 66, 101,
103, 116, 118, 122, 133, 135, 160,
199, 202, 204, 208, 217, 235, 240
Stanék Tomás 69-71,94, 95
Stänescu Virgil 183
Stefan (Stojan Popgeorgijew
Szokow), egzarcha Bulgarii 52, 58
Stepinac Alojzije, kard. 121, 122
Stoica Titus 195
Stoican Vasile 195
Stránsky Jaroslav 67, 85, 91
Strauchold Grzegorz 140
Stribmy Jifi 83
Stroñski Stanislaw 134
Strzelecki Jan 172
Strzemihski Wladyslaw 145
Studnicki Wladyslaw 130, 173
Subasic Ivan 100, 101
Sufaj Fehmi 26, 30, 35
Symeon II, car Bulgarów w latach
1942-1946 zob. Sakskoburggotski
Symeon
Syrovy Jan 82, 83, 95
Szakváry Emil 210
Szálasi Ferenc 202, 203, 205, 207, 210,
211,213,214,216, 221,223,236
Szarlanow Diniu 41, 43, 55, 57
Szarota Tomasz 132
Szatkowski Henryk 159
Szatkowski Wojciech 158
Szerencsés Károly 208, 209, 213, 214
258
Szklarski Alfred 158
Szombathelyi Ferenc 211
Szopa Piotr 135
Sztojay Dome 202, 210, 211, 217
Szubtarska Beata 12
Szymeczek Jözef 72
r
s
Switalski Kazimierz 161
T
Tarpataky Zoltän 216, 219
Tätärescu Gheorghe 177, 184
Terpeszew Dobri 46
Teuner Frantisek 84
Tigrid Pavel 95, 96
Tildy Zoltän 207, 214
Tischler Janos 203
Tiso Jozef 64, 65, 88, 89, 236
Tiso Stefan 89
TitoJosip Broz 100-102, 116-118,
122, 125, 127,217, 236
Jiu Ilarion 182
Todorow Wybran 49, 56
Tolbuchin Fiodor 48
Tomaszewski Jerzy 65
Tönsmayer Tatjana 87
Toussaint Rudolf 93
Trkulja Jovica 125
Tudor Comeliu Vadim 200
Tuka Vojtech 87, 89
Turanec Jozef 90
Turay Ida 211,212
Turner Harald 107
Twardo Stanislaw 161
Tyszkiewicz Jakub 99
V
Varoshi Mustafa efendi 29
Vasek Anton 90
Vasiliu Constantin 178, 196
Vasovic-Mekina Svetlana 125
Verlad Shefqet bej 17, 31
Vida Istvän 212
Vi§oianu Constantin 183
Vladimirescu Tudor 176
Volaj Gjergji 29
Vukmanovic Svetozar 121
w
Wasilewski Tadeusz 39, 45
Wass Albert 193
Wasylewski Stanislaw 158, 167
Wawryszuk Pawel 97
Weichert Michal 169
Weller Hans 13
Wezenkow Aleksandyr 40
Widinski Radenko 47
Wieder Witalis 159
Wiesel Elie 200
Wiktor Emanuel III, krol Wloch 17, 18
WilkAnna 142
Willaume Malgorzata 175
Winogradow Wladyslaw 179
Wisliceny Dieter 92
Wlasow Andriej 236
Wolff Karl 107
Wolsza Tadeusz 139, 157, 168
Wolter Wladyslaw 160
Wolokitina Tatiana W. 29, 30, 33
Woroszylow Klimient 204
Wröbel Janusz 161
Wui Ling Cheah 206
Wyszynski Andriej 177, 179, 183, 184
X
Xoxe Ko pi 23,26,33,34
Y
Xhafer 31
259
z
Zaborski Marcin 163
Zacharias Michal Jerzy 100-103, 105,
109, 118, 121, 126, 128
Zahradnik Stanislaw 72
Zawistowska Renata 72
Zecevic Miodrag D. 98, 104-108, 120
Zenderowski Radoslaw 95
Zgömiak Marian 133, 134
Zinner Tibor 209
Ziu Mihal 33
Zivanovic Zoran 123
Zivkovic Petar 120
Zogu I (wlasc. Ahmed bej Zogu), kröl
Albanii 17, 19, 26, 32, 34, 35
Zsilleovä Miriam 94
Zujovic Sreten 118, 127
ZurofFEfraim 227
Z
Zbikowski Andrzej 168-170
Zelazko Joanna 151
Indeks
nazw geograficznych i etnicznych
Czcionkq pofgrubq oznaczono strony, na ktorych
znajdujq siq rozdziaty poswiçcone danym pahstwom.
A
Adriatyk 109, 115
Aiud 191
Albania 14, 15,17-38, 44,99, 127,
129, 234-237, 239, 240
Albanczycy 19, 25, 38, 107, 119, 120,
239
Aleksandröw Kujawski 139
Ameryka Lacinska 9
Amerykanie 217, 236
Amsterdam 10
Anglia zob. Wielka Brytania
Argentyna 119
Auschwitz, oböz koncentracyjny 20,
151,202,211,231
Auschwitz-Birkenau, oböz koncentra-
cyjny 192
Austria 9,10, 75,101, 105, 107, 113,
119, 127, 149,177, 215, 236, 240
Austriacy 12, 15,93, 107, 127, 239
Austro-Wçgry 201
B
Baczka 105,128, 236
Balkany 39, 44, 101
Banat 105,112
Bania 58
Banja Luka 123,124
Banska Bystrzyca 90, 94
Baranja 99
Barczewo 155, 240
Bari 21
Bawaria 240
Beckerek, oböz pracy 111
Belene wyspa, oböz koncentracyjny
48, 58
Belgia 11
Belgrad 13, 33,100, 107,112, 119, 124,
126, 234
Berat 20, 21, 35
Bergen-Belsen, oböz koncentracyjny
20
Berlin 63, 64, 80, 99, 175, 195, 202
Besarabia 139,175, 178,197,199
Bialorus 14
Blagojewgrad zob. Gorna Dzumaja
Boh 176
Bordeaux 10
Bosnia 99, 100, 114, 118, 123, 124,
126,128
Bratyslawa 64, 65, 87, 89-91, 94
Brazylia 84
Brno 67, 78, 95
Bruksela 126
Brytyjczycy (Anglicy) 44, 101, 107,
119, 138
Buchenwald, oböz koncentracyjny 176
Budapeszt 202, 208, 210, 212, 213,
217, 219, 222, 223, 228, 233, 238
Budziak 175,178
261
Bukareszt 176,177, 179, 182-185, 187,
192,193,196-198, 233
Bukowina Pölnocna 175, 178
Bulgaria 9, 11,14, 15, 39-61, 99,107,
129, 175, 232-239
Bulgarzy 107, 239
Bunjewcy (serb. Bunjevci) 108
Burgas 49
Buzemadhe te Lumes 22
C
Cap Nord 10
Charkow 10
Chelmno nad Nerem, oböz koncen-
tracyjny 75, 152
Chorwaci 101,108,115,117,118,128
Chorwacja 13,15,98,107,109,113-115,
118,120,122,123,125-127,236
Cieszyn 75
Cres 115
Cyganie 116
Czarnogöra 20, 99
Czarnogörcy 101, 108
Czechoslowacja 10, 15, 63-96, 175,
177, 203,207, 215, 223, 233, 236,
237, 239
Czechy 15,63,84,95,231,233,237,239
Czesi 70, 71, 77, 79, 91-93, 96
D
Dachau, oböz koncentracyjny 83
Daleki Wschöd 8
Dalmacja 99, 109, 114, 234, 236
Dania 10
Dniestr 176
Dobrudza Poludniowa 39, 175
Don 176
Donieck 182
Drjanowo 50
Dukaj kolo Tepeleny 22
Dunaj 48, 128
Dunice te Mokres 21
Dunczycy 10
Dupnica 56
Dürres 20, 28, 29, 35
E
Enikoj, oböz koncentracyjny 39
Estonia 14
Etiopia 17
Europa 8, 10-15, 53, 73, 100, 127, 182,
207, 232, 236, 237
F
Ferdinand 42
Francja 8,11,12, 63-65, 98, 133,143,
175
Francuzi 10
G
Gabrowo 50
Galicja Wschodnia 136
Gdansk 143, 155
Generaine Gubernatorstwo (GG) 65,
88-90, 129, 130-133, 142-144,
151, 156
Genewa 140
Gjilan 18
Gjirokastra 29, 35
Goli Otok, oböz karny 127
Gonda Woda, oböz koncentracyjny 39
Gorna Dzumaja 49, 57
Gorna Orjachowica 50
Gorycja 115, 236
Grecja 7,18,20, 39, 46, 54,56, 60, 107
H
Hanke, oböz internowania 71
Hereego wina 108, 114, 123, 124, 126,
128
262
Hiszpania 9, 168, 177, 191, 194, 232
Holandia 10, 11
Horni Mostenice 69
I
Istria 109, 114, 115
J
Jablanica 50
Jajce 100
Jalta 8, 101
Jasenovac, oböz koncentracyjny 97, 123
Jassy 176, 197, 198
Jedwabne 157, 158
Jugoslavia 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20, 33,
39, 40, 44, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 56, 60,
97-128, 177, 202, 232, 234-237,
239, 240
Jugoslowianie 33, 108
K
Kaczanik 18
Katyn 49, 55,61, 135
Kaukaz10,176
Kielce 155, 156
Kikinda, oböz pracy 111
Kitzbühel 119
Kladno 75
Kl’ak 94
Kluz 192, 193
Kolin 71
Kolonje 31
Korcza 34
Kosovska Mitrovica 18
Kosowo 18-20,38,98,99,106,119,126
Koszyce 67-69, 85
Krajowa (Craiova) 175
Krakow 158
Kras (wl. Carso) 115
Krasic 121
Krasnodar 10, 12
Kreta 10
Krk 115
Krym 176
Krzesimöw, oböz pracy 142
Krzywy Rög 182
Kuq kolo Kurvelesh 22
Kujawy 161
L
Labinot 22
Lastovo 115
Leopoldov 83
Lezaky 64, 74, 75
Lidice 64, 74, 75, 83
Litwa 14, 129
Litwini 132
Londyn 7, 8, 25, 64, 66-68, 79, 85, 86,
99, 133, 134, 203, 207
Lublana 128
Lublin 150, 165
Luma 22
Lushnje 35
L
Lomza 157
Lotwa 14
Lowecz 50
Lodz 139, 144
Lukowit 50
M
Macedonia 18, 40, 46, 49, 50, 98, 126
Macedonia Egejska 39
Macedonia Wardarska 39, 99
Macedonczycy 108
Majdanek, oböz koncentracyjny 150
Maramuresz 175, 177
Maribor 99
Martanesh 21
263
Matjan 21
Mauthausen, obóz koncentracyjny 20
Mazury 140, 141
Mazurzy 141
Mediolan 11
Medjimurie 99
Metochia 99, 106, 126
Michajlowgrad zob. Ferdinand
Miercurea Sibiului (niem. Re-
ussmarkt) 192
Monachium 65, 68, 81, 94, 95
Montana zob. Ferdinand
Morawy 63, 69
Moskwa 8, 29, 40, 42, 45, 48, 51, 57,
58, 65-67, 85, 89, 90, 100, 132, 160,
178, 190, 203, 208, 235, 236
Muzulmanie (naród) 108, 118, 128
N
Niemcy (III Rzesza) 7-10, 13-15,
39-41, 46, 48, 50, 53-55, 57, 60,
63-66, 72, 73, 75, 80-82, 88, 90,
94, 99, 105, 112, 113, 115,119,123,
129-134, 139-141, 143, 144, 147,
149, 160, 172, 173, 175-178, 182,
184-186, 194, 195, 202, 203, 215,
217, 231-235, 239, 240
Niemcy (naród) 7, 8,10,63,67-72,
76-79,87,91-93, 95-98,105,
107-110,112-117,119,127,130,131,
133,135-141,143-146,152,155,157,
164,165,172,180,182,192,209,215,
216,234-236,239,240
Niemiecka Republika Demokratyczna
(NRD) 14, 75, 138, 147, 150, 240
Nieszawa 139
Niezalezne Pañstwo Chorwackie
(NDH) 10, 99, 101, 112, 114, 119,
129, 234
Nikopol 50
Nis 125
Norwegia 11
Norymberga 7, 26, 73, 74, 120, 134,
147, 202,217,218
Nowy Sad 213
o
Odessa 176, 186, 190, 194
Oradour-sur-Glane 75
Orawa 64
Orhei 197
Ostrawa 71, 72, 75
Ostry Grúñ 94
P
Palagruza 115
Palestyna 236
Pancevo, obóz pracy 111
Pardubice 75
Paryz 109
Pernik 51
Peza 18
Plewen 49, 50
Plowdiw 49
Poczdam 8, 9, 72, 156, 236
Podhale 159
Podtatrze 132, 159
Pohorelice 71
Polacy 10, 72, 75, 127, 130-133, 135,
136, 141, 143, 151, 155, 157, 167,
169, 170
Polska 8,10,13-15,64,72,99,129-173,
203,207,223,231,235-240
Pomorawie Poludniowe 39
Pomorze 15, 131, 132, 143, 161
Portugalia 217
Postoloprty 69
Poznan 151, 152
Praga 13, 68, 74, 77, 78, 81, 82, 94
Prekmurje 99
264
Prisztina 20
Protektorat Czech i Moraw 10, 15, 64,
68, 74-76, 79-84, 129, 233
Prusy Wschodnie 141, 151,236
Pula 115
Pulawy 140
R
Rämnicu Särat 196, 197
Ravna Gora 124
Republika Federalna Niemiec (RFN)
14, 75, 94, 127, 191, 193
Rijeka 115
Rosja zob. Zwi^zek Socjalistycznych
Republik Radzieckich
Rosjanie 107, 132, 145, 190
Roznovanu 197
Rumuni 176, 178, 191, 192
Rumunia 10, 14, 15, 40, 44, 129,
175-200,232, 233, 235-239
Ruse 49
Rus Podkarpacka 64, 65, 175
s
Saloniki 25
San Stefano 39
Sandzak 106
Sapa 29
Sawa 128
Serbia 15, 49, 106, 107, 119,
123-126,128, 234
Serbowie 101, 108,117, 123, 128
Sewljewo 50
Shtérmen 28
Siedlce 156
Sighi§oara 192
Slawonia 116
Slowacja 13, 14, 64, 65, 68, 69, 73, 78,
84, 85-92, 95, 129, 233, 235, 236,
239
Slowacy 66, 70, 79, 85-87, 91-93
Slowenia 99, 105, 109, 115, 125
Slowehcy 101, 108, 115, 117, 239
Sofia 39, 45, 47, 49, 51-54, 60
Spandau 240
Spisz 63, 64
Split 99
Stalingrad 176
Stänca 197
Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki (USA)
7, 39, 46, 48, 65, 66, 123, 178, 203,
207,217, 228
Stara Zagora 48, 49
Stutthof, oböz koncentracyjny 151
Styria 99, 112
Sweti Kirik, oböz koncentracyjny 39
Sweti Nikola, oböz koncentracyjny
39, 40
Syberia 182
Syhot Marmaroski (rum. Sighetu Mar-
matiei) 200
Szczecin 159
Szkodra 20, 21, 25, 26, 31, 35
r
s
Skjsk 15, 63, 72, 131, 132, 138-141,
143-145, 153, 154, 156, 163
T
Tärgu Märcule§ti 197
Tarnöw 143
Tatry 158
Teheran 8, 160
Terezin, oböz koncentracyjny 65, 71, 92
Timisoara 195
Tirana 17-21,27-30, 38
Topola 128
Tracja 46, 49, 50
Tracja Bialomorska 50
Tracja Zachodnia 39
265
Transnistria 176,186,190,195,196,199
Transylwania 175-177,182, 183, 185,
191-193
Trianon 201, 214, 215, 221, 226
Triest 115
Turcja 9, 39
Tyrnowo zob. Wielkie Tyrnowo
U
Ukraina 14, 176
Ukraincy 152
Ural 133, 182
Urosevac 18
V
Vjosa 22
Vlora 20
Vrsac, oböz pracy 111
W
Warmia 140, 141
Warna 49
Warszawa 13,133
Warthegau (Kraj Warty) 131, 143, 151
Waszyngton 203, 207
Watykan 27, 28, 117
Wersal 7
W^gry 10, 13-15, 40, 48, 64, 66, 72,
90, 99, 128, 129, 175, 177-179, 192,
199, 201-229, 232, 233, 235-237,
239
W^grzy 10, 67, 72, 78, 79, 87, 90, 92,
107, 110,112, 202, 215, 216, 225,
226, 239
Wieden 99, 175, 177, 191
Wielka Brytania 10, 39, 46,48, 63, 65,
66, 123, 133, 178, 203, 207, 236
Wielkie Tyrnowo 40, 50, 57
Wilno 134
Winnica 49, 55, 61
Wisla 139
Wlochy 11, 14, 15, 17-19, 97, 99, 109,
116, 119, 123, 125, 127, 129, 143,
234
Wlosi 15, 25, 98, 107, 109, 114-117,
234, 236, 239
Wojwodina 99, 106, 109-114, 116,
128,236
Woloszczyzna 176
Wolyn 136
Wraca 49
Z
Zadar 115
Zagl^bie D^browskie 139
Zagrzeb 127, 128
Zakopane 159
Zamosc 154, 162
Zaolzie 64, 72
Zelen Doi, obóz koncentracyjny 48
Zelengora 119
Zlin 84
Zwi^zek Socjalistycznych Republik
Radzieckich (ZSRR) 8, 10, 11, 14,
15, 39, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 55, 65,
66, 82, 86, 90, 95, 105, 123, 127,
129, 132-134, 136, 139, 141, 160,
175, 176, 179, 182, 185, 186, 189,
194, 197, 202-204, 207, 215, 216,
223, 228, 232-234, 236, 240
Zwi^zek Sowiecki zob. Zwi^zek Socja-
listycznych Republik Radzieckich
z
Zydzi 20,46,50,52,56,64,65,79,85,88,
89,107,115,130-132,147,155-157,
168,169,176,192,193,198,202,211,
216-221,227,231,233,236
Zywocice 75
266
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Paczkowski, Andrzej 1938- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | a p ap |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121809854 |
| author_facet | Paczkowski, Andrzej 1938- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043856974 |
| contents | Indeksy |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)973553640 (DE-599)BVBBV043856974 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 gnd Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Südosteuropa Ostmitteleuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV043856974 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:36:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363029791 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029267162 |
| oclc_num | 973553640 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M352 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M352 |
| physical | 266 Seiten Diagramme, 1 Karte 22 cm |
| psigel | DHB_IFZ_BIBLIO_2017 |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Muzeum II Wojny Światowej |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej redakcja naukowa Andrzej Paczkowski Gdańsk Muzeum II Wojny Światowej 2016 266 Seiten Diagramme, 1 Karte 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Englische Zusammenfassung auf den Seiten 243-249 Indeksy Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / Europa Środkowa jhpk Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / Europa Wschodnia jhpk Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsverbrecherprozess (DE-588)4033154-4 gnd rswk-swf Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 g Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Kriegsverbrecherprozess (DE-588)4033154-4 s Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 s Geschichte z DE-604 Paczkowski, Andrzej 1938- (DE-588)121809854 edt HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029267162&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029267162&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029267162&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029267162&sequence=000005&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Ortsregister |
| spellingShingle | Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej Indeksy Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / Europa Środkowa jhpk Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / Europa Wschodnia jhpk Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 gnd Kriegsverbrecherprozess (DE-588)4033154-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4177802-9 (DE-588)4033154-4 (DE-588)4058449-5 (DE-588)4075753-5 |
| title | Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej |
| title_auth | Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej |
| title_exact_search | Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej |
| title_full | Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej redakcja naukowa Andrzej Paczkowski |
| title_fullStr | Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej redakcja naukowa Andrzej Paczkowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej redakcja naukowa Andrzej Paczkowski |
| title_short | Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja |
| title_sort | sprawiedliwosc zemsta i rewolucja rozliczenia z wojna i okupacja w europie srodkowo wschodniej |
| title_sub | rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej |
| topic | Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / Europa Środkowa jhpk Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / Europa Wschodnia jhpk Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 gnd Kriegsverbrecherprozess (DE-588)4033154-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / Europa Środkowa Wojna światowa (1939-1945) / Europa Wschodnia Zweiter Weltkrieg Reparationen Kriegsverbrecherprozess Südosteuropa Ostmitteleuropa |
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