Understanding language change:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2017
|
| Ausgabe: | First published |
| Schriftenreihe: | Understanding language series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 297 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780415713382 9780415713399 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of figures ix
List of maps X
List of tables xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Publisher’s acknowledgements xiv
List of abbreviations XV
1 Setting the scene 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Change occurs at all levels 5
1.1.1 Phonetics and phonology 5
1.1.2 Morphology 8
1.1.3 Syntax 9
1.1.4 Semantics 10
1.1.5 Pragmatics 11
1.1.6 Change across different levels 13
1.2 Variation and change - two sides of the same coin 13
1.3 Evidence of change in progress 18
1.4 Attitudes to change 21
1.5 How this book is structured 23
Summary 24
Further reading 24
Exercises 25
2 Changes to the lexicon 28
Introduction 28
2.1 Gaining words - lexical addition 29
2.1.1 Compounding 31
2.1.2 Affixation 33
2.1.3 Backformation 34
2.1.4 Conversion 35
2.1.5 Abbreviation 35
2.1.6 Acronyms 36
2.1.7 Blending 37
2.1.8 Commonization 38
2.1.9 Reduplication 38
vi Contents
2.1.10 Borrowing 39
2.1.11 Sound symbolism 41
2.1.12 A final word on the processes 42
2.2 Losing words - lexical mortality 43
2.2.1 Obsolescence 43
2.2.2 “Verbicide” 44
2.2.3 Reduction 44
2.2.4 Intolerable homonymy 44
2.3 Etymology - study of the origin of words 46
Summary 47
Further reading 48
Exercises 49
3 Changes to the semantics 52
Introduction 52
3.1 Consequences of semantic change 54
3.1.1 Broadening 54
3.1.2 Narrowing 55
3.1.3 Shift 55
3.1.4 Changing values - amelioration and deterioration 55
3.1.5 Chain reaction changes 56
3.2 Why words change their meanings 57
3.2.1 Socio-cultural factors 57
3.2.2 Psychological factors 58
3.2.3 Linguistic factors 61
3.3 Regularity in semantic change - a more explanatory account 66
Summary 69
Sources and further reading 70
Exercises 70
4 Changes in sound structure 75
Introduction 75
4.1 Phonological processes 76
4.1.1 Old sounds drop out - loss 77
4.1.2 New sounds appear 80
4.1.3 Old sounds are modified - assimilation, dissimilation, metathesis 81
4.2 Phonetic versus phonemic change 90
4.2.1 Phonetic change - changes in accent 90
4.2.2 Phonemic change - changes that alter the sound system 91
4.3 On exceptions in sound change 94
4.4 Why do sounds change? 97
4.4.1 Simplicity 98
4.4.2 Contact induced change 98
4.4.3 Structural pressure 98
4.4.4 Social change 100
Contents vii
4.4.5 Frequency factors 100
Summary 101
Further reading 101
Exercises 102
5 Changes in word structure 106
Introduction 106
5.1 Reanalysis and actualization - reinterpretation of structure 106
5.2 Analogy - attraction to structure 109
5.3 Typology - change in morphological type 121
5.4 Why - explaining morphological changes 127
Summary 130
Further reading 131
Exercises 131
6 Changes in sentence structure 134
Introduction 134
6.1 Change in word order 137
6.1.1 Grammatical change is gradual 141
6.2 Typology and word order change 143
6.2.1 The contribution of Joseph Greenberg and others 144
6.3 Creating grammar 148
6.3.1 Case study - the evolution of not in English 151
6.3.2 Where is English negation heading now? 154
Summary 156
Sources and further reading 157
Exercises 157
7 The spread of change 162
Introduction 162
7.1 Diffusion within the linguistic system 163
7.2 Spread in social structures - the speech community and the individual 167
7.2.1 Wavy, gravity, cascady... 168
7.2.2 Social factors 171
7.2.3 Social networks 182
7.2.4 Communities of practice 185
Summary 186
Further reading 186
Exercises 187
8 Languages in contact 189
Introduction 189
8.1 Types of contact 190
8.1.1 Language maintenance 190
8.1.2 Language shift 192
Contents
8.1.3 The creation of new languages 195
8.1.4 The linguistic Sprachbund - a special case of language convergence 201
8.2 Case study: Pennsylvania German and English in contact 202
8.2.1 English to Pennsylvania German - superstratum influence 203
8.2.2 Pennsylvania German transfers into English - substratum influence 204
8.3 Language death 207
8.4 Language planning and policy 209
8.5 The dangers of purism 210
Summary 211
Further reading 211
Exercises 212
9 Relatedness between languages 215
Introduction 215
9.1 Languages, dialects and standards 216
9.2 Establishing genetic relationships 217
9.3 The family tree model 220
9.4 The wave model 222
9.5 Quantitative approaches to language divergence 226
9.6 Long-distance comparison and Proto-World 229
9.7 Reconstructing the past 233
9.7.1 Written sources as evidence of change 234
9.7.2 The comparative method 237
Summary 243
Further reading 244
Exercises 244
10 An end on’t 247
Introduction 247
10.1 Five questions for any theory of change 248
10.2 Additional theoretical perspectives 253
10.2.1 Corpus linguistics 254
10.2.2 Historical pragmatics 256
10.3 Historical sociolinguistics 260
10.4 The rate of change - diversity and stability 264
10.4.1 The effects of new and emerging media 266
10.4.2 Socialchange 270
10.5 Where to from here? 272
Further reading 273
Exercises 274
References 277
Index 288
Understanding Language Change offers a complete and accessible introduction to historical linguistics.
Assuming no prior knowledge, this engaging book introduces core concepts through English examples;
builds on them with a rich variety of illustrations from across the Germanic, Romance, Pacific and
Asiatic languages; and demonstrates their applicability to real-life changes taking place in languages
today.
Key features include:
• A step-by-step approach introducing language change at the sound, word and sentence levels,
covering shifts that are currently underway In addition to historical changes;
• Coverage of topics such as pidgins, creoles and mixed languages, as well as language death and
how to reconstruct lost stages of languages;
• Breakout boxes showing the real-life applications and impact of theories, from Shakespeare s
English to the speech of modern-day celebrities, and introducing current research problems;
• A wide range of supporting material, Including exercises, further reading and research projects
for more In-depth Independent study.
Written by two experienced teachers, Understanding Language Change is essential reading for anyone
studying historical linguistics or language change for the first time.
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| series2 | Understanding language series |
| spelling | Burridge, Kate 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)1055766987 aut Understanding language change Kate Burridge and Alexander Bergs Language change First published London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2017 xvi, 297 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Understanding language series Linguistic change Historical linguistics Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 s DE-604 Bergs, Alexander 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)128506946 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-315-46301-8 (DE-604)BV046989611 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029240904&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029240904&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Burridge, Kate 1957- Bergs, Alexander 1974- Understanding language change Linguistic change Historical linguistics Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056508-7 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Understanding language change |
| title_alt | Language change |
| title_auth | Understanding language change |
| title_exact_search | Understanding language change |
| title_full | Understanding language change Kate Burridge and Alexander Bergs |
| title_fullStr | Understanding language change Kate Burridge and Alexander Bergs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding language change Kate Burridge and Alexander Bergs |
| title_short | Understanding language change |
| title_sort | understanding language change |
| topic | Linguistic change Historical linguistics Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Linguistic change Historical linguistics Sprachwandel Lehrbuch |
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