Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Imperial College Press
[2016]
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Air pollution reviews
vol. 5 |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 318 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 1783268859 9781783268856 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces |c Editor Peter Brimblecombe, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong |
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Imperial College Press |c [2016] | |
| 300 | |a xi, 318 Seiten |b Illustrationen | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Air pollution reviews |v vol. 5 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176557686652928 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces
Autor: Brimblecombe, Peter
Jahr: 2016
Contents
1. Past, Present and Future Damage to Materials
and Building Surfaces in the Polluted
Urban Environment 1
1.1 Introduction....................... 1
1.2 Early Observations of Damage............. 2
1.2.1 Early modern period ............. 2
1.2.2 Early restoration................ 4
1.2.3 Responses in design.............. 5
1.3 Long Term Changes in Air Pollution......... 6
1.3.1 Past air pollution................ 6
1.3.2 Late 20th century................................8
1.3.3 Air pollution in the 21st century..............9
1.4 Long-Term Recession Rates to Stone..................11
1.5 Long-Term Corrosion Rates for Iron
and Copper..............................................13
1.6 Future Damage to Polymers from Ozone..............15
1.7 Conclusion ..............................................16
References......................................................16
2. Weathering of Building Materials 19
2.1 Introduction..............................................19
2.2 Main Building Materials and Their
Vulnerability..............................................20
2.2.1 Wood............................................20
2.2.2 Plaster, mortar, brick and stone................20
2.2.3 Terracotta and ceramic roof tiles..............21
V
vi Contents
2.2.4 Glass..............................................22
2.2.5 Metals............................................22
2.3 Atmospheric Factors and Key Deterioration
Mechanisms..............................................23
2.3.1 Solar radiation . . . ...........................23
2.3.2 Wind ............................................25
2.3.3 Atmospheric precipitation ....................25
2.3.3.1 Precipitation roses..................28
2.3.3.2 Occult precipitation ................29
2.3.3.3 Water from the soil..................33
2.4 Atmospheric Factors and Acidic Deposition..........34
2.4.1 Wet deposition..................................35
2.4.2 Dry deposition of suspended particles .... 36
2.4.3 From deposition to decay......................39
2.5 The Boundary Layer Next to Building Materials ... 40
2.6 The Viscous Sub-Layer at the Interface Between Air
and Building Materials..................................42
2.6.1 Aerodynamic filter of particulate matter ... 43
2.6.2 Synergism with gaseous pollutants............44
2.6.3 Temperature and relative humidity..........45
2.6.4 Crystallisation cycles............................47
2.6.5 Chemical reactions ............................56
2.7 The Physical Phases of Moisture in Building
Materials..................................................57
2.8 Conclusions..............................................58
References......................................................59
3. Air Pollution Damage to Stone 65
3.1 Introduction..............................................65
3.2 Air Pollutants............................................67
3.2.1 Sulfur dioxide..................................67
3.2.2 Nitrogen oxides................................69
3.2.3 Other pollutants................................71
3.3 Damage to Architectural Stone........................72
3.3.1 Mineral dissolution reactions..................72
3.3.2 Damage patterns................................74
Contents vii
3.4 Surface Recession Rates and Damage Functions ... 84
3.5 Deposition Velocities....................................89
3.5.1 Surface resistance SO2 deposition............91
3.5.2 Deposition velocities of nitrogen
compounds......................................95
3.6 Conclusion ..............................................96
References......................................................97
4. Composition and Chemistry of Crusts on Stone 103
4.1 Introduction..............................................103
4.2 Mineralogy of Crusts....................................105
4.2.1 Marble and limestone..........................105
4.2.2 Granite..........................................106
4.2.3 Soot..............................................108
4.3 Soluble Salts..............................................110
4.3.1 Soluble organic anions ........................112
4.4 Organic and Elemental Carbon........................113
4.4.1 Carbon in crusts................................113
4.4.2 Carbonate and non-carbonate carbon
in crusts..........................................116
4.4.3 Organic and elemental carbon in crusts ... 118
4.5 Geochemistry of Crusts..................................120
4.6 Air Pollution Changes: Composition of Crusts
and Appearance of Buildings..........................122
References......................................................123
5. Soiling and Discolouration 127
5.1 Introduction..............................................127
5.2 Traditional Soiling of Historical Buildings
by Pollution and Blackening............................128
5.3 New Trends in Climate and Pollution
and New Building Colourations........................132
5.3.1 Yellowing........................................132
5.3.2 Biological colouration..........................134
5.4 Aesthetics Implications..................................136
References......................................................138
viii Contents
6. Air Pollution Damage to Metals 143
6.1 Introduction..............................................143
6.2 Effects of the Environment..............................144
6.2.1 The multi-pollutant situation..................144
6.2.2 Climate........;........................145
6.2.3 Gaseous pollutants..............................146
6.2.3.1 S02....................................147
6.2.3.2 Synergistic effects of N02 and O3
in combination with S02............148
6.2.3.3 HNO3................................150
6.2.4 Particles..........................................150
6.2.5 Wet deposition..................................151
6.3 Effects on Metallic Materials............................153
6.3.1 Effects on metals in general....................153
6.3.2 Ferrous metals..................................154
6.3.3 Zinc and galvanised steel......................155
6.3.4 Copper and bronze............................156
6.3.5 Aluminium......................................158
6.4 Lifetime Assessments and Cost Calculations..........158
6.5 Corrosion Trends and Effect of Climate Change ... 159
References......................................................162
7. Air Pollution Damage to Glass 165
7.1 Introduction..............................................165
7.1.1 What is glass? A chemical point of view . . . 166
7.2 Mechanisms of Deterioration and Corrosion..........168
7.2.1 Leaching of glass................................169
7.2.2 Weathering of glass ............................170
7.2.3 Parameters involved in the corrosion
processes........................................170
7.2.4 Other mechanisms of corrosion..............171
7.3 Analytical Approach....................................172
7.3.1 Information achievable........................173
7.3.2 Analytical techniques..........................173
7.3.2.1 XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence analysis) 173
7.3.2.2 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy . 174
Contents ix
7.3.2.3 EPXMA (Electron Probe X-ray
Micro Analysis)......................175
7.3.2.4 AFM (Atomic Force
Microscopy)..........................176
7.3.2.5 ToF-SIMS (Time of Flight
Secondary Ion Mass
Spectrometry)........................176
7.3.2.6 Ion beam and other
techniques............................177
7.4 Potash-lime-silica Glass, a Special Case of Study ... 178
7.5 Reducing Damage ......................................182
7.5.1 Passive conservation............................184
7.5.2 Active conservation............................184
7.6 Conclusion ..............................................186
References......................................................187
8. Air Pollution and Changes to the Biology
of Urban Fabric 193
8.1 Introduction..............................................193
8.2 Airborne Pollutants and Bioindicators................194
8.2.1 Bacteria..........................................196
8.2.2 Algae and cyanobacteria........................202
8.2.3 Fungi............................................202
8.2.4 Lichens..........................................203
8.2.5 Bryophytes: mosses and liverworts......206
8.2.6 Vascular or higher plants......................207
8.2.7 Small animals....................................208
8.3 Changes in Urban Fabric Biodiversity Due
to Air Pollution..........................................209
8.4 Air Pollution and Biodeterioration....................212
8.5 Conclusions..............................................216
References......................................................217
9. The Whole Building and Patterns of Degradation 225
9.1 Introduction..............................................225
9.2 Limitations of Small-Scale Studies of Stone
Degradation..............................................228
x Contents
9.3 Classification of Building Degradation........233
9.4 Building and Complex Interactions....................239
9.5 Buildings as Cultural Items..............................243
9.6 Conclusions..............................................247
References.......................................248
10. The Historic and Archaeological Heritage: Pollution
and Non-Urban Sites 255
10.1 Introduction..............................................255
10.2 Sources and Types of Air Pollutants....................256
10.2.1 Urban sources..................................256
10.2.2 Non-urban sources of pollution .......259
10.2.2.1 Agriculture ..........................260
10.2.2.2 Incineration..........................260
10.2.2.3 Waste incineration/waste
management ........................261
10.2.2.4 Crude oil, brick making
and coal burning....................262
10.2.2.5 Traffic and the tourism
industry..............................263
10.3 The Effects of Air Pollutants on Historic
and Archaeological Sites, and Their Contexts .... 265
10.3.1 Exposed sites....................................265
10.3.1.1 General trends and examples . . . 265
10.3.1.2 Some sites............................267
10.3.2 Semi-confined, confined and underground
sites..............................................269
10.3.2.1 General trends and examples . . . 269
10.3.2.2 Specific sites..........................271
10.4 Landscapes and Archaeological Context.......273
10.4.1 General trends and examples..................273
10.4.2 Specific sites....................................277
10.5 Buried Heritage..........................................279
10.6 Conclusion ..............................................280
References......................................................281
Contents xi
11. Evaluation of Cleaning Methods
for Graffiti Removal 291
11.1 Introduction..............................................291
11.2 Published Studies on Graffiti Cleaning
(1995-2014)..............................................294
11.3 Methods for Evaluating Graffiti Cleaning.......298
11.3.1 Optical and electronic microscopy......298
11.3.2 Infrared spectroscopy..........................301
11.3.3 Colourimetric measurements.........301
11.3.4 Miscellaneous other techniques.......304
11.4 Graffiti Barrier Coatings (Anti-Graffiti
Coatings) ................................................304
11.5 Current Perspectives and Future Directions.....306
References......................................................309
Index 313
|
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| spelling | Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces Editor Peter Brimblecombe, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong London Imperial College Press [2016] xi, 318 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Air pollution reviews vol. 5 Literaturangaben Brimblecombe, Peter 1949- (DE-588)171990242 edt Air pollution reviews vol. 5 (DE-604)BV013763833 5 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029161144&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces Air pollution reviews |
| title | Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces |
| title_auth | Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces |
| title_exact_search | Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces |
| title_full | Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces Editor Peter Brimblecombe, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong |
| title_fullStr | Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces Editor Peter Brimblecombe, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong |
| title_full_unstemmed | Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces Editor Peter Brimblecombe, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong |
| title_short | Urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces |
| title_sort | urban pollution and changes to materials and building surfaces |
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