Marshallese reference grammar:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English Marshallese |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Honolulu
University of Hawaiʻi Press
[2016]
|
| Schriftenreihe: | PALI language texts : Micronesia
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 337 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780824859930 |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Marshallese language |x Grammar | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Marshallese reference grammar
Autor: Bender, Byron Wilbur
Jahr: 2016
MARSHALLESE REFERENCE GRAMMAR BYRON W. BENDER ALFRED CAPELLE LOUISE PAGOTTO University of Hawai‘i Press Honolulu
Contents Preface......................................................xvii Chapter ^Introduction...........................................1 The Islands and the People .......................................1 The Atoll Environment....................................... 1 Marshallese Society ..........................................2 Modem Changes in Island Life .................................4 The Origins of the Marshallese Language............................5 Selected cognates in Micronesian languages .........7 Selected cognates in Oceanic languages..............9 Selected cognates in Austronesian languages ........9 Earlier Studies of the Marshallese Language ........................11 Suggested Further Readings .....................................11 Marshallese Dialects ...........................................12 Examples of vocabulary differences between Ralik and Ratak dialects................13 References...................................................13 Chapter 2, The Sound System of Marshallese........................17 Introduction..................................................17 The sounds ...........................................17 The letters ............................................17 The standard spelling ...................................18 The phonemic transcription ..............................18 Marshallese Consonants ........................................20 The light-heavy-rounded distinction........................20 The oral-nasal distinction ................................22 Types of oral closure....................................22 Labial stop {b}.......................................22 Dental stop {t}.......................................22 Velar stop {k}.......................................23 Lateral liquid {1}.....................................24 Retroflex liquid {r}...................................24 The Consonant
System.......................................25 Consonant chart...................................25 Consonant descriptions.............................26 Labial Consonants...........................................26 Oral labial consonants: light vs. heavy.................26 Nasal LABIAL consonants: light vs. heavy................27 1. Table titles are shown in small capital typeface.
vi CONTENTS Oral dental consonants: light vs. heavy................28 Nasal DENTAL consonants: light vs. heavy vs. rounded.....28 Velar Consonants ...........................................29 Oral VELAR consonants: heavy vs. rounded..............30 Nasal velar consonants: heavy vs. rounded.............30 Liquid Consonants ..........................................31 Lateral liquid consonants: light vs. heavy..............31 Lateral LIQUID consonants: heavy vs. rounded...........32 Retroflex liquid consonants: light vs. heavy............32 Retroflex liquid consonants: heavy vs. rounded.........33 Semiconsonants ............................................34 Sound Variation among the Consonants..........................35 Marshallese Vowels............................................38 Dimension 1: high-low..................................38 Dimension 2: front-back.................................38 Dimension 3: lips rounded-unrounded......................38 The High-vowel Phoneme {i}..................................39 Spellings of the high vowel.........................42 The Mid-vowel Phoneme {e}..................................43 Spellings of the mid vowel .........................44 The Low-vowel Phoneme {a}..................................45 Spellings of the low vowel.........................46 The High-mid Derived Vowel {e} ..............................48 The Patterning of the Phonemes ..................................51 Initial Double Consonants ....................................52 Initial consonant clusters in the Marshallese-English Dictionary (MED) and in its on-line revision, the Marshallese On-line Dictionary (MOD).............56 Comparison of treatment of INITIAL DOUBLE CONSONANTS IN MED AND MOD........56 Medial Consonant Clusters..................... ; ..............57 Words Beginning in {wiwV} and {yiyV} ........................60 “Diphthongs” and “Long”
Vowels..............................63 Identical sequences .......................................64 High vowels with intervening {y} .........................64 High-mid vowels with intervening {y}......................64 Mid vowels with intervening {y} ..........................65 Low vowels with intervening {y}..........................65 Nonidentical sequences ....................................65 High vowel {i}.........................................65 High-mid vowel {e}.....................................66 Mid vowel {e}.........................................66 Low vowel {a}.........................................66
CONTENTS Vll Vowel sequences with intervening semiconsonants in TWO-SYLLABLE words...........................68 Sound Changes ...............................................68 Consonant Assimilation ......................................69 Labial consonant assimilation......................70 Dental and liquid consonant assimilation ...........71 Velar consonant assimilation ......................73 Excrescent Vowels ..........................................74 Changes That Create the Fourth Vowel {e}.......................78 Another pattern.........................................81 Reanalysis and variation.................................81 A third pattern.........................................82 Vowel harmony........................................83 Vowel assimilation .....................................85 Vowel sequences (with intervening {y}, {w}, or {h}) IN two-syllable words before the development OF THE HIGH-MID VOWEL............................87 Vowel Assimilation within Reduplication ........................89 Low-vowel Dissimilation.....................................92 Miscellaneous Changes ......................................95 Rounding assimilation...................................95 Sporadic alternations....................................96 Doublets..............................................97 Prosodic Features..............................................99 Pitch.................................................99 Intonation ...........................................100 Stress...............................................100 Analyzing Words according to Their Moras .....................102 Unstable Words and Stable Words.............................104 Length..............................................110 Spelling ....................................................Ill Summary...................................................114 Chapter 3, Marshallese Words and Their
Forms....................115 Introduction.................................................115 Nouns......................................................116 Proper Nouns .............................................117 Place names..........................................117 Place-name generics ..............................118 Personal names .......................................120 Vocatives............................................122 Clan names...........................................122 Names of plant varieties.................................123 The calendar..........................................123
CONTENTS Inalienable Nouns..........................................123 Possessive suffixes.....................................124 Four stem classes......................................124 Low vowel dissimilation at work..........................125 Long a-stems.........................................126 The spelling of inalienable nouns.........................127 Contrasts between inalienable and alienable noun counterparts . . 127 ¿-STEMS...........................................128 e -STEMS...........................................128 Short «-stems.....................................128 Long o-stems......................................128 Noun counterparts: Spatial or temporal adjuncts.....130 Noun counterparts: Body parts.......................131 Noun counterparts: Kin...............................133 Noun counterparts: Properties—tangible or abstract . 134 The construct suffix with inalienable nouns.................135 Alienable Nouns...........................................136 The construct suffix with alienable nouns...................137 The -ta suffix.........................................138 Other affixes..........................................139 Person Nouns..............................................139 Nouns Derived from Verbs...................................141 The Construct Suffix........................................143 Place and Time Nouns.......................................145 The Noun Formative lo {law} ................................147 Compound Nouns..........................................148 Verbs.......................................................150 Subject prefixes ..................................151 Helping Verbs (also called “auxiliaries”)........................151 Classification of Nonprime Helping Verbs...........152 Transitive Verbs............................. 152 Anaphoric object markers...............................153 Anaphoric markers
that get adopted as part of the verb......154 Transitive and intransitive counterparts.....................154 Transitive and intransitive verb pairs showing minimal resemblance ...................154 Adjectival verbs and transitive counterparts.......155 Nonadjectival verbs and transitive counterparts. ... 156 Transitive verbs and nonadjectival intransitive counterparts...................................156 Transitive verbs and adjectival intransitive counterparts.........157 Causative transitive verbs...............................157
CONTENTS IX Nonadjectival causative transitive verbs...........157 Adjectival causative transitive verbs..............158 Other Verbs Derived from Verbs..............................158 Causative verbs of acquiring a quality......................159 Causative verbs of acquiring a quality.............159 Causative adjectival verbs...............................159 Causative adjectival verbs........................159 Causative verbs of testing...............................160 Causative verbs of testing.........................160 Causative verbs of waiting...............................160 Causative verbs of waiting.........................160 Causative verbs of control...............................160 Causative verbs of control........................160 Verbs of tractability....................................161 Verbs of tractability.............................161 Antonymal verbs......................................161 Antonymal verbs.................................161 Distributive verbs......................................162 Plural verbs of dimension...............................163 Verbs of dimension, adjectives, AND THE SPECIAL PLURALS THEY SHARE ...............164 Verbs Derived from Other Parts of Speech.......................165 Denominal distributive verbs.............................165 Verbs of hunting and gathering...........................166 Verbs of wearing or using...............................166 Verbs of wearing or using..........................167 Verbs of providing.....................................168 Derivation from noun to verb of wearing, TO VERB OF PROVIDING .............................169 Verbs of empowerment.................................169 Summary....................................................169 Chapter 4, Nouns and Their Modifiers.............................171 Introduction.................................................171
Pronouns....................................................171 Personal Pronouns..........................................171 Absolute and object pronouns............................172 Absolute and object pronouns......................172 Further number specification of plural pronouns and person markers...................................173 Numerical elements of compound plural pronouns ... 173 Absolute pronoun-number compounds...............173 Subject markers further specified for number.......174 Further number specification of noun possessive suffixes .... 175
X CONTENTS Summary of personal pronouns...........................175 Subject clitics......................................175 Compound pronouns serve as subject markers.............176 Demonstratives............................................177 Basic demonstratives and their emphatic (!) forms ... 179 Personal demonstratives and their emphatic forms .. 179 Locative demonstratives and their emphatic forms ..179 Focus demonstratives and their emphatic forms.....179 The personal demonstratives as vocatives ..................181 Interrogative Pronouns......................................182 A relational interrogative ...............................184 Interrogative pronouns ...........................184 Determiners and their emphatic (!) forms ...........185 Determiners.................................................185 Determiners preceding nouns ............................186 Determiners separated from their nouns....................186 The paticularlizer jab ...................................186 Demonstratives fused with em ‘house’ msoane ‘islet’ ... 187 Adjectives...................................................187 Pro-adjective.........................................188 Prepositional Phrases..........................................190 Prepositions......................................191 Anaphoric forms of six prepositions ....................192 Possessives ..................................................193 Some classifiers of alienable noun possessive relationships ..................................195 Where do classifiers come from?..........................195 Body parts as classifiers.................................196 Miscellaneous classifiers................................197 Worn-out things, and trash............................197 Fruits of one’s labors; contributions to a community effort... 198 Shelters and the land on which they are built..............198 Indefinite
possessives ..................................198 Summary of possessives ................................199 Quantifiers..................................................199 Aolep ...............................................200 Wöj ................................................201 Jidik ................................................201 Jejjo ................................................202 Definite quantifiers.....................................202 The two juons in sharp contrast........................202 Definite juon as sentence opener........................203 The numerals.........................................203 Other numerals.....................................203
CONTENTS xi Cardinal numerals................................203 Distributive verbs from numerals.......................204 Relative Clauses..............................................205 A relative marker......................................205 Summary....................................................207 Chapter 5, Verbs and Their Modifiers.............................209 Introduction.................................................209 Adverbs ....................................................209 Interrogative Adverbs................. 210 Classification of adverbs..........................210 The question word ke ...................................210 la ‘where’ and naat ‘when’..............................211 Etke and enta ‘why’....................................212 Noninterrogative Adverbs....................................213 Bolen ‘perhaps’.......................................213 Inne ‘yesterday’, kilo / kiln ‘now’, ilju ‘tomorrow’, and jekjaj ‘ day after tomorrow ’ ........................213 Degree adverbs .......................................214 Jidik ‘a little’.........................................214 Wot ‘only; still’ .......................................215 Superlative constructions with wot ........................216 Other constructions with wot ............................217 Mok, an adverb of politeness.............................218 Directionals .................................................219 The Compound Directionals..................................219 Pairs of compound directionals: ‘AWAY FROM SPEAKER AND HEARER(S)’...............220 Special forms used instead of tok IN COMPOUND directionals THAT INCLUDE THE MEANING ‘TOWARD SPEAKER’.......220 Nouns that form the first elements of the compound directionals____ 221 Verbs with built-in directionals...........................223 Verbs that are obligatorily suffixed with
directionals____223 Other uses for directionals...............................224 Back-and-forth verbs...................................225 Temporal uses for three directionals.......................227 Ways in which lok is different............................227 Comparisons.......................................227 Commands to hurry..................................228 Continuing activity..................................229 Complementizer with limited distribution................230 Modified pronunciation of lok .........................230 Adverbial Prepositional Phrases .................................231
CONTENTS Adverbial Clauses .............................. Complementizers .................... Major Verb Classes............................. Major verb classes of Marshallese .. Class A verbs ................................ Subtypes of Class A verbs........... Correspondents ......................... Subject-verb agreement................. Simple Class A verbs with correspondents [A2] Locative verbs [A3, A4]................... Directional locative verbs [A5]........... Manner verbs [A6, A7]................... Comparative verbs [A8] .................. Existential verbs [A9].................... Class B Verbs............................... Nonlocative verbs [Bl]................... Subtypes of Class B verbs ........... Directional locative verbs [B4]............. Nondirectional locative verbs [B2, B3] ...... Manner verbs [B5-B8]................... Correspondent verbs [B9-B14] ............ Nonassociative correspondent verbs [B9-B11] Associative correspondent verbs [B12-B14] . . Class C Verbs............................... Nonlocative verbs [Cl]................... Subtypes of Class C verbs ........... Nondirectional locative verbs [C2, C3]....... Directional locative adjectival verbs [C4]..... Manner verbs [C5, C6] ................... Nonassociative correspondent verbs [C7, C8].. Associative correspondent verbs [C9, CIO] ... Class F Verbs ............................... Class G Verbs............................... Subtypes of Class G verbs........... Nonlocative verbs [Gl] ................... Nondirectional locative verbs [G2, G3] ...... Directional locative verbs [G4]............. Manner verbs [G5] ...................... Correspondent verbs— nonassociative [G6] .. . Possessed verbs in na .................. Correspondent verbs—associative [G7, G8] . . Extension Verbs ............................. Inner infinitival complements [Dl].......... Inner finite complements [D2] ............. 232 232 .233 234 234 235 235
235 236 237 238 238 238 239 240 240 241 241 242 243 245 245 246 247 247 248 248 249 249 250 250 251 252 252 252 253 253 254 254 255 256 257 257 257
CONTENTS Xlll The four classes and subtypes of extension verbs ... .258 Inner infinitival complements [E1-E3].....................259 The auxiliary or helping verbs [E2].....................259 Nonauxiliary verbs without complementizers [El].........260 Nonauxiliary verbs with complementizers [E3]............261 Inner finite complements without complementizers [E4].......262 Iba questions.......................................262 The various forms of lale .............................263 Inner finite complements with complementizers [E5]..........264 Impersonal transitive extension verbs [H]...................265 Inner infinitival complements [II].........................265 Inner finite complements [12,13]..........................266 Summary of Verb Classification...............................266 Chapter 6, Marshallese Sentences.................................269 Introduction.................................................269 Basic Sentence Patterns........................................269 Verbless Sentences.........................................269 Equational sentences...................................269 Cleft sentences........................................271 Other ways to focus verbless sentences.....................273 Kar- initial focused sentences..........................273 Array-initial focused sentences .........................274 Baj- initial focused sentences...........................274 Another initial bap. ..................................275 Inappropriate successors..............................276 Verbless sentences that are not equational...................276 1m as trigger of switch reference........................277 Example of Switch Reference (unrecognized)........277 Verbal Sentences...........................................278 Statements...........................................278 Commands...........................................279 Direct
Questions.......................................280 Yes/no questions....................................280 Content questions...................................281 Conjoined sentences....................................282 Summary of Basic Sentence Patterns...........................283 Case Relations...............................................284 Patient...................................................284 Agent....................................................284 Correspondent.............................................285 Relator nouns....................................287 Locus....................................................288 Means....................................................289
XIV CONTENTS Summary of Case Relations..................................290 Derivation ..................................................291 Deverbal Nouns ...........................................292 Deverbal Adjectives........................................295 Denominal Intransitive Verbs.................................296 Nonlocative intransitive verbs............................296 Intransitive adjectival verbs...........................297 Intransitive verbs of attendance ........................298 Intransitive directional motion verbs.......................298 Impersonal intransitive verbs.............................299 Intransitive causative verbs..............................300 Denominal distributive verbs.............................300 Verbs of wearing or using...............................301 Verbs of empowerment.................................301 Summary of section 6.4.3 ...............................302 Deriving within the Verbal Category: Semantic Derivations.........302 Antonymal verbs......................................303 Distributive verbs......................................304 Causative verbs.......................................306 Causative adjectival verbs.............................306 Causative verbs of testing.............................307 Causative verbs of control.............................308 Causative verbs of acquiring a quality...................308 The derivation of causative verbs ..................309 Verbs of tractability....................................309 Deriving within the Verbal Category: Syntactic Derivations across Major Categories............................310 Intransitive verbs......................................311 Detransitivizing [G1 ] — • [B1 ]..........................311 Detransitivizing [Gl] —? [Cl]..........................313 Detransitivising [G1-G2] verbs to create Correspondent verbs that are partitive...................... 314
Detransitivising [GT-G4] verbs to create Manner verbs with Means nominals..............................315 Deriving intransitive verbs from impersonal verbs .........315 Transitive verbs.......................................316 Why are there two different derivations for adjectival verbs? .317 Dealing with apparent semantic-syntactic conflicts.........317 Examples of some pinpointed derivations................318 Three derivations that apply to all transitive verbs..........319 Causative transitive verbs...............................322 Impersonal sources..................................324 Causative derivations that change subclass membership .......325 Impersonal verbs......................................326
CONTENTS XV Extension verbs.......................................327 Nonfinite clause without complementizer.................327 Nonfinite clause with complementizer...................327 Finite clause without complementizer...................328 Finite clause with complementizer......................328 Impersonal counterparts of certain personal adjectival verbs. .329 Summary of Derivation......................................329 Miscellany..................................................330 Measured Constructions.....................................330 Superlative Constructions with make ...........................332 Index 335
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bender, Byron Wilbur 1924- |
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| dewey-full | 499/.52 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 499 - Austronesian & other languages |
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| dewey-search | 499/.52 |
| dewey-sort | 3499 252 |
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| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen |
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| id | DE-604.BV043760112 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:34:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780824859930 |
| language | English Marshallese |
| lccn | 015046040 |
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| physical | xviii, 337 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
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| publisher | University of Hawaiʻi Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | PALI language texts : Micronesia |
| spelling | Bender, Byron Wilbur 1924- Verfasser (DE-588)128548509 aut Marshallese reference grammar Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, Louise Pagotto Honolulu University of Hawaiʻi Press [2016] © 2016 xviii, 337 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PALI language texts : Micronesia Includes bibliographical references Reference works lcgft Grammatik Marshallese language Grammar Marshallese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Marschallesisch (DE-588)4612287-4 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Marschallesisch (DE-588)4612287-4 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Capelle, Alfred Sonstige (DE-588)1114844152 oth Pagotto, Louise Sonstige (DE-588)111484425X oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029171488&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bender, Byron Wilbur 1924- Marshallese reference grammar Reference works lcgft Grammatik Marshallese language Grammar Marshallese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Marschallesisch (DE-588)4612287-4 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4612287-4 (DE-588)4021806-5 |
| title | Marshallese reference grammar |
| title_auth | Marshallese reference grammar |
| title_exact_search | Marshallese reference grammar |
| title_full | Marshallese reference grammar Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, Louise Pagotto |
| title_fullStr | Marshallese reference grammar Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, Louise Pagotto |
| title_full_unstemmed | Marshallese reference grammar Byron W. Bender, Alfred Capelle, Louise Pagotto |
| title_short | Marshallese reference grammar |
| title_sort | marshallese reference grammar |
| topic | Reference works lcgft Grammatik Marshallese language Grammar Marshallese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Marschallesisch (DE-588)4612287-4 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Reference works Grammatik Marshallese language Grammar Marshallese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Marschallesisch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029171488&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT benderbyronwilbur marshallesereferencegrammar AT capellealfred marshallesereferencegrammar AT pagottolouise marshallesereferencegrammar |