Research methods for the behavioral sciences:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Los Angeles
SAGE
[2017]
|
| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxix, 656 Seiten Diagramme 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781506326573 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Research methods for the behavioral sciences
Autor: Privitera, Gregory J
Jahr: 2017
DETAILED CONTENTS
About the Author xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Preface xvii
To the Student—How to Use SPSS With This Book xxv
P. 1 Overview of SPSS: What Are You Looking At? xxv
P.2 Preview of SPSS in Focus xxix
SECTION I: SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
Chapter 1—Introduction to Scientific Thinking 3
1.1 Science as a Method of Knowing 4
1.2 The Scientific Method 5
1.3 Other Methods of Knowing 14
1.4 The Goals of Science 18
1.5 Approaches in Acquiring Knowledge 20
1.6 Distinguishing Science From Pseudoscience 22
Chapter 2—Generating Testable Ideas 31
2.1 Generating Interesting and Novel Ideas 32
2.2 Converting Ideas to Hypotheses and Theories 34
2.3 Developing Your Idea: Deduction and Induction 37
2.4 Performing a Literature Review 40
2.5 Ethics in Focus: Giving Proper Credit 46
2.6 The 3 Cs of an Effective Literature Review 47
2.7 Testing Your Idea: Confirmation and Disconfirmation 51
2.8 Ethics in Focus: Publication Bias 54
Chapter 3—Research Ethics
3.1 Ethics in Behavioral Research
3.2 The Need for Ethics Committees in Research: A Historical Synopsis
3.3 Ethics in Focus: Examples From Psychology
3.4 Human Participant Research: IRBs and the APA Code of Conduct
3.5 Ethics in Focus: Anonymity and Confidentiality
3.6 Animal Subject Research: IACUCs and the APA Code of Conduct
3.7 Additional Ethical Considerations: Scientific Integrity
SECTION II: DEFINING AND MEASURING VARIABLES, SELECTING
SAMPLES, AND CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN
Chapter 4—Identifying Scientific Variables 97
4.1 Criteria for Defining and Measuring Variables 98
4.2 Constructs and Operational Definitions 99
4.3 Types of Variables 102
4.4 Scales of Measurement 104
4.5 Reliability of a Measurement 109
4.6 Validity of a Measurement 113
4.7. Selecting a Measurement Procedure 116
4.8 Ethics in Focus: Replication as a Gauge for Fraud? 121
4.9 SPSS in Focus: Entering and Coding Data 122
Chapter 5—Sampling From Populations 133
5.1 Why Do Researchers Select Samples? 134
5.2 Subjects, Participants, and Sampling Methods 134
5.3 Methods of Sampling: Nonprobability Sampling 137
5.4 Methods of Sampling: Probability Sampling 141
5.5 Sampling Error and Standard Error of the Mean 150
5.6 SPSS in Focus: Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean 151
5.7 Potential Biases in Sampling 153
5.8 Ethics in Focus: Participant Pools 154
5.9 SPSS in Focus: Identifying New Populations Using the One-Sample t Test 155
Chapter 6—Choosing a Research Design
6.1 Designing a Study to Answer a Question
6.2 Categories of Research Design
6.3 Internal and External Validity
6.4 Demonstrating Cause in an Experiment
6.5 Ethics in Focus: Beneficence and Random Assignment
6.6 Threats to the Internal Validity of a Research Study
6.7 Threats to the External Validity of a Research Study
6.8 External Validity, Experimentation, and Realism
6.9 A Final Thought on Validity and Choosing a Research Design 193
61
62
62
69
73
82
83
86
165
166
167
173
175
180
181
189
192
SECTION ni: NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
Chapter 7—Naturalistic, Qualitative, and Existing Data Research Designs 201
Naturalistic Observation 202
7.1 An Overview of Naturalistic Observation 202
7.2 The Research Setting: Natural and Contrived Settings 203
7.3 Techniques for Conducting Naturalistic Observation 205
7.4 Ethics in Focus: Influencing Participant Behavior 211
Qualitative Designs 212
7.5 An Overview of Qualitative Designs 212
7.6 Qualitative Research Designs 215
7.7 Ethics in Focus: Anonymity in Qualitative Research 223
Existing Data Designs 224
7.8 An Overview of Existing Data Designs 224
7.9 Existing Data Designs 225
7.10 Ethics in Focus: Existing Data and Experimenter Bias 231
Chapter 8—Survey and Correlational Research Designs 237
Survey Designs 238
8.1 An Overview of Survey Designs 238
8.2 Types of Survey Items 238
8.3 Rules for Writing Survey Items 243
8.4 Administering Surveys 248
8.5 Surveys, Sampling, and Nonresponse Bias 250
8.6 Ethics in Focus: Handling and Administering Surveys 252
Correlational Designs 253
8.7 The Structure of Correlational Designs 253
8.8 Describing the Relationship Between Variables 254
8.9 Limitations in Interpretation 260
8.10 Correlation, Regression, and Prediction 264
8.11 SPSS in Focus: Correlation and Linear Regression 265
SECTION IV: QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
Chapter 9—Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Experimental Designs 277
Quasi-Experimental Designs 278
9.1 An Overview of Quasi-Experimental Designs 278
9.2 Quasi-Experimental Design: One-Group Designs 280
9.3 Quasi-Experimental Design: Nonequivalent Control Group Designs 282
9.4 Quasi-Experimental Design: Time Series Designs 285
9.5 Quasi-Experimental Design: Developmental Designs 290
9.6 Ethics in Focus: Development and Aging 295
Single-Case Experimental Designs 296
9.7 An Overview of Single-Case Designs 296
9.8 Single-Case Baseline-Phase Designs 297
9.9 Validity, Stability, Magnitude, and Generality 304
9.10 Ethics in Focus: The Ethics of Innovation 307
Chapter 10—Between-Subjects Experimental Designs 315
10.1 Conducting Experiments: Between-Subjects Design 316
10.2 Experimental Versus Control Group 316
10.3 Manipulation and the Independent Variable 319
10.4 Variability and the Independent Variable 323
10.5 Ethics in Focus: The Accountability of Manipulation 327
10.6 Comparing Two Independent Samples 328
10.7 SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent-Sample rTest 330
10.8 Comparing Two or More Independent Samples 334
10.9 SPSS in Focus: One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA 337
10.10 Measuring the Dependent Variable 341
10.11 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Between-Subjects Design 343
Chapter 11—Within-Subjects Experimental Designs 351
11.1 Conducting Experiments: Within-Subjects Design 352
11.2 Controlling Time-Related Factors 353
11.3 Ethics in Focus: Minimizing Participant Fatigue 359
11.4 Individual Differences and Variability 360
11.5 Comparing Two Related Samples 363
11.6 SPSS in Focus: Related-Samples t lest 367
11.7 Comparing Two or More Related Samples 369
11.8 SPSS in Focus: One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA 372
11.9 An Alternative to Pre-Post Designs: Solomon Four-Group Design 376
11.10 Comparing Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Designs 378
Chapter 12—Factorial Experimental Designs 387
12.1 Testing Multiple Factors in the Same Experiment 388
12.2 Selecting Samples for a Factorial Design in Experimentation 389
12.3 Types of Factorial Designs 390
12.4 Ethics in Focus: Participant Fatigue and Factorial Designs 394
12.5 Main Effects and Interactions 395
12.6 Identifying Main Effects and Interactions in a Graph 400
12.7 Including Quasi-Independent Factors in an Experiment 404
12.8 Reasons for Including Two or More Factors in an Experiment 405
12.9 Higher-Order Factorial Designs 408
12.10 SPSS in Focus: General Instructions for Conducting a Factorial ANOVA 410
SECTION V: ANALYZING, INTERPRETING,
AND COMMUNICATING RESEARCH DATA
Chapter 13—Analysis and Interpretation: Exposition of Data 423
13.1 Descriptive Statistics: Why Summarize Data? 424
13.2 Frequency Distributions: Tables and Graphs 426
13.3 Measures of Central Tendency 42 9
13.4 Measures of Variability 433
13.5 SPSS in Focus: Central Tendency and Variability 438
13.6 Graphing Means and Correlations 439
13.7 Using Correlation to Describe Reliability 442
13.8 SPSS in Focus: Cronbach s Alpha and Cohen s Kappa 444
13.9 Ethics in Focus: Deception Due to the Distortion of Data 450
Chapter 14—Analysis and Interpretation: Making Decisions About Data 459
14.1 Inferential Statistics: What Are We Making Inferences About? 460
14.2 Types of Error and Power 464
14.3 Parametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree 466
14.4. Nonparametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree 469
14.5 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Tests 472
14.6 Effect Size: How Big Is an Effect in the Population? 477
14.7 Estimation: What Are the Possible Values of a Parameter? 482
14.8 Confidence Intervals, Significance, and Effect Size 483
14.9 Issues for Interpretation: Precision and Certainty 484
14.10 Ethics in Focus: Full Disclosure of Data 486
Chapter 15—Communicating Research:
Preparing Manuscripts, Posters, and Talks 495
15.1 Elements of Communication 496
15.2 Writing a Manuscript: Writing Style and Language 500
15.3 Elements of an APA-Style Manuscript 505
15.4 Literature Reviews 516
15.5 Reporting Observations in Qualitative Research 518
15.6 Ethics in Focus: Credit and Authorship 519
15.7 Presenting a Poster 519
15.8 Giving a Professional Talk 521
Appendix A: APA-Style Writing, Sample Manuscript, and Posters 527
A. 1 Essentials for Writing APA-Style Research Papers 527
A.2 Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling (GPS) Writing Guide 532
A.3 Sample APA-Style Manuscript 561
A.4 Poster Template and Sample Poster 577
Appendix B: Instructions for Randomizing and Counterbalancing 581
B. 1 Random Numbers Table 581
B.2 Constructing a Latin Square 585
Appendix C: SPSS General Instructions Guide and Statistical Tables 589
C.l General Instructions Guide for Using SPSS 589
C.2 Statistical Tables 601
Glossary 609
References 629
Index 643
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| spelling | Privitera, Gregory J. Verfasser (DE-588)1134887507 aut Research methods for the behavioral sciences Gregory J. Privitera, St. Bonaventure University Second edition Los Angeles SAGE [2017] xxix, 656 Seiten Diagramme 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sozialwissenschaften Psychology Research Methodology Social sciences Research Methodology Psychology Statistical methods Social sciences Statistical methods Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd rswk-swf Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029234882&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Privitera, Gregory J. Research methods for the behavioral sciences Sozialwissenschaften Psychology Research Methodology Social sciences Research Methodology Psychology Statistical methods Social sciences Statistical methods Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4047704-6 (DE-588)4155046-8 |
| title | Research methods for the behavioral sciences |
| title_auth | Research methods for the behavioral sciences |
| title_exact_search | Research methods for the behavioral sciences |
| title_full | Research methods for the behavioral sciences Gregory J. Privitera, St. Bonaventure University |
| title_fullStr | Research methods for the behavioral sciences Gregory J. Privitera, St. Bonaventure University |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research methods for the behavioral sciences Gregory J. Privitera, St. Bonaventure University |
| title_short | Research methods for the behavioral sciences |
| title_sort | research methods for the behavioral sciences |
| topic | Sozialwissenschaften Psychology Research Methodology Social sciences Research Methodology Psychology Statistical methods Social sciences Statistical methods Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd |
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