Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin ; Heidelberg
Springer
[2016]
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Schriftenreihe: | Munich studies on innovation and competition
Volume 5 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | http://www.springer.com/ Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | xxi, 335 Seiten Diagramme 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm, 0 g |
ISBN: | 9783662527955 3662527952 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties |c Mrinalini Kochupillai |
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264 | 4 | |c © 2016 | |
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490 | 1 | |a Munich studies on innovation and competition |v Volume 5 | |
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653 | |a Creative destruction | ||
653 | |a Intellectual property | ||
653 | |a Market failure | ||
653 | |a Plant varieties | ||
653 | |a Sustainable innovation | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
1 An Economic Philosophical Introduction to ‘Sustainable
Innovations’ in Plant Varieties. 1
1.1 Shiva: A Symbol of ‘Sustainable Innovation’. 1
1.2 Shiva to Schumpeter: Revisiting ‘Creative Destruction’. 5
1.2.1 Shiva, Sombart Sc Schumpeter: Identifying the
Differences . . 8
1.2.2 The Sustainability of ‘Creative Destruction’. . 9
1.3 ‘Creative Destruction’ in the Agricultural Seeds Sector. 11
1.4 The Organization of This Book. 15
1.5 A Note on Methodology. 17
2 The International Legal Framework for the Protection of Plant
Varieties and Agrobiodiversity. 19
2.1 The International Legal Framework for the Protection of Plant
Varieties: The Background Leading to the Research Goal. 19
2.1.1 The UPOV Texts. 21
2.1.2 The CBD and the ITPGRFA. 27
2.1.3 Sustainable Innovation: What and Why. 36
2.1.4 Why In Situ Agrobiodiversity Conservation?. 40
2.2 The Background Leading to the Delimited Research Objectives
(Scope of the Study). 41
2.2.1 Why Intellectual Property Protection Regimes?. 41
2.2.2 Why India?. 42
2.2.3 The Informal Seed Sector: What and Why?. 44
2.2.4 Why the Pulses Sector. 45
3 Plant Breeding Seed Improvement: Then Now . 49
3.1 Traditional (In Situ) Agriculture Associated Socio-Cultural
Practices: Historical and Scientific Perspectives. 50
3.1.1 On-Farm Crop Improvement and In Situ Evolution
of Agrobiodiversity . 51
xiii
XIV
Contents
3.1.2 Traditional Agriculture and Associated Scientific
and Socio-Cultural Practices. 55
3.2 The Evolution of Formal {Ex Situ) Crop Improvement and Plant
Breeding. 57
3.2.1 Mendelian Genetics and the Creation of Hybrids. 59
3.2.1.1 The Economics of Hybrid Seeds. 62
3.2.2 Self-Pollinating Varieties and Male Sterile Lines. 63
3.2.3 Terminator and Traitor Technologies . 66
3.2.4 Genetically Modified (GM) Seeds: Bt and Roundup®
Ready Technology. 68
3.2.5 The Sustainability of ‘Modem’ Agriculture. 72
3.2.5.1 The Impact of Modem Plant Breeding
on Genetic Variability and Genetic Diversity. 73
3.3 Chapter Conclusions . 75
4 The Indian Protection of Plant Varieties Farmers Rights
Act 2001: A Critical Overview. 79
4.1 Indian Agriculture and Associated Agricultural Policies: History
and Current Status. 81
4.1.1 History of Agriculture and Agricultural Policies
in India. 81
4.1.1.1 Agricultural R D in Pre-independence India . 82
4.1.1.2 Agricultural Policies and 5-Year Plans
in Independent India: An Overview . . 84
4.1.1.3 Green Revolution and HYV Seeds in India. . . 86
4.1.1.4 Seed Act, 1966 and the Seed Review Team
Report, 1968. 91
4.1.1.5 The 5 Year Plans of India and Recent Trends. 94
4.1.2 Background of the Indian PPV FR Act. 97
4.1.2.1 Agriculture in India: The Formal Seed Sector. 97
4.1.2.2 Agriculture in India: The Informal Seed
Sector. 100
4.2 The Indian PPV FR Act: Objects and Purpose. 102
4.3 PPV FR Act in Practice: Understanding Key Provisions. 105
4.3.1 The ‘Parental Lines’ Case. 105
4.3.1.1 Background: The Indian Seed Industry Its
Parental Lines. 105
4.3.1.2 Background: Protecting Extant Varieties. 107
4.3.1.3 Registration of Extant Varieties. 107
4.3.1.4 Facts and Decision in the ‘Parental Lines’
Case. 109
4.3.1.4.1 Novel. Ill
4.3.1.4.2 Extant. 113
4.3.2 The ‘HMT5 Controversy. 113
4.3.2.1 Background. 113
Contents
xv
43,2.2 Facts and Analysis Under the PPV FR Act. 114
4.3.2.2.1 Researcher’s Rights. 116
4.3.2.2.2 Essentially Derived Variety. 117
4.3.2.2.3 Rights of a Farmer’s Variety
Registrant. 118
4.3.2.2.4 Cancellation of Registration. 121
4.4 Plant Variety Protection Application Trends in India
(2007-2013). 123
4.4.1 Coding the Indian Plant Variety Application Data. 123
4.4.1.1 Explanation of Data Fields . . 124
4.4.1.2 Variables Used for Data Analysis. 126
4.4.2 Plant Variety Application Data: Description
and Analysis. 127
4.4.2.1 Overview of Trends: Applications for Plant
Variety Protection in India. 129
4.4.2.1.1 Top 10 Most-Popular Species. 130
4.4.2.1.2 Top 10 Applicants (Table 4.5) . . . . 132
4.4.2.2 Application Category by Applicant
and Crops . . 133
4.4.2.2.1 Application Category
by Applicant. 133
4.4.2.2.2 Application Category by Crop . . . . 133
4.4.2.3 Applications by Crop Pollination and
Applicant. 134
4.4.2.4 Applications by Applicant Category and Crop . . . 135
4.4.2.5 Applications by Applicant Category
and Crops. 136
4.4.2.5.1 A Closer Look at Private Sector
Applications. 136
4.4.2.5.2 A Closer Look at Public Sector
Applications. 139
4.4.2.5.3 A Closer Look at Farmers Variety
Applications . 141
4.5 Chapter Conclusions and Overview of Findings. 142
4.5.1 Adoption of Non-sustainable Agricultural Policies. 142
4.5.2 Adoption of Divergent Goals in Enacted Laws and
Policies. . 143
4.5.3 The Scheme of the Indian Act. 143
4.5.4 Incentives for Breeders (Formal Seed Sector) . 144
4.5.5 Incentives for Farmers (Informal Seed Sector). 145
4.5.6 Balancing the Incentive Structure . 145 5
5 Data Coding, Interpretation and Analysis. 149
5.1 Private Sector Surveys Interviews: Findings Analysis . 150
5.1.1 Responses to Research Questions (For List of Questions,
See Annex 6). 151
XVI
Contents
5.1.1.1 Research Question 1: What Propels a Private Sector
Seed Company to Enter a Market That Does Not
Grant IP Protection to Plant Varieties?. 151
5.1.1.2 Research Question 2: What Is the Current Research
Focus of the Indian Seed Industry? . 152
5.1.1.3 Research Question 3a: Pulses R D, Production
and Distribution Trends Among the Private Sector
Seed Industry of India. 155
5.1.1.4 * Research Question 3b: Which Factors Influence
(or Would Influence) the Private Sector’s Interest
(in the Present/Future) in Pursuing R D in Pulses
Seeds/Crops (Especially Those That Are Self-
Pollinating and for Which No Male Sterile Lines
Have So Far Been Identified). 156
5.1.2 Miscellaneous Comments. 160
5.1.2.1 Importance of Farmers’ Right to Save, Exchange
and Resow Seeds. 160
5.1.2.2 Farmers’ Varieties in Public Domain. 160
5.1.3 Section Conclusions. 161
5.2 Farmer Surveys. 163
5.2.1 Farmer Cultivation Choices/Preferences and Underlying
Rationale. 163
5.2.1.1 Research Question(s) Addressed. 163
5.2.1.2 Testing Hypothesis A.l: Cultivation Trends
and Cultivation of Pulses Versus Non-Pulses
Crops in the Surveyed Districts. 165
5.2.1.3 Testing Hypothesis A.2: Preferred Crops
and Pulses Cultivation Trends in the Surveyed
Districts . . 166
5.2.1.4 Testing Hypothesis A.3: Comparing Profit
as a Cultivation Choice Rationale in the Surveyed
Districts. 167
5.2.1.4.1 Categorizing and Coding Reasons
for Cultivation
Choices/Preferences. 168
5.2.1.4.2 Coding Rationale and
Presumptions. 169
5.2.1.4.3 Response Frequency Under Each CC
Category. 171
5.2.1.4.4 Test of Proportions (Prtest) on the
Cultivation Choice Categories . . 172
5.2.1.4.5 Test of Proportions (Prtest)
on Dominant Cultivation Choice
Rationale Categories by District
on Individual Seed Types. 175
Contents
xvn
5.2.1.4.6 Test of Proportions (Prtest)
on Cultivation Choice Categories
by Cultivated Land Area. 176
5,2.1.5 Section Conclusions Analysis: Cultivation
Choice Rationales—An Indication of Market
Failure?. 177
5.2.2 Farmer Seed Replacement and In Situ Conservation
Practices. . 179
5.2.2.1 Research Question(s) Addressed. . 179
5.2.2.2 Hypotheses: Set 1. 181
5.2.2.3 Understanding the Variables and Their
Inter-Relationship. 182
5.2.2.4 Testing Hypotheses: Set 1. 184
5.2.2.4.1 Hypothesis B. 1 : Average Seed
Replacement Trends in Pulses Versus
Preferred Crops . 184
5.2.2.4.2 Testing Hypothesis B.2 B.3:
Average Seed Replacement Values
for Pulses and Preferred Crops
in Each of the Surveyed Districts . 184
5.2.2.4.3 Testing Hypothesis B.4: Average
Preferred Crop Seed Replacement
Values in the Surveyed Districts . 185
5.2.2.4.4 Testing Hypothesis B.5: Average
Pulses Crop Seed Replacement
Rates in the Surveyed Districts . 186
5.2.2.4.5 Sub-Section Conclusions
(Combining Quantitative and
Qualitative Findings) . 187
5.2.2.5 Hypotheses: Set 2. 189
5.2.2.5.1 Understanding the Variables and Their
Inter-Relationship in the Data-Set. 192
5.2.2.5.2 Testing Hypothesis B.6. 193
5.2.2.5.3 Testing Hypothesis B.7 and B.8 . . . 193
5.2.2.5.4 Testing Hypothesis B.9 . . 194
5.2.2.5.5 Testing Hypothesis B.10. 195
5.2.2.5.6 TestingHypothesisB.il and B.12. . . 195
5.2.2.5.7 Testing Hypothesis B.13 and B.14 . . . 196
5.2.2.5.8 Sub-Section Conclusions . . . 197
5.2.3 Factors Affecting Seed Replacement Sc Conservation:
Linear and Probit Regressions. 199
5.2.3.1 Research Question(s) Addressed. 199
5.2.3.2 Hypotheses: Identifying Independent Variables
That Might Affect the Dependent Variable
‘Conservation’. 200
xviii Contents
5.2.3.3 Testing the Hypotheses: Linear Versus Probit
Regressions Models. 202
5.2.33.1 Linear Regression Results. 202
5.2.33.2 Probit Regression Results. 203
5.233.3 Interpreting the Regression
Results. 204
5.23.4 Sub-Section Conclusions and Analysis. 206
5.2.4 Socio-Cultural Practices in the Surveyed Districts. 208
5.2.4.1 Current Seed Exchange Practices. 209
5.2.4.2 Opinion on Willingness to Share and to Stop
the Practice of Sharing/Seed Exchange. 210
5.2.4.2.1 Responses to Question 1: Rewards
Versus Exclusive Rights. 211
5.2A2.2 Response to Question 2: Willingness
to Exchange/Share Improved
Seeds. 211
5.2.4.23 Response to Questions 3 and 4:
Willingness to Share with the
Government and the Private
Sector. 213
5.2.43 Sub-Section Conclusions and Analysis. 214
5.2.5 Evidence of Farmer-Level Innovations and Village Level
In Situ Agrobiodiversity Conservation. 215
53 Chapter Conclusions (Summary of Key Findings). 217
6 Addressing Market Failures for Sustainable Innovations in Plant
Varieties. 219
6.1 Schumpeter and the 4Value-Neutrality’ of Modem IP Regimes . 219
6.2 Market Failure and IP Protection. 223
6.2.1 ‘Market Failure’ as a Justification for IPRs . 224
6.2.2 ‘Market Failure’ as a Justification for Limiting
IP Rights. 227
6.23 IP Law and ‘Missing Markets’. 228
7 Conclusions Recommendations: Leveling the Incentives
Landscape to Promote Sustainable Innovations in Plant Varieties . 231
7.1 The Need to Level the Landscape of Incentives: Overview
of Research Findings. 232
7.1.1 Incentives Skewed Heavily in Favor of Formal Plant
Breeding. 232
7.1.2 Addressing Government Policies That Act as ‘Perverse
Incentives’. 233
7.13 The Indian Law Is a Good Attempt at Balancing
Divergent Interests. 235
7.1.4 ‘Creative Destruction’ Is Not the Observed Phenomenon
vis-à-vis Innovations in the Agricultural Seeds Sector. . , 236
Contents xix
7.2 Leveling the Incentives Landscape: Adopting Measure Both
'Internal’ and ‘External’ to IP Laws and Policies. 238
7.2.1 Establishing Checks and Balances Within the IP Regime
for the Protection of Plant Varieties. 240
7.2.1.1 Tweaking the Indian Plant Variety Protection
Law. 240
7.2.1.1.1 Modifying the Researcher’s Rights
Exemption. 240
7.2.1.1.2 Expanding the Circumstances in Which
Farmers Can Claim Compensation
for Improving a Variety. 241
7.2.1.2 Amending UPOV While Retaining the
Flexibilities Under Article 27.3(b) of TRIPs . . . 242
7.2.2 Complementing Internal Checks Through External
Means. 242
7.2.2.1 Imposing Pigouvian Taxes for Soil Pollution
and Agrobiodiversity Erosion. 243
7.2.2.2 Support Work of Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs). 244
7.2.2.3 Supporting Private Sector Efforts That
Encourage Agrobiodiversity Conservation . 245
7.2.2.4 Crop Insurance. 245
7.2.2.5 Promoting Formal R D into Landraces
and Means of Increasing Yield of Landraces
Using Sustainable Eco-Friendly Methods. 245
7.3 The Way Forward . . 246
7.3.1 Implementing ‘Soft Law’ Contained in International
Agreements. 246
7.3.2 ‘Fundamental Extension in Morality’ as a Means
of Promoting Sustainable Innovations in Plant Varieties . . . 247
Annex 1: Research Methodology—Overview of Research Methodology
and Objectives. 249
1.1 Mixed-Methods Research Approach. 249
1.1.1 Partially Mixed, Concurrent and Sequential, Equal Status
Design. 253
1.1.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs. . 254
1.1.3 Sampling Design. 256
1.1.4 Mixing Rationale and Purpose. 259
1.2 Designing and Executing a Mixed-Method Research . 261
1.2.1 The Research Goal. 263
1.2.2 The Research Objective. . 263
1.2.3 Research Questions. 264
Annex 2: Total Applications Filed by Species (2007-2014). 269
XX
Contents
Annex 3: Crop Species Notified Under the PPV FR Act, 2001. 271
Annex 4: Variables Used for Data Analysis—Survey Questions,
Response Sets and Coding. . . . . . 275
4.1 Table 1: Name and Description of the Variables Used
(Hypothesis A.l - A3, B.l - B.12). 275
4.2 Table 2: First Level of Coding for Reasons for Cultivating
Preferred/Pulses Crops. 277
43 Table 3: Variables Used for Probit and Linear Regressions . 280
*
Annex 5: Explanation of Variables Used in the Hypotheses. 283
Annex 6: Private Sector Farmer Surveys: Scope, Structure,
Methodology Implementation. 285
6.1 Identifying the Questions for Qualitative and Quantitative
Empirical Investigations. 285
6.1.1 Questions Guiding the Structure and Content
of the Private Sector Survey/Interviews. 286
6.1.2 Questions Guiding the Content and Structure
of the Farmer Survey/Interviews. 288
6.2 Private Sector Surveys: Scope, Methodology, Structure
and Implementation. 292
6.2.1 The Private Sector Survey: Scope and Methodology . . . 292
6.2.1.1 Scope. 292
6.2.1.2 Methodology. 294
6.2.2 The Private Sector Survey: Structure and Content. 295
6.2.2.1 Profile of Companies. 296
6.2.2.2 Seed R D Portfolio and Pulses Seeds
R D Portfolio. 296
6.2.23 Seed Production and Pulses Seeds Production
Portfolio. 296
6.2.2.4 Seed Distribution Portfolio. 297
6.2.2.5 Intellectual Property Protection Portfolio. 297
6.2.2.6 General Opinions About Intellectual Property . . . 297
6.2.2.7 Miscellaneous Opinions and Permissions. 297
6.2.2.8 Pre-test. . 297
6.23 Creating a Master List of Seed Companies in India
Implementing the Survey. 298
6.2.4 Supplementary Interviews. 300
63 Farmer Surveys: Methodology, Structure Sc Implementation. . . 300
63.1 The Farmer Survey: Scope and Methodology. 300
63.1.1 Scope. 300
63.1.2 Methodology. 301
Contents
xxi
6.3.2 The Farmer (Informal Sector) Survey: Structure
and Content. 302
6.3.2.1 Direct and Indirect Factors Affecting Cultivation
and Innovation. 302
6.3.2.2 Pulses Crops v. Preferred Crops. 304
6.3.2.3 The Key Questions Included in the Survey
and Their Underlying Rationale. 305
6.3.3 Identifying Pre-Test and Test Locations. 309
6.3.3.1 Expert Views. 310
6.3.3.2 Pre-tests. 311
6.3.3.3 Final Test Locations. 313
6.3.4 Sampling. 313
6.3.4.1 Collected Sample Size. 315
6.3.4.2 Collecting Qualitative Data Among Farmers . . . 315
6.3.5 Coding and Arrangement of Data for Analysis. 316
Annex 7: Farmer Survey: Chhattisgarh Madhya Pradesh
(Translated from Hindi by the Author). 317
Bibliography. 325 |
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Kochupillai, Mrinalini |
author_facet | Kochupillai, Mrinalini |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Kochupillai, Mrinalini |
author_variant | m k mk |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV043752015 |
classification_rvk | QS 700 QT 200 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)959553331 (DE-599)DNB1100296220 |
dewey-full | 340 |
dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
dewey-ones | 340 - Law |
dewey-raw | 340 |
dewey-search | 340 |
dewey-sort | 3340 |
dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
discipline | Rechtswissenschaft Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
format | Thesis Book |
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genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
id | DE-604.BV043752015 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-12-09T13:02:10Z |
institution | BVB |
institution_GND | (DE-588)1065168780 |
isbn | 9783662527955 3662527952 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029163561 |
oclc_num | 959553331 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-M382 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-384 |
owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-384 |
physical | xxi, 335 Seiten Diagramme 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm, 0 g |
publishDate | 2016 |
publishDateSearch | 2016 |
publishDateSort | 2016 |
publisher | Springer |
record_format | marc |
series | Munich studies on innovation and competition |
series2 | Munich studies on innovation and competition |
spelling | Kochupillai, Mrinalini Verfasser aut Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties Mrinalini Kochupillai Berlin ; Heidelberg Springer [2016] © 2016 xxi, 335 Seiten Diagramme 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm, 0 g txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Munich studies on innovation and competition Volume 5 Dissertation Ludwig-Maximilians-Uniersität München 2015 Innovation (DE-588)4027089-0 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzenzüchtung (DE-588)4045599-3 gnd rswk-swf Phytodiversität (DE-588)7748332-7 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd rswk-swf Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd rswk-swf Creative destruction Intellectual property Market failure Plant varieties Sustainable innovation (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 s Phytodiversität (DE-588)7748332-7 s Pflanzenzüchtung (DE-588)4045599-3 s Innovation (DE-588)4027089-0 s Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 s DE-604 Springer-Verlag GmbH (DE-588)1065168780 pbl Munich studies on innovation and competition Volume 5 (DE-604)BV042173338 5 http://www.springer.com/ Verlag X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4b237373cd024fd6b0e7c29ddf7df52c&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029163561&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Kochupillai, Mrinalini Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties Munich studies on innovation and competition Innovation (DE-588)4027089-0 gnd Pflanzenzüchtung (DE-588)4045599-3 gnd Phytodiversität (DE-588)7748332-7 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4027089-0 (DE-588)4045599-3 (DE-588)7748332-7 (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4136832-0 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
title | Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties |
title_auth | Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties |
title_exact_search | Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties |
title_full | Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties Mrinalini Kochupillai |
title_fullStr | Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties Mrinalini Kochupillai |
title_full_unstemmed | Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties Mrinalini Kochupillai |
title_short | Promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties |
title_sort | promoting sustainable innovations in plant varieties |
topic | Innovation (DE-588)4027089-0 gnd Pflanzenzüchtung (DE-588)4045599-3 gnd Phytodiversität (DE-588)7748332-7 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Innovation Pflanzenzüchtung Phytodiversität Landwirtschaft Geistiges Eigentum Hochschulschrift |
url | http://www.springer.com/ http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4b237373cd024fd6b0e7c29ddf7df52c&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029163561&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV042173338 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kochupillaimrinalini promotingsustainableinnovationsinplantvarieties AT springerverlaggmbh promotingsustainableinnovationsinplantvarieties |