Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Boca Raton
CRC Press
[2017]
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| Schriftenreihe: | CRC Biogeography series
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 635 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781498751872 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface ..............................................................................xxiii
Acknowledgments.........................................................................xxv
Abbreviations.........................................................................xxvii
1. The Spatial Basis of Biogeography..........................................................1
The Spatial Component of Evolution: Basic Concepts and Methods of Analysis.................1
Species Concepts........................................................................ 1
Dispersal and Vicariance..................................................................2
An Example of Vicariance and Subsequent Dispersal: Psilotaceae.......................3
Two Different Concepts of “Dispersal”...................................................4
“Normal” Dispersal: An Observed Ecological Process...................................4
Chance Dispersal: An Inferred Mode of Speciation.....................................4
Some More on Normal, Observed Dispersal and Inferred Chance Dispersal................5
Dispersal and Rare or Unique Events..................................................6
Founder Speciation........................................................................7
Origin of Distributional Overlap..........................................................8
Means of Dispersal, Observed Dispersal, and Inferred Dispersal: Some Case Studies..........8
The Hawaiian Islands Biota and Metapopulations............................................8
Trans-Tasman Sea Affinities..............................................................10
Trans-Pacific Affinities.................................................................11
Observed Dispersal and Inferred Dispersal: A Case Study in a Group of Alpine Plants,
the Hebe Complex.........................................................................11
Danthonioid Grasses and Dispersal by Serendipity.........................................12
New Analytical Methods (DIVA, DEC, and Others) Based on Old Concepts of Local
Centers of Origin and Chance Dispersal.....................................................13
Do Basal Clades Occupy Centers of Origin?...............................................13
Do Paraphyletic, Basal Grades Occupy Centers of Origin?.................................14
Interpretation of Basal Grades Restricted to Particular Regions: Examples from Plants....16
Interpretation of Basal Grades Restricted to Particular Regions: Examples from Animals...18
Coding the Areas Used in Ancestral Areas Programs.......................................20
A Case Study from Liverworts.............................................................20
Summary on Ancestral Areas Programs......................................................20
Ecological Speciation and Sympatric Speciation: A Critique.................................21
Sympatric Speciation and the Rarity of Sympatric Sister Species.........................22
Suggested Cases of Sympatric Sister Species...........................................22
Niche Conservatism: Lack of Niche Divergence between Sister Clades......................24
Niche Differences between Species That Have Not Resulted from Ecological Speciation..25
Conclusions on Ecological Differentiation................................................26
The Relationship between Biogeography and Ecology...........................................26
Does Ecology Determine Geographic Distribution?..........................................27
History of Ideas on Ecology and Distribution............................................28
Early Ideas on Ecology and Geographic Distribution...................................28
Taxonomic Biogeography Since Its Origin in the Sixteenth Century.....................28
Modern Ecological Biogeography and the Niche Theory of Distribution..................29
The Chasm between Ecological and Systematic Biogeography..............................30
Climate and Distribution.................................................................30
Climate-Based SDMs Often Do Not Work..............................................30
Niche Variation in Space and Time.................................................31
Biotic Factors and Distribution......................................................32
Historical Factors and Distribution..................................................32
Formal Acknowledgment of Historical Factors in Distribution.......................33
Some Applications of Vicariance-Based Ecology........................................33
The Neutral Theory of Biodiversity................................................33
Ecology and Biogeography in New Zealand...........................................33
The Concept of “Center of Origin” in Ecological Theory............................34
The Ecological Center of Origin in Practice................................1......35
General Conclusions on Biogeography and Ecology......................................35
The High Levels of Geographic Structure Observed in Clades..............................37
The High Levels of Geographic Structure and Repeated Distribution Patterns in Clades.37
Single, Monophyletic Groups of Good Dispersers in Island Regions: Long-Distance
Dispersal Events That Occur Just Once in Geological Time.............................37
New Zealand Lizards...............................................................38
Tribe Sicyoeae (Cucurbitaceae) in Australasia.....................................38
Reciprocal Monophyly of Island Clades and Diverse, Widespread Mainland Clades........39
The New Zealand Biota Is Not a Subset of the Australian Biota.....................39
Biogeographic Parallels between the Southwest Pacific and the Caribbean: More
Islands with “Basal” Groups.......................................................40
Geographic Structure in Microorganisms, Spore Plants, Estuarine Groups, and Marine
Groups: Toward a Trans-Realm Biogeography...............................................41
Vicariance in Microorganisms.........................................................41
Vicariance in Spore Plants...........................................................42
Vicariance in Fungi...............................................................42
Vicariance in Ferns...............................................................42
Vicariance in Estuarine Groups.......................................................42
Vicariance in Marine Groups..........................................................43
Unexpected Levels of Geographic Structure in Marine Groups........................43
Vicariance Models for Marine Groups...............................................44
Local Endemism in Marine Animals: New Zealand Mollusks............................45
Toward a Trans-Realm Biogeography....................................................46
2. Analyzing the Timeline of Evolution....................................................47
Interpreting the Fossil Record..........................................................47
Placing Fossils in a Phylogeny.......................................................48
Informal Transmogrification of Minimum (Fossil-Calibrated) Clade Ages into Maximum
Clade Ages...........................................................................49
Two Case Studies of Informal Transmogrification......................................49
Grammitid Ferns (Polypodiaceae)...................................................49
Nothofagaceae.....................................................................50
Transmogrification of Clade Ages in a Bayesian Framework: The Problem of the Priors..50
Examples of Bayesian Dating Studies..................................................52
Monimiaceae..................................................................... 52
Winteraceae.......................................................................52
Orchidaceae.......................................................................53
Alstroemeriaceae..................................................................53
Haloragaceae......................................................................53
Malvaceae.........................................................................53
Campanulaceae.....................................................................54
Calceolariaceae...................................................................54
Goodeniaceae......................................................................54
Asteraceae.........................................................................54
Other Widespread Plant Groups.......................................................55
Specifying Bayesian Priors and Their Parameters........................................55
Integrating Living and Fossil Records..................................................55
Protecting Dispersal Theory from Falsification by Early New Zealand Fossils
of Modern Groups......................................................................56
Protecting Dispersal Theory from Old New Zealand Endemics with No Extralimital Fossils.56
Biogeography and Extinction: Dealing with the Possible Extinction of a Clade in Areas
Where It Has No Fossils...............................................................57
Is Evolution Clocklike?..................................................................58
Calibrating Phylogenies Using Tectonics and Vicariance....................................59
Tectonic Calibration and the Passerine Birds..........................................60
Criticism of Tectonic Calibration.....................................................60
How Old Are Modern Species?...............................................................62
Assessing Analytical Methods in Biogeography: Do They Explain Classic Problems or Lead
to New Ideas?............................................................................64
Analysis of Space and Time in Evolution...................................................64
3. New Zealand Geology.....................................................................67
The New Zealand Plateau or Zealandia.....................................................67
Terrane Accretion and Orogeny in Mesozoic New Zealand.....................................72
Accretion of the Western Province Terranes............................................73
Emplacement of the Median Batholith...................................................73
Accretion of the Eastern Province Terranes............................................74
Subduction Zones and Island Arcs............... .......................................75
The Culmination of Convergence and the Switch to Extension at -100 Ma.....................77
Arrival of a Spreading Ridge at the Gondwana-Pacific Subduction Zone...................77
Slab Capture of Subducting Phoenix Plate Slabs by the Pacific Plate....................78
Slab Window Formation.................................................................78
Arrival of the Hikurangi Plateau at the Chatham Rise..................................79
Orogenic Collapse................................................................... 81
Changing Motions of the Australia and Pacific Plates at -100 Ma........................81
100-84 Ma: Predrift Rifting, Magmatism, and Metamorphism, Including Formation of
Core Complexes...........................................................................82
Predrift Rifting......................................................................82
Plutonism, Metamorphism, and Core Complex Emplacement.................................85
The Haast Schist......................................................................85
The Otago Schist as a Metamorphic Core Complex.....................................86
Metamorphism Developing with Progressive Accretion and Underplating of the
Torlesse Terrane...................................................................87
The Alpine Schist..................................................................88
Post-100 Ma Felsic (Silicic) Magmatism................................................88
Post-100 Ma Mafic (Mainly Alkaline) Volcanism.........................................89
Possible Causes of the Intraplate Volcanism...........................................89
Mantle Plumes......................................................................89
Extension and Thinning.............................................................90
Multiple, Small Lithospheric Detachments...........................................90
Tectonic History in the Southwest Pacific Since 90 Ma....................................90
90 Ma (Late Cretaceous).............................................................93
75 Ma (Late Cretaceous).............................................................93
60 Ma (Paleocene)...................................................................93
50 Ma (Early Eocene)................................................................93
45 Ma (Middle Eocene)...............................................................93
35 Ma (Late Eocene).................................................................. 94
25 Ma (Oligocene)......................................................................94
15 Ma (Middle Miocene)................................................................94
10 Ma (Late Miocene)...................................................................94
5 Ma (Pliocene).......................................................................94
Present................................................................................94
Slab Rollback and Extensional Opening of Backarc Basins...............................94
Backarc Rifting as a Mode of Vicariance in Arc Biotas.................................95
The Waipounamu Erosion Surface........................................................ 96
Oligocene Flooding.....................................................................96
Amuri Limestone and the Marshall Paraconformity.....................................97
Cenozoic Deformation...................................................................98
Kaikoura Orogeny.......................................................................98
Taupo Volcanic Zone....................................................................98
4. Introduction to the New Zealand Biota and Its Geography.................................99
The History of Ideas on New Zealand Biogeography.........................................99
Dispersal Models for the New Zealand Biota............................................99
The “Paleozealandic Element” in Dispersal Theory......................................100
Problems with the Dispersal Model: Paradox and Perversity in the New Zealand Biota....102
A Vicariance Model of New Zealand Biogeography........................................103
The New Zealand Biota and Its Global Significance........................................104
Globally Basal Endemics in New Zealand................................................104
Flora...............................................................................105
Fauna..............................................................................106
Interpretation of the Globally Basal Groups........................................108
Intercontinental Affinities of the New Zealand Biota.....................................109
Simple Allopatry: The Mite Harvestmen (Opiliones, Suborder Cyphophthalmi).............109
Global Allopatry and Local Overlap: New Zealand Shags (Phalacrocoracidae).............Ill
Distribution Straddling the Ocean Basins and Their Spreading Centers..................113
Indian Ocean Groups: Examples from Ratites, Ducks, Beetles, and Plants................113
Tethyan Groups........................................................................114
Distribution around the Tasman Sea....................................................115
Phylogenetic/Biogeographic Breaks in the Tasman Basin: An Example from
Cuckoos............................................................................115
A Break around the Tasman Region Plus Secondary Overlap There: Stylidiaceae........116
Overlap around the Tasman in Liliales: Colchicaceae and Alstroemeriaceae...........117
Overlap around the Tasman in a Clade of Thymelaeaceae..............................119
Trans-South Pacific Disjunctions: Examples from New Zealand Hymenoptera...............120
Some Gondwanan Pseudoscorpions........................................................122
Panaustral + Central Pacific Distribution.............................................122
The Schefflera Group (Araliaceae)..................................................122
Metrosidereae (Myrtaceae)..........................................................123
Panaustral + Central Pacific Distribution, and the New Zealand “Star” Pattern: The Case
of Asteliaceae........................................................................124
Origin of Asteliaceae..............................................................124
Differentiation in Asteliaceae.....................................................125
The New Zealand “Star” Pattern................................................... 126
Another Pacific Group: Coprosma (Rubiaceae)...........................................129
Muehlenbeckia (Polygonaceae): Another “Star Pattern”..................................130
The “Home Advantage” or “Founder-Takes-All” Model of Biogeography.....................131
New Zealand Groups with Pacific, Not Gondwanan, Affinities: The Basal Frogs...........132
Summary of the Intercontinental Affinities of New Zealand Biota.......................132
5. Biogeography of Northern New Zealand: The Offshore Islands, the Northland-East
Coast Allochthon, and the Taupo Volcanic Zone...........................................135
New Zealand—New Caledonia Connections..................................................135
Examples from Weevils...............................................................135
Differences between New Caledonia and New Zealand....................................137
Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island.....................................................137
The Skinks of Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, and New Zealand......................138
The Islands off Northland..............................................................139
Endemism on the Northeastern Islands................................................141
“Horstian” Distribution off Eastern Northland and Auckland...........................141
Connections of the “Horstian” Distributions with the Norfolk Ridge and Other Regions.143
Three Kings Islands and the Mount Camel Terrane.........................................143
Three Kings Islands and the Mount Camel Terrane: Geology............................144
Three Kings Islands and the Mount Camel Terrane: Biota..............................145
Relationships of the Three Kings Biota outside New Zealand.......................145
Relationships between the Three Kings Islands and Mainland New Zealand...........147
Other Mount Camel Terrane Endemism...............................................148
The Vening Meinesz Transform Margin and the Northland Plateau...........................149
Regional Geology....................................................................149
The Three Kings and Poor Knights Islands: Biology....................................150
Three Kings-Poor Knights Disjunction................................................151
Another Mount Camel Terrane-Poor Knights Distribution............................152
The Northland and East Coast Allochthons...............................................152
Biology of Northland-East Coast.....................................................153
Northland and East Coast Allochthons: Geology.......................................155
Emplacement of the Ophiolite at the East-Dipping New Caledonia
Subduction Zone..................................................................156
Ages of the Ophiolite............................................................156
Did the Northland-East Coast Ophiolite Form in a Backarc or a Forearc?............157
Have Old Endemics on the Ophiolite “Floated” onto It from the Basement during
Obduction?.......................................................................157
Northland Miocene Volcanism.........................................................158
Alternative Geological Models for Northland............................................158
The Northland Basaltic Ocean Floor Terrane: A Poya Terrane Analogue?.................159
Subduction between New Caledonia and New Guinea.....................................159
Responses to the Whattam et al. Model...............................................160
The Taupo Volcanic Zone................................................................160
Endemism on the Volcanoes.........................................................161
Kermadec Islands.......................................................................162
A Trans-Tropical Pacific Group in Northern New Zealand: Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae).......163
6. Biogeography of New Zealand’s Subantarctic Islands and the Chatham Islands.............167
Campbell Plateau and New Zealand’s Subantarctic Islands................................167
Endemism and Absence in the Subantarctic Region.....................................167
Geology of the Campbell Plateau: A Submerged Block of Continental Crust..............169
The Campbell Plateau and Antarctica..............................................170
Rifting in the Great South Basin and the Bounty Trough, and Seafloor Spreading
between the Chatham Rise and Antarctica..........................................171
Penguins............................................................................172
Eared Seals: Otariidae............................................................. 173
The Pleurophyllum Group (Asteraceae)................................................174
Subantarctic and Mainland Clades: Examples from New Zealand Poa (Poaceae)...........175
Albatrosses.........................................................................177
The Snares...........................................................................177
Bounty and Antipodes Islands.........................................................178
Pseudhelops (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)...........................................178
Cyanoramphus Parrots (Psittacidae)................................................178
A Basal Kelp in the Antipodes Islands: Durvillaea “Species A”..................... 180
Connections between the Subantarctic Islands and the Chatham Islands.................180
Sedges (Cyperaceae)...............................................................180
Puccinellia (Poaceae).............................................................180
Mollymawks (Thalassarche, Diomedeidae)......................................*.....181
Subantarctic Pipits (Anthus, Motacillidae)...................................... 181
Affinities between Campbell Plateau and Areas outside New Zealand....................182
Tasmania, Patagonia, and the North Pacific........................................182
Abalone (.Haliotis, Gastropoda): Campbell Plateau Differentiation in an Indian Ocean Group 182
Tectonic Extension on the Campbell Plateau and the Origins of the Endemism There.....183
The Great South Basin and “Sliver” Distributions on the Mainland..................183
Chatham Islands.........................................................................183
Geographic Affinities of Chatham Islands Endemics....................................184
Chatham Islands Endemics with Sister Groups That Are Diverse and Widespread on the
New Zealand Mainland......^..........................................................185
Absences from the Chatham Islands....................................................186
Molecular Clock Dates of Chatham Islands Groups: Old Taxa Endemic to the Young
Chatham Islands......................................................................186
Geology of the Chatham Islands, Chatham Rise, and Hikurangi Plateau..................187
Volcanism.........................................................................187
Tectonism in and around the Chatham Islands.......................................188
Chatham Islands and the Hikurangi Plateau.........................................188
Summary on Vicariance and the Chatham Islands........................................189
Affinities of the Chatham Islands Biota with Northern and Southern Parts of Mainland
New Zealand..........................................................................189
An Example of Character Geography: The Conspicuous Development of Tree
Architecture and the Paucity of Divaricate Shrubs in the Chatham Islands Flora.......190
Aspects of the Chatham Islands Fauna.................................................191
Larger Size of Chatham Islands Birds..............................................191
Differentiation within the Chatham Islands Region....................................192
Is Mainland New Zealand a Center of Origin for the Offshore Island Biota?...............193
Hemiphaga (Columbidae)............................................................. 193
New Zealand Cicadas (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadidae)..........................195
Outer Arcs on the New Zealand Plateau: Albatrosses and Insects.......................196
A “Star Pattern” in Zealandia: A Group of Filmy Ferns................................196
7. Biogeography of Stewart Island and the Southern South Island: Mesozoic-Paleogene
Geology.................................................................................199
New Zealand Basement Terranes and Their Origin..........................................199
Western Province Terranes...............................................................200
Western Province—Australia Affinities................................................202
A Distinctive Nelson Beetle, Orthoglymma (Carabidae).................................202
Western Distribution in Disjunct “Outer Arcs”........................................203
The Boundary between Western and Eastern Provinces and Mid-Cretaceous Activity There.204
Coprosma talbrockiei and the Western Province Terranes of Northwest Nelson...........205
Western Province and Eastern Province Differentiation in Lyperobius Weevils..........207
Stewart Island.......................................................................207
Eastern Fiordland as Part of the Eastern Province....................................210
Paparoa Range and Papahaua Range.....................................................211
Murihiku Terrane and the Southland Syncline.........................................215
The Otago Schist.....................................................................216
Moonlight Tectonic Zone..............................................................216
Pontodrilus (Annelida, Megascolecidae)............................................218
Maoricicada campbelli (Hemiptera, Cicadidae)......................................219
Calibrating Clocks in Maoricicada Using the Age of Habitats: “Mountain Age” and
“Island Age” Methods............................................................221
Other Northeast-Trending Features in Otago...........................................222
Nevis-Cardrona Fault System.......................................................222
Titri-Leith-Waitati Fault Zone and Dunedin Endemism..............................222
The Little Blue Penguin Eudyptula...............................................224
The Penguins Megadyptes and Eudyptes............................................224
Gore-Rock and Pillar Range-Kyeburn................................................225
Waihemo Fault Zone...................................................................225
The Aoraki Node......................................................................226
Westland Endemism around the Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers........................229
8. Biogeography of the Northern South Island, and Its Mesozoic-Paleogene Geology.......231
The Torlesse Node....................................................................231
The Kaikoura Node, Southern Marlborough..............................................237
Distribution in an Inland Strip: Central Otago-Southern Marlborough..............240
Is Distribution in the South Island Central Strip and around the Moonlight
Tectonic Zone Caused by Current Climate?........................................240
Central Strip Distribution Hitting the Coast in Marlborough....................241
Geology of the Kaikoura Region, Southern Marlborough.............................242
Events Following the End of Subduction in the Albian............................242
Normal Faulting and Basin Formation........................................... 243
Volcanism.......................................................................244
Intrusion.......................................................................245
Uplift..........................................................................245
Latest Cretaceous and Paleogene Subsidence......................................246
The Cook Strait Node.................................................................246
Breaks at Cook Strait and the Alpine Fault, Incomplete Lineage Sorting, and
Microrefugia: The Case of Pseudopanaxferox (Araliaceae)...........................249
Oligocene Marine Transgression.......................................................250
Tectonic Evidence for Oligocene Land..............................................251
Lithological Evidence for Oligocene Land..........................................251
Paleontological Evidence for Oligocene Land.......................................252
High Diversity and Endemism in Early Miocene Fossil Assemblages, Soon after
Maximum Flooding................................................................252
Lack of Biotic Turnover between Pre- and Postinundation Fossil Biotas..........254
Biological Evidence for Survival of New Zealand-Endemic Clades through the
Oligocene.........................................................................255
Absences of Old, Widespread Groups in the New Zealand Biota....................256
Pre-Oligocene Molecular Clock Dates for New Zealand-Endemic Clades..............256
A Case Study: Agathis and Its Possible Survival through the Oligocene Flooding.257
Does Accepting Mid-Oligocene Land Depend on a Circular Argument?..................258
Equivocation in Claims for Complete Submergence...................................258
Current Views on the Total Submersion Model.......................................259
Survival of Clades through the Oligocene as Dynamic Metapopulations...............259
Evolution in the Oligocene........................................................260
The Last, Great Modernization of the New Zealand Biota Was Pre-Miocene...........260
Conclusions on the Total Submersion Theory........................................260
9. Biogeography and Neogene Geology of Mainland New Zealand: Alpine Fault
Strike-Slip, Kaikoura Orogeny, and Pleistocene Glaciation..............................263
Cenozoic Deformation in New Zealand....................................................263
The Emerald Fracture Zone and Extensional Deformation in the Paleogene..............263
Transpressional Deformation in the Neogene, the Alpine Fault, and the Orocline......265
Northland and East Cape to Cook Strait and Kaikoura.................................267
Northland to Cook Strait/Kaikoura and the Chatham islands...........................267
Biogeography at the Alpine Fault: Boundaries and Disjunctions at a Transform Fault,
with Distributions Preserved in Multiple Microrefugia..................................268
Geological and Biological Offset along the Alpine Fault.............................269
Alpine Fault Disjunction in Animals.................................................269
Alpine Fault Disjunction in Plants..................................................270
Alpine Fault Disjunctions in Alpine Celmisias.......................................272
Other Aspects of Strike-Slip Displacement on the Alpine Fault.......................273
A Small Number of Macrorefugia or Multiple Microrefugia?............................275
Groups in Which the Westland Biotic Gap Is Filled by a Sister Group.................276
Disjunction across Fiordland and Stewart Island in Dolphins.........................278
Alpine Fault Disjunction and Transoceanic Disjunction...............................279
Could the Westland Gap Have Been Caused by Glaciation?..............................281
Criticism of Strike-Slip Displacement in Living Communities.........................281
Case Studies of Groups at the Alpine Fault..........................................282
New Zealand Gentians (Gentianella: Gentianaceae)..................................282
Freshwater Snails.................................................................282
Onychophora.......................................................................282
Pettalid Harvestmen (Opiliones): Nodes at Aoraki, Moonlight Tectonic Zone,
Waihemo Fault Zone, and Alpine Fault..............................................283
Plecoptera (Stoneflies)...........................................................285
Grasshoppers and Wetas (Orthoptera)...............................................286
Zizina Butterflies (Lycaenidae)...................................................287
New Zealand Frogs.................................................................287
Skinks............................................................................287
Kiwis (Ratitae: Apteryx)..........................................................287
Megalapteryx Moas (Ratitae).......................................................289
The New Zealand Wrens, Acanthisittidae............................................291
Alpine Fault Distributions Other Than Simple Disjunction.............................291
Alpine Fault Disruption of a Southern Boundary: Groups Present in Nelson and
Fiordland, Absent in Westland and Stewart Island.....................................292
Alpine Fault Disruption of a Northern Boundary: Groups Present in the Southwestern
and Southeastern South Island and through Westland...................................294
The Alpine Fault as an East/West Boundary: The Lobelia ionantha Group
(Campanulaceae)......................................................................294
The Alpine Fault and Community Ecology...............................................295
Distributions Mapped on a 27 Ma Reconstruction..........................................295
Distributions That Coincide with the Alpine Fault Rather Than Rainfall Differences..299
The Kaikoura Orogeny and the New Zealand Alpine Biota..................................300
Traditional Ideas on the Alpine Biota: Young Taxa on Young Mountains.................300
Alternative Ideas on the Alpine Biota: Old Taxa on Young Mountains................. 301
Adaptation and Preadaptation in Alpine Groups........................................302
Tectonic Uplift of Communities and the Origin of the Alpine Biota...................303
Birds of Paradox: Seabirds Nesting in Mountains.....................................305
Another Seabird Paradox: Mobile Birds with Localized, Philopatric Populations....306
Kaikoura Orogeny Uplift and Associated Deposition of Gravels.........................307
Pleistocene Refugium Theory in New Zealand: Glaciation and
Centers of Origin, or Metapopulations in Multiple Microrefugia?.........................307
Survival of Groups as Metapopulations in Multiple Microrefugia.......................308
Differentiation in the Alpine Scree Weta (Deinacrida connectens: Anostostomatidae):
Pleistocene or Pre-Pleistocene?......................................................309
10. Case Studies of New Zealand Plants.....................................................311
Wahlenbergia (Campanulaceae).......................................................... 311
The Two Main Clades of Wahlenbergia in New Zealand...................................311
Onagraceae in New Zealand...............................................................313
Fuchsia (Onagraceae) and Its Global Affinities.......................................313
Differentiation within Fuchsia.......................................................315
Differentiation in Fuchsia Section Skinner a......................................316
Differentiation in Epilobium.........................................................318
The Australasian Clade of Epilobium...............................................318
Biogeography in the Australasian Clade of Epilobium...............................319
Architecture in the Australasian Clade of Epilobium...............................319
New Zealand Asteraceae (1): The Tribe Anthemideae and Its Genus Leptinella..............320
The Age of Asteraceae................................................................320
The Center of Origin of Asteraceae...................................................321
Tribe Anthemideae....................................................................321
Leptinella: A Southern Hemisphere Genus That Is Diverse through New Zealand..........322
Phylogeny in Leptinella...........................................................322
Leptinella Clade 1................................................................323
Leptinella Clade 2: Leptinella goyenii............................................323
Leptinella Clades 3-8.............................................................324
New Zealand Asteraceae (2): Solenogyne and Lagenophora (Astereae).......................325
Lagenophora “New Zealand Clade”......................................................326
Lagenophora “South American Clade”...................................................327
New Zealand Asteraceae (3): Pre- and Postdrift Tectonics and Evolution in Abrotanella
(Senecioneae)...........................................................................327
Timing Evolution in Abrotanella......................................................328
Implicit Conversion of Fossil-Calibrated, Minimum Clade Ages into Maximum
Clade Ages........................................................................328
Transmogrifying Divergence Dates for Abrotanella in a Bayesian Framework..........328
Using Island-Age Calibrations to Corroborate Bayesian Transmogrification..........329
Spatial Evolution in Abrotanella: Tectonics and Biogeographic Breaks.................329
Differentiation between Abrotanella and Its Sister Group..........................330
Differentiation of the Three Main Clades in Abrotanella...........................331
Differentiation within the Widespread Tasman Group of Abrotanella (Clade II)......332
Evolution in Abrotanella: A Synthesis................................................334
Reconstructions of Abrotanella before Neogene Deformation.........................334
Allopatry and Overlap in Abrotanella..............................................334
The New Zealand Clades of Abrotanella.............................................336
Differences between South Pacific Groups: Abrotanella and the Hebe Complex........336
Regional Tectonic History and Phylogeny in Abrotanella............................336
The Case of Abrotanella: Some Implications for Biogeographic Methods.................337
Is Evolution Clocklike?...........................................................338
Estimating Sampling Error in the Fossil Record....................................338
Abrotanella and Tectonic-Vicariance Calibration...................................338
Predrift Rifting and Austrochiloid Spiders: Australia-New Zealand;
Tasmania-South America............................................................339
11. Some More Case Studies of New Zealand Plants..........................................341
Ranunculaceae in New Zealand..........................................................341
Caltha........................................................................... 341
Anemone and Possible Differentiation between East and West Antarctica..............342
Clematis...........................................................................343
Ceratocephala......................................................................344
Myosurus and Central Otago Halophytes..............................................344
Ranunculus.........................................................................345
The New Zealand Alpine Ranunculi: Ranunculus Sect. Pseudadonis..................346
The New Zealand Brooms: Carmichaelia (Fabaceae) and Allies.................,.........348
The Carmichaelia Group of Genera (Carmichaeliinae).................................352
Carmichaelia.......................................................................353
Carmichaelia Subgenus Kirkiella.................................................353
Carmichaelia Subgenus Suterella.................................................354
Carmichaelia Subgenus Monroella.................................................355
Carmichaelia Subgenus Huttonella................................................357
Carmichaelia Subgenus Carmichaelia..............................................357
Carmichaelia Subgenus Enysiella.................................................360
Carmichaelia Clade: “Notospartium Group” and ^ Cor alio spartium Group”.........360
Ecology of Carmichaelia.........................................................362
Summary of the Carmichaelia Group + Swainsona......................................362
Apiaceae in New Zealand...............................................................362
Subfamily Mackinlayoideae..........................................................363
Subfamily Saniculoideae............................................................363
Subfamily Azorelloideae............................................................364
Subfamily Apioideae (Carrots, Celery, and Relatives)...............................364
Lilaeopsis......................................................................365
Tribe Aciphylleae: Anisotome and Aciphylla......................................365
Oreomyrrhis (Chaerophyllum Clade)...............................................366
Apium...........................................................................368
Daucus..........................................................................368
Brassicaceae in New Zealand...........................................................368
The Age of Brassicaceae............................................................368
Biogeography of Brassicaceae.......................................................369
Notothlaspi.....................................................................370
Lepidium........................................................................370
Cardamine.......................................................................373
Rorippa.........................................................................374
Pachycladon (Including Cheesemania and Ischnocarpus).......................... 374
Summary: Pachycladon and Brassicaceae..............................................381
12. Case Studies of New Zealand Animals...................................................383
Onychophora, Freshwater Mollusks, and Predrift Differentiation...................... 383
Predrift Vicariance in Onychophorans...............................................383
Predrift Vicariance in Freshwater Bivalves.........................................384
New Zealand Oribatid Mites: Intercontinental Affinities and Local Distributions.......384
Some More New Zealand Cicadas: Overlap in the North Island, Traces of Allopatry, and
Niche Models.......................................................................385
Niche Models for the Cicadas....................................................387
Forest Beetles, the Aoraki Node, and the Alpine Fault............................... 388
The New Zealand Satyrines and the Waihemo Fault Zone..................................389
New Zealand Freshwater Fishes...........................................................390
Diadromy in the New Zealand Fish Fauna and the Problem of Ancestral Habitat.........390
Lampreys (Geotriidae: Petromyzontiformes)............................................392
Freshwater Eels (Anguillidae: Anguilliformes)........................................392
Galaxiidae (Galaxiiformes)...........................................................393
Galaxiid Phylogeny................................................................394
The Neochanna Clade of Galaxias...................................................394
Galaxias maculatus and Allies.....................................................395
The Species-Rich Clade of Galaxias................................................396
Summary on Galaxiids..............................................................400
Retropinnidae (Osmeriformes).........................................................400
Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes)...................................................401
Cheimarrichthyidae (Perciformes).....................................................401
Eleotridae (Perciformes: Gobioidei)..................................................402
A Notable Absence in the New Zealand Fish Fauna: Otophysi...........................403
The Tuatara, Sphenodon (Rhynchocephalia)................................................404
The Restriction of Extant Rhynchocephalia to New Zealand and the Paucity of Its
Sister Group There...................................................................405
New Zealand Skinks......................................................................405
New Zealand Geckos......................................................................411
Central Otago as a Center of Endemism and a Phylogenetic Boundary...................413
Differentiation around Nuclear Central Otago......................................414
Ecology in Central Otago..........................................................415
Summary.................................................................................415
13. Structural Evolution and Ecology.......................................................417
The Modern Synthesis View: Structural Evolution Is Determined by Extrinsic Needs........417
Teleological Models of Evolution: The Origin and Evolutionary Development of a
Structure Are Explained by an End Result.............................................419
The Panadaptationist Position: Selection Is the Only Force Directing Evolution.......420
Mutation-Driven Evolution: Intrinsic Genetic Factors Cause Evolutionary Direction and
Evolutionary Trends.....................................................................421
Selection, Mutation, and the Modern Synthesis........................................422
The Geneticists: Mendelian and Mutationist...........................................422
Internal Genetic Causes of Evolutionary Direction: The Significance of Available
Variation and Mutation...............................................................423
Mutation-Driven Evolution: Evolution as “Climbing Mount Probable”............423
Aspects of Genetics Consistent with Mutation-Driven Evolution........................424
Nonrandom Mutation................................................................424
Biased Gene Conversion............................................................424
Evolution of Structural Complexity................................................424
Evolution of Diversity and Evolvability...........................................425
Evolution of Gene Regulatory Networks.............................................426
Long-Term Genetic Conservation....................................................426
Evolution of the Genetic Code.....................................................426
Genome Reduction..................................................................426
Masatoshi Nei (2013) and Mutation-Driven Evolution...................................426
Toward a Postmodern Synthesis in Evolution...........................................428
Summary on Mutation-Driven Evolution: Modem Critique of Teleological
Explanation in Biology
428
Trends in Morphological Evolution: Some General Aspects.................................429
Trends and Ecology..................................................................430
Trends and Parallelism..............................................................430
Trends Seen in the Fossil Record, and “Orthoselection”...............................431
Trends and Extinction: Evolutionary Constraint and Maladaptation.....................431
Methods of Inferring Ancestral Morphology............................................432
Some Examples of Trends in Morphology...................................................433
Example of a Trend: Reduction........................................................434
Example of a Trend: The Origin of Curved Structure by Fusion.........................434
Example of a Trend: Paedomorphosis/Neoteny..........................................435
Trends in the Evolution of Symmetry: Plant Shoots and Vertebrate Limbs...............436
14. Case Studies of a Trend: Morphological Reduction and Fusion Series......................439
Case Studies of Reduction Series in Plants.............................................439
Suppression of Runners, Rhizomes, and Roots.........................................439
“Inflorescence Plants” with Divaricate, Ericoid, and Broom Architecture: Reduction by
Suppression and Sterilization.......................................................440
Architecture of Divaricate Shrubs................................................440
Architecture of Ericoid Shrubs and Trees, Including Cushion
Plants and “Whipcords”...........................................................442
Whipcord Architecture in Other New Zealand Groups................................443
Architecture in Monocots That Can Be Interpreted as “Inflorescence Plants”........446
Brooms in Carmichaelia (Fabaceae): Another Group of Reduced
“Inflorescence Plants”...........................................................446
Morphological Differentiation of “Inflorescence Plants”..........................447
Biogeography of Divaricate Plants................................................449
Biogeography of “Inflorescence Plants”...........................................450
New Zealand Alpine Plants and Their Morphology......................................450
Angiosperm Flowers and Anemophily...................................................451
Reduction in the Flowers of Viscaceae...............................................452
Flowers and Peloria.................................................................452
Cleistogamy.........................................................................452
Flowers: Glands as Reduced Organs...................................................453
Hygrochastic Capsules: The Result of Purposeful Strategy or Prior Trends?............454
Ecological Interaction as the Result of Intersecting Trends in Plant and Animal
Evolution...........................................................................454
Case Studies of Reduction Series in Animals............................................455
Reduction in Crustaceans............................................................455
Reduction of the Gills in New Zealand Gastropods and the Transition from Sea to Land.455
Reductions in Moths and Weevils of the Three Kings and Poor Knights Islands..........456
Reduction and Bilateral Symmetry in Vertebrates.....................................456
Remnants of Spiral Symmetry in Vertebrates.......................................456
Asymmetry in Bilateria and in Vertebrates...........................................457
Asymmetry in Agnatha.............................................................458
Asymmetry in Fishes, with Special Reference to Flatfishes........................458
Asymmetry in Squamates...........................................................460
Asymmetry in Birds............................................................ 460
Asymmetry in Mammals.............................................................460
Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Symmetry in Vertebrates...................................461
Reduction in Vertebrates............................................................462
Limbs............................................................................462
Reduction at the Posterior End of Bilaterian Animals ............................463
Reduction in the Vertebrate Head......................................................463
Comparative Lack of Reduction in Some Features of the Vertebrate Head.............464
Changes in Symmetry Accompanying Reduction and Fusion in the Skull.................464
Ears...............................................................................465
Eyes...............................................................................465
The Third Eye of the Tuatara: More Evidence for Reduction..........................466
The Vomeronasal Organ..............................................................467
Reduction in the Head of Invertebrates.............................................467
15. Biogeography and Evolution in New Zealand Birds.........................................469
Bird Morphology: Extreme Reduction and Fusion............................................469
Reduction in the Limbs of Birds.......................................................470
Extreme Reduction in Forelimbs Leading to Loss of Flight..............................470
Ventral Reduction.....................................................................471
Feeding...............................................................................471
Kiwis and Moas (Ratites).................................................................471
Flightlessness........................................................................473
Feathers..............................................................................473
Bill Structure and the Tactile Sense..................................................473
The Bill-Tip Organ.................................................................474
Olfaction.............................................................................475
The Kiwi Visual System................................................................475
Nocturnality in Ratites............................................................476
Regressive Evolution in the Kiwi Visual System.....................................476
Another Feature of the Kiwi Visual System: The Pecten..............................477
The Auditory System in Ratites: Further Evidence of Reduction.........................477
The Kiwi Brain........................................................................477
Encephalization and Brain Evolution in Moas and Kiwis.................................478
Kiwis and Their “Remarkable Path of Evolution” as Mammal Equivalents..................479
Summary of Kiwi Evolution........................................................... 480
Quails (Galliformes).....................................................................480
Ducks (Anseriformes).....................................................................481
The Blue Duck (Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos)...........................................481
Specializations in the Blue Duck’s Binocular Field.................................482
Pigeons (Columbiformes)..................................................................483
Owlet-Nightjars (Aegotheliformes)........................................................483
Rails (Ralliformes)......................................................................483
Porphyrio Species: Takahe and Pukeko..................................................484
Galllirallus: Wekas and Their Relatives...............................................484
Neoteny and Other Trends in the Weka...............................................486
An Extinct Chatham Islands Rail, “Cabalus”.........................................486
Another Extinct Rail, Diaphorapteryx...............................................486
Penguins (Sphenisciformes)...............................................................486
Albatrosses and Their Allies (Procellariiformes).........................................487
Gannets and Shags (Suliformes)...........................................................487
Spoonbills (Threskiornithidae: Pelecaniformes s.lat.)....................................488
Waders (Charadriiformes).................................................................488
Haematopodidae (Oystercatchers).......................................................488
Charadriidae (Plovers and Others).....................................................488
Scolopacidae (Snipe)..................................................................489
Eagles and Hawks (Accipitriformes).......................................................490
Owls (Strigiformes)......................................................................490
Kingfishers (Coraciiformes).............................................................490
Falcons (Falconiformes).................................................................491
Parrots (Psittaciformes).............................................................. 491
Morphology of Parrots.............................................................. 492
The Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus: Strigopidae).......................................493
The Kea (Nestor notabilis: Nestoridae)...............................................495
Perching Birds: Passeriformes...........................................................496
The Timeline of Evolution in New Zealand Birds......................................497
Acanthi sittidae.....................................................................498
Meliphagidae and Acanthizidae........................................................498
Callaeidae and Notiomystidae.........................................................499
Petroicidae........................................................................ 500
Zosteropidae....................................................................... 501
Motacillidae.........................................................................502
Locustellidae........................................................................502
Mohouidae............................................................................503
Oriolidae............................................................................504
Rhipiduridae.........................................................................504
Corvidae.............................................................................505
The New Zealand Passerines as a Relict Fauna.........................................505
16. Biogeography and Evolution in New Zealand Bats..................................... 507
The New Zealand Mammal Fauna............................................................507
Evolution and Biogeography in Bats......................................................508
The Long-Tailed Bat, Chalinolobus (Yespertilionidae)....................................509
The Snout and Mouth in Chalinolobus..................................................510
The Short-Tailed Bat, Mystacina (Mystacinidae)..........................................511
Biogeography of Mystacinidae.........................................................512
Mystacinobia, a Bat Fly Associated with Mystacina....................................513
Zealandofannia, Another Bat Fly Associated with Mystacina......................... 513
Chirophagoides, a Mite Associated with Mystacina.....................................514
Did Mystacina Disperse to New Zealand or Did It Evolve There from a Widespread
Proto-Noctilionoid Ancestor? The Significance of the Fossil Icarops..................514
Did Mystacina Develop Its Distinctive Features as Adaptations to the New Zealand
Environment?.........................................................................515
Terrestrial Behavior in Mystacina.................................................515
Explanations for Terrestrial Behavior in Mystacina................................515
Reduction in the Vertebrate Face................................................... 516
The Snout in Mystacina............................................................. 517
Reduction in the Bat Snout and Its Implications......................................518
The Noseleaf and Echolocation........................................................519
Evolution of the Noseleaf.........................................................520
Ears in Bats.........................................................................521
Feeding in New Zealand Bats..........................................................522
17. Conclusions............................................................................525
Tectonics and Biogeography..............................................................525
Centers of Origin, Dispersal, and Adaptation: The CODA Model of Evolution...............526
Comparative Study in Biology and the Phylogenetic Context............................527
The Wedge Model of Evolution.........................................................527
Centers of Origin in Biogeography.................................................528
Centers of Origin in Ecology......................................................528
Centers of Origin in Morphology...................................................528
Evolution by Radiation (Center of Origin-Dispersal-Adaptation).......................528
New Zealand Groups as Unique Wonders of Nature.......................................529
Summary of the CODA Model and an Alternative.........................................529
Some Practical Implications of Biogeographic Studies....................................530
Biogeography and Conservation in New Zealand............................................531
Description and Interpretation in Conservation.......................................531
Biogeographic Theory and Conservation in New Zealand.................................531
The Penguin Megadyptes (Spheniscidae): A Case Study...................................531
Conservation and the Globally Basal Endemics..........................................533
Conservation and Translocation........................................................533
Ensuring That the Main Aims of Conservation Are Met...................................534
Glossary of Geological Terms.................................................................535
References...................................................................................537
Index........................................................................................615
|
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| discipline | Biologie Geographie |
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| record_format | marc |
| series2 | CRC Biogeography series |
| spelling | Heads, Michael 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)1059276291 aut Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand Michael Heads Boca Raton CRC Press [2017] 2017 XXVII, 635 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier CRC Biogeography series Includes bibliographical references and index Biogeography New Zealand Evolution (Biology) New Zealand Biotic communities New Zealand Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd rswk-swf Biogeografie (DE-588)4006801-8 gnd rswk-swf Organismus (DE-588)4043831-4 gnd rswk-swf Neuseeland (DE-588)4041915-0 gnd rswk-swf Neuseeland (DE-588)4041915-0 g Biogeografie (DE-588)4006801-8 s DE-604 Organismus (DE-588)4043831-4 s Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 s Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029217106&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Heads, Michael 1957- Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand Biogeography New Zealand Evolution (Biology) New Zealand Biotic communities New Zealand Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Biogeografie (DE-588)4006801-8 gnd Organismus (DE-588)4043831-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071050-6 (DE-588)4006801-8 (DE-588)4043831-4 (DE-588)4041915-0 |
| title | Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand |
| title_auth | Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand |
| title_exact_search | Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand |
| title_full | Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand Michael Heads |
| title_fullStr | Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand Michael Heads |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand Michael Heads |
| title_short | Biogeography and evolution in New Zealand |
| title_sort | biogeography and evolution in new zealand |
| topic | Biogeography New Zealand Evolution (Biology) New Zealand Biotic communities New Zealand Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Biogeografie (DE-588)4006801-8 gnd Organismus (DE-588)4043831-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biogeography New Zealand Evolution (Biology) New Zealand Biotic communities New Zealand Evolution Biogeografie Organismus Neuseeland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029217106&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT headsmichael biogeographyandevolutioninnewzealand |