Holdings: Lietuvos architektūros istorija

Lietuvos architektūros istorija: 4 Lietuvos etninė architektūra nuo seniausių laikų iki 1918 m.

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Bibliographic Details
Format:	Book
Language:	Lithuanian
Published:	Vilnius Mokslas 2014
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Register // Ortsregister Register // Personenregister
Physical Description:	554 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Pläne
ISBN:	9789986420927

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	553 TURINYS {VADAS /5 Šaltiniai, literatūra, paaiškinimai /9 POLITINIŲ, EKONOMINIŲ IR SOCIALINIŲ VEIKSNIŲ ĮTAKA LIETUVOS ŽEMĖVALDOS IR APGYVENDINIMO STRUKTŪRŲ RAIDAI NUO SENIAUSIŲ LAIKŲ IKI 1918 M. /10 Šaltiniai, literatūra, paa iškinimai /22 STATYBOS TECHNIKA IR KONSTRUKCIJOS (R. Bertas) /24 Tradicinės medžiagos /26 Medžio statyba /27 Pamatai /27 Durys ir langai /42 Rąstų sienos /29 Prieangiai /50 Perdangos /51 Stogų konstrukcijos /52 Molio ir mūro statyba /61 Šaltiniai, literatūra, paaiškinimai /65 KAIMŲ ARCHITEKTŪRA (R. Bertasiūtė) /69 Kaimų tipai ir istorinė raida /71 Padriki kaimai /71 Gatviniai kaimai /79 Vienkieminiai kaimai, viensėdžiai /89 Sodybos /95 Kaimo sodybų pastatai /109 Seniausi kaimo sodybos trobesiai /110 Tradiciniai gyvenamieji namai /119 Aukštaitiška ir dzūkiška pirkia /119 Žemaitiška troba /123 Suvalkietiška stuba /126 Lietuvininkų stuba /127 Apdaila ir puošyba /129 Pagalbiniai ir ūkiniai pastatai /134 Svirnai /134 Tvartai /140 Klojimai /145 Daržinės /148 Pirtys /149 Smulkiosios architektūros statiniai /151 Šaltiniai, literatūra, paaiškinimai /158 MIESTELIŲ IR BAŽNYTKAIMIŲ ARCHITEKTŪRA /165 Miestelių ir bažnytkaimių formavimasis (V Karvelytė-Balbierienė) /166 Urbanistinės struktūros bruožai (V. Karvelytė Balbierienė) /168 Linij inio plano /169 Radialinio p lano /171 Stačiakampio plano /175 Miestelių ir bažnytkaimių pastatai (V. Karvelytė-Balbierienė) /180 Prekybiniai pastatai (L. LauŽikaitė-Tagmann) /181 Gyvenamiej i prekybiniai pastatai /181 Amatininkų namai - dirbtuvės /187 Krautuvių eilės /191 Užvažiuojamieji namai /193 Visuomeniniai pastatai (i. Burimkaitė) /197 Mokyklos /197 Vaistinės /200 Gaisrinės /202 Namai (I. Burimkaitė) /203 Vienguliai /206 Dvigaliai /207 Namai su mezoninais /210 Kelių butų nuomoj amiej i namai /212 Ūkiniai pastatai (I. Burimkaitė) /214 Svirnai /215 Tvartai /217 Daržinės /219 Kluonai 1219 Pirtys /221 Šaltiniai, literatūra, paaiškinimai /222 SAKRALINIAI PASTATAI IR SMULKIOJI ARCHITEKTŪRA. PARAPIJŲ TROBESIAI /226 Katalikų sakraliniai pastatai (A. Jankevičienė) /226 Medinės bažnyčios /227 XV-XVII a. pirmosios pusės bažnyčios /229 XVII a. antrosios pusės ֊ 1795 m. bažnyčios /231 554 Turinys 1795-1918 m. bažnyčios /244 Medinės koplyčios /253 Medinės varpinės /261 Akmens mūro bažnyčios, koplyčios ir varpinės /266 Smulkioji sakralinė architektūra /273 Kryžiai, stogastulpiai, koplytstulpiai ir koplytėlės, krikštai (I. Burinskaitė) /273 Mūrinės bokštinės koplytėlės (A. Jankevičienė) /291 Šventorių ir kapinių tvoros bei vartai /296 Parapijų trobesiai (M. Rupeikiene) /300 Klebonijos /300 Špitolės. Parapijų namai /309 Kitų tradicinių religinių bendruomenių sakraliniai pastatai (m. Rupeikienė) /314 Sinagogos /315 Cerkvės /331 Kenesos /340 Mečetės /341 Šaltiniai, literatūra, paaiškinimai /347 DVARŲ SODYBŲ ARCHITEKTŪRA (D. Puodžiukienė) /354 Dvarų sodybos /356 Dvarų sodybų sklaida ir struktūriniai bruožai /356 Dvarų sodybų raida /359 Dvarų sodybų pastatai /374 Gyvenamieji pastatai /375 Ponų namai /376 Vartai (vartų pastatai) /410 Tarnų namai (oficinos) /411 Virtuvės (virtuvinės oficinos) /415 Šeimyninės arba palivarko namai /416 Kumetynai /419 Ūkiniai pastatai /423 Svirnai /423 Arklidės ir arklidės-vežiminės /431 Tvartai /435 Kiaulidės /441 Klojimai /442 Daržinės /449 Sopos /450 Kūgiai /451 Pagalbiniai ūkiniai pastatai /452 Sūrinės /452 Ledainės /453 Rūsiai /455 Rūkyklos /458 Malkinės /460 Skalbyklos /461 Pirtys /462 Smulkiosios architektūros statiniai /463 Tvoros /463 Vartai /469 Šaltiniai, literatūra, paaiškinimai /472 GAMYBINIAI PASTATAI (E. Morkūnas) /483 Malūnai /484 Lentpjūvės /495 Milo vėlyklos /496 Karšyklos ir verpyklos /496 Lininės /497 Audyklos /497 Puodžių dirbtuvės /498 Kalvės (D. Puodžiukienė) /499 Aliejaus spaudyklos /501 Pieninės (D. Puodžiukienė) /501 Alkoholinių gėrimų gamybos pastatai (D. Puodžiukienė) /502 Pirtys /502 Salyklinės /503 Bravorai /504 Plytinės /507 Kalkinės /507 Šaltiniai, literatūra, paaiškinimai /508 SANTRUMPOS /510 ETNINIŲ TERMINŲ ŽODINĖLIS (R. Stundžinas) /512 ASMENVARDŽIŲ RODYKLĖ (k. Misius) /517 VIETOVARDŽIŲ RODYKLĖ (k. Msius) /521 ,HISTORY OF LITHUANIAN ARCHITECTURE“. BOOK IV Ethnic architecture from ancient times to 1918 (I. Baliulytė) /534 Li227 Lietuvos architektūros istorija = Histoiy of Lithuanian architecture = Historia architektury Litewskej = История архитектуры Литвы / Architektūros ir statybos institutas. -Vilnius : Mokslas, 1987- . [T.] 4, Lietuvos etninė architektūra nuo seniausių laikų iki 1918 m. / [redakcinė kolegija: sudarytoja Dalė Puodžiukienė, mokslinė redaktorė Nijolė Lukšionytė. ֊ Vilnius : Paveldas, 2014. - 556 p. : iliustr. - Virš. antr. nenurodyta. - Santr. angį. ֊ Bibliogr.: sk. gale. — R-klės: p.517-533. - ISBN 9986-420-92-7 „Lietuvos architektūros istorijos“ IV tomas skirtas Lietuvos etninei archi- tektūrai nuo seniausių laikų iki 1918 m. Knygoje nagrinėjama Lietuvos kaimų, miestelių, sakralinių pastatų ir statinių, dvarų ir gamybinių pasta- tų architektūros raida, statybinių konstrukcijų vystymasis, architektūros ypatumai visuose Lietuvos regionuose. Leidinys gausiai iliustruotas, pateikiami šaltiniai, rodyklės, reziumė anglų kalba. UDK 72(474.5)(091) 535 „HISTORY OF LITHUANIAN ARCHITECTURE“. BOOK IV Ethnic architecture from ancient times to 1918 History of Lithuanian architecture”, Book IV֊ corporate study of ethnic architecture by authors’ collective. Constructions which have been built of local materials by local craftsmen are attributed to the ethnic architecture. Western historiography refers this kind of architecture as vernacular architecture. In the context of Lithuania ethnic architecture is a term used for all the nations which has been living here traditional buildings. Ethnic culture became a subject of interest in romanticism, in the middle of the 19th century. Peasant buildings had been researched by F. L. M. A. Haxthausen, A. Bezzenberger, R. Detlefsen, A. Kharuzin (XapymH); local researchers A. Riomeris (Römer), A. Kirkor and others. In the first year of existence the Republic of Lithuania art historians P. Galaunė, A. Rukšlelė, J. Petrulis, after the World War II, - J. Baršauskas, F. Bielinskis, J. Minkevičiaus, I. Butkevičius, K. Šešelgis, K. Čerbulėnas, M. Purvinas, etc., in exile J. Gimbutas, J. Grinius - studied rustic architecture with the aesthetic approach. Nowadays ethnic architecture is implied as “a set of cultural values created by whole nation (ethnos), transmitted from generation to generation and constantly updated” [Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Framework of State Care for Ethnic Culture]. That is why the study reveals the peasants - rural ֊ architecture, and the architecture of manors, small towns, villages, sacral buildings as well. The book reflects practical and theoretical level or researches at the time of its preparation. Chapters devoted to the sacral buildings, minor sacral structures, rural buildings summarize data published earlier, but the chapters devoted to small towns, villages, manorial architecture and constructions introduce to recently found material. Wooden construction is the cradle of ethnic architecture. Until the twentieth century almost 80% of the Lithuanian people lived in timber houses, constructed in the country side. Number of brick and stone buildings began to increase at the end of the eighteenth centuiy, when the great woods had been cut. However, the plan and the structure of such buildings was relevant to those of timbered ones. New forms and progressive technologies could reach the land through the examples of manorial and sacral architecture. They intertwined with local traditions and became Lithuanian possession. The ethnographic regions of Lithuania - Higher Lithuania, Samogitia, Southern Lithuania, Lithuania Minor (Lith. Aukštaitija, Žemaitija, Dzūkija, Suvalkija, Mažoji Lietuva) have different traits, distinctive construction types of rural villages and farms. At the same time sacral architecture and manorial architecture have remained more or less universal throughout the territory of Lithuania. Construction techniques and design Remnants of wooden buildings have preserved in archaeological layers and 536 Surmary nowadays existing buildings of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century rural houses witness the continuation of the vernacular building tradition. According to the nature of the wooden construction Lithuanian wooden architecture has been attributed to the North East (Eastern Lithuania) and Central Europe (Western Lithuania) habitats. Lithuania has a construction techniques as well as other lands formerly inhabited by Lithuanians (Kaliningrad region, Western Belarus, Northern Poland). In Lithuania, in separate ethnographic regions have special characteristics for the walls, the roof and other parts of the building structural solutions. According to the materials used for building, the construction is divided into wood, clay or stonework. Logs in the walls of the wooden building has been connected in the upright, vertical or diagonally construction composing pole, crib or framework structure. Pole construction of the walls is the oldest and most primitive: buildings with pylons deeply dig into the ground are being found in the settlements of the First Millennium. It had been used in approximately until the mid of the First Millennium. Framework wall construction has been used in the subsequent period: some examples of it existed in the manorial buildings in the 16th century. Frame had been filled with wood waste, clay, bricks, straw. Crib construction of wall, predominant in Lithuania, has been existing from the First Millennium. Old timber houses had been constructed of individual cribs, which had formed almost square plan. The relict of this structure in Eastern Lithuania is considered to be a three-cell building, which consists of separate cribs, and the porch is inserted between them. Method of the crib construction has differed in regions of Lithuania. Limber logs laid with special joints in the Eastern part of the country, when the comers have been joined through trapezium or duplex mortises. Logs in Western Lithuania had been laid in smooth flats, the comers have been joined through pitched nicks. For tightness the outdoor side of the wall has been bound with vertical boards, and the butt- joints were bound with narrow bars. The most ancient door types ֊ pole construction, low and wide. The use of iron hinges in major buildings of Lithuanian manors (granaries, treasures, residential houses) and sacral buildings (churches, chapels) had been known in the 16th century (they are mentioned in inventories). Hinges had changed simple poles of the peasant houses only in the nineteenth century. For the sake of thermal insulation and the strength of the door flats have been bound with additional layer of boards. Boards nailed in different directions created the original artistic pictures, so the door was one of the main ornamental elements of the buildings. Window openings, as the door was constructed with the cases. Windows of the manorial houses had frames in the sixteenth century. The porches in manor houses have been known from the 16th century, they become more popular in peasant houses of Eastern Lithuanian since the nineteenth century. There were fewer of them in the villages of Western Lithuania. For protection from precipitation, porches, galleries and sheds have been constructed. Most of the roof structures have reflected technical changes and the influence of the foreign building tradition. Rural buildings have typical roofs of poles, beam and rafter constructions. The pole construction is mostly common in Eastern Lithuania. Tradition of the pole constructions had existed until the beginning of the 20th century. Different variations of pole constructions have been known: with different number of poles and their arrangement, with the different ways of rafters gearing and bracing. Western Lithuanian has tradition of the rafter roofs construction. In the bams of Eastern Lithuania one can see archaic roofing construction method, with vaulted log overlay. The chopped tree bark, splinter, after - straw or supplementary rafter construction roof was laid over in the old buildings. Sunnary 537 Length of the Lithuanian rural building construction of the rafters (from the hack on the wall to the gable) had been 2/3, 3/4 of the width of the building. Due to that all Lithuanian rural structures have had incline of 42-49° Roof heights and proportions of buildings in the regions have been different, because the Western Lithuania tradition had broad houses constructions, Eastern Lithuania had narrow houses constructions. Roof of Western Lithuanian house have made 2/3—3/4 of its height, roof of Eastern Lithuanian houses have made 1/2-2/3 of the house height. Coverings of the roofs have been made of tables, shingle (mansions, farmhouses in rural towns), straw, reed (farmhouses, manor buildings) and at the end of the 19th century ֊ clay tiles Household and manufacturing buildings in the manors of Lithuania have been masonry, clay or mixed-construction buildings, they have spread more widely at the end of the 18th century; but timber residential houses still existed. Churches, chapels and belfries have been constructed of the boulders. From the second half of the 19th century, the buildings of the wattle and daub walls have spread, sometimes the walls were constructed of tamped-down clay. Sometimes the buildings were constructed of unbumt clay bricks. Stone buildings could be found in stony Northern and Southern parts of Lithuania. Manorial ant rural household buildings could be of mixed construction - they had been constructed of stone or brick poles with filling of the horizontal logs or tamped-down clay. Rural architecture According to the planning structure, the layout of the forms of villages and farmsteads have been assorted into scattered, street and grange ones. Single farmsteads or steadings have existed as well. Scattered villages were most common until the Wallach reform. They were spontaneously created settlements with irregular street system and the farmsteads of different forms and size. Scattered villages could be stack-shaped, nuclear-shaped, steading or nest- shaped (so-called commons), according to the plan specific. Typical stack-shaped village was free aggregate of farmsteads; nuclear-shaped villages have a dense collection of farmsteads. The building of nest-shaped villages has been concentrated around general yards. Landownership with spacious farmsteads, settled close to each other and chaotic system mainly remained in Samogitia. At the end of 18th century - beginning of 19th century, state- owned villages settled in Higher Lithuania and Southern Lithuania, farms were settled are in many ways: along the street, the others had concentrated clusters, sometimes - in the form of -fan or simply interfered among cultivated fields. Villages and farmsteads of Lithuania Minor scattered in granges, as in ancient times. After Wallach reform in the 16th century almost all of the territory of Lithuania was covered with a dense network of villages, formed along the street, where strips of lands of various sizes aligned. During the reform scattered plots of land had been measured and joined into solid as regular as possible land arrays. All land of each village was divided into three fields. A peasant got a strip in every field. The farmsteads of peasantry were placed into newly established village in one of the fields. All those villages had one common feature - the street with the farmsteads lined along it. Villages could be built along the street in one side of it or along both sides. According to the nature of the development is divided into the strip villages lined along one street and tenuous villages lined along the street. The same group also includes linear villages and the Nemunas Delta fishermen villages (the river played a role of the street). The strip villages were mainly in the eastern part of Lithuania. Up to the nineteenth century the structure of villages remained basically stable. After the abolition of the serfdom street villages became more densely built (parcels had been divided in half, into four, or even eight parts), an intricate network 538 Sunnary of streets and dead-ends had formed. The plans of the villages have been quite complicated. Tenuous or loose street villages are supposed to have a dual origin: villages, established at the end of the 19th century after the abolition of serfdom, and old tenuous strip villages. In South- Western Lithuania strip villages turned into a more advanced linear villages in which the land of the owner was no longer divided into strips, and was concentrated into one or more parcels. The villages there quite rarefied and part of the farmsteads had been moved into second line, and sometimes third line. New farmsteads of regular plan had been established near existing scattered villages, because of that many villages have mixed structure. The newest type of the villages - villages of individual farmsteads have spread at the end 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. At the earliest this type of villages appeared in Lithuania Minor, which belonged to East Prussia. Polish and South Western Lithuanian landowners followed this example. Until the Peasant reform in 1861 Samogitia had been divided into individual farmsteads, and then - remaining part of Lithuania. Many villages had been divided into individual farmsteads after 1906, during Stolypin Land reform. During the changes in villages’ organization, structure of farmsteads remained unchanged. Oldest ones are scattered irregular structures in villages and individual farmsteads. Buildings are organized in convenient method. Small farms had 1-3 buildings, middle ones - 4-5 buildings, bigger ones ֊ 6-8 or even more buildings. Rectangular shape of the plot in Wallach villages determined regular order of buildings. There were fewer buildings; they were lined into one or two lines along the strip. Farmsteads of regular plan with the yard and with buildings around it have been built when villages were divided into individual farmsteads. Many of them existed many decades, even ages. New generations have brought renewals and changes, so the mixed plan formations have emerged. Rural homestead consisted of residential houses and outbuildings. House with open fireplace was a prototype and in later periods - house with earthen stove - was a prototype from which regional dwelling house types have evolved in the 16th-! 8th centuries. Oldest housing type is considered to be tribal community building with an open fireplace, which architecture is similar to Samogitian dwelling. Later it was replaced by the smaller single-family buildings. Samogitian dwelling had different plan than other residential houses - it had no porch, the entrance was from the rear, beside it - an open entryway (formed from the overlap of the roof). In the middle of the biggest room there was an open fireplace. Above it - wicker hood spattered with clay, which protected the roof from sparks and held more heat in the room. Smaller log building with stone furnace have been found in the settlements of the First millennium. It matches to the traditional bathhouse. The building had ceiling which kept warmth longer. Earthen furnace with arch, intended for making meals and heating, determined changes which took place in the architecture of 10th-14th centuries buildings: regional types of houses had formed: Samogitian itrobd), Higher Lithuanian (pirkia and grycia), South-Western Lithuanian (stuba). The stove has developed into complicated heating and cooking system in the Eastern Lithuania. The fireplace in Western Lithuania has developed into closed chimney, or boiler. Higher Lithuanian and South Lithuanian dwelling structure remained the same until 19th century. There were three cages: cold porch in the middle, main room with stove in one end and cold box room in the other. Samogitian dwelling have formed from house with fireplace, it was stove-heated building with side entrance. „Good house“ was in one end of the dwelling, „Bad house“ - in the other. The boiler was in the middle. Old house of Western Lithuania was similar to Samogitian. South Lithuanian house (stuba) have got features of both - Samogitian and Hither Lithuanian - houses. Suimary 539 Width of the houses didn‘t change in the East Lithuania (average 5-7 metres), it became longer due to building of new cribs. Western Lithuanian buildings had been constructed more complex: Samogitian and Lithuania Minor houses were bigger (average width - 8-10 metres). At the beginning of the 20th century throughout Lithuania rural homes became wider, but shorter, with a kitchen room in the middle of building. Walls became higher and attic became narrower, the proportions of roof and walls have changed. Windows became bigger, log arches have been plated with boards. Wall binding have spread widely. One or two storey porches had been erected quite often. The mezzanines have been raised in the centre of house facade, and the rooms have been set in the attics. Houses of Higher Lithuania, South and South Western Lithuania have been decorated with porches, carved window decorations, in Samogitia and Western Lithuania doors and rooftops were decorated most often. Granary was meant for keeping things, food supplies, and for sleeping as well. Long and narrow granaries of one, two, sometimes of three rooms have spread in the Eastern Lithuania. Their doors have been situated in the long facade, porch of the granary have been adjoined to the wall. Granaries of Western Lithuania have been constructed wider, there were two, three, even six or more rooms. Entrances have been situated in all sides, porches of granaries have been constructed in one, two or three sides (there never was porch at the rearmost). North Lithuanian granaries have been characterized by two rooms mounted on a tall brick bases. Long and narrow South Lithuanian granaries have been built with one, two and more rooms, with open or closed porches-granaries, and at the beginning of the 20th century granaries with higher garret for grain storage have spread. Most of the granaries have been built of wood, but stone, brick and earthen granaries sometimes can be found. The size and quantity of the cattle-shed was dependent on the quantity of cattle. Thei were of rectangular or square plans, L-shaped or U-shaped. Sheds with open internal paddock had been recommended by the 16th century Wallach Law. The relicts of old type cattle-sheds remained in the East Higher Lithuania. The size of them is similar to bams, and the cattle sheds are set out around the paddock in the middle of building. Buildings have been thatched with high four-sloped roofs of sheaf construction. At the end of the 19th century-beginning of the 20th century long sheds with separate rooms for different species of animals have spread. Barn is the largest agricultural building with the most complicated structure. In the middle of the bam, by the entrance, the threshing-floor clay was trampled down (for grain threshing) and in the sides the chaff bams were fenced off Until the end of the 19th century threshing bams have been builtor rammed out of clay for crop to dry before flailing. Bams were rectangle shaped, comer shaped with a protruding part in the middle or cross-shaped. The oldest bams were built from round logs with pole-type structure walls. Eastern Lithuania characterized by bams of sheaf construction, Western, Central Lithuania and the Western bank of the Nemunas River — joint constructions. When between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century threshing machines began to spread among peasants, threshing bams disappeared. Bams were built bigger and more spacious with more advanced crossbar construction. Sheds had been built in farms of medium or large peasants. The buildings usually have been of rectangular form, with gates in the long side walls, more rarely in the rear, often passable. Sheds with thatched roofs and without walls had been built in Samogitia. Farmsteads also had built-in baths, pantries, wood sheds, haylofts, carriage houses, cellars, sometimes ice-cellars and other small buildings for farming purposes. Small-scale architecture is an integral part of Lithuanian traditional farmsteads, which has not only utilitarian, but also the aesthetic and symbolic purposes. Small-scale architecture consists of crosses, wayside shrines and wooden 540 Sunnary chapels, fences, gate and wicket, ladder, wells, beehives, kennels, dovecots, nesting boxes, bird feeders, summerhouses, outdoor furniture as well as the other small structures and installations. Small courtyard architecture gave the farmsteads impression of cosiness, convenience and completeness in. The architecture of small towns and villages with a church A small town is called a settlement with trade, craft, and educational, religious and administrative functions. Villages with a church, as a unique strain of the village, are agricultural settlements with old churches or small towns that have not fully expanded trade and craft functions. Nearly 530 towns and villages with a church have settled in the current territory of Lithuania until the beginning of the 20th century. After the baptism of Lithuania, Jogaila (pol. Jagiello), the king of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, in the year of 1389 gave an unrestricted right for the Catholic Church to establish newr parishes, to which the princes and nobles gave land with peasants. By the 16th century in the middle of the current Lithuania there were 105 towns and villages with a church established. Most of them settled near the roads leading to Kaunas, Trakai and Vilnius. Villages with a church began to take shape in manors’ lands in the 16th century; especially they had increased at the time of the Wallach reform. Settlements formed by the end of the 17th centuiy consist of about 52% of the current total number of towns and villages with a church; another 33% of towns and villages with a church formed in the 18th century. Between 1795 and 1917 villages settled near built highways and railroad tracks. When the construction of the international importance railway to Daugavpils through Panevėžys, Kupiškis and Rokiškis had been ended, these settlements expanded rapidly and the old towns of the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania - Upytė, Surdegis, Palėvenė, Kriklinai, Daujėnai, Salamiestis, Žiobiškis and Kazliškis began to decline. The migration of population to the cities and towns became more intensive after the abolition of serfdom. Jewish, Lithuanian, as well as Tatar, Russian and Crimean Karaites traders and craftsmen settled in towns and built here residential, commercial and sacral buildings. While settlements were growing, street network became more complicated, building got denser. Trade was not very intensive in villages with a church, most of the inhabitants were Lithuanians and engaged in agriculture. Therefore villages with a church though had typical town features of the urban structure, due to planned and spatial structure were closer to rural settlements. Between the 16th and the 18th centuries close functional relationships linked towns or villages with a church with the manors. Sacral complex outlines exposed themselves in a landscape, where churchyard^ and manor‘s plantations dominated. During the early period of the development the most common was the linear plan. In the radial plan areas dominated town square and at least three spontaneously arose streets (roads) outgoing from it. Principles of rectangular plan have been applied the 16th century through the middle of the Wallach reform in the planning of towns. The most commonly occurring are the mixed plan examples of predominantly one basic type or combines features of a regular planning and development of spontaneous effects. Consistent building density changes from the abundantly built all-around centre to the more freely and variously formed outskirts, in which were located homesteads, were characteristic for town building. Villages with a church, which usually settled on the basis of various villages, maintained the building, which is close to the street-planned rural nature, installed during the Wallach reform: houses laid out to the street, while the farm-buildings were deeper, along the boundaries of the land. Towns consisted of commercial buildings - rows of shops, individual shops, taverns (bistro), inns, traders and craftsmen houses and workshops; townsmen and farmers’ dwellings Sunnary 541 and outbuildings; public buildings - schools, pharmacies, fire stations, etc.; houses owned by the parish, old-folks homes and parsonages. The variety of buildings in villages with a church is slightly lower. Most buildings of towns and villages with a church remained from the period of the second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. Small shops, butcher's shops and taverns were mentioned in historical sources of the 15th-16th centuries; because at the time the construction was unregulated, these buildings represented the traditional construction built from local materials and without architects. Since the beginning of the 19th centmy in accordance with the procedure introduced by the Russia tsar Government residential public buildings in rural towns, as well as in urban areas, were required to be built according to the projects. The procedure, however, has settled much later, therefore dominated the traditional architecture. Wooden houses and outbuildings have been built according to the same principles as in the villages, so their architectural forms are similar. However, the architecture of the buildings, particularly in towns with a population of social, professional and ethnic composition was mixed — more diverse and more complex. In the outskirts and approaches of a marketplace stood rows of shops under one roof close to each other, they were only used for trades. The buildings were wooden, with many doors and windows, connecting 6-12 commercial premises under one roof, comprising one or two frames. Also there were individual shops. Inns were notable for their different forms and volume. There were hotel rooms, pubs, carriage houses, shops; inn tenants’ (mostly Jewish) family lived there. Inns were rectangular, L or T-shaped. Town dwell came in use ers‘ houses with shops and bistros rallied in central parts of the town; they were visible thanks to advertising notes and signboards. In most cases commercial buildings were single- storey but sometimes there were two floors. The main facade sometimes had open porches on the second floor galleries; it could be decorated with nailed wooden ornaments on windows and doors, wind boards, porch decor, in the background of the walls stood out white painted doors and shutters. Inside shops along the walls were shelves to the ceiling, stood counters. The interior was decorated with paper patterns. The earliest buildings for public needs in towns and villages with a church were schools and pharmacies. In the end of the 19th century people started bothering about safety and well- being of towns, they’d started to build fire stations, police stations and community houses. Firehouses (wooden or built of stones) were rectangular with high square edged towers and massively capacious. In the 16th century a wider school network began to form near parishes. Protestants, Orthodox and Jews set up then- own individual schools. However, only a few villages and towns had special buildings that were suitable for schools. At the beginning of the 20th century local craftsmen followed the traditional double-ended farmhouses schemes while building parochial schools. In the middle of the building was installed a hallway, at the end of the house was a school class and at the other en - a teacher’s apartment. The school buildings were different from ordinaiy homes only by bigger classroom windows and wide attics. Pharmacies were mostly established in the 16th century; until the beginning of the 19th century pharmacies were compared to shops — there were no drugs, they traded sweets, spices, perfumery, tobacco, liquor and vodka. The sale of alcoholic beverages was banned in 1764. In towns’ pharmacies were ought to be receipt, materials inventory ant preparation rooms, a room to store medicinal herbs, a cellar, a laboratory, a place to keep glass jars and an ice-cellar in the yard. Pharmacies usually had separate terminal or comer entrances, ornate porches or doors with small windows. The most popular form of town-dwellers’ houses was rectangular, although there even were comer (L-shaped), T and U shaped houses. The internal structure had many similar features 542 Sunnary to rural houses, but more to residential properties. Already at the end of the 19th century, in the houses of the wealthy appeared dining rooms, bedrooms, offices; hallways were changed by corridors and halls. One-storey houses with one-ended and double-ended structures had been spreading in towns; houses with attics and two-storied tenancy houses. In Southern Lithuania and in some places in Samogitia sometimes the space of shelters was increased with elevated attics. When tenants were put into attics, balconies began to spread. Town houses characterized a bigger number of windows than ones in rural areas. They often were closed with double-leaved entry solid wood shutters, decorated with straight, triangle or broken form pediments. These elements are drawn from the professional architecture. Most of the farm buildings were in the outskirts of villages with a church and towns in farmers’ homesteads. There also stood cattle-sheds, granaries, mows, storage bams, cellars and carriage houses, which looked a little different from equivalent buildings in the country. In the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries towns had public and private baths, built by communities or by individuals. Sacral buildings. Small-scale architecture. The parish buildings Catholic sacral buildings and small-scale architecture dominated in Lithuania, because the majority of the population was Catholic. Mostly these buildings were wooden (up to now 265 wooden churches, more than 100 chapels and about 220 belfries have remained in Lithuania), but there also were ethnic forms of stone masonry structures. Small-scale sacral architecture includes cross-making objects (crosses, roofed-shrines, shrines, chapels) and churchyard’s sacral areas, cemetery’s fences and gates. The Catholic Church’s external architecture is functional, almost without any decoration. The primaiy role was given for the building’s proportions, silhouette, tectonics and relationship with the environment. Shapes of styles and some principles of composition were taken from professional architecture. First churches are small wooden rectangle buildings with narrower presbytery and covered with a high roof. The evolution of wooden churches could be divided into three periods: from the 15th century until the middle of the 17th century - the time of Catholic entrenchment ֊ the principles of composition and the choice of means and assimilation; from the second half of the 17th century until 1795 - the prosperity of Catholicism and religious architecture; from 1795 until 1918 - the time of oppression of Catholicism, characterized by stabilization of traditional religious architecture solutions and rapid spreading of principles of the professional architectural composition. By the middle of the 17th century the traditional Lithuanian archetype of a church had formed. It is a rectangular or cross plan one-nave or three- nave insular tower-less building with presbytery pressed oneself to a three-walled apse. In solid interior space distinguished decorative altars and the pulpit, there was painting. In the 18th churches of traditional composition plan, volume, facades and interiors followed the decisions of baroque brick buildings, but the composition has been kept simple. In the 18th century cross plan, stocky, monumental with dominant massive roofs churches dominated in Samogitia, rectangular, narrower and more playful ones with more graceful proportions - in Eastern Lithuania. There also have been polygonal plan wooden churches. In the 18th century on the impact of the baroque church exterior was decorated with several rows of cornices, plain silhouette towers and polychrome. Three-nave church naves were separated by slim pillars, spread dome-shaped ceiling. Churches of baroque composition were built between the second half of the 17th century and the 18th century. First of such kind wooden church was built in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1620 in Vilkaviškis. It has two towers. However, most churches created by the early stylistic architecture composition in the 17th century were rectangular and had only one large tower, protruding in the middle Sunnary 543 of the facade. Between the second half of the 17th century and the 18th century in the diocese of Vilnius, where baroque was consisted most strongly, baroque composition churches were built the most. In their main facade rose two towers of decorative purpose (bells hung in the belfry).In Samogitia mostly were built basilica volume churches without towers. Their facades are laconic, with a wavy contour pediment or ridge towers. In 18th century octagonal, solid volume, decorated by a dome, churches had been built. Church internal space have been formed at that time from simple solid one-nave to three-nave pseudo-basilicas or basilicas with transept space in hall churches and chapels in cross plan churches. Churches had restrained exterior and magnificent interior. In the 19th century in Lithuanian dioceses were mostly rebuilt buildings, which had been constructed in the 18th century. Wooden churches developed, as in the past, under the influence of traditional and stylistic architecture had been newly built. Forms of churches remained rectangular and the shape of a Latin cross, whereas in Sudovia churches were rectangular and polygonal. In the beginning of the 19th century occured forms that had been never used before. An example would be the trapezoidal pediments extending into a tower. Classicism reflected with individual external and internal forms and sometimes churches had primitive porches replicating four-column portico. After the middle of the 19th century newly built and renovated churches gained neo-gothic or other historicism style features. Internal space structure hasnft changed. After 1918 wooden church architecture lost its continuity of ancient traditions and took a modem course. In the composition of wooden chapels the influence of historical styles is less obvious, more brighter are local peculiarities. Chapels and their complexes — stations of the Cross, spread in Lithuania's territory, Belams and the western part of Poland. Chapels can be divided by size into small (about 2 m long, 1.8 m wide), where prayers weren’t held, mid-sized (11.5 to 13.5 m long, 6.5 to 8.0 m wide) and large (17.0 to 19.5 m in length, 8 to 9.5 m wide). The small ones were usually built in Samogitia. They were rectangular, windowless with one-leafed or double-leafed doors dominating in the front wall. Pyramidal or gable roof was decorated with a cross. Medium and large chapels were made rectangular or polygonal. Rectangular ones were mostly solid, in the back completed trilateral, two-sided or with a straight wall. There are also two-part chapels — one-nave or three-nave with a presbytery narrower than the nave. There aren’t many chapels affected by historical styles: Gruzdžiai (Šiauliai district) chapel imitated a two-tower baroque church. In classicism there were chapels with transformed porticoes. Chapel complexes ֊ Calvarias, had been started to build in the 18th century in hilly areas. They consisted of 14 or 19 chapels (Stations of the Cross). Wooden belfries are a part of a sacral building complex. Historical data shows that from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century the construction and form of belfries had almost unchanged. The simplest belfries were open or on-pole. The second ones usually stand in cemeteries. Churchyard‘s bell towers are 1-4 slots square, rectangular or octagonal. According to the volume of the structure they are solid; two to four volumes of the same shape; a few volumes of different shape; with a warehouse or a penthouse. In visitations are mentioned bell towers with a gate in the lower phase. In Lithuania the most popular are the second group belfries — two or more volumes of the same shape and getting narrower upstairs. There are only a few polygonal belfries in Lithuania. They contain of two or three stages separated by small roofs. The top is almost always surrounded by arches gallery. For construction of stonework churches, chapels and belfries stones of different colour and factures have been used. Together with grout and dark stuffing they formed wealth of colour: Stonework buildings have been decorated with white plaster ֊ comers, paddles, opening rims. Traditional stonework churches 544 Sunnary are sorted by their composition - one-tower, without tower or with small tower above arch and with portico in the main facade. Plans of stonework churches sometimes are irregular: they are finished with three-wall end, where in the axis of building sacristy sticks. Chapels have repeated forms and decoration of the churches. Stonework belfries usually are square and have stair form; they consist of two stages, both massive and closed, only with small window opening in the higher part. Churchyard and cemeteries have been surrounded by fence with gate and wicket. Early fences of sacral complexes had been of wood or fieldstone. Fieldstone fences were built of stones, rubble or piled of different stones without any binder. Earliest gate of churchyards and cemeteries were of wood. They had been more decorative than rural homestead gate. Fieldstone gates have been equipped with stonework gate. Three representative gate types have been possible: with one opening, single- winged or two-winged-door, asymmetric with two openings, symmetric with three openings. One of most distinctive and full of vitality way of expression of piety in Lithuania is cross- crafting. Crosses - top-line form of monument. They could be seen everywhere in Lithuania. Crosses in Higher Lithuania have been erected very often; they are high, massive and have rich architectural composition and ornaments. Samogitian crosses are distinguished for their moderate forms, explicitness, subtle and rational decor. South Lithuanian crosses have been characterised by elements, imitating Christ’s torture tools ֊ swords and spears. South- Western crosses eclectic, they have features of Higher Lithuanian and South Lithuanian crosses and motives which are specific to Central Lithuania. Roof-pillared shrines were different from crosses, because they had no major element - the cross which had been shortened and became part of roof holding construction. Predominantly most expressive monuments of this kind had been in Higher Lithuania, in Samogitia they are sparsely spread, and in South or South Western Lithuania - rare. Higher Lithuanian few-staged ones is most impressive form of roof-pillared shrines. Most pillared shrines have spread in Samogitia and North of Higher Lithuania. Artistic variety of those monuments have depended on the individuality of their construction and decor, different size and facade composition, proportions of separate parts and combination of different elements. Samogitia had been characterised by abundance of small chapels, built on the ground. Their forms, facade compositions had been determined by plan configuration (rectangular, polygonal or cross), size structure (one or two-storey), composition of facades. Different forms of the roof (two- slopes, three-slopes, pyramid, cross, hip, dome, cylindrical) provided distinction to the chapels. Suspended chapels have been similar to chapels built on the ground and pillared shrines. They have spread all over Lithuania. The Western Lithuania is distinguished by grave markers of peculiar shape - crosses of plank construction - 1-2 metres high profiled plank with floral, geometric or zoomorphic symbolic carvings. The origin of those monuments had been influenced by German culture and Protestantism occurrence in 17th-18th centuries. Masonry tower shape chapels have been known since 18th century, but likely they had been common earlier, but destroyed during the wars of 17th century. Samogitia, Central and Higher Lithuania are rich of them, in South Lithuania they are quite rare, in South Western Lithuania they are uncommon. Chapels have been built of encaustic bricks or trimmed fieldstones, sometimes — of monolithic stone. Exterior of brick chapels normally covered with plaster. The focus of tower shape chapels - one or few figures of saints and fancy iron cross on the top. Traditional composition of the chapels remained unchanged. Chapels most common in Lithuania: of simple size; pillar construction; of two or more staged ֊ with smaller top stage; with expanded top stage. Sunn ary 545 Parish buildings have been constructed at the same time as parish churches. Catholic churches possessed big plots of land, and quite spacious rectories allusive to manor houses have been constructed near those plots. Traditional rectories and stylistic architecture buildings have been constructed. They could be of ternary sizes: small, one-storied (similar to dwelling houses); monumental size with porches and attic (similar to manor houses); two-storied. Frontispieces mostly have been symmetric, with one or two porches. Major parts of building ֊֊ porches, Windows, rear facades, cornices and roof elements have been decorated. Panel window shutters and carved rims have been special decoration. Shelters (nursing homes) - dwelling house of parish paupers, older people, invalids or church servants. Usually one-storey buildings of traditional architecture, elements of professional architecture are undistinguished. Traditional nursing homes have been of elongated plan (right-angled, cross or T-shape), with few entrances, with small porch. Elements of the decor ֊ quite modest, only comices, porches and window plates, rear facades and their windows have been decorated. Small nursing homes looked like dwelling houses, and the big ones, elongated, were like public buildings. Architecture of parish houses and nursing homes has became similar during centuries, because the function of both has changed: parish houses had been transformed into shelters, and former nursing homes had been adjusted for parish houses. Buildings of other traditional religious communities — Jewish, Orthodox, Karaites’, Tatars’, which have settled in Lithuania sanctuaries. Architecture and especially interiors of those buildings was determined by different liturgical traditions. But at the same time those buildings have accepted features of local architecture. Exteriors of early synagogues have more ethnic architecture, interlace with the elements of baroque and classicism. During centuries the look of wooden synagogues had been changed: high roofs of few stages have disappeared, the forms of the buildings became simpler, details and ethnic style decorations became quite rare, but the symbols of the Judaism have been emphasised. In the second part of 19th century the appearance of the buildings was influenced by romanticism and historicism, cornices and pilasters, rustic have been used. The sizes of wooden synagogues of the end of 19th century — the beginning of the 20th century almost was the same as the size of dwelling houses, and their function was told by the structure of side facades and the symbols of the Judaism (the Star of David, Decalogue plates). Interiors of synagogues were foil of the decor, typical to Jewish art and symbols of the Judaism. Features of ethnic architecture could be seen in the size of synagogues, constructional elements, division of walls by straps, board decor and other elements of decoration, examples of primitive paintings. Professional and „stylistic“ architecture mostly influenced the size and decorations of buildings, but the composition of the facades and the interior structure had been determined by traditions of the Judaism and changes of the liturgy. Churches of Orthodox and Russian Old believers have been built in Lithuania. The sizes of Orthodox churches usually consist of several parts, with emerging towers, turrets or bell- towers, integrated into them or without them. Forms of the exteriors have been influenced by neo-byzantine forms of stonework Orthodox churches. The interior of them is characterised by the detached low entryway and high nave with the decorated chancel and decorative iconic wall which divide part of the church with altar from other part of church. Prayers room has been single (There haven’t been no division to the male and female sides). The forms of the Orthodox churches have created a mix of features of ethnic and stylistic architecture together with a elements of the Russian churches. The facades of the churches have been abundantly decorated and particularly representative. The elements of Lithuanian ethnic architecture could be seen 546 Sunnary only in a few wooden Orthodox churches in Lithuania. The size, proportions and forms of Russian Old believers churches similar to rural dwelling houses or traditional wooden churches. They could be built with belfries or without them, with an integrated apartment of the priest. Plans of the churches right-angled, sometimes they have narrow porch and the Eastern wall always straight. The space or praying hall is simple, sometimes has been diagonally divided into men and women parts. The accent - composition of the shelves of different length with Icons, attached to the Eastern wall. Major elements of the exterior have been concentrated on the main facade, which had been made taller ֊ with belfry-tower or decorative tower with porch and small balconies. The forms of Russian Old believers churches more reflect the features of ethnic architecture. The Kenesas (Kenesa is the term for a Karaite or Persian synagogue) - small buildings of compact size, similar to the synagogues. The main facades of the Kenesas have one door. The main room of the building - hall of the men with the altar (.Hekhal,) in the Southern part of the building and closed gallery of women. The forms of the altars are close to the forms of the altar in the Catholic Church or Aron Kodesh in the synagogue. The walls and the ceiling of the Kenesa have been decorated with geometric and floral ornaments, the floor covered with carpets, and the windows decorated with stained glass. The size of Kenesa in Trakai is similar to the size of Baroque synagogues, its plan and structure also is like one of the synagogue. The exterior is simple; window frame reflects the influence of the stylistic architecture. The size of wooden mosques in Lithuania is simple, similar to the size of the Lithuanian cemetery chapel. Their plan is right- angled, with overhangs of apses and porches. The decor has been quite modest, only window frames usually have been ornamented. Still existing mosques have been build according to the original design projects, the architecture of them has been quite primitive, based on the main traditions of the ethnic architecture. Front facades of the mosques - usually with two portals or porches. Southern facade sometimes has been emphasised place of Mihrab; inside of the mosque - the place of the Minbar ֊ pulpit with tester, built near the niche at the Southern wall - has been emphasised. The architecture of manor homesteads The net of manor homesteads had consisted of old settled places (for example, Liauda, Deltuva, Nalsia) or colonized territories, established as a result of deforestation (Southern Part of Lithuania at the western bank of Nemunas, Northern Lithuania), and the autonomous territory like Samogitia. Many small and average manor homesteads had existed in old lands; big ones had been established in the new colonised territories. In Samogitia small homesteads of minor nobility had existed. At the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries there were about 4000 manor homesteads in Lithuania. The manor homesteads usually had nestled near town, village with a church or existed as bowery. Nobles’ yards had been a different group of manor homesteads. The composition of the manors had been influenced by their function. Most of the manors were residential farms. Functional and hierarchic zoning is characteristic to manor homesteads. The construction had been grouped into the yards according their function: in the 16th century big manors consisted of main yard, small manor, bams and manufacturing yards. The church could stand in the territory of manor as well. In the 17th century major part had been residential, called „manor“, another part had served as household. Household part usually was near main yard, but it also could be in few hundred metres or even few kilometres. According the plan, manors could be regular and of mixed plan. The big estates of the 17th-18th centuries had regular plans, small manors had been irregular. Most of manors had been of mixed plan, where main yard had features of regular plan, and the household Sunnary 547 buildings had been constructed and situated freely. The structure and architectural concept of the manor homesteads had reached the Middle ages. Prototypes of manor homesteads became clear, in the 14th century castle - residence of the big noble (duke) had existed, it also could be small fortified or somehow protected village of noble, villages of small or middle-size farms, from which villages of nobility have developed. The traditional manors had formed in the 15th century. Castle owners had built their homesteads near castle hills; they had repeated the structure of a castle. The village nobles together with their servants had moved to the outskirts of village, where lived in the paled territory. Time passed and the household structures have been moved from main yard and household yards had been established. The nobles had structures of different function in their residential yards (for living, feasts, etc.). Small nobles had lived in the steadings or villages. Their homesteads consisted of several structures and one dwelling house for their family. In the 17th century nobles, following the provisions of the European manor planning, moved household yards far from major yard, forming an independent economy part, which had been called Folwark (Pol., primarily serfdom-based farm and agricultural enterprise; grange; manor; farm estate). High towers and fences had been abdicated, and the main dwelling house which had several functions, had become dominant. Smaller nobles hadn‘t made any changes in their yards, but the structures, which hadn't been representative, had been moved to the household yards. After the bedlams of the beginning of the 18th century the manor homesteads had been rebuild in the old places, corresponding to the old post roads. Representative function had degraded: around the perimeter of the major yard dwelling houses as well as household buildings had been constructed, the bams had been built nearby. In the middle of the 18th century, when the big manor owners had recovered, the main yards of manor homesteads had been constructed according to the rules of pivotal symmetry: the noble house had been constructed in the axis of the yard, and on the sides - two buildings of the similar size. The driveway to the manor yard had remained the same — from the side or the comer. The symmetry had been adopted only in the new big or average manor homesteads. Household buildings had been constructed on the other side of manor homestead, behind the park or the road. Most of the construction systems of the farmsteads of small or average nobles had remained mixed: constructions of the main yard had been arranged in regular plan, but the household constructions had no regular plan. Small nobles had lived in the villages or granges of free plan. The granges of the Eastern Lithuania had been arranged according to the strips of land, densely built, in Samogitia the grange had been spacious, scattered, and the buildings of the homestead constructed considering natural surroundings. Large estates had become modem capitalist farms after the reform, which abolished serfdom in 1861. The owners of them had been constructing their manors according to the requirements of stylistic architecture (historicism). Many middle-size manors have been sold out or fell into decay. The owners of the remaining average and small manors have rebuilt their buildings, constructed new ones, but the structure of manor planning hasn't been changed. Dwelling houses, household structures have been constructed in the manor homesteads. At the beginning of the 16th century they were small, appointed to one function. Later structures of different functions had been joined to one, and in the middle of the 17th century they had adopted dominating plan schemes. Development of the architecture of small and average manors4 had been inspired by the examples of new ideas coming from the king and nobles4 estates. In the 16th- 18th centuries the new ideas had spread according to hierarchy — the nobles had repeated royal ideas, and they have been repeated by 548 Sunnary smaller nobility. The exchange of the ideas in the 19th century had taken place due to cheaper newspapers and the education system, open to all nobility. The structures mostly had been of wood: in the homesteads of the nobility wooden structures dominated until the middle of the 17th century, in bigger farms - until the end of the 18th centuiy and in small and middle-size farms - until the beginning of the 20th century. Structures of the main, representative yard - dwelling houses, guest houses, granaries, „good“ stables and carriage-houses had got special attention of the nobles. Big and middle- size homesteads plan, decoration and design of the buildings had been influenced by stylistic architecture. But compositional peculiarities had been different because of the local materials, carpentry traditions. Solid buildings with restrained decoration had been most popular. The structure and forms of them has been universal, the regional traditions dominated in the buildings of small nobility. Household structures had been different because of rational thinking: the technologies had become more advanced, the harvest increased and structures have been constructed bigger, more complex. In the 16th -18th centuries household structures had been built by local carpenter with farm-hands, and the architecture of the structures had quite regional features. Since the end of the 18th century the structures have been influenced by stylistic. They have been decorated in moderation, and the forms and proportions have been constructed according to the style of the period. Dwelling house has been the main building of the homestead. Until the 16th century nobles had several houses for the family and the guests. According to the European traditions, in the 17th century all premises had been moved to one house. In the middle of the 17th century it was symmetric, all premises had been grouped along the porch. In the 18th century plans, facades and sizes of the houses became strictly symmetric. Usually one-storey houses had been constructed; the rooms were composed in two lines. Houses of almost square plan with three lines of the rooms had been constructed in middle-size nobility houses. The roofs were high, with four slopes or several stages. In the period of the Classicism the plan of the houses got rational solutions, and its exterior was quite restrained. Loggias, all decorative ledges had disappeared. Classical and simple houses spread out rapidly, because this kind of architecture was closer to the ethnic Lithuanian architecture. Exterior decorations always had been of local style, but it had always followed fashion of the period. During Baroque period it could be seen in carved wooden details ֊ cornices, decorations of windows and doors. Grand nobility at the end of the 18th century and middle-size nobles in the 19th century had plated wooden houses with boards; the decoration of the houses had interpretations of the Classicism, after - the features of the Romanticism and Historicism. Porches always got bigger attention. In the 17th -18th centuries they were closed or open annexes with Baroque arches (attic), in the Classicism ֊ portico with imitation of four columns, later ֊ glazed or carved porches. The specific of the interiors had been decorated fireplaces, stoves, joinery. In the houses of big nobles walls and ceilings had been decorated with ornamental or plot paintings. Poor nobility had one house with one or two-ends, its plan and facade composition was asymmetric. His family lived in one end of the house; and the other one (piekamia) had been left for the people who worked in the farm. Houses in Higher Lithuania had been long and narrow, in Samogitia - wide, compact size. In the middle of the 19th century house of small nobility has got rationality - i.e. it has became economic and comfortable due to technological improvements and the plan, designed according to the examples of middle nobility. Despite new changes the regional differences still remained. Besides dwelling house of the owners there were kitchens, servants4 houses, stock houses, meant for living of servants and farm workers. In the middle of the 17th century-18th century Sunnary 549 they were two-end structures with the porch and kitchen or big chimney in the middle. One end was meant for representation, the other — room with bread stove and box room. At the beginning of the 19th century long-sized guest buildings with two porches and two entrances in the main facade have been constructed. Cottar houses have spread since the end of the 18th century' in the manors where hired hands worked. Cottar houses usually had similarities with peasants’ houses, but had four apartments, or could be big blocks of flats. In the 16th-17th centuries very important structure, which also was dwelling house, had been constructed in the main yard — gate building. It was right-angled, big size, two- storey wooden structure ֊ building with tower or looking like defence tower. In the lower part the gate to the homestead had been constructed and in the upper one ֊ rooms and halls. Household structures have been assorted according to the function — keeping things, grain (granaries, bams, treasuries), live stock keeping (stables, stalls, piggeries), harvest keeping and manufacturing (stackyards, sheds), and other subsidiary (washhouses, smokehouses, baths, woodsheds, icehouses). Bams were meant for keeping things and grain. They could be of two types - long, right-angled with annex at the side, ir vertical sized, one or two storey, almost square. Close bams with closed annex or porch had spread in the 18th century. The barns of the 17th or 18th centuries had been very complex and abundantly decorated manor buildings. Treasuries ֊ the vertical almost square structures of the 16A-18th centuries, and had been called ipavolushas“ in the 16th century. They usually were two-storey structures, surrounded with open porches, meant for keeping expensive things and documents. They had disappeared in big homesteads in the 19th century, but they had been constructed in smaller nobility manors for grain and things. Stables had been constructed of side-type and end-type. In the end-type stable horses had been standing along the walls in both sides of the structure, in the side-type stable horses had been standing at the cross-screens. Horses had been kept on wooden floor in boxes; working horses had been kept on threshing- floor. In the 17th century stable had been joined to other structures — bam, box-room, horseman4 s room, but mostly ֊ with carriage house. Stables- carriage-houses in the 18th —19th centuries often consisted of three rooms — stable for owners4 and guests4 horses, in the middle — room for carriages and the door in the long facade. Stalls of manors had been right-angled buildings or buildings with paddocks. In the 16th century several stalls had been constructed around one paddock, since the middle of the 17th century — one square or U-shape construction with several functions and inside paddock became popular. In the literature of the 19th century paddocks had been called „Lithuanian44, hi the second part of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, when the way of cattle keeping has changed, right-angled and cross-shape buildings have been constructed, where the cattle was kept along the passage. In the 16th century buildings for the drying and thrashing of grain had been constructed. After Wallach reform harvests had increased, and buildings for drying and keeping grain until threshing had been constructed. In the 18th ֊ 19th centuries bam was a compact, close to the square plan, sometimes — long rectangular plan with threshing bam or two; angular and cross- plan. The bams of the 17th-18th centuries had differences in Higher Lithuania and Samogitia. In the nineteenth century many large estates throughout Lithuania had two rows of poles, later crossbar constructions had been used, but the small nobility constructed bams with regional specificities. In the nineteenth century, when threshing machines became popular, threshing bam have disappeared. Hay sheds were meant for keeping hay, grain, agricultural equipment, transport. Usually they have been rectangular, single-sided, with two premises, utilitarian constructions of beams and rafters. The structures, called ,£hopos“ and sheds were simple, their construction were poles, 550 Sunnary one slope or several slopes roof. ,£hopos“ had wicker walls, they were meant for keeping hay, implement, straw. For the protection of straw, hay and wood stacks had been used. They had small roofs on the dig-in poles. Auxiliary farm buildings (creameries, smoke- houses, basements, icehouses) have been built to store in food products, other constructions (baths, laundry) - served for hygiene. The simplest Creamery was box room on poles or a few pillars, with walls of small logs with holes or carcass with wicker filling. In a room on the shelves the cheese had been drying. They also could be construction of several storeys, with room for cheeses had been in one of the top floors. Creameries disappeared at the end of 19th century, due to the changes in the consumption of dairy products. Icehouse was meant for keeping ice and food. Icehouses have been mentioned in the inventories of the large and middle-size manors. They consisted of wooden crib or stone basement and construction above the ground. Basements were meant for keeping food, garden harvest. They have been used for brewing mead and beer. Basements could be of several types - constructions with part above the ground and those, the construction of which had been covered with soil. The size of the basement depended on their function. Smokehouses were vertical-sized structures of expressive form; their architecture had subtle mixture of different construction solutions and materials. Smokehouses have come to use at the end of the 18th century, when heating system has changed and big chimneys have disappeared from dwelling houses. Woodsheds also have come to use at the end of the 18th century, at the same time as new type of furnaces and English stoves, in which the specially prepared firing have been used. Woodsheds have been the same type as sheds. At the beginning of the 17th century the bathhouse had been constructed in large estates, near clean pond. If it was meant for landowner, it had three rooms. Later at the second half of the 17th century, when water treatment contradicted hygienic conception, bathhouses had disappeared. Noble families of the 19th century bathed in the vats, movable bathtubs, then stationary bathtubs have come to use. Separate structures for bathing of manor workers have been built again at the end of the 19th century. Between the 16th century and the middle of the 17th century homestead fences had been weaved, made of recumbent logs or beams or erect and sharp poles. From the middle of the 17th stockades had been constructed; in the 18th century fences out of small pales had been known; in the 19th century built jointed framed fences and mixed construction fences had been constructed. From 3 to 5 gateways of various structure and smartness existed in large estates; and from 2 to 4in — in smaller farms. The main gate was the manor yard‘s gateway. Special attention has been given to the manor yard's gateway and the gates to the representative garden - the park. Gates consisted of two or four poles to which sash was attached. Gates were symmetrical or asymmetrical, with lattice or blind sashes, with brick or wooden poles, with small roofs, a soiled iron stringer or wooden linear on top. Industrial buildings in Lithuania By the end of the 19th century the majority of products for local needs were produced in small enterprises, which used manual labour and simple home-based devices powered by muscle (human or animal), wind or water energy. Industrial buildings that are used to produce product for local needs are divided by function: for preparing food products - grain mills, dairies, oil-mills, buildings for producing strong drinks; for preparing building materials such as sawmills, smithies, brickyards and limekilns the same as buildings for producing textile or utensils and implements (fulling mills, spinning mills, weaving mills, carding mills, potteries). Mills have been wind, water or muscle (human or animal) powered. Windmills were built according to the main design principle - with almost horizontal windshaft (it was Sunnary 551 not found); mills with vertical windshaft. Watermills were with either a vertical wheel or a horizontal turbine (the turbines were set in very different ways). The vertical waterwheel comes in three forms — the undershot wheel, breast shot wheel and overshot wheel. Both the windmills and watermills had direct power transmission or transmission with the angle gear to transfer power to the millstones. Most of the windmills and watermills were built of wood, but there were mills built of bricks, stones, and some windmills were built of clay to which some straw had been added. The construction of the mills was very diverse. The transition mechanism of a mill (mostly water) also racked machines of a sawmill; carding and spinning, fulling machines. They were installed in outbuildings or mills (usually — water). The fulling mills for the working of wool consisted of two rooms at least, wool was hilled in hot water, fulling mill’s stampers lifted by a camshaft in one room. In other room the full wool cloth was dried and glanced. Weaving workshops were equipped in villages or town houses. For weaving with jacquard looms establishments with higher technologies were needed, so special buildings for weaving workshops were built in towns due to landlords initiative and resources. Linen textile workshops spread where flax was mostly grown: the Northern, Central Lithuania and the Western bank of the Nemunas River. Initially, the functions of linen manufacturing had been performed by threshing and storage bams. The construction of individual buildings has been launched since the middle of the 19th century. Buildings have been constructed of logs or framework, they had oblong rectangle or cross plan, often with sheds, by outside similar to storage bams, but smaller. Potteries were small, rectangular buildings with simple external and one or two rooms. The burning stove stood in the same building or in a different shed. Forges have been built in roadsides, near intersections, in towns, villages and estates. They were made of wood (logs or framework, sometimes built of stone or clay. Forges of villages and towns were small, compact volume, rectangular, usually with one and sometimes with two rooms, with spacious garrets against wide double doors. Forges of manors were larger and more diverse; there sometimes were living quarters for a blacksmith. Rural oil mill was a relatively high and long building with doors and wide gates (for the animal that turns the millstone to enter). Sometimes sheds sheltered with pyramid or cone roofs, with fitted millstones for linseeds to crush had been constructed near the oil mills. Special buildings for milk production and storage — dairies — have existed since the end of the 18th century in progressive farming estates. It was a three-cell building with a porch and a chimney in the centre in the 19th century. One end of it was occupied by the main production room and in the other end of the building — living and storage rooms. There was often a cellar under the building for dairy products. Buildings which produced alcoholic beverages have been built since ancient times. Mead and beer came into use in the 11th century; the production of vodka has been known since the 15th century. Mead and beer were produced and fermented in production baths, later - in breweries, malt for beer - in malting, beer — in a building or room, called brewery, and vodka - in a building, which have been called a distillery or a brewery. Mead and beer were matured and stored in cellars. By the end of the 18th century alcoholic beverage breweries were wooden, later sometimes built of clay, bricks or stone. Only landlords could construct alcoholic beverage breweries. They were built in manor4s industrial backyards or near rental inns. Production baths were made up of a porch, where the beer was brewed and a sauna, where the malt was prepared. The buildings had been similar to peasants’ baths. Malt kilns had been built in the 16th—17th centuries, in case they could not fit in the brewery, which was intend for production. They had been similar to baths (two cells) or peasant houses (three cells). The building consisted of a porch and a malting room; or a 552 Sunnary porch, a cottage with a stove in one end and a malt drying room ֊ in the other. Breweries have been built with three cells. A brewery room with equipment for beer brewing and production of vodka was installed in the porch, with a malting in one end and with the brewer’s premises ֊ at the other. Sometimes malt drying rooms had been mounted up to the attic. At the end of the 19th century small distilleries were closed after the state restriction on alcoholic beverages. The simple brickyards had only sheds covering brick kilns. Usually it was rectangular building, the walls of which had been lowered into the soil; and 2 to 4 combustion chambers had been available from the side of a slope. More complex and diverse buildings had been built for burning brick and clay products. These buildings had rectangular or circular form. They had low- framed walls knocked up out of planks or wattle. Lime kilns had appeared simultaneously with brick kilns. Those were rectangular or circular kilns for lime burning. Kilns had been built in holes dug in soil or installed in a slope for easy burning. Lime kiln could be covered with an uplifted on poles roof with one slope or two slopes when the weather was inclement. The architecture of industrial buildings has always been simple. It has been determined by primitive technological process. The change of building forms was influenced by the construction techniques and the progress of technology. 521 Santrumpos. Vietovardžių rodyklė apyl. - apylinkės aps.֊ apskritis aut. - autonominis, (-ė) bjk. ֊ bajorkaimis bžk. ֊ bažnytkaimis dv. ֊ dvaras ekon. - ekonomija etnogr. ֊ etnografinis ež. - ežeras gyvenv. ֊ gyvenvietė glž. st. - geležinkelio stotis gub. - gubernija ist. - istorinė k. - kaimas kr. ֊ kraštas kunig. - kunigaikštystė mst. - miestas mstl. - miestelis par. ֊ parapija pav. - pavietas pik. - piliakalnis plv. - palivarkas r. — rajonas reg. ֊ regionas šen. - seniūnija sr. - sritis t. - tijūnystė ter. ֊ teritorija up. ֊ upė, upelis vait. - vaitystė vaiv. ֊ vaivadija vysk. ֊ vyskupija vlsč. - valsčius vist. - valstybė vtv. - vietovardis ž. ֊ žemė Abiejų Tautų Respublika, vist. 16-18, 364, 376, 230, 239, 242, 244 Abramaučizna (Trakų r.), dv. 430 Adakavas, mstl. 305, 313 Adornavas (prie Tenenių), dv. 367, 411 Adomynė, dv. 397, 399, 403 Adošiškė, dv. 455 Adutiškis, mstl. 310 Akmena (Ukmergės pav.), dv. 438 Akmenė (Raseinių r.), k. 294 Akmenė, mst. 254, 309; r. 247, 258, 263, 283, 284, 287. 298, 324, 380, 388,418, 439, 446, 449, 450, 454, 455, 493 Akmeniai, dv. 505 Aknystos, dv. 459 Alanta, mstl. 302, 309, 329 Alaviniškiai, k. 143 Alėjai, bžk. 297, 300 Aleksandrija, bžk. 232 Alešiškės, dv. 378, 417 Alytus, aps. 28, 60, 104, 154, 288; mst. 16, 328, 357; r. 74, 89, 92, 147, 153, 278, 289, 303, 306, 328, 343,459 Alka, k. 79, 144 Alkas, k. 74, 99 Alksnėnai, gyvenv. 168 Alovė, k. 74 Alsėdžiai, mstl. 194, 221, 229, 242, 243, 498 Alvitas, bžk. 167, 168; mstl. 307, 414 Amalija (Radviliškio r.), dv. 409 Ančia, ež. 177, 178 Ančiškiai, k. 257 Ančiškis, bžk. 167, 171, 297, 307 Andriejaičiai, k, 91 Andriškiai, k. 138 Anglija, vist. 17, 359 Anykščiai, dv. 357; mstl. 317, 331, 357; r. 50, 199, 239, 258, 263, 276, 296, 298, 303-305, 309, 311, 314, 336 387, 393, 394, 396,407, 409, 423, 434, 437, 441, 444, 445, 447, 455-460 Anomislis, dv. 432, 433, 456 Antagavė, k. 507 Antalamėstė, k. 75, 152 Antalgė, k. 88 Antalieptė, bžk., mstl. 167, 492 Antalksnė, k. 101 Antanavas, k. 259 Antazavė, bžk. 242, 272 Antseiniai, k. 87 Anuliškės, dv. 425 Apytalaukis, mstl. 302, 310 Arališkiai, k. 142 Ariogala, mstl. 193, 212 244, 299; vlsč. 14, 361 Aristavėlė, dv. 33, 54, 358, 383, 403, 505 Arvistava, dv. 81 Astraučyzna, dv. 387 Astruvka, dv,, plv. 447, 505, 506 Ašmena (Baltarusija), dv. 13, 427; mst. 360; pav. 522 Vietovardžių rodyklė 361, 362, 391, 410, 417, 424, 429, 440, 449, 452, 458, 459, 465, 466, 493, 503, 505; r. 335 Atesninkai, k. 60, 104 Atikonys, k. 72 Augustava (Panevėžio r.), dv. 368, 430 Auksūdys, k. 150 Aukštadvaris (Pakruojo r.), d v. 398 Aukštadvaris (Raseinių vlsč.), dv. 361, 423,431,432 Aukštadvaris (Trakų r.), pilis 360 Aukštadvaris (Vilniaus pav.), dv. 365, 384, 392, 424,452 Aukštaitija, etn. reg. 6, 30, 35, 36, 41,42, 53, 64, 70, 75, 84, 90, 96, 97, 100, 104, 110, 116-121, 130, 134, 147, 150, 152, 154, 204, 207, 220, 236, 244, 250, 275, 276, 278, 280, 281, 284, 288, 291, 366, 370, 375, 392, 496 Aukštakalniai, k. 336 Aukštieji Mozūriškiai, k. 275 Aukštoji Panemunė, mstl. 328 Aukštumalai, k. 89 Aukštutinė Kulva, dv. 395, 396 Aukupėnai, dv. 440 Austrija, vist. 17, 293, 296 Austrija-Vengrija, vist. 359 Aušbikavis, k. 94 Aušra (Anykščių r.), dv. 445, 458, 460 Aviliai, bžk. 241, 252 Avižieniai, dv. 440, 504, 505 Ąžuolyne, k. 142 Ąžuolų Būda, gyvenv. 168 Babtai, apyl. 498 Bačkininkėliai, pilis 359 Bagaslaviškis, bžk. 167, 169; dv. 406; mstl. 240 Bagdonai, dv. 500 Baisogala, mstl. 230, 301 Bajorai, k. 284 Balbieriškis, mstl. 328 Balingradas, bžk. 307 Balkaičiai, k. 255 Balninkai, dv. 112; mstl. 302, 310; plv. 423 Balniškiai, k. 120 Baltarusija, vist. 7, 22, 24 30, 31, 36, 40. 53, 56. 74, 81, 103, 105, 121, 141, 227, 236, 253, 260, 262, 264, 272, 288, 302, 316, 323, 334, 342 Balteniškė, k. 436 Baltija, jūra 95, 111,484 Baltoji Vokė, dv. 411, 413 Baltromiškė, k. 336, 339 Baltrukai, gyvenv. 335 Baltupė, k. 493 Baluošas, ež. 75 Bambininkai, pik. 359 Barevičiai (Kauno pav.), dv. 368 Barstyčiai, mstl. 262, 263 Batakiai, bžk. 167; mstl. 310 Batausiai, k. 94 Baumiliškės, dv. 407 Bazilionai, bžk. 167 Bebrujai, k. 81 Beinartovičiai, k. 90 Beinoriškis, dv. 459 Beištrakiai, k. 298 Beižionys, pik. 359; dv.,valda 360, 366 Bekupė, dv. 438, 440, 445 Belazariškiai, k. 199 Belazariškis, dv. 389 Belimpolės, dv. 502 Berezina, up. 11 Beržai (Kėdainių r.), dv. 407 Beržėnai, vlsč. 14, Beržininkai, dv. 409 Beržoras, bžk. 232, 234, 254, 260 Betygala, vlsč. 455 Beviršiai, k. 57 Bielėnai, k. 63 Bielica (Lydos pav.), dv. 362, 378, 410, 465 Bigeliai, vtv. 507 Bijotai, dv. 387, 401; k. 286 Birštonas, mstl. 332; vlsč. 35, 60, 140, 150, 155 Biržai, kr. 275; mst. 16,302, 317, 340; r. 122, 132, 133,240, 241, 252, 254,257,259, 260,281. 290,303, 304,307,311, 332, 336,374,409,431,492,499 Birželės, dv. 409 Biržinėnai (Biržuvėnai), vlsč. 14 Biržuvėnai, dv. 367, 368, 372, 384, 389, 390, 404-406, 411, 412, 422, 433, 448, 458, 462, 499, 500, 502; k. 295 Biržų Laukas, bjk. 366, 392 Bitė, up. 79 Bitėnai, k. 79 Bitniškiai, dv. 409 Bividovičiai, k. 81 Bizantija, imperija 342 Byvainiai, plv. 409 Blinstrubiškiai, dv. 358, 383, 384, 386, 389, 390 Bliūdžiai (Ukmergės pav.), dv. 425 Bobriškis, k. 336, 338 Brazdeikiai, k. 49 Brazinskiai, dv. 404, 405 Braziūkai, k. 495 Breslauja (Braclavas), mst. 11; pav. 16, 365, 382, 425, 432, 438, 454, 455, 470, 506 Brėvikiai, dv. 395, 400, 428 Bruknyne, dv. 430, 431 Budriai (Ignalinos r.), dv. 398 Budriai, bžk. 262; k. 114 Budrikiai, dv. 383, 437, 445, 446 Būdvietis, dv. 428, 429 Bugeniai, dv. 398, 402, 404, 405 Vietovardžių rodyklė 523 Būgiai, dv. 463 Buivydonys, pik. 359 Buivydžiai, mstl. 304-306 Bukonys, bžk. 168 Burbiškis (Radviliškio r.), dv. 411, 414 Butkaičiai (Tendžiogalos vlsč.), pi v. 362 Butkiškė (Ariogalos vlsč.), dv. 361 Butkiškė, bžk. 301, 307 Butrimonys (Alytaus r.), bžk. 167; mstl. 169, 303 Čedasai, bžk. 304; dv. 39 Čekija, vist. 36 Čekiškė, mstl. 306, 307 Čekoniškės, dv. 440 Čepeliūnai, k. 278 Čeponiai (Gruzdžių vis), bjk. 139, 370, 371, 392, 402,403, 430 Čerkosai, k. 141 Čiadasai (Vilniaus pav.), dv. 415, 418, 440, 449, 450, 455, 461, 465, 505, 506 Čiobiškis, dv. 454, 455; mstl. 309 Čiulai, dv. 406 Čiulėnai, k. 491, 496 Čižiūnai, k. 35, 43, 47, 49 Dabužiai, k. 83 Dagiliai (Ukmergės pav.), dv. 412 Dainava, k. 105 Danija, vist, 90, 111 Danilava, dv. 440, 437 Darbėnai, dv. 357; vlsč. 278 Dargaliai, dv. 451 Dargužiai, k. 39, 43, 52, 84 Darsūniškis, mstl. 169, 170, 175, 261 Daržininkai, k. 279 Dauburaičiai, dv., plv. 409, 460, 461 Daubutiškės, k. 491, 496, 497 Daubutiškiai (Ašmenos r.), k. 342 Daugai, mstl. 177, 303 Daugpilis, mst. 168 Dauguva, up. 11 Daugužiai, dv. 398 Daujėnai, bžk. 167, 168 Daumantiškiai, dv. 411,413 Dauniškiai, k. 485 Daunorava (Joniškio r.), dv. 368, 444 Davongalis, bjk. 409 Debeikiai, bžk. 296, 304, 311, 314 Degėsiai, k. 491 Degučiai, bžk. 236, 237 Deimena, up. 78 Deliatičiai, dv. (Naugarduko pav.) 361, 376, 378, 410 Deltuva, mstl. 257, 303; ž. 356 Didieji Grūžiai (Kalneliškiai), dv. 394 Didysis Pajūris, dv. žr. Pajūralis Didkiemis, bžk. 245 Didžiadvario-Lesnictvos ekon. 87 Didžpamūšis (Pliaterių Pamūšis), dv. 394 Dieveniškės, mstl. 177, 499 Digraičiai, dv. 428 Diliai, bžt. 254; k. 122 Dimšiai, k. 296 Dirgalis, k. 57, 98, 99 Dirgėlai, k. 366 Dirvėnai, vlsč. 14 Dysna, up. 11 Dniepras, up. 11 Dotnuva, mstl. 169 Dragaudžiai, k. 281, 298, 299 Drevema, k. 118 Drobiškės, k. 84 Drobiškiai (Jonavos r.), dv. 370, 395, 396, 440, 441, 466 Druskininkai, mstl. 332, 333 Druvetas, ež. 11 Dubakloms, k. 133, 137 Dubičiai, bžk. 169, 175 Dubingiai, kunig. 380, 456; mstl. 221, 310 Duburiai, k. 336, 339 Dubininkas, k. 75, 77, 143 Dubysa, up. 278, 491 Dūdos (Ašmenos pav.), dv. 364, 367, 392, 416, 417, 424, 431, 432, 440, 458,459, 469, 493 Dūkštas, apyl. 122 Dūkštas, gyvenv. 168; mstl. 336 Dūkšteliai (Vilniaus r.), dv. 408 Dūkštos, bžk. 231 Dusetos, mstl. 115, 240, 310, 311 Dusmenys, mstl. 297 Dvareliškiai, k. 107 Dvariškiai, k. 149 Dzūkija, etn. reg. 6, 41, 59, 64, 72, 75, 76, 84, 90, 95, 116, 123, 130, 133, 134, 142, 144, 145, 149, 151, 154, 278-280, 284, 288, 289, 291 Džiuginėnai, dv. 367, 395, 411, 413, 416, 426, 434, 455 EirimaiČiai, dv. 377, 417, 438 Eišiškės, mstl. 177, 192, 202, 302, 310; r. 39, 43, 52, 74 Eitulionys, bjk. 366 Erlėnai, k. 134 Ersla, k. 297, 298 Eržvilkas, mstl. 181,182,202,211,248,249,263,277 Estija, vist. 36, 118 Europa, žemynas 6, 7, 10, 11, 14-17, 19, 20, 24, 27, 32, 36, 46, 52, 53, 64, 93, 117, 119, 152, 176, 291, 294, 296, 321, 323, 340, 359, 362, 364, 375, 378, 382, 393, 439, 502 Ežerskio plv. 408 524 Vietovardžių rodyklė Fedariškis, dv. 503 Ferdinantava, dv. 407 Ferma (Panevėžio r.), k. 336, 338 Gabrielava, dv. 428 Gaižiūnai, dv. 332 Gaižuvėlė, dv. 437 Galinė, dv. 421, 423, 448, 451 Galiniškis, d v. 393 Gandinga, vlsč. 14 Gardinas, gub. 20, 22, 81; mst. 11, 13, 323, 342, 460, 467, 469; pav. 16, 362, 391, 410, 417, 453; pilis 37; sr. 272 Gargždai, apyl. 117; mstl. 271, 301, 302 Gaiyšiai (Viduklės pav.), dv. 362 Gasčiūnai (Kėdainių r.), dv. 409, 428, 437, 438 Gasčiūnai, bžk. 261, 307; k. 93 Gastilioniai, k. 289 Gaurė (Telšių pav.), dv. 380 Gaurė, mstl. 301, 302 Gaureliai, dv. 377, 470 Gaveikiai, plv. 380,456 Gavėnaičiai, dv. 438 Gečionys, dv. 393, 394, 441; k. 50 Gedvilaičiai, dv. 421 Gegabrasta, k. 332-334 Gegužinė (Vilniaus r.), dv. 457, 461 Gegužinė, bžk. 169 Geidžiai, bžk. 246 Geisteriškiai, k, 137 Geistūnai, dv. 367 Gelgaudiškis, dv. 379, 382,410, 434, 451, 463, 465, 503, 506 Geluva, dv. 402, 430, 432 Gelvonai, mstl. 304, 305, 310, 331 Geniai, k. 144 Geranainys (Subatininkas; Ašmenos pav.), dv. 362, 376, 378, 380 Gerdžiogala, k. 271 Germaniškis (Armoniškis; Ašmenos pav.), dv. 364, 389, 391, 418, 429, 449,452, 465, 503 Gervėčiai, kr. 141 Giedraičiai, mstl. 272, 310, 328, 330 Gikonys, k. 254 Gilija, k. 86, 106, 129; up. 86 Gilvyčiai, dv. 377, 417, 502 Gimbogala, vait. 81 Gineitiškės, dv. 412 Gintališkė, bžk. 247, 248, 265 Gintautai, dv. 405 Girbutkiai, k. 29 Girelė, k. 336-338 Girininkai (Lydos pav.), dv. 364, 365, 389 Girkantiškė, dv. 408 Girsteikiškis, dv. 448 Glitiškės, dv. 431,459 Godeliai, k. 115 Gorodyščiai (Gorodnica; Gardino sr.), dv. 358 Gorodnica (prie Gardino), dv. 469 Graudūšiai, dv. 404,426 Gražiškiai, mstl. 313 Grinkiškis, apyl. 483; dv. 368, 397; mstl. 193, 229, 301 Griškabūdis, mstl. 279 Griškiškė (Griškaučizna), dv. 425, 426 Grybai, dv. 389, 411, 412, 428^130, 438 Gruožninkai-Gruožninkėliai, k. 85 Gruožninkėliai, k. 298 Grūstė, k. 254, 258 Grūšlaukė, bžk. 167, 260 Gruzdžiai, apyl. 483; dv. 54; mstl. 256, 297, 304, 305; vlsč. 370, 341, 392, 403, 430, 485 Grūžiai (Upytės pav.), dv. 362, 380, 381, 428, 434, 443 Gudiškiai, k. 336 Guogai, pilis 359 Holdovas (Vilniaus vaiv.), dv. 388 Ibutoniai, k. 100 įganai, k. 98 Ignalina, glž. st. 331; r. 37, 38, 53, 76, 77, 84, 131, 141, 232, 237, 260, 264, 271, 276, 280, 297, 302, 310, 330, 331, 398, 406, 407, 409, 425,426, 444, 445, 449,450, 507 Ignotiškis, plv. 409 Ilgiai, dv. 465 Ilgižiai, dv. 372 Ilguva, bžk. 249, 250, 263, 264; dv. 40, 364, 368, 382,383,434; k. 48 Ilzenbergas, dv. 460 Imbarė, k. 253 Inketriai, dv. 443, 445 Inturkė, mstl. 302, 309 Išdagiečiai, k. 62 įvija (Vija; Baltarusija), dv. 358, 362, 410 Ivoškiai, k. 255 Įsra, up. 78 Įsrutis, vlsč. 110 Jablonovščizna, dv. 457, 467 Jagėlava (Jonavos r.), plv. 371, 372, 438, 440 Jakiškiai, k. 255 Jakubiškė, k. 107 Jakubovskiai, k. 366 Jakunskiai (Ašmenos pav.), dv. 392, 438 Janapolė, dv. 423, 456; mstl. 245 Janušava, dv. 447 Jarubaičiai, k. 113 Vietovardžių rodyklė 525 Jasinevičiai (Vilniaus vaiv.), dv. 394 Jasiuliškiai, k. 260 Jasnagurka, dv. 430 Jasonys, dv. 455 Jauneikiai, k. 260 Jauniškė, dv. 443 Jaunodava (Kaltinėnai), dv. 362, 377 Jeruzalė, mst. 317, 323 Jieznas, mstl. 177, 300, 310, 391; viso. 108 Jokūbavą (Anykščių r.), dv. 388 Jonava, mstl. 331; r. 141, 310, 336, 394, 395, 398, 399, 404, 411,421, 422, 430, 434, 435, 436, 438, 440, 441, 451,466; vlsč. 275 Joniškėlis, mstl. 311 Joniškis (Šiaulių aps.), k. 41 Joniškis, apyl. 488, 495; mst. 16, 202, 301, 305, 309; r. 122, 216, 255, 260, 261, 290, 301, 302, 304, 305, 307, 374, 409, 437, 444, 484, 490; vlsč. 93 Josvainiai, mstl. 190, 196, 197, 499; vlsč. 14, 495 Judeikiai (Upytės pav.), dv. 423 Jukniškiai, k. 277 Jundeliškės, dv. 459 Jungiris, k. 84 Juodaviškiai, k. 108 Juodė, dv. 393, 394, 425 Juodiškiai, dv. 397 Juodiškis (Joduvka; Švenčionių r.), bjk. 370, 405, 470 Juodkrantė, k. 85, 86 Jurbarkas, dv. 376, 428, 466; mst. 16; mstl. 211, 278, 315, 317—323, 328; r. 202, 248, 263, 301, 307, 397; šen. 19; vlsč. 277 Jurgeliškiai (Lazdijų r.), dv. 396 Jurkiškiai (Vilniaus vaiv.), dv. 394 Jutkoniai (Panevėžio r.), dv. 368, 394, 401,430; k. 293 Jūžintai, mstl. 115 Kadaičiai, k. 138, 282 Kadžiai, k. 146 Kaibučiai, k. 135 Kairėnai (prie Vilniaus), dv. 367 Kairėnai, k. 507 Kaišiadorys, mst. 357; r. 402, 254, 261, 263, 276, 289, 297, 302, 310, 330, 331 Kaliningradas, sr. 24 Kalnalis, bžk. 246, 297 Kalnėnai (Telšių r.), dv. 385, 434, 440, 449 Kalnujai, bžk. 300 Kalpokai, k. 490 Kaltanėnai, bžk. 169; dv. 357 Kaltinėnai, dv. 358, 428; mstl. 259, 302, 303; vlsč. 14 Kalvarija, aps. 91; mst. 210; pav. 18 Kalviai, bžk. 169 Kamajai, mstl. 176, 302 Kamenka (prie Naugarduko), bjk. 382 Kanopėnai, k. 136 Kantaučiai, bžk. 167 Kantvainiai, k. 487 Kapčiamiestis, mstl. 261 Karaliaučius, mst. 7, 55, 91, Karelija, ter. 36, 56 Kargaudai, k. 48 Karklė, k. 85 Kark tenai, vlsč. 14 Karmėlava, bžk. 239 Karšuva, vlsč. 14, 362, 366, 377, 428 Kartena, mstl. 124, 259, 260, 266 Karūžiškė, dv. 428 Karveliškis, dv. 431 Karvys, dv. 401,444, 501 Kašučiai, k. 63 Katauskiai, dv. 406 Katyčiai, mstl. 267, 268 Kaukliai, dv. 463 Kaulakio (Panevėžio r.), dv. 368 Kaunas, apyl. 427; aps. 28, 275; gub. 19—22, 93, 94, 330, 336; kr. 279; mst. 13, 91, 167, 328, 331, 342, 361, 423, 429, 443, 450, 461, 463; r. 87, 89, 94, 141, 189, 193, 207, 239, 250, 263, 266, 276, 289, 298, 306, 328, 407, 421, 437, 440, 495 Kaunatava, mstl. 332—334 Kaušiadala, dv. 416 Kavarskas, mstl. 296, 305, 309 Kavoliškis, dv. 388, 422, 423 Kazanės žemės 342 Kazimierava (Kauno r.), dv. 407, 437 Kazliškėlis, dv. 384, 411,412 Kazliškis, bžk. 252; gyvenv. 168 Kazlų Rūda, gyvenv. 168 Kėdainiai, aps. 53, 62, 94, 119, 147, 275; apyl. 427; dv. 32, 361, 378, 410, 420, 424, 504, 506; kr. 279; mst. 16, 185, 192, 241, 317, 331, 357, 363, 470, 499; r. 33, 54, 135, 190, 239, 241, 242, 257, 276, 290, 296-298, 305, 307, 358, 383, 394, 397, 405, 407, 422, 423, 428, 430, 437, 438, 440, 484, 487, 488, 492, 505, 507 Kiaunorių dv. 41 Kelmė, dv. 361, 410, 431, 436, 504; kr. 277; mstl. 209, 313, 318, 321; r. 202 232-234, 246, 254, 255, 265, 266, 271, 298, 303, 309, 310, 313, 318, 324, 325, 332, 385, 386, 390, 395, 407, 415, 420, 421, 432, 455, 465, 469; vlsč. 14, 384 Kelpšaičiai, dv. 389 Kenstavičiai, dv. 398 Kerbedžiai (Šilalės r.), dv. 368 Kereliškė, dv., plv. 407, 408 Kernavė, mst. 13; mstl. 232, 258, 306, 307; pilis 359 Ketūnai, k. 255, 258, 297, 298 526 Vietovardžių rodyklė Keturakiai, d v. 415. 437, 446 Keturiasdešimt Totorių, k. 315, 341-343 Kiaunoriai, bžk. 271; dv. 361, 395, 436, 443 Kiduliai, dv. 420 Kiemeliškės, mstl. 331 Kiemėnai, dv. 501, 502 Kietaviškės, bžk. 307, 308 Kijevas, mst. 36 Kirdeikiai, k. 37, 43, 121, 131 Kirkšliai, k. 51 Kimės, dv. 441, 442 Klaipėda, apyl. 495; aps. 45, 109, 114, 139; kr. 29; mst. 91,484, 488; r. 111, 117, 155, 235,255,271, 290, 488 Klebonai, k. 43, 141 Kleckas, kunig. 11 Klepočiai, k. 44 Klepšiai, k. 35 Kleviniai, k. 254, 255 Klykoliai, bžk. 247 Kocinskio plv. 380 Kolainiai, mstl. 332, 333 Kolnolarai, gyvenv. 341 Konciapolis, dv. 398 Kotlovas, dv. 467, 469 Kozaklarai, gyvenv. 341 Krakės, mstl. 239, 296 Krasnėnai (Vilniaus vaiv.), dv. 368, 388 Kraštai, dv. 43 1 Kražiai, mstl. 177, 178, 193, 204, 317, 325-327; vlsč. 14,361,436, 443 Krekštėnai, k. 89 Krepšiagalys, dv. 457 Kretinga, apyl. 276; aps. 42, 51, 84, 94, 99, 278, 286; mst. 16, 205, 294; r. 57, 63, 91, 98, 106, 114, 123, 124, 126, 134, 142, 146, 150, 246, 253, 260, 262, 265-267, 285, 286, 290, 297, 309, 499 Kretingalė, apyl. 484; mstl. 267, 268 Kretuonas, k. 38 Kretuonys, k. 81 Krėva, d v. 13; mst. 342 Kriaunos, mstl. 336 Krikliniai, bžk. 167, 168 Krinčinas, mstl. 307-309, 331 Kriukai, mstl. 214 Kriūkai, mstl. 501 Krivonys, bžk. 169 Krymas, ter. 340, 342 Krokuva, mst. 355 Kruonė, up. 174 Kruonis, mstl. 172-174, 195, 201, 317 Kruopiai, k. 38 Kudlos, k. 399, 402, 430 Kudrėnai, dv. 417, 421 Kuipeliai, k. 47 Kuktiškės, mstl. 302 Kuliai, mstl. 258, 259 Kulva (Kauno pav.), bžk. 169; dv. 361,428, 430 Kumpikai (Telšių r.), dv. 369, 398, 399,405, 424, 440 Kunigiškiai, k. 199 Kuosenėliai, k. 104 Kupiškis, aps. 80; mstl. 168, 193, 196, 239, 485; r. 104, 115, 119, 179, 244, 254,311,385,397,400, 438, 440 Kupreliškis, mstl. 252 Kūrai, k. 278 Kurkliai, dv. 385; mstl. 263, 309; vlsč. 281 Krūmaičiai, k. 255 Kurmeliai, dv. 409 Kuršių marios 78, 95 Kurtuvėnai, dv. 357, 361, 376,410, 415, 420,421, 427, 428, 456, 504; mstl. 301, 357 Kvedariškis, k. 336, 339 Kvėdarna, dv. 361, 431, 432,434, 456, 470; mstl. 203, 240 Kvetkai, mst. 241, 304, 307 Labanoras, mstl. 307, 308, 310, 331 Labardžiai (Plungės r.), k. 294, 295 Labūnava, bžk. 297 Laibiškiai, dv. 403, 404 Laičiai, dv. 440, 444 Laiteliai, k. 50 Laižuva, mstl. 20, 92, 302, 325, 326 Lamokai, k. 259 Lančiūnava, bžk. 168 Lankupiai, k. 79, 139 Lapeikiai, dv. 408 Lašmenpamūšis, dv. 397, 400 Latgala, etn. ter. 240, 253 Latvija, vist. 31, 36, 61, 90, 118, 217, 227, 237, 253, 262, 288, 290, 335, 339 Laukininkai, k. 108 Lauksodis, bžk. 235, 237, 263, dv. 405 Laukuva, dv. 111; mstl. 171, 172, 256 Laukžemė, mstl. 263; par. 167 Laumėnai, k. 258 Lavoriškės, pilis 359 Lazdijai, mst. 16; mstl. 315; r. 57, 61, 63, 89, 107, 183,239, 261,397, 427, 429 LDK, vist. 7, 11-14, 16-19, 22, 61, 74, 87, 91, 170, 187, 197, 200, 315, 331, 336, 340, 360, 362, 375, 502 Lebeniškiai, k. 332 Leipalingis, mstl. 183,239 Lėlaičiai, k. 283 Leliškiai, dv. 417 Leliūnai, mstl. 296, 314 Lembas, dv. 111; k. 124 Vietovardžių rodyklė 527 Lėnas, bžk. 304—306 Lenkija, vist. 11, 16, 18, 24, 30, 36, 54, 58, 91, 111, 118, 129, 229, 230, 232, 240, 242, 244, 249, 253, 260, 262, 266, 288, 293, 316, 323, 334, 340, 342, 355, 359, 385-387 Lenkijos Karalystė žr. Lenkija Lenkimai, mstl. 262, 307 Lentvaris, mstl. 331 Leonpolis, dv. 422, 423 Lerliai (Betygalos vlsč.), dv. 455 Liauda, ž. 356 Liaudiškiai, k. 81 Liberiškis, d v. 415, 422 Libertava, dv. 425 Lieplaukė, k. 34; mstl. 312 Liepoja, mst. 91 Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė žr. LDK Liginiškiai, gyvenv. 335 Linkavičiai, dv. 398 Linkmenys, apyl. 81; dv. 376, 415, 417, 428, 465; mstl. 181,330, 331 Linkuva, mstl. 208, 368, 499; par. 357; vlsč. 93 Lioliai, mstl. 234, 266 Liubavas, bžk. 167 Liubiškė, dv., plv. 408, 456 Liubiškiai, dv. 501 Liublinas, apyl. 239; mst. 16 Liudvinavas, mstl. 328 Livonija, vist. 16 Livonijos ordinas 10, 12 Lyda, dv. 13; mst. 16, 342; 362, 410, 465 Lyduokiai, dv. 459; mstl. 310, 311 Lygumai, apyl. 484; 302 Lynežeris, k. 75, 76, 175 Lomžos žemės 244 Loskas (Ašmenos pav, Baltarusija), dv. 358, 360, 410 Lukiškės, Vilniaus priemiestis, 342, 343 Luknėnai, k. 100 Luoba, dv. 377, 470 Luodis, dv. 28, 414 Luokė, mstl. 210, 213, 257, 309 Magūnai (Breslaujos pav.), dv. 382, 426, 432, 470; k. 271 Maineivos, k. 336, 337 Maironiai, bžk. 313 Maišiagala, dv. 364, 365, 385, 388, 411, 416, 423, 435, 438, 440, 465; mstl. 328 Makniūnai, dv. 459 Maksvos, dv. 43, 434 Mančiagirė, k. 58 Mankovičiai, dv. 389 Mantagailiškiai, dv. 504 Marcinkonys, gyvenv. 168 Margininkai, bžk. 250, 266 Marijampolė, aps. 91; pav. 18; r. 61, 89, 210, 249, 250, 259, 297, 328 Martyniškis (prie Žeimių), dv. 404, 411 Marvilius (Marviliai), dv. 394 Maskva, apyl. 56; mst. 336, 340 Maslauskiškiai, k. 492 Matrosovka, k. žr. Gilija Mažeikiai, aps. 30, 33, 43, 46, 84, 144, 283, 284; glž. st. 331; mst. 284; r. 48, 106, 126, 132, 146, 209, 213, 216, 235, 246, 255, 257, 258, 263, 269, 283, 286, 292, 297, 302, 303, 306, 312, 325, 374, 397, 398, 400-402, 408, 414, 430, 441, 499, 502 Mažieji Dirvėnai, vlsč. 387, 417, 424, 425, 443, 444, 450 Mažieji Mažeikiai (Vilniaus vaiv.), dv. 413 Mažiškė, k. 501 Mažoji Lietuva, etn. reg. 6, 8, 16, 22, 27, 33, 38, 42, 44, 47, 48, 52, 54, 59-61, 63, 64, 69-71, 74, 78, 79, 85, 89, 90, 94, 97, 106, 107, 115, 116, 118, 119, 130, 134, 135, 138-140, 142, 143, 144, 148, 151, 154, 156,354, 359 Mėčionys, k. 84 Medeliukai, dv. 430 Medingėnai, bžk. 232; dv. 438; k. 100; vlsč. 14 Mediškiemiai, k. 86 Mediškiemis, k. 79 Medsėdžiai, k. 99, 117, 125 Melagėnai, bžk. 167; mstl. 331 Melniai, k. 490 Mereckowscyzna (Naugarduko vaiv), dv. 389 Merkinė (Turgeliai), dv. 424 Merkinė, mst., mstl. 16, 95, 169, 207 Mesopotamija, ist. ter. 340 Meteliai, bžk. 167, 168 Miciūnai, k. 90 Mikniškės, k. 332 Mikniūnai, k. 499 Milagainiai, dv. 421, 434, 435 Miliūnai, k. 336 Minaičiai, k. 107 Minauka, k. 336 Minčia, giria 504 Minija, k. 57, 86 Minskas, gub. 22; mst. 11; sr. 272 Mirabelis, dv. 383, 385, 435, 440 Miras, mst. 343 Miroslavas, mstl. 176 Mirskiškė, dv. 404, 405 Miškogalis, k. 79 Mištūnai, k. 123 Mitėniškiai (Jonavos r.), dv. 369 Myta, dv. 302, 355 Mockaičiai, k. 297 Mogiliovas, gub. 22 528 Vietovardžių rodyklė Molėtai, mstl. 302, 331; r. 30, 179, 221, 272, 276, 297, 302, 307, 309, 310, 328, 330, 393, 406, 418, 423,425, 431-^33, 438, 440, 441, 443-445, 448, 453, 456, 485, 491, 496 Moluvėnai (Trakų r.), k. 340 Morkiškiai, k. 287 Mosėdis, mstl. 271, 296, 305, 306, 313, 499 Mostoltovičiai, dv. 444 Mozūrai, k. 89 Muniškiai, bžk. 298 Musninkai, dv. 384; mstl. 186, 191, 263 Musteika, k. 75, 102, 175 Nalšia, ž. 356 Narūnai (Ukmergės pav.), dv. 379, 380, 416, 417, 424, 434, 503,504 Narvydiškė, dv. 444 Narvydžiai, k. 261 Naugardukas (Baltarusija), mst. 11, 331, 342, 343; pav. 361,410, 467; r. 335; vaiv. 355 Naujamiestis, mstl. 309, 340 Naujasodė, k. 102 Naujieji Rytprūsiai, vist. dalis 18 Naujikai, dv. 406 Naujoji Vilnia, gyvenv. 332, 333 Naujoji Žagarė, mstl. 302 Naujokai (Jonavos r.), bjk. 370, 371, 404, 441, 442, 451 Nausėdai, k. 79 Nečėnai, k. 336, 337 Nedingė, bžk. 171, 198, 199; dv. 397 Nemajūnai, mstl. 297 Nemakščiai, mstl. 255 Nemenčinė, apyl. 81; dv. 362, 376, 410, 462, 463 Nemėžis, k. 315, 342-344 Nemirseta, k. 484 Nemunas, up. 11, 13, 71, 78, 80, 86, 89, 93, 95, 108, 129, 169, 290, 430, 436 Nevarėnai, apyl. 287 Nevėžis, up. 483, 491 Nevėžninkai, d v. 420 Nida, gyvenv. 31, 128, 129; k. 85, 86; mstl. 290 Nyderlandai, vist. 17 Nolėnai, k. 82 Noriškiai, dv. 408 Norkūnai, k. 157 Norkūnai-Norkūnėliai, k. 85 Norušiai, k. 119, 148 Norvegija, vist. 50, 111 Novaičiai (Raseinių pav.), dv. 364, 365, 387, 438 Novgorodas, pilis 37 Obeliai, mstl. 306 Okainėliai, k. 147 Olandija, vist. 95 Onuškis (Rokiškio r.), mstl. 241, 303-305 Onuškis (Trakų r.), dv. 357; mstl. 357 Opstainiai, k. 79 Ožkabaliai, k. 59, 127 Paašvijis, dv. 408 Pabaiskas, mstl. 302 Paberžė (Kėdainių r.), bžk. 307 Paberžė (Vilniaus r.), mstl. 328 Pabiržė, dv. 438, 439, 463, 466 Pabradė, mstl. 179 Padaliai, k. 120 Padievytis, dv. 395, 434 Padirvoniai, dv. 437 Padubysys (Raseinių r.), dv. 368,424, 432-^134; vlsč. 107 Paežerė, k. 276 Paežeriai, k. 81, 336-338, 451; vait. 81 Pagėgiai, aps. 109, 144; sav. 79; šen. 90, 493 Pagilbiškis, k. 280 Pagiriai, k. 28 Pagramantis, dv. 383; mstl. 307, 308 Pagriežiai, k. 31 Pailgotis, dv. 392 Paįstrys, dv. 456 Pajuostis, dv. 394 Pajūralis (Didysis Pajūris), dv. 356, 357 Pajūris, dv. 458, 459; vlsč. 14, 361, 367, 431,456, 470, 504, 505 Pakalnė, k. 98 Pakalniai, bžk. 167 Pakalniškiai, k. 489 Paketiniai, k. 80 Pakiaunys, dv. 449 Pakražantis, bžk. 232; dv. 364, 365, 443 Pakriaunys, dv. 425 Pakruojis, mstl. 182, 285, 315, 324, 325; r. 101, 122, 208, 244, 255, 263, 265, 294, 302, 374, 405, 422, 440,457, 483, 484, 490, 499 Pakuršė, ter. 20, 92 Palanga, gyvenv. 31, 70; vlsč. 14 Palankesiai, dv. 394, 400, 403, 404, 414,422,430 Palaukiai, k. 254 Palestina, ist. ter. 323 Palėvenė, bžk. 311; gyvenv. 168 Paliepiai, dv. 397 Paliesė (Panevėžio r.), dv. 369, 394, 395, 400, 401 Paliesė, ist. ter. 240, 242 Pališkiai, k. 507 Pališkiai-Pališkėliai, k. 85 Paliūniškis (Panevėžio r.), dv. 372 Palomenė, bžk. 171 Palonai, dv. 458, 459 Palūšė, bžk. 232, 237. 238, 261, 263, 297, 302, 310 Pamūšis (prie Linkuvos), dv. 368 Vietovardžių rodyklė 529 Pandėlys, mstl. 193, 194 Pandėlys, mstl. 296, 304, 312, 314 Panemunė, dv. 28 Panemunė, ter. 92, 95 Panemunėlis, apyl. 484, 385, 386, 402; mstl. 296 Panemunis (prie Nemuno), dv., plv. 430, 463 Panemunis, bžk. 168; mstl. 239, 309, 311 Paneriai (Trakų r.), dv. 423 Panevėžiukas, dv. 36, 377, 415, 417, 436, 443 Panevėžys, apyl. 427; aps. 30, 43, 94, 141, 147, 149, 157; mst. 168, 196, 200, 302, 315, 317, 324, 332, 333, 335, 340, 341, 484; r. 35, 100, 115, 143, 217, 233, 241, 252, 254, 264, 270, 271, 276, 281, 293, 296, 302, 304, 309, 336, 340, 387, 389, 394—396, 398, 401, 405, 407, 414, 415, 421, 422, 428, 430, 455, 456, 484, 502 Panošiškės, k. 44 Paobelys (Ukmergės r.), dv. 428 Paparčiai, bžk. 169-171 Papečiai, k. 107 Papiliai, k. 258 Papilys, mstl. 240, 303, 311 Papynaujis, dv. 386, 391 Paragaudis, k. 116 Paramotėlis (Paramotis; Kelmės vlsč.), dv. 384 Parausiai, k. 127 Parovėja, up. 507 Parudaminys, dv. 432 Parudinė, dv. 397, 403 Pasausiškis, dv. 460 Paskutiškiai, k. 339 Pasvalys, mstl. 187, 202, 303, 332, 333, 340; r. 122, 257, 272, 296, 303, 307, 311, 312, 332, 333, 394, 463,501,502 PaŠaminė, bžk. 310 Pašatrija, dv. 384, 446 Pašiaušė, mstl. 283, 298 Pašilė, mstl. 246, vlsč. 14 Paširvintis II, d v. 417, 419 Pašumeris (Kėdainių r.), dv. 368, 394 Pašušvys, vlsč. 288 Pašvitinys, apyl. 484 Patumšiai, vlsč. 14 Patvēris, dv. 394, 397 Paupys, bžk. 313 Pavandenė, mstl. 244, 246, 247, 265; vlsč. 14 Pavėzgiai (Pakruojo r.), dv. 369, 457 Pavilkijys, dv. 383 Pavirvytis, dv. 368, 396, 400, 401, 403, 406, 421, 425,441,462 Pavištytis, k. 64 Pavoverė, bžk. 240, 262, 313 Pažiegė, k. 47 Peleniai, k. 79 Pelesa, apyl. 48 Pelyšėlės, dv. 437 Pempės, k. 336 Perelozai, k. 336, 337, 339 Peršėkė, k. 288 Pervalka, gyvenv. 290; k. 85, 86 Pesiai, d v. 427 Peskai, gyvenv. 323 Peteša, dv. 411, 417, 458, 459 Petkūnai, k. 487, 488 Petkūniškis, dv. 409, 440, 441 Petraičiai, k. 33, 126, 146 Petraučizna, dv. 444 Pienionys, dv. 396 Pieštuvėnai, plv. 391 Pikeliai (Mažeikių r.), mstl. 235, 236 Pilkėniai, k. 299 Pilviškiai, mstl. 328 Pinskas, kunig. 11 Pivašiūnai, mstl. 303 Pivorai, k. 37 Pizaninas (Ignalinos r.), dv. 444, 445 Pyvorai, k. 60 Plateliai, dv. 454, 455; mstl. 219, 234, 304-306; vlsč. 286 Plauciškės, k. 131 Plinkšės, dv. 502 Plyniai, k. 486 Plungė, mst. 200, 302, 494; r. 57, 90, 98, 100, 101, 118, 203, 219, 221, 232, 234, 243, 247, 255, 256, 258-260, 265, 282, 285, 292, 294, 297, 302, 304, 306, 324, 383, 408, 415, 437, 445, 446, 453, 455, 498; vlsč. 113, 114, 282 Plutiškės, bžk. 249 Pociūnėliai, bžk. 167, 244 Polekėlė, bžk. 262; dv. 382, 459 Polockas, mst. 16 Porijai, k. 257 Poškos apyl. 285 Pošupės, k. 255, 256 Požerė, bžk. 299; dv. 421 Prancūzija, vist. 18, 25, 359, 364 Pravogala (Pakalniškiai), k. 81 Prieglius, up. 78 Priekulė, mstl. 290 Prienai, mst. 198, 221, 241, 310, 315, 318, 321, 322, 483; r. 46, 211, 289, 297, 300, 302, 310, 328, 425, 459, 501 Prūdžiokai, gyvenv. 342 Prūsija, vist. 16-18, 23, 51, 52, 69, 74, 78, 90, 91, 96, 111, 229, 230, 244, 272, 323 Pskovas, mst. 340 Pūkiai, dv. 385 Pumpėnai, mstl. 272, 296, 297 Punia, mstl. 172, 342; pilis 360 Puodiškiai (Puodziškiai), dv. 422 530 Vietovardžių rodyklė Puodžiai, k. 55 Purvėnai, dv. 387, 417, 424, 425, 438, 441, 443, 444, 450 Pušalotas, mstl. 303, 312, 314 Puščia, k. 336 Puškamia, vtv. 492 Puvočiai, k. 56 Pužai, dv. 436 Pužaičiai, dv. 386 Račiūnai, dv. 40 Račkiškė, k. 259 Radviliškis, mst. 168, 207, 208, 217, 219, 264, 265, 277; r. 136, 141, 235, 244, 262, 307, 312, 324, 382, 407, 409, 411,414,423, 430, 437, 458-461, 484, 489, 501; vlsč. 277 Radzvilimontai, dv. 402 Raguva, dv. 362, 377, 378, 410, 415, 429, 432, 441, 443, 465; mstl 293, 302, 306, 307, 324 Raistiniškės, k. 336-339 Raižiai, k. 342, 343, 345, 346 Rakliškės (Šalčininkų r.), dv. 430 Rambynas, kalnas 79 Ramygala, mstl. 218, 220, 233, 296, 302, 304 Ramoniškiai, dv. 393 Raseiniai, apyl. 277; aps. 143, 277, 384, 386; mst. 325-327; pav. 416, 423, 431, 432, 438, 443, 465; r. 136, 212, 217, 244, 247, 253, 255, 263, 271, 297, 299-301, 302, 304, 307, 309, 310, 313, 358, 383, 384, 390, 406, 409, 424, 425, 431, 433, 434, 492 Ratkūnai, dv. 388,417 Ratnyčia, up. 76 Ratuokliškis (Rokiškio r.), dv. 430 Raubaičiai, k. 485 Raudondvaris (Gulbinai), dv. 358, 364, 365, 384, 385, 388, 429 Raudondvaris (Kauno r.), dv. 430, 432; vlsč. 275 Reišeliškės, dv. 408 Rekyva, bžk. 232 Remeikiai, k. 89 Renavas, dv. 414; pilis 359 Rezgiai, k. 492 Ręsčiai, k. 99 Ridžiūnai, k. 140 Riečiai, bžk. 169 Riešė, dv. 33 Rietavas, dv. 91; mstl. 125, 186, 324; r. 74, 90, 98; vlsč. 14 Rimaldiškė, k. 81 Rimučiai, k. 32 Ringuvėnai, dv. 397 Ripaičiai, k. 45 RipeJialaukis, k. 131 Ritinė, dv. 400,401 Ryga, mst. 91 Ryškėnai, k. 295 Rytprūsiai žr. Prūsija Rokiškis, aps. 94; dv. 425; mstl. 20,42, 332; r. 102, 132, 136, 168, 239, 252, 281, 296, 302, 304, 306, 309, 311, 312, 336, 374, 384-386, 388,402, 411, 412,422, 423,430,460; vlsč. 284 Rosčiai, dv. 377, 438, 470 Rotinėnai, k. 96 Rozalimas, mstl. 254—256, 265, 294, 295, 331 Rudamina (Vilniaus r.), gyvenv. 332, 333 Rudesa, k. 197 Rudikėliai, k. 85 Kūdikiai, k. 85 Rūdiškiai, mstl. 304, 307 Rudnia, bžk. 175, 180; 496 Rukla, dv. 450 Rumbonys, bžk. 167, 169, 306-308 Rumšiškės, mstl. 182, 184, 250, 252, 254, 263, 297, 302, 356 Rusia, kunig. 11 Rusija, vist. 10, 15-20, 22, 25, 50, 81, 92, 93,165, 167, 200, 244, 328, 331, 335, 336, 340, 342 Rūsteikiai, k. 336, 337, 339 Rūteliai (Leonardpolis), dv. 394, 400 Šakiškis (Kaimo pav.), dv. 377,436, 443 Saksonija, karalystė, 18 Salakas, apyl. 122; mstl. 329, 330, 331; vlsč. 276 Salamiestis, dv. 438, 451, 470, 503, 504; gyvenv. 168 Salantai, k. 499; mstl. 309, 317; r. 115 Saldutiškis, apyl. 280; mstl. 202 Salos I, k. 101 Salos, bžk. 168; k. 75; mstl. 307 Santekliai, dv. 380, 381, 388, 418,439,446, 449, 450, 454, 455, 493; k. 287 Sartai, ež. 336 Sartininkai, bžk. 232, 307 Sasnava, bžk. 250, 251, 297 Sauslaukis, dv. 420 Savičiūnai, dv. 387, 391, 439, 444 Savitiškis (Panevėžio r.), dv. 368, 378, 424, 443, 447 Seda, mstl. 176, 191, 213, 234, 235, 306, 307, 312, 325-327 Seinai, aps. 92 Seirijai, mstl. 168, 184 Sėleniai, k. 98 Semeliškės, mstl. 169, 232, 238 Semenovičiai (Gardino pav.), dv. 364, Sendvaris (Kelmės r.), dv. 383, 390 Sendvaris (Lydos pav.), dv. 367 Senežycai (Vilniaus vaiv.), dv. 459, 460 Senmiestė, k. 30, 43, 46, 145 Senoji Žagarė, mstl. 305 I Vietovardžių rodyklė 531 Senosios Katinautiskės, k. 76, 77 Seredžius, apyl. 484 Sereikiai, k. 255 Seremčionys (Švenčionių r.), dv. 396 Sidra, gyvenv. 323 Siemenovka (Gardino pav.), dv. 391, 417, 453 Siesikai, mstl. 309 Simanai (Kauno pav.), dv. 449 Simanėliškiai, dv. 414 Simnas, mst. 328 Sintautai, apyl. 90, 484 Sipailiškis, k. 336-338 Siponys, k. 46 Sirutiškiai, dv. 423 Skačiūnai, dv. 456 Skandinavija, kr. 7, 36, 111, 118, 359 Skapiškis, mstl. 194 Skaraitiškė, dv. 425 Skaruliai, bžk. 275, 310; par. 167 Skaudvilė, mstl. 215, 219, 247, 328; vlsč. 387 Skiemonys, mstl. 239, 296 Skievonys, k. 35, 60 Skirsnemunė, par. 167; vlsč. 14 Skirvytėlė, k. 86 Skritutiškė, dv. 408 Skuodas, apyl. 276; mst. 16, 324, 325; r. 48, 98, 99, 106, 125, 142, 146, 232, 253, 254, 261, 262, 271, 283, 285, 286, 296, 297, 305, 307, 313, 484, 499 Skurbutėnai, k. 261 Slabada, k. 62, 492 Slanimas, mst. 11 Slavikai, mstl. 215 Slovakija, vist. 36 Smalininkai, mstl. 20, 92 Smilgiai (Panevėžio r.), mstl. 229, 241, 242, 264 Smilgiai (Šiaulių r.), k. 336, 337 Smolenskas, pilis 37 Smurgainys (Ašmenos pav.), dv. 362, 410 Sokaičiai, k. 95 Sokiškiai, pik. 31 Sokoline (Ašmenos pav.), dv. 365, 366, 389, 440, 452 Sopockinas, mst. 323 Sovietų Sąjunga, vist. 340 Sožas, up. 11 Spalviskiai, k. 507 Spirakiai, bžk. 270 Stačiūnai, bžk. 244 Stakliškės, mstl. 176, 211, 221, 302, 310 Stalgėnai, k. 112-114 Stalnioniškis, k. 336—338 Staniškė, dv. 463 Staniūnai, dv. 455 Starinkai, plv. 470 Starkai, k. 127 Stasiūnai, dv. 402; k. 105 Staškūniškis, dv. 382, 383; k. 30 Stelmužė, bžk. 237, 238, 266; dv. 460 Steponkiškiai, k. 501 Stirbaičiai, k. 286 Stolaukis, k. 88 Strazdai, k. 75 Strėvininkai, dv. 483 Stumbrai, k. 132 Stumbrės, k. 498 Subartonys, k. 95 Subata (Latvija), mstl. 237 Suchovolė, gyvenv. 323 Sudargas, mstl. 177, 328 Sudervė, dv. 452 Sūduva žr. Suvalkija Sugaudžiai, dv. 430; k. 499 Sujetai, dv. 394, 405, 455 Sungardai, dv. 398, 450 Suomija, vist. 359 Suostas, bžk. 304 Surdegis, gyvenv. 168 Surviliškis, mstl. 305, 306; vlsč. 148 Sutkai, bžk. 249 Suvainiškis, bžk. 240; mstl. 194 Suvalkai, gub. 18, 20, 330; mst. 7 Suvalkija, etn. reg. 6, 33, 37, 44, 54, 59-61, 63, 64, 87, 88,116, 118, 119, 122, 126, 130, 134, 137, 138, 140, 142-145, 147, 148, 150, 155, 156, 204, 205, 209, 215, 216, 229, 244, 245, 249, 279, 280, 284, 289, 291 Sužionys, dv. 437, 450 Svėdasai, mstl. 115 Svetlianai (Ašmenos pav.), dv. 365, 389, 391,410 Svilinkos, k. 495 Svisločius, up. 11 Svyla, up. 76 Šaikūnai, dv. 368, 458, 459 Šakiai, apyl. 88, 90; mst. 328; r. 30, 215, 249, 254, 263, 279, 307, 328, 364, 382, 383, 420, 484, 486, 501 Šakininkai, k. 79 Šakyna, mstl. 268, 269 Šalčininkai, dv. 426; mstl. 302; r. 74, 123, 242, 263, 292, 306, 310, 332, 388, 399, 408, 425, 430, 431,491,496, 497, 500 Šalčininkėliai, dv. 388 Šalkiškės, dv. 419 Šalpėnai, dv. 111 Šaltupis, dv. 425 Šarakalnis, k. 35 Šateikiai, d v. 390 Šaukėnai, dv. 455; mstl. 51, 180, 233, 303, 315, 318,319, 320, 323 532 Vietovardžių rodyklė Šaukliai, k. 297 Šaukotas, mstl. 235 Šaukuva, dv. 391 Ščiukiškis, k. 53 Šeduva, mst. 207, 20B, 307 Šeimatis, k. 336, 339 Šemetiškiai (Vilniaus vaiv.), dv. 383 Šeštokai, mstl. 168 Šešuolėliai, dv. 382 Šešuoliai, dv. 431; mstl. 240, 309 Šešupė, up. 78, 83 Šėta, apyl. 498; mstl. 194, 317; vlsč. 451 Šiaudėnai, k. 289 Šiaudinė, bžk. 263 Šiauduva, vlsč. 14, 451 Šiaulėnai, dv. 36, 357, 358, 378 361, 362, 415, 417, 423, 424, 429,434, 436, 444,452, 462, 465, 506; mstl. 181, 184, 196, 230, 324, 325; vlsč. 107 Šiauliai, aps. 41, 38, 62, 84, 94, 139, 140, 156, 214, 277, 283, 285, 288, 357, 379, 393; ekon. 19; kr. 6, 277; mst. 200, 277, 332; r. 54, 136, 217, 232, 255, 256, 268, 296, 297, 301, 304, 336, 374, 404, 420, 421,428, 438, 484 Šilalė, mstl. 256, 260, 470; r. 91, 98, 203, 245, 246, 259, 285, 286, 288, 299, 302, 328, 386, 387, 389, 391, 392, 394, 398, 401-403, 408, 411, 420, 421, 427, 428, 431, 434, 440,442, 458, 459 Šileliai, dv. 37, 505 Šilėnai, dv. 377 Šilo Pavėžupis, dv. 373, 385, 465, 469 Šilutė, aps. 144; r. 47, 57, 79, 86, 98, 136, 155, 236, 244, 266, 288-290, 301, 310, 324 Šiluva, mstl. 50, 188, 217, 230, 302, 303, 309, 311 Šimonys, bžk. 244; mstl. 179 Širvintos, mstl. 306, 309; r. 186, 232, 240, 258, 263, 276, 297, 304, 310, 331, 382-384, 393, 394, 397, 401, 407,417, 419, 421, 425, 447,454, 455, 505,506 Škėvonys, k. 28, 150, 153-155 Šlapaberžė, dv. 422, 423 Slavėnai (Anykščių r.), dv. 372,434 Slavina, dv. 431 Šlėgeriškis (Molėtų r.), dv. 708 Šniaukštai, k, 108, 109 Šniurkiškiai, k. 499 Šolkovas (Ukmergės pav.), dv. 385, 417 Šoną, up. 180 Šriubiškės, dv. 411 Štymonys (Ašmenos pav.), dv. 367 Šukioniai, k. 101 Šuminai, k. 75, 101 Šušvė, up. 483, 507 Šutvė, k. 91 Švaininkai, dv. 396 Švedija, vist. 16, 50, 90, 111, 115, 359 Šveicarija, vist. 290 Švėkšna, mstl. 229, 244, 301, 310, 317, 324 Švenčgalis, k. 147 Švenčionėliai, gyvenv. 168 Švenčionys, r. 81, 141, 240,259, 262, 307, 310, 313, 331, 389, 395, 408, 411, 412, 428-430, 436, 438, 456, 459, 470 Švendubrė, k. 84, 102 Šventa, dv. 395 Šventežeris (Trakų pav.), dv. 362, 466, 505; mstl. 307 Šventybrastis, bžk. 169 Šventupė (Ukmergės, pav.), dv. 365, 393 Tabariškės, bžk. 242, 243, 263, 264, 292 Tarpučiai, k. 83 Taučionys, k. 153 Taujėnai, dv. 377, 412; mstl. 302 Tauragė, aps. 30, 94, 116, 124, 283, 290, 387, 471; dv. 32, 377,416, 426, 431, 470; mst., mstl. 192, 325, 326; r. 215, 219, 232, 247, 290, 301, 305, 307, 310,313,328, 383,408,410 Tauragnai, dv. 365, 425, 431, 438,440, 454, 455, 470, 506; mstl. 310 Telšiai, aps. 32, 34, 49, 60, 84, 96, 99, 138, 148, 282; kr. 6; mst. 200, 230, 331; pav. 377; r. 90, 98, 210, 213, 234, 244, 246, 255, 257, 265, 282, 285-287, 293, 295, 309, 312, 324, 367,368, 384, 389, 394-398, 400, 401, 404-A08, 411-U3, 415, 416, 421-426, 428, 433, 437, 440,441,446, 448, 455, 456, 462, 463, 470, 499, 500, 502; vlsč. 14 Tendžiogala, vlsč. 14, 363 Teneniai, dv. 434 Tiltagaliai, k. 271 Tirkšliai, apyl. 283; mstl. 196, 257, 292-294, 303, 325-327 Tytuvėnai, mstl. 181, 205 Trainiai, dv. 402 Trakai, aps. 19, 44, 82, 94, 120, 153; mst. 13, 157, 296, 315, 340, 341, 342; pav. 360, 378,417, 504, 505; pilis 359; r. 84, 147, 232, 238, 297-299, 307, 331, 340, 412, 423, 430, 497; vaiv. 11,14, 16,444 Trakeliai, dv. 444 Trakininkai, k. 85 Traupis, mstl. 302 Trečionėliai, k. 492 Trepija (Tauragės r.), dv. 408 Tribilai, dv. 39, 439, 470 Tryškiai, mstl. 229, 234, 265, 293, 309 Troškūnai, mstl. 206 Trumpiniai, k. 55 Trupiniai (Viduklės vlsč.), dv. 366 Truskava, bžk. 257, k. 30 Tūbinės (Raseinių vlsč.), dv. 392 Tūbinės (Šilalės r.), bžk. 246; dv. 367, 441 Turgeliai, mstl. 306, 307 Vietovardžių rodyklė 533 Turmantas, mstl. 336 Turovas, kunig. 11 Tverai, mstl. 256, 302; vlsč. 14, 426 Tverečius, mstl. 310 Tvertinės, k. 497 Ubelė, dv. 470 Ubiškė, bžk. 247 Ūdrai, dv. 422, 423, 428 Ūdrija, vlsč. 288 Ugioniai, bžk. 169, 271, 272 Ukmergė, aps. 72, 281; mst. 211, 213, 302, 309, 317, 328, 331-333, 337, 357; pav. 362, 377, 391, 410, 416, 417, 424, 425, 429, 432, 441,444, 451, 453, 456, 465, 470, 503-505; r. 141, 199, 211, 214, 240, 257, 272, 276, 281, 302-304, 310, 334, 393, 397, 398, 402-^104, 406, 409, 412, 413, 421-423, 428, 430, 454, 457-459, 467, 489, 500 Ukraina, vist. 36, 316, 323, 334 Ukrinai II, dv. 408, 442 Ukrinai, bžk. 258, 292, 293, 297 Ūla, up. 78, 175, 483 Upyna (Šilalės r.), apyl. 285; bžk. 169; dv. 387, 391; mstl. 246, 307, 328 Upytė II, dv. 407 Upytė, bžk. 252, 253, 340; dv. 29, 36, 50, 376-378, 416, 424, 428, 503, 504; gyvenv. 168; pav. 61, 377, 417, 423, 424, 428, 434, 438, 439, 443, 456, 462, 463,466, 504; vlsč. 81,90 Upninkai, bžk. 169; dv. 444 Utena, aps. 31, 35, 45, 50, 55, 74, 82, 83, 94, 105, 107, 142, 152; dv. 410; mstl. 331, 332; r. 37, 43, 75, 120, 121, 131, 141, 202, 276, 280, 281, 296, 299, 302, 310, 311, 314, 318, 336, 397, 409, 411, 440, 441,491,504, 505 Užbradumė, k. 57 Užlaukis (Vilniaus r.), dv. 408 Užlieknis, dv. 426; k. 255, 297 Užnemunė, ter. 12, 18, 38, 61, 71, 85, 87—92, 94, 107, 108, 119, 124, 126, 145, 147, 167, 196, 221, 323,356 Užpaliai, d v. 397 Užpelkiai, k. 123, 124, 150 Užuguostis, mstl. 302 Užupis, k. 103 Užventis, dv. 365, 386; mstl. 234, 235, 254, 266, 309, 324. 325, 327, 328; vlsč. 14, 379 Vabalai, k. 89 Vadaktai, dv. 387, 396, 428 Vadaktėliai, dv. 414, 430 Vaičaičiai, bžk. 253 Vaiguva, dv. 407; mstl. 202, 265 Vaikšteniai, k. 84 Varnaičiai, k. 113 Vainutas, vlsč. 283; mstl. 290, 301 Vaiškoniai (Kėdainių r.), dv. 394 Vaišnoriškė, k. 75, 101 Vaitkuškis, dv. 467 Vaivadiškiai, dv 397, 406, 421, 422, 430, 454, 457, 458; k. 489, 500 Valakbūdis, bžk. 307 Valančiai, plv. 453 Valatkoniai, dv. 437 Valiuliškiai, k. 133 Valkaviskas, mst. 11 Valkininkai, apyl. 279; mstl. 187, 208, 317, 318, 320, 321,322, 323,483 Vanagai, bžk. 167 Vandžiogala, apyl. 498; dv. 463, 503; mstl. 239, 263 Vankiai, k. 30 Varėna, aps. 135; mstl. 208; r. 56, 58, 77, 85, 101, 102, 133, 137, 143, 154, 278, 278, 279, 306, 318, 496, 507 Varkaliai, k. 148 Varlaukis, bžk. 307, 308 Varmija, vysk. 262 Vamagiriai, k. 89 Varniai, mstl. 197, 255, 324 Vamionys, dv. 388, 468, 469 Varniškės, k. 75 Varputiniai (Vilkijos vlsč.), dv. 362, 380, 424 Varšuva, mst. 439 Varšuvos kunig. 18 Veisiejai, dv., 357; kr. 123; mstl. 177, 178, 357 Veiviržėnai, mstl. 234, 235, 255, 258 Veliuona, dv. 397; mstl. 206, 301, 328, 329; pav. 37; vlsč. 14, 377, 379, 382, 410, 438, 451, 465, 470, 503, 505 Vengrinė (Šventupė), dv, 435, 441 Veniai (Ukmergės pav.), dv. 379, 410, 432, 453 Verinas, dv. 358 Verkiai, pilis 360 Verpena, k. 255 Versalis, dv. 364 Verseka, dv. 500 Vertininkai, k. 287 Vėžaičiai, k. 114 Videniškiai, bžk. 167, 168; mstl. 179, 220, 221 Vidiškės, dv. 406, 407 Vidiškiai, mstl. 302 Viduklė, dv. 377; mstl. 247, 253, 263, 304, 305, 313; par. 227; pav. 423, 424, 434, 444, 465; vlsč. 14, 136, 138, 362, 377, 386, 415, 417, 436 Vidžiai, dv. 397 Viekšniai, apyl. 283, 287; vlsč. 283, 284 Viesos, k. 257 Viešintos, mstl. 303 Vieštovėnai, k. 118 534 Asmenvardžių rodyklė Santrumpos: Viešvėnai, bžk. 168; vlsč. 14 Vievis, mst. 298 Vileikiai (Radviliškio r.), dv. 407 Vilkaviškis, aps. 59, 88 127; mst. 239, 317, 318, 320, 321, 323; r. 45, 64, 89, 137, 307, 313, 328, 332, 484 Vilkija, mstl. 20, 92, 178, 207, 301, 317; vlsč. 14, 415, 417, 424, 432, 436, 443,463 Vilkmergė žr. Ukmergė Vilnius, apyl. 357; aps. 19, 43, 94; gub. 18-22, 94, 330; kr. 204; mst. 13, 16, 167, 193. 197, 331, 340, 342, 492; pav. 391, 411, 429, 444, 449, 450, 452, 455, 463, 465, 506; pilis 359; r. 33, 261, 304, 328, 332, 343, 401, 402, 408, 411, 417, 421, 423, 424, 431, 432, 437, 440, 448, 458, 459, 461, 501, 502; t. 376,415,428,451; vaiv. 11,14, 16,355,385,388, 389, 393, 397, 413, 416, 431, 439, 450, 452, 459, 460, 469, 470; vysk. 167, 170, 229, 342 Vinkšnėnai (Panevėžio r.), dv. 421 Vinkšnupiai, k. 342 Virbalis, mst., mstl. 16, 168, 229, 328 Virkės, dv. 398, 402, 403,405 Viršuliškiai, dv. 394, 401, 403, 421 Virvytė, up. 502 Vištytis, dv. 364, 423, 440, 461; mstl. 16, 332 Vitebskas, gub. 22 Vydeniai, apyl. 278 Vyžuonos, mstl. 302, 311, 314, 317, 318, 320, 322 Voicechovskio (Ašmenos pav.), plv. 381 Vokė (Vilniaus vaiv.), dv. 362, 380, 424, 444, 449, 470, 506; gyvenv. 342 Vokiečių ordinas, 11,12 Vokietija, vist. 22, 25, 32, 54, 58, 111, 290, 359 Volodinas, gyvenv. 335 Voronaičiai (Tverų vlsč.), dv, 426 Voronča (Naugarduko aps.), dv. 386 Voruta, pilis 359 Vozgučiai, k. 136 Zabičiūnai, k. 122 Zabielai, k. 42 Zaosė, dv. 464 Zarasai, aps. 47, 49, 94, 276; kr. 336; mst. 310, 331, 332; r. 35, 47, 53, 122, 217, 237, 240, 242, 251, 266, 272, 276, 280, 281, 310, 336, 374, 414, 445, 460, 492 Zasinyčiai, dv. 438 Zditovas, mst. 11 Zervynos, k. 78, 101, 154, 175 Zibalai, bžk. 297 Žagarė, mst. 208, 216, 301, 309, 485 Žagariai, bžk. 249 Žaiginys, dv. 416, 465 Žalava (Ašmenos pav.), dv. 380, 381 Žalgiriai, k. 89 Žalpiai, bžk. 313 Žarėnai, apyl. 287; dv. 405,415; vlsč. 14 Žarsta, k. 501 Žasliai, mstl. 171, 183,188 Žeimelis, mstl. 186, 194 Žeimiai, mstl. 197 Želva, mst. 206, 211, 214, 307 Želviai, dv. 379, 380 Žemaičių Kalvarija, mstl. 192, 195, 203, 260, 292, 293, 306, 307 Žemaičių vaivadija, žr. Žemaitija, kunig. Žemaičių vysk. 296 Žemaitija, etn. reg. 6, 11, 12, 19, 20, 27, 29, 33, 38, 59, 64, 74, 84, 87, 88, 91, 92, 96-98, 100, 101, 106, 110, 111, 115, 116, 119, 122, 124, 130, 134, 135, 138-140, 150-152, 156, 167, 187,191. 204, 209, 215, 216, 218, 220, 221, 227, 229,230, 232, 233, 236, 244, 245, 255, 259, 262, 273,276, 280, 281, 283, 285-287, 291, 293, 356, 357, 366, 367, 370, 374, 375, 377, 385, 392, 397, 399, 408, 425, 434, 436, 438, 440, 443, 449, 483, 484; kunig. 11, 14-17 Žemaitkiemis, mstl. 302 Žemalė, dv. 397, 400; mstl. 263, 269, 270 Žemalėnai, k. 156 Žemguliai, k. 91 Žemieji Svirnai (Anykščių r.), dv. 423 Žemy gala II, dv. 409 Žibikai, k. 298 Židikai, mstl. 209, 216, 254, 269, 270, 306, 324 Žiemgala, ist. ter. 61 Žiežmara, up. 169 Žiežmariai, dv. 357; mstl. 176, 190, 192, 198, 210, 310,315,330 Žikaronys, dv. 360, 366 Žilinai, bžk. 306 Žiobiškis, bžk. 167, 168 Žižmauka, dv. 425, 441 Žižmeliai, dv. 421 Žydiškės, k. 82 Žvilbučiai, dv. 445 Žvingiai, mstl. 470 Sudarė Kazys Misius 5J7 Santrumpos. Asmenvardžių rodyklė Archeol. - archeologas archit. — architektas (-ė) dail. - dailininkas fot- fotografas gen. - generolas geogr. - geografas imper. ֊ imperatorius ist.- istorikas kart - kartografas kun. - kunigas kunig. - kunigaikštis mat - matininkas techn - technikas vald. - valdovas vysk. — vyskupas Abramauskas S. 26 Abramavičienė Marcijona 388 Adelhauseris J. 467 Aftanazy R. 355, 388, 390, 468 Akiras-Biržys Petras 165 Alberti 362 Aleksandras, caras 330, 331 Andrejevas Anatolijus 483, 486 Astikai, didikai 13 Astrauskas Antanas 484 Bagdonavičius G. 317, 327, 328 Bairašauskaitė Tamara, ist. 19 Bajoras S. 201 Bakeniūnas P. 294 Balbierienė žr. Karvelytė-Balbierienė V. Balčiūnas Valerijonas 6, 70, 82 Balčytis V. 293 Baltrušaitis B. 172 Baršauskas Jonas 6, 70 Basalykas Alfonsas 165 Basanavičius Jonas 273, 290 Batoras Steponas, vald. 16 Becenbergeris, Bezzenbergeris (Bezzenberger) Adalbertas 6, 69, 290 Beinartas Stanislovas 170 Berlas Gadeonas 310 Bertašiūtė R. 8, 28, 30, 37, 38, 40-^2, 46^18, 54, 56, 63, 85, 103, 122, 127, 131, 134, 143, 144, 430, 466 Bielenstėinas A. 69 Bieliauskas L. 373 Bielinskis Feliksas, archit. 6, 70, 178, 179, 483 Biržinskas Motiejus, meistr. 227 Biržiškos 392 Bystrzonowskis Vojciechas 24, 356, 374, 376, 389, 484 Bogdanowiczius Giedvillas 180 Bohuszas X. M. 25 Bona Sforca 15 Bostas G. 489, 490 Brensztejnas M. 273 Brezgys V. 413, 457, 461 Brykowskis R. 227, 315 Bugailiškis P. 40, 186, 217, 219, 274, 458, 459 Bulhakas Janas, fot. 355 Buračas Balys, fot. 192 274-278, 280, 282-284, 294, 329, 483 Burinskaitė I. 8 Butautas A. 469 Butkevičius Izidorius 6, 70, 151 Butkus P. 151 Buzas Jonas 484 Bžostovskiai 420 Charuzinas (Харузин) Aleksejus 6, 69, 81 Chominskiai 241 Chrapovickis J. A. 259 Chreptovičiai 420 Conze V. 70 Czechowicz 466, 468 Čaginas Nikolajus, archit. 198 Čerbulėnas Klemensas 6, 26, 70, 117, 150, 151, 273, 274, 276, 280, 290, 291, 300, 445, 465, 483 Čilvinaitė Marijona 274 Čižikovas K., gen. 332 DargisA. 133 Daugėla F., mat. 70 Daugirdaitė-Sruogienė V., ist. 354, 463 Daugmaudis Pranas 370, 392 Daugudis V, archeol. 70 Daujotas J. 245 Daukantas S. 463, 503 Daukantas Simonas 69, 97, 111, 123 Degutavičius J., kun. 243 Detlefzenas, Detlefsenas (Detlefsen) RICHARDAS 6,58,69, 78, 128, 129, 290 518 Asmenvardžių rodyklė Deveikis Antanas 276, 280 Donelaitis K., poetas 69 Dovydaitis J. 265, 387 Druckus A. 283 Dubonis Artūras, ist. 10, 355, 360 Dvarinskas J. 317 Elijaševičius Izaokas 216 Essenas V. 70 Felkerzambas 237 Flemingas 241 Friolich G. 58 Gadonas M. 69 Gagienė R. 64 Gailevičius Steponas 292 Galaunė Paulius 6, 70, 227, 273, 290, 291, 314, 315 Gedgaudas A. 246 Gerberšteinas S. 69 Getneris J., archit. 70 Giedraitis J. A., vysk. 245 Giedraitis S., vysk. 243 Giedraitis, vysk. 247 Gimbutas Jurgis 6, 25, 52, 55, 70, 110, 227, 229, 483 Gimbutienė M. 290 Ginet-Pilsudzkis B. 273 Glogeris Z. 55, 69, 355, 370,405, 451, 452, 465 Gobis M. 39, 43, 52 Gorskiai 385 Gorskis Simonas, techn. 331 Gostomskis Anzelmas 24, 356, 357, 362, 374 Goštautai, didikai 13 Goštautas Albertas 13 Grincevičius J. 249 Grinius Jonas 6, 274, 289, 291 Gržibuckis G. 245 Gudavičius Edvardas, ist. 165 Guntulis, meistr. 251 Haksthausenas, Haxthausenas {Haxthausen) Francas Ludwigas Marie Augustas 6, 69 Hauras Jakūbas Kazimierzas 356, 362-364, 374, 375, 388, 452, 484, 504 Henenbergeris C., ist., kart. 69, 96, 110 Hiršovičius Gabrielius 193 Hiršovičius Joselis 193 Idzkowskis A. 25, 375, 436 Ilcevičius Jonas 399, 402, 430 Indrulis A. 326 Ivanauskas S. 97, 132, 140, 418, 428, 439, 446, 450,454 Ivinskis Zenonas, ist. 194 Jablonskis I. 70, 117 Jablonskis K., ist. 355 Jakimovičius J. 227, 465 Jankauskas V. 354 Jankeliūnas Jonas 499 Jankevičienė Algė 6, 8, 26, 196, 198-200, 208 227, 236-238, 241, 245, 247-249, 252,253, 260, 261, 263, 265-270, 274, 291, 293, 300, 315, 354, 386, 389, 394,400, 424, 431,437, 438, 443,446, 448, 455, 500 Jankevičius J. 295 Jankevičiūtė Giedrė 274 Jogaila, vald. 13, 166 Jonynas V. K. 251 Jučas Mečislovas, ist. 165, 355 Jurginis J., ist. 81, 354, 355, 359 Jurkštas V. 367 Jurkuvienė Teresė 274 Kačinskaitė I. 354, 401, 402,406,421, 425, 426, 445, 447, 448, 451, 454, 456, 505, 506 Kadofas A. 69 Kamarauskai-Stražnikai 241 Kaminskis A. 453 Karvelytė Balbierienė Vilma 8, 166, 173-176 Kazakevičiūtė N. 454 Kazokas L. 174, 195, 257 Kepežinskienė R. žr. Vaičekonytė-Kepežinskienė R. Kęsgailą Stanislovas 14 Kęsgailos, didikai 13 Kiaupienė Jūratė 9 Kirdeikienė G. 390, 398, 426 Kirkoras Adomas 6 Kiška Mikalojus 170 Kiškos 358, 360, 361 Kleinas Mečys 6, 70 Kneižys V. 26 Kolupaila Steponas 483 Komaras J. 311 Komarovskiai 388 Komorowska Magdalena 180, 356 Končius Ignas 182, 193, 273, 274 Koreckiai 332 Komeckis M. 227 Kosakovskiai 467 Kossakowskis Stanisławas Kazimierzas 356 Kowałskis S. 25 Kričinskis A. 344 Kryževičius Vincas, ist. 165 Krūminis A. 227 Krutulienė A. 278, 282, 286, 290 Krzywda-Polkowskis F. 273 Kubilius A. 123,491 Kulakovas V. I. 70 Kulikauskienė R. 359 Asmenvardžių rodyklė 519 Kuodienė Marija 274, 291 KupČikasA. 190 Kurczewskis J., kun., ist. 227 Kušneris P. I. 70 Kvedarauskas E. 187 Kviklys Bronius 165 Lainauskaitė A. 454 Lakotka A. 355 Laukaitytė R. 315 Laužadis A. 274, 288 Laužikaitė-Tagmann L. 8, 183, 300 Lekavičius L. 137 Lemchenas Ch. 315, 325 Lepneris T. 69 Levandauskas Vytautas, 26, 291, 356,461,470,484 Liutikas Č. 379 Lowmianskis H. 70, 73, 90 Lukšionytė Nijolė 9 Makowelska 460 Maleckas F. 340 Martinas Karolis 25, 369, 375, 418, 436, 439, 484, 502 Masaitis A., kun. 314 Masalskis, Ignas, vysk. 198 Mastonytė M. 280 Mašiotas P. 284 Maulevičius Martynas 193 Mažiulis V. 484 Medekšos 363 Meilus Eimantas, ist. 165 Mekas K. 299 Merkienė R. 452 Micevičius I., 247 Mickevičius Adomas 356, 370 Mielke R. 69 Mitbędzkis A. 355 Milius Vacys 26, 58, 77, 89 203, 273, 287, 289, 291,483 Mindaugas, vald. 10, 13 Minkevičius Jonas 6 Misius Kazys 8, 165, 227, 273, 355 Miškinis A. 507 Miškinis Algimantas, archit. 165, 166, 169-173, 175-177 Miškinis V. 299 Morkūnas Eligijus Juvencijus 8, 483-485, 490, 495, 497-499, 501 Mortensenas Hansas 70, 165 Muravjovas Michailas 21 Napoleonas, imper. 18 Nesiolovskiai 386 Neveravičius Fabijonas, 356 Nikonas 331, 335 Ochmariskis J., ist. 227 Oginskiai 483 Oginskis 91 Opalinskis Lukaszas 356, 362, 374 Orda Napoleonas, dail. 355, 367, 460, 461, 464, 465, 470 Pakalniškis A. 123 Pakarklis Povilas, ist. 165 Paladijus 24 Palladio 362 Paslaitis A. E. Pašuta V, ist 355, 359 Paulauskas S. 242, 257 Perkowskis Jozefas 291 Petrašiūnas Aloyzas, fot. 241, 243, 250, 264 Petrulis Juozas 6, 151, 179, 483 Piechotkovai M. ir K. 315 Piškinaitė-Kazlauskienė R. 151 Platerienė K. žr. Valavičiūtė-Platerienė K. Pliateriai 368 Pliateris 91 Podczaszynskis Boleslowas, archit. 356, 369, 374, 418,435,438, 449, 460 Podczaszynskis K. 25 Počiulpaitė Alė 274 Poška Dionizas 111 Potockis Leonas 356 Požerskis R. 234, 235, 238, 242, 246, 248, 254, 266, 293-295 Pretorijus M., ist. 69 Prozorovas Michailas, archit. 340 Puodžiukienė D. 8, 354, 369, 372, 382, 389, 390, 395, 397, 399-409, 412, 414, 415, 419, 420, 422-425, 428, 431, 433, 436-438, 440-442, 444, 447, 449, 450, 456, 457, 460, 461, 500 Purvinas Martynas 6, 70 Putkowska J. 355 Puzinina Gabrielė 356 Radvila Boguslavas 424 Radvila Jonušas 410 Radvila Mikalojus 15 Radvilos, didikai 13, 358, 361 Ramanauskas V 299, 322, 323, 326, 327 Rauchas Franciszekas 25, 356, 453, 484 Remininkevičius, kun. 310 Rimša 208, 209 Rimša P. 279 Rogaliiiskis L 24 Romeris A. 69 Rozbicka M. 355 Rūkštelė Antanas 6, 70, 273—275 520 Asmenvardžių rodyklė Rupeika A. 300, 301, 306, 308, 313, 327, 330, 337, 339, 345 Rupeikienė M. 8, 297, 298, 300-309, 313, 315, 329-331, 333, 334, 337-339, 343, 345, 346 Sakalauskas M., fot. 243, 289 Sapiegos 483 Savickas A. 371, 392 Schmiederis O. 69 Sergaciovas S. 227 Serlis 361 Sikorska A. M., 355 Skalagrimsonas Egilis 118 Soederis H. 69 Sokolovskis 466 Solskis S. 24 Soninas A., inž. 344, 345 Spampanis Karlas 393 Stolypinas Piotras 21, 88, 89, 93 Stunžinas R. 8 Switkowskis Piotras 25, 356, 357, 369, 374, 398, 420, 432, 453, 460-162, 484, 503 Szukiewiczius W. 273 ŠatinskasA. 386 Šatrijos Ragana 356 Šaulys V. 485 Šemetos 379 Šešelgis Kazys (Kazimieras) 6, 69, 70, 72, 76, 80, 81, 101, 165, 166, 483 Šileika V. 495 Simukas J. 42 Šinkūnas P., geogr. 70, 227 Širmulis Alfredas 274, 291 Šliavas Juozas 483 Šneideris E. 169 Špakovskis A., archit. 332 Suminąs 75 Tagman L. žr. Laužikaitė-Tagman L. Tamauskienė Nijolė 166, 188, 189, 202, 204-206, 210,211,215,300 Tarvydas S., geogr. 70 Tecneris (Tetzner) Francas Oskaras 6, 69 Timukas J. 126, 274, 286 Tiškevičiai 461 Tiškevičius 331 Tyszkiewiczius Benedyktas Henrykas 356 Tyzenhauzas A. 490 Totoraitis J. 227 Tracevskiš V. 355 Treškevičius Jonas 483 Tumas J. 111 Urbelis M. 26, 354 Urbonienė Skaidrė 274 Vaičekonytė-Kepežinskienė R. 356, 461, 470 Vaina Benediktas, vysk. 342 Vaitkevičius Vykintas, archeol., ist. 11 Vaitkus S. 97, 139, 285, 315, 324, 370, 371, 380, 381, 384, 388, 391, 392, 397, 403, 439, 446, 471, 493 Valančius Motiejus, vysk. 227 Valavičiai 358, 361 Valavičiūtė-Platerienė K., 242 ValeškaA. 178 Varanavičius J., kun. 269 Varnas Adomas 265, 273-275, 277, 324 Varnelis Kazys 260, 295 Važinskis 245, 292, 292 Važinskis A. 242 Vėlyvis P. 84, 86, 496, 497 Viliamas V. 70 Vinskas A. 408, 419 Višinskis Povilas 69 Vydūnas 69 Vyšniauskaitė A. 287, 290 Vytautas Didysis (Vytautas), vald. 12, 15, 315, 340, 341,360 Vladislovas IV, vald. 317 Wisockis A. 460 Wunderer Johann 55 Zaborskis B. 70 Zamoiskiai 420 Zdahskis K. 24 Zubovas Platonas 19 Zubovas V. 179, 220, 221, 315 Zubovskiai 452 Zugas Boleslovas 393 Zūndtas M. 467 Žilėnas V. 26 Žilinskas Andrius 378 Žygimantas Senasis, vald. 14, 15 Žukauskas V. 189, 218 Žulkus V, archeol. 70 Sudarė Kazys Misius
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publisher	Mokslas
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spelling	Lietuvos architektūros istorija 4 Lietuvos etninė architektūra nuo seniausių laikų iki 1918 m. Lietuvos Statybos ir Architektūros Mokslinio Tyrimo Inst. Moks. red. Jonas Minkevičius Vilnius Mokslas 2014 554 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Pläne txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Minkevičius, Jonas Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV001332854 4 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029242088&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029242088&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029242088&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Ortsregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029242088&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister
spellingShingle	Lietuvos architektūros istorija
title	Lietuvos architektūros istorija
title_auth	Lietuvos architektūros istorija
title_exact_search	Lietuvos architektūros istorija
title_full	Lietuvos architektūros istorija 4 Lietuvos etninė architektūra nuo seniausių laikų iki 1918 m. Lietuvos Statybos ir Architektūros Mokslinio Tyrimo Inst. Moks. red. Jonas Minkevičius
title_fullStr	Lietuvos architektūros istorija 4 Lietuvos etninė architektūra nuo seniausių laikų iki 1918 m. Lietuvos Statybos ir Architektūros Mokslinio Tyrimo Inst. Moks. red. Jonas Minkevičius
title_full_unstemmed	Lietuvos architektūros istorija 4 Lietuvos etninė architektūra nuo seniausių laikų iki 1918 m. Lietuvos Statybos ir Architektūros Mokslinio Tyrimo Inst. Moks. red. Jonas Minkevičius
title_short	Lietuvos architektūros istorija
title_sort	lietuvos architekturos istorija lietuvos etnine architektura nuo seniausiu laiku iki 1918 m
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029242088&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029242088&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029242088&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029242088&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV001332854
work_keys_str_mv	AT minkeviciusjonas lietuvosarchitekturosistorija4

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