The origin and early history of insurance: including the contract of bottomry
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Clark, N.J.
Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | Reprint der Ausgabe 1926 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Originally published: London, P.S. King & Son, 1926 |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 330 pages 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781584779322 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Trenerry, Charles Farley |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The origin and early history of insurance |b including the contract of bottomry |c by C.F. Trenerry |
| 250 | |a Reprint der Ausgabe 1926 | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Clark, N.J. |b Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a xiv, 330 pages |c 23 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a Originally published: London, P.S. King & Son, 1926 | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Includes bibliographical references (pages 313-330) | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Insurance / History | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine insurance | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Life insurance | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Bottomry and respondentia | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Bottomry and respondentia |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Insurance |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Life insurance |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Marine insurance |2 fast | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction and Summary......................i
PART I
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONTRACT OF
BOTTOMRY AND RESPONDENTIA DOWN
TO THE iith CENTURY aj .
CHAPTER I
The Origin and Development of the Contract of
Bottomry.......................................45
Definition of Bottomry and Respondentia—theory in respect of origin
—consideration of evidence—early civilization in the Euphrates
Valley—introduction of Babylonian knowledge to Greeks by
Phoenicians—risks incurred by traders in the early ages—preva-
lence of piracy.
CHAPTER II
The Origin of the Contract of Bottomry, prior to 250 b.c. 50
Limits imposed on research as to the origin and early history of the
contract of Bottomry—possible source of contract limited to Baby-
lonia, China, Egypt and India—no trace of contract of Bottomry in
China—or in Egypt—great business capacity of the Babylonians—
earliest mention of contract of Bottomry in Code of Hammurabi—
clauses 100 to 107 of Code—forms of loan in Babylonia, 2500 b.c.—
Commenda of Islam—meaning of words “ go free ” in clause 103
—risk run by Babylonian trader—points in which these contracts
resemble contracts of Bottomry—note on origin of contract as legis-
lated for in the Code.
CHAPTER III
The Contract as known to the Hindus ... 61
Question as to whether the modem contract is the outcome of Baby-
lonian—reference to similar contract in Mdnava Dharma Sdstra—proba-
bility that improvements in contracts in Mdnava Dharma Sdstra were
introduced by the Hindus—probability that Phoenicians improved
contract before handing it to the Greeks—Babylonian contract for land-
borne, Indian for land- and sea-borne, Greek for sea-borne goods—
Mdnava Dharma Sdstrat origin of—date of—translation of—Book viii,
156» 157—meaning of, and various views as to—development of
Hindu contract compared with Babylonian.
« *
vu
Vlll
CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER IV
The Contract as known to the Greeks ... 72
Date of introduction of loans on Bottomry by Phoenicians to Greeks—
the markets of the Mgean Sea monopolized by Phoenicians from 1000 to
800 b.c.—introduction by Phoenicians to Greeks of alphabets, of weights,
money, etc.—and probably of lex tnercatoria, etc.—growth of Greek
commercial activity in ¿Egean Sea after 800 b.c.—adoption by Greeks
of the trade customs of modem nations—Greek legislation on loans of
Bottomry subsequent to 500 b.c.—tribunals for mercantile actions—
complete contract of Bottomry quoted by Demosthenes—particulars of
the contract as practised by the Greeks—claims—security—period of
loan—interest—in respect of lender—in respect of borrower—loans
regarded by the Athenians as hazardous.
CHAPTER V
The Contract as known to the Romans ... 80
t
Introduction of contract to Romans—knowledge of contract probably
derived from a nation having over-sea trade—suggestion of Pardessus
that contract was introduced by Rhodians—Roman legislation in
respect of contract similar to Greek—exceptions—reasons for popu-
larity of contract—references to contract in Roman Civil Law—
practice of contract in Western Empire—suspension of Civil Law during
4th century a.d.—publication of Breviary of Anianus about a.d. 500
—references of later writers—influence of Church on commerce of
Italy—ascetic movement, result of—commerce of Italy from a.d.
600-1000—extent of the legislation of the Western Empire in respect
of contract—Eastern Empire—rate of interest of contract limited—
reasons for limitation—extent of the legislation of Eastern Empire
in respect of contract.
PART II
TRACES OF METHODS OF INSURANCE OTHER
THAN LIFE KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS
CHAPTER VI
Marine Insurance (other than Bottomry) practised by
the Romans ........ 107
Scarcity of classical references to trade customs—essentials of non-
mutual insurance—classical references to insurance—annuities dealt
in by Romans—references to Government Guarantees, 215 b.c.—
guarantee of indemnity required by financiers as part of considera-
tion—opinions of writers re nature of transaction—arguments as to
nature of indemnification—origin of state indemnity—government
not owners during transit—risks of voyage on vendor—service of
shippers regarded as consideration for guarantee on indemnity—
reference to private guarantee against loss in transit—obvious
meaning of the phrase probably the correct one—omnts pecunice
publics probably included spoils captured from Cilicia—transaction
if equivalent to insurance probably well known—reference to per-
sonal guarantee by Emperor, a.d. 58—argument re nature of transac-
tion—comparison of the foregoing three references—suggested devel-
opment of the non-mutual contracts of indemnity described in this
chapter.
CONTENTS
ix
PAGE
CHAPTER VII
Contracts of Indemnity used by the Romans . . 125
Contract referred to by Ulpian—an agreement to indemnify in case
of loss—not a third party guarantee—contract was one of insurance
—has two characteristics of true insurance—wager insurance—
similar contract in use at Florence, Naples, Marseilles in Middle Ages
—not true insurance—prohibited in England, France, etc.—proba-
bility that passages are counsels* opinions on contracts for contingent
insurances—summaries of Chapters VI and VII.
PART III
WHETHER LIFE ASSURANCE WAS KNOWN TO
THE ANCIENTS
CHAPTER VIII
Life Assurance as known to the Romans . . . 135
Subject of investigation—character of contracts—difficulty of exam-
ining data on which calculations were based—why contracts for non-
mutual life assurance have not been examined previously—no trace
of similar contracts in laws of other ancient peoples—paucity of evi-
dence bearing on these contracts—order of points to be examined—
object of the investigation.
CHAPTER IX
Probability that the Romans had some Means by which
Loss arising through Death might be reduced or
nullified ......... 139
Large credit business of Rome and Eastern Empire—loans for trading
purposes—contract of Bottomry safeguards borrower but not lender—
loans on reversions—legal restrictions on money-lending—advantages
afforded to private individuals by assurance—wager insurance may have
been extended to cover term insurance against accidents—and pos-
sibly to term life assurance—passing from term to whole-life assur-
ance—difference between them noticed by Roman Jurists.
CHAPTER X
Allusions to Longevity, Mortality, etc., by Early
Writers ........................................143
References in Old Testament—PirqS Ab6th—Greek authors—Roman
authors—Koran—comparison of classical with Jewish references—
mediaeval references—possible reference in Egyptian records.
CHAPTER XI
Sufficiency of the Knowledge of Mathematics and
of Finance possessed by the Romans during the
early Empire for the Calculations required . 147
Financial and mathematical knowledge of the Romans—arithmetic of
Nicomachus—algebra of Diophantus—Abacus used by Romans—
financial knowledge of Romans—Roman qualifications tor carrying on
life assurance as great as those of European nations of the 16th cen-
tury by whom such business was largely carried on.
X
CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER XII
Tables of Annuity Values which were sanctioned by
the Roman Law for Purposes of the Lex Falcidia 150
No trace of tables of premiums used by Romans—Lex Falcidia—two
tables of annuity values authorized—-arbitrary construction of
Macer’s table, Ulpian’s table based on life experience—Ulpian’s table
probably gives values az not ex—Macer’s table more popular—
amended in the Basilikon—Ulpian’s table authorized in Middle Ages.
CHAPTER XIII
Actuarial Knowledge not essential for Transaction of
Life Assurance Business . . . . . 153
Theory of probabilities unknown to Romans—who had elementary
ideas of chance—rough calculations of values of risks—assurances on
lives made in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries—Romans dis-
tinguished between the whole-life and term assurance—life assurances
in the sixteenth century forbidden in France, Holland, etc.—per-
mitted in England, Italy, etc.—admitted that the mediaeval peoples
made contracts for life assurance, probability that Romans did so
during the Empire.
CHAPTER XIV
Manner of making Contracts of Non-mutual Life
Assurance and of Transacting the Legal Part of
the Business ........ 158
Wording of any contract—conditions of validity of any contract—
formulas of contract which would be equivalent to contracts of life
assurance—conditions of validity of contract—evidence as to import-
ance of practice of assurance.
CHAPTER XV
Nature and Essential Parts of a Contract of Life
Assurance ........ 163
Life assurance among the Romans would have been carried on by com-
panies or by individuals—necessary parts of contract on life assurance
—risk, benefit, beneficiaries described in contract—nature of con-
sideration paid under contract—if not available then practice was
invalid—proportion of consideration to benefit, and methods of pay-
ment—inability of persons not having valuable interest in contract
to enforce the performance of the contract.
CHAPTER XVI
Societies among the Greeks and Romans which provided
Funds at Death of Members for Burial or other
Purposes, with or without other Benefits . . 171
Earliest form of mutual benefit at death found in religious societies—
which afterwards become burial clubs—and probably mutual life assur-
ance societies—which suggested non-mutual life assurance—term life
assurance probably suggested by wager insurance—in early religious
societies burial a minor incident in the worship of the divinity—main
object in later Roman societies—origin of Roman societies uncertain—
CONTENTS
xi
probably due to Greece—Greek societies provided funeral benefits—
examination of candidates for membership as to moral fitness—burial
fund started by monthly subscriptions—always very subsidiary to
religious object of society—gilds and trading societies of Homans—
Roman religious societies, origin and object of—reasons for custom
of providing funerals for members—societies gradually become burial
clubs—providing common ground or columbarium—later pay fumra*
ticium to members—the amount of benefit varying pro rata with
subscription—societies not friendly societies—benefits other than
fumraticia provided by military societies—Note on Gild of Stone-
masons in Egypt about 2560 b.c.
CHAPTER XVII
The Roman Civilian (i.e. Non-Military) Societies .
Origin of societies uncertain—membership drawn from all classes,
including slaves—no person could belong to more than one society—
women also admitted as members—method of becoming members
—limiting age of entry—government vested in General Assembly
or elect Committee of Management-—officers—women eligible—legal
position of societies—no legal opposition to, in early Republic—sup-
pressed, 42 b.c.—permitted under Antonines-—collegia tenuiorum and
causa religionis—mutual insurance societies, if any existed, must have
masqueraded as causa religionis—societies to make no by-laws—
Album and register of subscriptions—variation of financial methods of
different societies—accounts probably kept carefully—normal valua-
tion period of societies was five years—-occasionally one, three or ten
years—method of calculation of monthly subscription unknown—re-
insurance-receipts from members—entrance fee—fund for payment of
fumraticia provided from monthly subscriptions, not entrance fees—
monthly subscriptions permitted by law—members in arrears with
subscription—lost rights of membership—collection from surviving
members to defray cost of burial of deceased—donations and fines—
societiescould hold property and deal with common funds—donations
of non-members for distribution by society—fumraticia, nature of—-
probable explanation of meaning of—monthly subscription earmarked
by certain colleges for provision of fumraticia—surplus after payment of
burial expenses—forfeiture of rights by members who committed
suicide, were in arrears, or were disorderly—monthly subscriptions,
calculation of—probably corrected in later societies—text of Lex
Collegi ABsculapi et Hygicz—extract from text of Lex Collegi CuUorum
Dianes et Antinoi at Lanuvium.
CHAPTER XVIII
The Roman Veterans Societies.............................
Nature of veterans’ societies—prohibited by Marcian—reasons for
formation of—want of community of interest between the civilians
and veterans—strain on funds of civilian burial clubs consequent on
admission of veterans—points of resemblance of veterans* and
civilians* societies—veterans admitted to certain professional societies
—veterans* societies not numerous.
CHAPTER XIX
The Roman Military Societies . . . .
Range of objects wider than in civilian societies—confined to military
camps—Societies of Comicines at Lambaesa—rules of—Scamnarium
PAGE
l8l
204
209
CONTENTS
xü
PAGE
—was periodical subscription payable ?—opinions of Mommsen, Cag-
nat, and Waltzing—meaning of funeraticium in military societies—posi-
tion of Tirones—entitled to subscribe a portion of ordinary fees and to
receive a benefit pro rata with their subscription—nature of payments
nomine annularium—were they deferred annuities ?—reasons for sug-
gestion—confusion of annualium and annularium—adequacy of accu-
mulated subscriptions for provision of deferred annuities—reasons for
special date of payments—payments nomine annularium not equivalent
to funeraiicia—military societies provided for mutual endowment
insurance or mutual term assurance combined with deferred annuity
—did civilian societies provide similar benefits ?—if so, they must
have done so surreptitiously.
CHAPTER XX
Non-Mutual Contracts for Payments on1 Death of a
Person oi^ Persons as known to the Romans . .220
Roman mutual life assurance of limited value—disadvantages—
limited nature of responsa in Roman Civil Law referring to these con-
tracts—Responsa of Ulpian most exhaustive—analysis of—assurance
of father s life for benefit of daughter—assurance of daughter s life for
benefit of father—reasons why this was not a contract for the return
of dowry—term and whole-life assurance contracts equally valid.
CHAPTER XXI
Examination of other Extracts from Roman Law which
deal with Contracts of a Similar Nature . . 227
References in Roman Civil Law to these contracts—practice existed
from not later than the 2nd century to after the 10th century a.o.
—Commentaries of Garus—references to Jurisconsults on legal points
only—Gaius quoted in Breviary of Alaric—doubtful if Justinian adopted
the Responsa of Ulpian in their entirety—no reference in law to these
contracts between a.d. 250 and 500—Breviary of Alaric—use of terms
creditor and debtor—contracts cum mortar or moriaris not referred to
by Alaric II—suggested reasons for omission—Code of Justinian—
broader treatment of formulas-—Digest—Institutes of Justinian—
practice of making these contracts of very old standing—contract
depending on death of third person could be made—importance of
this contract—Basilikdn—removal of restrictions on contract—con-
tracts could have been used for joint lives or survivor risks—Basilikdn
repeats Responsa of Ulpian—Summing up of Parts I and III of
Thesis.
PART IV
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN INSURANCE FROM
THE FAMILY GROUP SYSTEM AS EXEM-
PLIFIED IN BELGIUM
CHAPTER XXII
Derivation of Modern Insurance .....
Limitations of classical methods of insurance—insurance from the
8th to the 14th centuries in Europe—probable derivation of mediaeval
insurance—probable derivation from family groups and gilds of
Flanders and Germany.
243
CONTENTS
P AOB
CHAPTER XXIII
Development of Communal Insurance from Family Group
System ......... 246
Probability that insurance in England was outcome of insurance as
practised in Flanders, etc.—Chronological table of growth of insurance
in Flanders, etc.—family groups—gilds provide mutual help in case of
misfortune, fire or wreck—resemblance of gilds to Roman collegia—
their differences—laws of Carlovingian Emperors in respect of gilds
—gilds autonomous and secret—very numerous and important in the
8th and 9th centuries—development of keuren or charters from
gilds—charter of Amitié d*Aire—very similar charters—fire insurance
in keuren—limited to fire of unknown origin—procedure in respect of
fire insurance became more business-like—contributions from persons
insured to be pro rata with the value of their property—Hamelinghe was
the insurance on live-stock—marine insurance not referred to in
keuren, reasons for—combination of small communities under central
authority—Statut du Mont d’Hazebrouck—further alteration In
respect of fire insurance.
CHAPTER XXIV
Non-Mutual Insurance between 1227 and 1310 . . 261
Insurance of merchants in return for payment of dorpinghe or pertusage,
in 1227—in 1248—in 1298—formation of marine insurance company at
Bruges under charter in 1310.
CHAPTER XXV
Marine Insurance ........ 264
Marine insurance general in Western Europe in 14th century—
record of action in 1377 arising from contract of marine insurance
—insurance company at Bruges in 1310 referred to in Chronyke van
Vlaenderen—arguments of Pardessus—Jaer-Boecken van Brugge and
Brugschen Koophandel—chamber of insurance against excessive im-
port and other taxes in Oporto in the 14th century—practice of
marine insurance in the 15 th century in Flanders—forms of con-
tract—risks provided against—general average—evidence as to pro-
perty insured—insurance of ships as well as of merchandise—under-
writers or insurers—reasons for lack of evidence in respect of insurance
companies referred to in Chronykt van Vlaenderen—re-insurance—sum-
mary of Part IV.
CHAPTER XXVI
Life Assurance ........ 276
Practice of life assurance in Belgium—and in Holland—record of
authorization of practice in Antwerp about a.d. 1550—forbidden in
X57I—Weddinghcn on lives of children forbidden in 1544.
CHAPTER XXVII
Marine and other Insurance in other Countries
. 379
CONTENTS
nv
APPENDICES
A. Babylonian Civilization, Commerce, and Trade
Customs................................
B. Phcenician Civilization and Commerce, with especial
Reference to the Extent of their Influence on
Greece
C. Loans at Interest among the Egyptians
D. Loans at Interest among the Greeks .
E. Comparison of Modern Methods of Chartering Ships
AND CARRYING MERCHANDISE WITH THOSE PRACTISED
by the Greeks in the 4TH century b.c.
F. Rhodian Laws............................
G. Finance as known to and practised by the Romans
before a.d. 300 .......
H. Mathematical Knowledge of the Romans under the
Empire.................
J. Greek Religious Societies...............
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliography
Addenda to Bibliography .
page
283
287
291
293
295
297
301
305
5°7
313
33°
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| author_variant | c f t cf cft |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043720365 |
| classification_rvk | PW 9255 |
| contents | Includes bibliographical references (pages 313-330) |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)957723914 (DE-599)BVBBV043720365 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | Reprint der Ausgabe 1926 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| id | DE-604.BV043720365 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:33:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781584779322 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029132437 |
| oclc_num | 957723914 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 |
| physical | xiv, 330 pages 23 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Trenerry, Charles Farley Verfasser aut The origin and early history of insurance including the contract of bottomry by C.F. Trenerry Reprint der Ausgabe 1926 Clark, N.J. Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. 2009 xiv, 330 pages 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Originally published: London, P.S. King & Son, 1926 Includes bibliographical references (pages 313-330) Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Insurance / History Marine insurance Life insurance Bottomry and respondentia Bottomry and respondentia fast Insurance fast Life insurance fast Marine insurance fast Geschichte Lebensversicherung (DE-588)4034928-7 gnd rswk-swf Seeversicherung (DE-588)4054198-8 gnd rswk-swf Lebensversicherung (DE-588)4034928-7 s Seeversicherung (DE-588)4054198-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029132437&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Trenerry, Charles Farley The origin and early history of insurance including the contract of bottomry Includes bibliographical references (pages 313-330) Insurance / History Marine insurance Life insurance Bottomry and respondentia Bottomry and respondentia fast Insurance fast Life insurance fast Marine insurance fast Geschichte Lebensversicherung (DE-588)4034928-7 gnd Seeversicherung (DE-588)4054198-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4034928-7 (DE-588)4054198-8 |
| title | The origin and early history of insurance including the contract of bottomry |
| title_auth | The origin and early history of insurance including the contract of bottomry |
| title_exact_search | The origin and early history of insurance including the contract of bottomry |
| title_full | The origin and early history of insurance including the contract of bottomry by C.F. Trenerry |
| title_fullStr | The origin and early history of insurance including the contract of bottomry by C.F. Trenerry |
| title_full_unstemmed | The origin and early history of insurance including the contract of bottomry by C.F. Trenerry |
| title_short | The origin and early history of insurance |
| title_sort | the origin and early history of insurance including the contract of bottomry |
| title_sub | including the contract of bottomry |
| topic | Insurance / History Marine insurance Life insurance Bottomry and respondentia Bottomry and respondentia fast Insurance fast Life insurance fast Marine insurance fast Geschichte Lebensversicherung (DE-588)4034928-7 gnd Seeversicherung (DE-588)4054198-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Insurance / History Marine insurance Life insurance Bottomry and respondentia Insurance Geschichte Lebensversicherung Seeversicherung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029132437&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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