When things become property: land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia
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New York ; Oxford
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2017
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a When things become property |b land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia |c Thomas Sikor, Stefan Dorondel, Johannes Stahl and Phuc Xuan To |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
Preface ix
List of Acronyms xii
Introduction: Turning Things into Property 1
Part L Agriculture: Negotiating Property and Value
Introduction 35
Chapter 1. Transnational Migration, Ethnicity, and Property
in Albania 41
Chapter 2* Livelihood Traditions, Worker-Peasants, and Peasant
Entrepreneurs in Romania 67
Chapter 3. Modernity, Fantasies, and Property in Vietnam 90
Part IL Forests: Contesting Property and Authority
Introduction 117
Chapter 4. Forests, State, and Custom in Albania 123
Chapter 5. Property, Predators, and Patrons in Romania 145
Chapter 6. Land Allocation, Loggers, and Lawmakers in Vietnam 172
Conclusion: Postsocialist Propertizing and the Dynamics of Property 198
Index
225
WHEN THINGS
BECOME PROPERTY
Land Reform, Authority, and Value
in Postsocialist Europe and Asia
Thomas Sikor, Stefan Dorondel,
Johannes Stahl Phuc Xuan To
I think this is an excellent book. The command of the empirical
material allows the authors to drive home a series of points that
have theoretical purchase far beyond the analyzed contexts. This
is an exciting contribution to the understanding of major social
transformations. Christian Lund, University of Copenhagen
Governments have conferred ownership titles to many citizens
throughout the world in an effort to turn things into property.
Almost all elements of nature have become the target of property
laws, from the classic preoccupation with land to more ephemeral
material, such as air and genetic resources. When Things Become
Property interrogates the mixed outcomes of conferring ownership
by examining postsocialist land and forest reforms in Albania,
Romania, and Vietnam, and finds that property reforms are no
longer, if they ever were, miracle tools available to governments for
refashioning economies, politics, or environments.
Thomas Sikor was Professor of Environment and Development at the
University of East Anglia in the United Kingdom.
Stefan Dorondel is Senior Researcher at the Francise I. Rainer
Institute of Anthropology, Bucharest and is affiliated with the Institute
for Southeast European Studies, Bucharest.
Johannes Stahl, former Ciriacy-Wantrup Postdoctoral Fellow in
Natural Resource Economics and Political Economy at the University
of California at Berkeley, now works for a multilateral environmental
agreement dealing with trade in endangered species of fauna and flora.
Phuc Xuan To is Research Fellow at Resources, Environment and
Development Group of Crawford School of Public Policy, at the
Australian National University.
^ Index
Abrams, R, 15,124,128,141
access
to forests, 133,140-41,151,158,
179-81,188
adoption of new rules on, 136-8
to land, 53, 79, 81-5,85,98-9
to markets, 49, 93-4
to officials, 192
property and control, conflicting
claims about, 178-81
to resources and consumer goods, 110
theory of (Ribot and Peluso), 24n20
agrarian landscape, 8
agrarian relations, 19,42-3,108-9, 111,
213
agricultural cooperatives, 35-6,41,43,
46-7, 49, 92, 93-4,124-6,151,176
agricultural innovation, entrepreneurs
and, 77-9
agricultural land, 2-3,16,46,48, 71,
139,141,162, 202-3, 206
allocation of, 38, 52,178
authority and, contestation of, 15
claims on, 2
claims on, changing nature of, 45-6
collectivization of, 5
customary rights to, 127
distribution of, 19, 35-6, 46, 84-5, 94,
141
contestation of, 123-4
land reforms and, 38
land titles, benefits of, 155-6
landscape changes, 42, 53-4, 67
nationalization of, 41
negotiations about, 7
non-agricultural use of, switch to, 99
ownership of, 145-6
as productive resource, land reform
and, 38
productive use of, 38, 72,98
propertization of, 11
property relations and, 59
restitution of, 12, 36-7,71,124,141,
147,149,151,157
retention of, determination on, 104-6
returns from, decline in, 200-201
right to use of, 36, 38, 59,85,98,176
rights to, 3
sales of, 104
transfer of, process of, 176
value attached to, 50-51,57,117, 203
agricultural landscape, 42, 53-4,67
fragmentation of, 41-3
agricultural production, collapse of,
43-4
Albania, 2
access to forests, adoption of new
rules on, 136-8
agricultural landscapes, fragmentation
of, 41-3
Albanian people, postsocialist
conditions for, 54-7
bribery, 129-30
Center for Economic Research
(ACER), 120,138
chestnut forests, depletion of, 125
Communal Forests and Pastures
Management Program, 138-9
comparisons with Romania and
Vietnam, validity of, 18-20
custom, emergence as alternative to
state, 142
custom and practice in forest
management, 123-4
custom in common, 126-8
226
Index
customary forest management,
conflict on, 133
customary forest management,
international initiatives and
accommodation to, 138-40
ethnic differences, agriculture and,
42-3
ethnic tensions, 129-30
forest degradation under state
ownership, 123
forest management, state and, 123-4
forest property relations, postsocialist
limbo for, 140-41
forestry, conflict between agricultural
and, 133-4
forests under socialist regime in,
117-18
General Directorate of Forests and
Pastures in, 118,120,127,138
historic rights to forests, 129
Hoxha regime in, 20
internal migration in (Dardha), 48-52
land commissions in, 46-7
land distribution in, contesting
legitimacy of, 57-60
land ownership, individualization of,
52-4
land reform in, priority of, 35-6
Law Concerning Land (1991) in, 19,
46, 52, 61-2,127
looting, 125
management of land, cooperation on,
52-4
migration to Greece from, attractions
of, 44, 57
postsocialist transformations in,
variations in, 199
property, custom and state, frontiers
of, 130-33
property and authority
linkage between, 142
negotiations over, 141-2
restitution of land in, 46-52
socialist collapse (1991), effects of,
124-6,140
socialist property, “Communist trees"
and "unmaking” of, 125-6
state legitimacy, decline in, 135
transnational property, ethnicity and,
60-62
unlicensed forestry, deterrence
against, 134-5
Vlach villagers, emigration of, 43-6
wheat farming in, 41
Albanian people, 10, 20, 21, 36,41-2,43,
54, 56, 61, 62nl, 125,129-30,135,
207
postsocialist conditions for, 54-7
Allina-Pisano, J., 16
allocation of
agricultural land, 38, 52,178
contracts in Vietnam, 176-8
animal husbandry, 49, 54,92,125,140
shepherds of Dragova, 75-7
Appadurai, A., 24nl7, 75,108, 111, 216n9
Argues county, 216n7
assets, 166-7
valorization of, 9
authority
authority relations, 11,15
contestations over, 11,15-16, 22,
123-4, 132-3,141-2,168, 195,207,
210
in Dragomireçti, contestation of,
206-7
institutions of, 11,14-16,141-2
politico-legal authority, 16, 22
postsocialist dynamics of, 209
property and, 14-16,141-2
state, property and, contestation of,
205-9
state authority, exercise of, 16
Balkans, 42,139
Benda-Beckmann, F. von, 14, 24nl6
Benda-Beckmann, K. von, 24nl6
benefits
financial benefits, 9, 13, 85,146,154
from forests, 132,146,152,167,
180-81
Index ^ 227
material benefits from contracts,
174-5
of ownership and titles to land, 1, 9,
22-3,154-5, 176-7
of property rights, 1-2
from socialism, 79-80
unemployment benefit, 70-71, 72
value and, 12-14
value regimes and benefits from
particular objects, 210-11
Berry, S„ 91, 111, 169nl, 211, 216n9,
217nl5
betterment, 60-61, 199
biophysical environment, 4,17,18
Blomley, N., 209, 212, 213,217nl7,
217n20
Bourdieu, R, 68, 73,84
bribery, 129-30
Bruszt, U 215, 217n28, 217n30
Burawoy, M., 25n25,214
capitalism, 12, 23, 82-3, 199, 213
capitalist entrepreneurship in
Romania, 159-60
Carpathian mountains, 67, 78,169nl0
Cartwright, A.L., 38, 71, 72, 214
cassava, 90, 91-3, 94-5, 97, 99,105, 111
Cellarius, B., 23n4, 85,149, 206,217n26
chestnut forests, depletion of, 125
claims, 2, 5, 6-7,10-11
on agricultural land, changing nature
of, 45-6
property claims, 13, 24nl8,108-9,
132, 133,135, 140, 203, 206
on resources, 8,10,15-16,18
sanctioning of, 22-3
value, property and, 12-14
collective farms (and farmland), 16, 46,
52, 57, 60, 68-71, 73, 74, 79-80, 81,
149
collective forest, shrinkage of, 161-2
collectivization, 2, 5, 8, 24nl8, 35-6, 37,
39n2,43,46,48, 73-4, 75, 84,123,
125-7, 212
decollectivization, 49, 86nl
pre-collectivization, 48, 58-9, 71, 78,
80,126
commercialization of agriculture,
commercial farmers and, 21,49, 55,
63, 68, 84, 92-8,106,110,203-4
commodification
dynamics and conflicts of, 106-9
of land, 109, 111
communal administration, 74,100,
108-9,157-8,161,168,193-4
communal forests, 138-9,146,148,
162-4
Communal Forests and Pastures
Management Program (Albania),
138-9
conservation, 25n29,119,139
forest conservation, 182
neoliberal conservation, 213
'consumption,* landscape of, 91
cooperatives, 23n4, 37, 52-3, 53-4,60,
76, 79-81, 101-2,117,159, 206
agricultural cooperatives, 35-6,41,43,
46-7, 49, 92, 93-4,124-6,151,176
forest cooperatives, 149,184
leadership of, 46
corn, 43, 49, 51, 53, 55, 60, 72, 76, 100
corruption, 23,155,157,173,182
National Department of Anti-
corruption, Bucharest, 158
cultural landscape, 4, 8
custom
ambiguous institution of, 142
in common, 69-70,126-8
emergence as alternative to state, 128,
142, 206
idea of, 128
legitimation by, 128
practice in forest management and,
123-4
property rights and, 10,132,134
sipas zakonit in Albania, 127
state, property and, 130-33,140-42
customary regulation, 10
agricultural land, customary rights to,
98,127
228 ^ Index
customary arrangements, forms of,
10,14,16,22,119,123-4,206,211
customary forest management
conflict on, 133
international initiatives and
accommodation to, 138-40
customary practices, legitimacy of, 99,
137-8
customary rights to forests, 118,
127-8,135
sipas kanunit ('kanun') in Albania,
127.142- 3n4, 207
Dacia-Renault car plant, 69-70, 72,77,
151
dairy production, 43, 78
Dao people, 20, 90, 96, 103,110-11,
112nl, 172
de Soto, ՒԼ, 4, 23n6
de Waal, C, 7,10,16, 24nll, 25n28,48,
117-18,206,207
Albania, forests, state and custom in,
125.127.132.138.140.142- 3n4
democracy
democratic consolidation, 205, 209
transition to, 199
depression, 72
devaluation, 13-14
disadvantage, 95-6
dispossession, 5,6,152, 204-5, 213,216
distribution of land, 19, 35-6, 46, 84-5,
94,141
contestation of, 123-4
diversification of landscapes, 41-2
Dragomireşti, 1, 2,67-8, 74-5, 77, 79,
145-7,148-9,155,161,199-200,
202
authority and state, contesting
property and, 206-7
law enforcement in, calls for, 156-9
livelihood traditions and property
relations in, 83-5
livelihoods in, changes in activities for,
71,72, 73
peasants becoming workers in, 68-70
predators, patrons and state in, 166-9
property and value, negotiation of, 202
property relations in, 83-5
Rudari of, 150-52,154,156-9
puica (locally distilled brandy), social
life of, 73-5
Dragova, 86n8,145-6, 162-3,164-8,
193-4,199, 200-201, 202, 207
livelihood traditions and property
relations in, 83-5
peasant entrepreneurs of, 77-9
predators, patrons and state in, 166-9
predators and prey in, 159-61
property in, renegotiation of meaning
of, 81-3
property relations in, 83-5
shepherds of, 75-7
tourists and prosperity in, 67-8
value in tourism, entrepreneurism and
search for, 79-81
economics, 1-2,36-7, 54-5, 68, 83-4,
103,162,189,216
activities, monopolization of sectors
of, 192
Albanian Center for Economic
Research (ACER), 138
assets, 166-7
benefits, 167
betterment, 60-61,199
depression, 72
development, 35
disadvantage, 95-6
dynamics, 117,173
economic affairs, personal freedom in,
167
economic change, 11,12,17-18,199,
204, 214
economic differences, reduction of, 43
economic planning, 18
economic practices, geographies of,
84,201
economic reforms, 19
economic sabotage, 69
economic transformations, 93
entitlements, 175-6
equality, 46
Index
229
growth and efficiency, 4-6,44
liberalization, 110-11
marginalization, 111
new economic order and, 155-6, 159
performance, 49
processes, 22-3
production, 127
property reforms, economic effects of,
205, 209-10
reforms, 195, 209
resources, exchanges of, 146
returns from agriculture, decline in,
200-201
socioeconomic differences, 98
superiority, 149
totalitarian control of, 20
value, 8-9, 12,177
egalitarian goals, 37
environment
biophysical environment, 4,17,18
environmental agencies, 23n4
environmental amenities, 202
environmental change, 17-18
responses to, 214
environmental concerns, 206
environmental protection, 35
environmental regulations, 7
environmentality, 24nl8
rural environmentals, 13
transnational environment, 45, 61-2,
63nl9
equality, 46
ethnic differences, agriculture and, 42-3
ethnic groups, 5, 7,19-20, 42, 62, 103,
150,152
ethnic minorities, 96,100, 103,112nl
ethnic tensions in Albania, 129-30
ethnicity, 42-3, 50,103
transnational property and, 60-62
European Union (EU), 3, 23, 35, 78,
86n2,132,166, 208, 214
exclusion, 15, 82, 135,137,151, 204-5,
217nl6
exploitative actions, political redemption
following, 164-6
fantasies of identity, 91,110-11
Fay, D., 24n9, 211
firewood, 72,123,129, 130-31,136-7,
138-40,147-8,151,152,153,154,
163,174, 179, 180
forest cooperatives, 149,184
forest degradation under state
ownership, 123
forest exploitation, 119-20, 131,133,
137, 146,152, 162, 163, 164-5,167
forest guards, 107, 118, 129-30,131,
134-5, 136-7, 146,148,150-52,
154,157,169,183-4
Forest Inspectorate in Romania, 119,
120,146, 148,154, 164
forest landscape, 167
forest management
participatory forest management,
138-9
state and, 123-4
forest nationalization, 86n8,117-18,
147,161, 163, 165, 206
forest property relations, 140-41
forest property rights, 21-2
granting and taking away of, 184-6
forest protection contracts, 173-6
forest restitution, 146-9
personal advantage from, 160
predation by local state officials on,
160-61
forestland, 23n4, 119, 138,183,184-6,
187, 192-3, 194, 196
allocation of, 176-8, 179-81
claims on, 2
distributed forestland, 94, 96-7
forestland certificates, 179-80, 181,
185,186, 193,196
rights to, 3
forestry
collective forests, 146,161-2,164-5
conflict between agriculture and,
133-4
forest usage, 139-40, 179
historic rights to forests, 129
under socialist regime, 117-18
230
Index
unlicensed forestry, deterrence
against, 134-5
fragmentation of landscapes, 41-2
fruit trees, 55, 57, 90, 99,100,108,125,
126
orchards, 67, 69, 71, 73-5, 86n6,125
Frydman, R., 200
Fukuyama, F., 216
Gainsborough, M., 182,190,208
General Directorate of Forests and
Pastures in Albania, 118,120,127,
138
Graeber, D., 12, 204
Greece
discrimination against ethnic
Albanians in, 56-7
immigration law of, restrictive nature
of, 56
opportunities in, 44-5
Grzymala-Busse, A., 24nl3
Gupta, A., 173,183,194
Hann, C., 8,12,17,24n8, 60,83,214,
216nl, 217nl3, 217n25
Harms, E., 10,24nl2,112n9,204
Holmes, D.R., 72
Humphrey, C., 8,10,12,15,23n4,24nl4,
24nl8, 25n25,211, 214
identity
cultural identity, 103
ethnic identity, 12,50,61, 62nl, 63nl3
Moore’s notion of ‘fantasies' of, 91,
110-11
national identity, 12,20,42,204
property negotiations and, 8
social identity, 12
illegal logging, 120,152,154,173,182,
183,190,193,194,196n8, 206-7
entitlement and, 186-8
official responses to, 172-3,187-8
inequality, 85,110-11,152, 216n3
intellectual property rights, 4
international donors, 3, 11,138
European Union (EU), 166
German Agency for Technical
Cooperation (GTZ), 139
USAID, 63,138
World Bank, 3, 24n9, 25n29, 35, 38,
39nl, 59, 70,120,138, 216n6
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 3,
35, 70
investment, saving and, 94-6
James, D., 24n9,211
Kaneff, D., 7, 8, 10,12, 61,152,214,
216n3, 2l7n27, 217n29
Kerkvliet, 10, 99,195, 208
King, R., 42, 49, 63nll, 63nl6
Kinh people, 20, 91, 96,103-4,112n8
Kligman, G., 24nl8, 25n24, 25n25, 35,
208,210,212,213
Kornai, J., 198
labour constraint, dealing with, 53
Lampland, M., 10, 81
land
abandonment of, 203, 216n7
administration of, 10, 36,108-9
commissions in Albania, 46-7
conflict over, 82, 83,107,109
cooperative land, 46
fragmentation of, 202, 216n6
historical landholdings, mandated
return to, 151-2
land certificates, 47, 54, 58, 71, 98,99,
107,110,177,179-80,181,185-6,
193,196,203
land elasticity, 162
land grabs, 213,217
land market, 1-2, 85, 91, 98-101,
102-3,107,110-11
management of
cooperation on, 52-4
landscapes and, 13
ownership of, individualization of,
52-4
peri-urban land market, 98-101
revalorization of, dynamics of, 91
uses in Vietnam, diversity of, 90
Index ^ 231
value regimes, land management and,
13
values attached to, 91
see also agricultural land; restitution
land distribution
contesting legitimacy of, 57-60
opposition to, 47-8
Land Law (1991) in Albania, 19, 46, 52,
61-2,127
Land Law (1993) in Vietnam, 19, 36, 98,
107,119,176, 185
land reform, 6
in Albania, 35-6
pace of, 38
in Romania, 35, 36
in Vietnam, 36
land titles, 3
benefits of, 155-6
distribution of, 6
landscapes, 8, 202
agrarian landscape, 8
agricultural landscape, 42, 53-4, 67
compartmentalization in Vietnam, 90
‘consumption/ landscape of, 91
cultural landscape, 4,8
diversification of, 41-2
forest landscape, 167
fragmentation of, 41-2
land management and, 13
landscape change, variations in, 42-3
landscape visions, 8,13
mountain landscapes, 67,100
‘production/ landscape of, 91
rural landscape, 13,19-20
village landscapes, 60,67-8,90-91,
100
Law Concerning Land (1991) in Albania,
19, 46, 52, 61-2, 127
legislation
forest law, 127,132,138
immigration law, 56-7, 61
land law, 7,19, 36-7, 38, 46, 52, 54, 58,
61-2, 98,107,119,127, 176,179,
185
lawmakers, 120,190-91,192,194
legal reforms, rights and, 199-200
legitimacy, 2, 7,10-11,12,14-15,16,
108, 111, 149,168,199, 203, 206,
210
forests, state and custom in Albania,
124,128,131,135, 137, 140-42
of historical rights, 58-9
land allocation in Vietnam, 173,179,
193
land distribution, contesting
legitimacy of, 57-60
Lemel, H., 59,143n5
Lentz, C, 14
Levitt, P, 61, 62n2
Li, T.M., 211, 212, 216n9, 217nl6,
217n23
liberalization, 110-11
Lipton, M.։ 24n9, 211
livelihoods, 3,42, 54,151, 199
diversified livelihoods, 68-70, 70-73,
77
in Dragomireçti, 71, 72, 73
in Dragova, 83-5
livelihood traditions, 21
property relations and, 83-5
precariousness of, 96-8
rural livelihoods, 19-20,174
socialism, livelihood traditions under,
21, 73, 76-7, 84,151, 203-4
transnational livelihoods, 51
loggers, 123-4, 126,127,134,138, 140,
145,172,180-81
lawmaking and, 192-5
logging predation in Vietnam, 172
profitability of logging in Romania,
160
Rudari loggers, 152-4, 156, 157, 159,
168
unlicensed loggers, 132-3, 134, 136,
137
see also illegal logging
looting, 125
Lund, C, 14,15,16, 25n21, 210, 217nl5
Luong, P.J., 24nl3,182
232 Index
Macedonia and Macedonians, 12,20,42,
48-52, 57, 60,61-2,63nl3
MacPherson, C.B., 11, 24nl6, 25n23,
217nl8
Mansfield, B., 4, 24nl8, 217n21
marginalization, 111
market economy, 14, 73, 77, 78, 79, 81,
85,182
benefits of, 198
market liberalization, 3,9,13, 214
Marr, D., 195, 208
Mauss, M., 24nl7
mayor (and office of), 15, 82-3,146,148,
151-2,154,157-8,160-61,168,
193, 207
staying in office, challenge of, 164-6
timber auction manipulation by, 162-4
method
communication of ethnographies,
17-18
ethnographies of change, 17
Meurs, M., 9, 39n2, 72, 73, 216n4
micropolitics, 7
Migdal, J.S., 16
migration, 21,42,56, 61-2
criminalized migration, 57
to Greece from Albania, attractions
of, 44, 57
impediments to, 57
internal migration in Albania
(Dardha), 48-52
labour migration, 51
rural-urban migration, 30
seasonal migration, 56
transnational migration, 45, 62
modernity, 110
rejection of, 106
selling land to buy, 101-4
monetary economies, 9, 75, 201, 204
monetary payments, 8,93,108,130
monetary revalorization, 201
monetary values, 12, 21, 77,101,110,
112, 200, 201, 204, 205, 209,
212-13, 215-16
Moore, H.L., 91, 95
Moore, S.F., 14
mountain landscapes, 67,100
Mungiu-Pippidi, A., 85,146,165,168
National Assembly in Vietnam, 19
National Forest Administration in
Romania, 118,147
national parks, 8, 99,105,139,162,166
nationalization
of agricultural land, 41
of forests, 86n8,117-18,147, 161,
163, 165, 206
neoliberalism, 213, 216, 217
new economic order, 155-6,159
non-farm work, 63nl4
see also work activities
Nuijten, M., 141,142n2
off-farm activities, 57,94
Ong, A., 216n8, 217n30
open-endedness, 2,17,18,23,213-14,
215,216
ownership
of agricultural land, 145-6
benefits of ownership and titles to
land, 1, 9, 22-3,154-5,176-7
expectations, doubts about, 38
forest degradation under state
ownership, 123
historical ownership, 7,10,12,19,
36-7, 38, 47-8, 58-9, 60, 71,119,
147, 151,152,155,166
ineffective ownership, 155
land ownership, individualization of,
52-4
loss of euphoria on gain of, 145-6
opportunities of, vision of, 37
ownership titles, 1,15,19, 22, 36,148
private ownership, 3, 8,17, 24nl8, 38,
118,146, 147-8,149,152,156-7,
159,166-7,198,211-13
unraveling of, 167-8
state ownership, 19,118,124, 125,
127, 149
Index
233
parliament in Romania, Land Law 18 of,
19
pastures, 41, 45, 49, 53, 67, 75-6, 78, 81,
133-4, 139
Communal Forests and Pastures
Management Program, 138-9
patron-client relationship, 146,168,
169nl, 190
patronage, 146,162,165, 167,190,193,
207
political patronage, 166,169nl, 199
predatory practices and relations of,
152-6
peasants
peasant antrepreneurs, 77-8, 79, 81,
84
worker-peasants, 68-70, 72-3, 84
Peluso, N., 24n20, 209, 217n23
peri-urban land market, 98-101
personalized politics, 208
Peters, P., 23n3, 217nl3
plums, 67, 69, 72, 73-4, 75
plum trees, 74, 75
Polanyi, K., 199, 216nl
police and policemen, 1, 47, 56,120,132,
134, 146, 148,151,152-3,154,
157-8, 188-9,196n7
Law Concerning Forests and the
Forest Service Police (Albania,
1002), 118
politics, 3, 109, 207-8,209, 214, 217nl2
micropoiitics, 7
patronage politics, 199
personalized politics, 208
postsocialist changes in, 199
of value, fantasies in Than Con and
Ho So and, 110-11
Vietnamese politics, 194-5, 208
village politics, 2, 75,199
possession, 4, 36, 62, 83,119, 120,
123-4,125-6, 127, 132, 140,161,
181, 185, 187,193, 196n4, 204-5
dispossession, 5, 6,152, 204-5, 213,
216
postcolonial countries
agricultural land as productive
resource, land reform and, 38
egalitarian goals of, 37
expectations and developments in,
discrepancy between, 38
land laws in, differences among, 36-7
land reform, pace of, 38
ownership expectations, doubts
about, 38
ownership opportunities, vision of, 37
postsocialism, 2-3, 4, 15,18-19, 23n2,
25n25, 36-7, 169, 199
authority, postsocialist dynamics of,
209
living conditions for Rudari in
Romania under, 151-2
negotiations over property under, 21,
85, 200-205
politics, postsocialist changes in, 199
postsocialist claims on resources, 85
postsocialist countryside, varied
changes in, 199
postsocialist governments, 2, 6, 35, 58,
118
postsocialist land reform, 6,16-17,
22-3, 211-12
postsocialist movement, 213-16
postsocialist property dynamics,
6-11, 12, 195, 198-9, 209-10
property and 'state' under, 9-11
property relations under, 140-41
value, postsocialist struggles over, 8-9
postsocialist property dynamics, 6-11
postsocialism, 6-11,12,195,198-9,
209-10
postsocialist state, property and 'state'
of, 9-11
value, postsocialist struggles about,
8-9
postsocialist property reforms,
expectations for, 198
postsocialist transformations, variations
in, 199
poverty alleviation, 4, 5
practical dispositions, 73, 81, 84, 85, 203
234
Index
predation
patronage and state in era of private
ownership, 166-9
predators and prey in Dragova,
159-61
predatory practices in Romania, 146,
152-6
reactions to, 156-9
state officials, predatory practices of,
199
see also mayor (and office of)
Prespa National Park, initiative with
German Agency for Technical
Cooperation (GTZ), 139-40
private ownership
calls for protection for, 157
problems of, 156-7
promotion of, 198
seductiveness of, 146-9
see also ownership
privatization, 2, 3-4,13,19, 70,190, 200,
209, 211-12,214
expectations about effects of, 198-9
forest privatization, 159-60
processes in economics, 22-3
production, 127
agricultural land, productive use of,
38, 72, 98
landscape of, 91
subsistence production, 51,60, 75,97,
200, 202,204
propertization
of agricultural land, 11
pervasiveness of, 5
propertizing projects, 3-6
dynamics of property and, 209-13
societal transformations and, 21-3
property
authority, state and, 14-16
authority and, linkage between, 142
authority and, negotiations over,
141-2
change and, 3
competing claims on, 6-7
custom and state, frontiers of, 130-33
in Dragova, renogatiation of meaning
of, 81-3
dynamic understanding of, 3-6
negotiations over, 199-200
negotiations under postsocialism
about, 21,85, 200-205
postsocialism, property and ‘state’
under, 9-11
renegotiation of meaning of, 81-3
symbolic meaning of, 83
value, negotiation of, 200-205
value and, 12-14
see also property relations; property
rights
property dynamics, study of, 16-20
ethnographies, communication of,
17-18
method, 17-18
property reform
agricultural land, 38
in agriculture, 3-4,19
economic effects of, 205, 209-10
forest ownership and, 117-20
in forestry, 4,19,25n29,117
implementation of, difficulties in, 120
land reform, pace of, 38
local officials and, 10
postsocialist reforms, expectations
for, 198
ramifications of, 1
value and, 5
property relations, 7, 83-5
agricultural land and, 59
change and, 11
livelihood traditions and, 83-5
postsocialism and, 140-41
property rights and, 206
Property Relations Group, 17,217n25
property rights, 2,4-5,6,8,10-11,
13-14,21-2,24n8,54,198,212,214
to agricultural land, 59-60,85,205
claims and, 15
to forests, 132,188,205
formalization of, 4-5
ideologies of, 60
individual property rights, 83,178
Index ^ 235
MacPherson's definition, 11
obligations and, definition of, 120
private property rights, 35
property relations and, 206
resources as, 199-200,209
provincial inspection teams in Vietnam,
172-3, 181-4
public infrastructure, collapse of, 43-4
Rapaczynski, A., 200
Red River Delta, 90-91, 188-90
resources, exchanges of, 146
restitution
of agricultural land, 12, 36-7, 71,124,
141, 147, 149,151, 157
of land in Albania, 46-52
laws and forest ownership in
Romania, 118-19
Restitution Commission, 147
Ribot, J», 24n20
rice, 90-91, 92, 93-4, 95, 97, 99, 101,
102, 104, 105, 111, 112n3,186
wet-rice fields, 90, 92, 93, 99,101, 104,
105
rights
actual rights, 199
agricultural land, rights to use of, 36,
38, 59, 85, 98,176
historical rights, 58, 59, 126,127, 129,
161
legal rights, 120,185,199
rights in practice, 199
Roma people, 20, 62nl, 150-52,156-7,
169n3
Romania, 1
agricultural innovation, entrepreneurs
and, 77-9
capitalist entrepreneurship in, 159-60
collective forest, shrinkage of, 161-2
comparisons with Albania and
Vietnam, validity of, 18-20
Cuauşescu regime in, 20
exploitative actions, political
redemption following, 164-6
forest restitution, 146-9
forest restitution, personal advantage
from, 160
forest restitution, predation by local
state officials on, 160-61
historical landloldings, mandated
ruturn to, 151-2
land reform in, priority of, 35, 36
law enforcement, calls for, 156-7
livelihood conditions, reactions of
people to, 68
livelihood traditions, property
relations and, 83-5
loggers, 145
logging, profitability of, 160
logging by Rudari, resentments
against, 156
ownership, loss of euphoria on gain
of, 145-6
parliament in, Land Law 18 of, 19
patronage relations, 146,152-6
peasant entrepreneurs, 77-9
peasants becoming workers in, 68-70
postsocialist living conditions for
Rudari, 151-2
postsocialist transformations in,
variations in, 199
pre-socialist injustices, return of, 152
predation, patronage and state in era
of private ownership, 166-9
predatory practices, 146,152-6
predatory practices, reactions to,
156-9
private ownership
calls for protection for, 157
problems of, 156-7
seductiveness of, 146-9
property, renegotiation of meaning of,
81-3
property relations, livelihood
traditions and, 83-5
restitution laws and forest ownership
in, 118-19
Roma people in, 150-52
shepherds, postsocialist problems for,
75-7
silvicultural practice, 145
!' Ηίΐί»:;:'-.' ֊ ^ί ϋ! ;·'ί iV ν·ί v ^ -
236 Index
social life, seeking value in, 73-5
socialism, Rudari living conditions
under, 151
timber auctions, manipulation of,
162-4
tourism, capitalist entrepreneurship
in, 79-81
tourism, opportunities in, 68
village landscapes, differences in,
67-8
work activities, seeking new
combinations of, 70-73
Romanian people, 20, 21, 42, 47, 56
Rona-Tas, A., 216n2
Rudari people, 20,145-6,150-52, 153,
154,155,156-9, 168,169n3
rural environments, 13
policies for, 20
rural landscape, 13, 19-20
Schwartz, A.H., 2,216
Schwartz, K.Z.S., 8, 13
Scott, J.C., 212
shepherds, postsocialist problems for,
75- 7
silvicultural practice, 145
smallholders, 6, 9, 13-14, 37-8
Smith, A., 9, 12, 13, 72, 84, 201, 215,
217n38
social differentiation, 86n6, 98, 200
social life, seeking value in, 73-5
social memories, 68, 149
social status, 69, 74, 75
socialism, 7,18-20, 23n2, 41-2, 43,
46-7, 48, 60, 63nl7, 145, 161, 166
to capitalism, transitional effects, 199
‘enemies of the people* under, 58-9
forest management under, 147-9,
162-3
injustices of, 58-60
livelihood traditions under, 21, 73,
76- 7, 84, 151, 203-4
nostalgia for, 54
physical structures of, 207
policies of, departures from, 35, 37-8,
54-5, 67-8, 124-6, 127-8, 132,
140-41, 216
property relations, socialist past and,
85
Rudari living conditions under, 151
socialist agriculture, 8
socialist collapse in Albania (1991),
effects of, 124-6,140
socialist entrepreneurs, capitalism
and, 79-81
socialist property, “Communist trees"
and “unmaking" of, 125-6
socialist values, 12, 214-15
socialist workers, collectivization and,
69-70, 75-6, 159-60
state management under, 117-18, 202
transition to capitalism from, 199, 213
societal transformation, 2, 2103
socioeconomic differences, 98
Stark, D., 10, 13, 213, 217n28, 217n30
state
authority of, exercise of, 16,168-9,
193- 4,205-9,211
central party-state, 18, 19, 173, 176,
178-9, 181, 183-4, 186, 189, 191-2,
194- 5, 205, 207, 208
cooperatives and assets of, 125-6
custom and, 124,128,130-33, 135,
140-42
forest management and, 124, 146-9,
153-4
idea of‘state/ Abrams on, 124, 128
legitimacy of, 135
local-central state relations, 195
local state officials, 22,148,152,
155-6,157, 160,167-8,173, 178,
193,194, 199
management, 117-18
monopoly of, challenge to, 135
nation state, 212-13
non-state actors and, balance
between, 120
ownership, 118-19, 123, 124,125, 127
patronage relations and role of, 146
politico-legal institution, 15-16
Index 237
predators, patrons and, 166-9
private ownership, calls for protection
by state for, 157,159
property and, 130-33,140-42,178-9,
193,198-9, 199-200, 205-9
Romanian state, 1, 70,146, 150, 159,
162-3,168, 206
state farms, 86n4,202
State Forest Enterprises, 174,176,184
state formation, processes of, 173,
210-11
state investment, reductions in, 201
state law, 111, 128, 132,134, 136, 212
state officials, 1, 5, 7,10, 124,127,134,
137,140, 154, 158,160-61, 163,
192, 194,211
state-owned banks, loans from, 190
state power, 120,125-6, 176,178, 190,
206
state practices and procedures, 5,10,
135,142, 173,190
state regulations, 135,149,151,159
state subsidies and support, 86n4, 93
state system, 77
structures of, 125
as visible presence, comeback of,
138-9
see also mayor (and office of)
state capture, 146, 168
State Forest Enterprises (SFEs) in
Vietnam, 119
state formation, processes of, 173
state legitimacy, decline in, 135
Sturgeon, J., 10, 13, 24nl4, 135,141, 214
subsistence production, 51, 60, 75, 97,
200, 202, 204
tea, 90-91, 92-3, 94-5, 96-7, 99, 101,
102, 105, 108, 111
plantations, 90, 92, 94, 102, 105, 111
Thompson, E.P., 128,132, 142
timber as resource, 173
timber auctions, manipulation of, 162-4
totalitarian control, 20
tourism
capitalist entrepreneurship in, 79-81
opportunities in, 68
prosperity in Dragova, tourists and,
67-8
transformations
economic transformations, 93
great transformations, 199, 214, 215,
216nl
postsocialist transformations in,
variations in, 199
rural transformations, 3
small transformations, 199, 214, 215,
216n2
societal transformation, 2, 2103
transnational environment, 45, 61-2,
63nl9
transnational migration, 45, 62
transnational property, ethnicity and,
60-62
transnationalism, 43, 60
transnationalization, 215
trees, 73, 90, 94,100, 105,107,109, 123,
127,128-9,131,134,136,138, 140,
145
‘Communist' trees, 124-6
see also forests; fruit trees; plum trees
ţuica (locally distilled brandy), 84, 85,
86n6
social life of, 73-5
Turner, B., 62n3, 96, 103
urbanization, 3, 41-2, 110, 202
peri-urban land market, 98-101
rural-urban migration, 20
urban expansion, 202
USAID, 63,138
value
attached to agricultural land, 50-51,
57, 117, 203
attached to land, change in, 45-6
economics and, 8-9, 12, 177
fantasies and politics of, 110-11
politics of, fantasies in Than Con and
Ho So and, 110-11
post socialist struggles over, 8-9
property and, 12-14
238
Index
in tourism, entrepreneurism and
search for, 79-81
value regime rankings, 13
value regimes, land management and,
13
vegetables, 9, 41, 54, 55, 69, 72, 99, 105,
108, 202
Verdery, K., 35, 38, 61, 63nl8, 135, 137,
155,162, 168
liveUhood traditions, 69, 75, 79, 81, 83,
85, 86n7, 87nll
postsocialist propertizing, dynamics
of property and, 198, 201, 210, 212,
213-14, 215, 216nll, 217nl3,
217n30
turning things into property, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11,12,13-14, 15,17, 24n8,
24nl5, 24nl8, 25n24, 25n25, 25n28,
29n29
Vietnam, 1-2
access, property and control,
conflicting claims about, 178-81
agricultural land, determination on
retention of, 104-6
allocation of contracts, 176-8
commercialization of agriculture,
92-4
commodification, dynamics and
conflicts of, 106-9
comparisons with Albania and
Romania, validity of, 18-20
forest protection contracts, 173-6
forest rights, granting and taking away
of, 184-6
identity, Moore's notion of 'fantasies'
of, 91
illegal logging, entitlement and, 186-8
illegal logging, official responses to,
172-3, 187-8
investment, saving and, 94-6
land, values attached to, 91
Land Law (1993), 19, 36, 98, 107,119,
176,185
land reform in, priority of, 36
land uses in, diversity of, 90
landscape compartmentalization, 90
lawmakers, 190-92
livelihoods, precariousness of, 96-8
logging, lawmaking and, 192-5
logging predation in, 172
modernity, selling land to buy, 101-4
National Assembly in, 19
peri-urban land market, 98-101
politics of, 194-5, 208
postsocialist transformations in,
variations in, 199
provincial inspection teams, 172-3,
181-4
Red River Delta, 90-91, 188-90
revalorization of land, dynamics of, 91
rural areas in, policies for, 20
State Forest Enterprises (SFEs) in, 119
state formation, processes of, 173
timber as resource, 173
value, fantasies and politics of, 110-11
village construction boom, 90-91
Vietnamese people, 1, 21,23, 91,103,
110, 117, 174, 181-2, 184, 191,
193-4
village construction boom, 90-91
village landscapes, 60, 67-8, 90-91,100
differences in, 67-8
village politics, 2, 75, 199
violence, 109, 126, 133-4,135, 137,138,
168, 207
Vlach people, 20,42, 56, 61, 62nl, 63nl0
emigration to Greece by, 43-6
Walder, A.G., 25n27, 217n24
Weber, M., 14
wheat, 41, 43, 47, 49, 51, 53, 60, 125
Wiber, M.G., 24nl6, 62n3, 63nl9
work activities, seeking new
combinations of, 70-73
worker-peasants, 68-70, 72-3, 84
World Bank, 3,24n9,25n29, 35, 38,
39nl, 59, 70, 120, 138, 216n6
Zhang, L., 216n8, 217n30
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sikor, Thomas Dorondel, Stefan 1968- Stahl, Johannes Phuc Xuan To |
| author_GND | (DE-588)171546733 (DE-588)135578663 (DE-588)1135574421 (DE-588)1135574286 |
| author_facet | Sikor, Thomas Dorondel, Stefan 1968- Stahl, Johannes Phuc Xuan To |
| author_role | aut aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Sikor, Thomas |
| author_variant | t s ts s d sd j s js p x t pxt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043762776 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)992473392 (DE-599)BVBBV043762776 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd Vietnam (DE-588)4063514-4 gnd Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Albanien Vietnam Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV043762776 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T00:27:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781785334511 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029174083 |
| oclc_num | 992473392 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XI, 238 Seiten |
| psigel | UBM-RCC |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Berghahn |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Max Planck studies in anthropology and economy |
| series2 | Max Planck studies in anthropology and economy |
| spelling | Sikor, Thomas Verfasser (DE-588)171546733 aut When things become property land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia Thomas Sikor, Stefan Dorondel, Johannes Stahl and Phuc Xuan To New York ; Oxford Berghahn 2017 XI, 238 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Max Planck studies in anthropology and economy Volume 3 Bodenreform (DE-588)4146165-4 gnd rswk-swf Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd rswk-swf Eigentum (DE-588)4013793-4 gnd rswk-swf Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd rswk-swf Vietnam (DE-588)4063514-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 g Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Vietnam (DE-588)4063514-4 g Eigentum (DE-588)4013793-4 s Bodenreform (DE-588)4146165-4 s Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 s Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 s DE-604 Dorondel, Stefan 1968- Verfasser (DE-588)135578663 aut Stahl, Johannes Verfasser (DE-588)1135574421 aut Phuc Xuan To Verfasser (DE-588)1135574286 aut Erscheint auch als pbk 978-1-78533-452-8 Erscheint auch als Onlineausgabe 978-1-78533-452-8 Max Planck studies in anthropology and economy Volume 3 (DE-604)BV042425730 3 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029174083&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029174083&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029174083&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Sikor, Thomas Dorondel, Stefan 1968- Stahl, Johannes Phuc Xuan To When things become property land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia Max Planck studies in anthropology and economy Bodenreform (DE-588)4146165-4 gnd Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd Eigentum (DE-588)4013793-4 gnd Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4146165-4 (DE-588)4998161-4 (DE-588)4013793-4 (DE-588)4034026-0 (DE-588)4001028-4 (DE-588)4063514-4 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | When things become property land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia |
| title_auth | When things become property land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia |
| title_exact_search | When things become property land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia |
| title_full | When things become property land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia Thomas Sikor, Stefan Dorondel, Johannes Stahl and Phuc Xuan To |
| title_fullStr | When things become property land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia Thomas Sikor, Stefan Dorondel, Johannes Stahl and Phuc Xuan To |
| title_full_unstemmed | When things become property land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia Thomas Sikor, Stefan Dorondel, Johannes Stahl and Phuc Xuan To |
| title_short | When things become property |
| title_sort | when things become property land reform authority and value in postsocialist europe and asia |
| title_sub | land reform, authority and value in postsocialist Europe and Asia |
| topic | Bodenreform (DE-588)4146165-4 gnd Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd Eigentum (DE-588)4013793-4 gnd Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bodenreform Postkommunismus Eigentum Ländlicher Raum Albanien Vietnam Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029174083&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029174083&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029174083&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV042425730 |
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