Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e.: = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Arheološki institut
2014
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| Schriftenreihe: | Posebna izdanja / Arheološki institut, Beograd
56 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Register // Personenregister |
| Beschreibung: | Englische Zusammenfassung |
| Beschreibung: | 190 Seiten Illustrationen 30 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788680093925 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e. |b = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. |c Nadežda Gavrilović ; prevod, translated by Nadežda Gavrilović |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176488114683904 |
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| adam_text | SADRZAJ
IUVOD.............................................................. 7
II KULT HER AKL A/HERKULA U ANTICI................................. 13
1. Herakle/Herkul u grcko-rimskom svetu............................ 13
III EPIGRAFSKI I ANEPIGRAFSKI SPOMENICI HERKULA
U GORNJOJ MEZIJI................................................... 17
1 .a Epigrafski spornenici posveceni Herkulu....................... 17
1 .b Anepigrafski spornenici posveceni Herkulu..................... 23
IV ARHEOLOSKI SPOMENICI HERKULA U GORNJOJ MEZIJI................... 29
1. Kamena skulptura Herkula........................................ 29
2. Bronzane figurine Herkula....................................... 34
3. Lampe sa predstavom Herkula..................................... 40
4. Gerne sa predstavom Herkula..................................... 41
5. Nakit sa predstavom Herkula i nakit u obliku Herkulovih simbola. 43
1. Nakit sa predstavom Herkula..................................... 43
2. Nakit u obliku Herkulovih simbola............................... 43
2a. Nakit sa elementima u obliku Herkulovog cvora.................. 43
2b. Amuleti u obliku Herkulove batine.............................. 46
V KULT I ASPEKTI HERKULA U GORNJOJ MEZIJI......................... 49
Í. Odnos rimskih imperatora prema kultu boga Herkula............ 49
2. Penetracija, difuzija i funkcije boga Herkula u Gomjoj Meziji... 51
3. Herkulov kult i carska ideologija — primer Romulijane........... 61
VI KULT HERMESA/MERKURA U ANTICI................................... 63
1. Hermes/Merkur u grcko-rimskom svetu............................. 63
VII EPIGRAFSKI SPOMENICI MERKURA U GORNJOJ MEZIJI.................. 67
VIII ARHEOLOSKI SPOMENICI MERKURA U GORNJOJ MEZIJI... 69
1. Kamena skulptura Merkura....................................... 69
2. Bronzane figurine Merkura...................................... 70
3. Lampa sa predstavom Merkura.................................... 74
4. Gerne i kam eje sa predstavom Merkura.......................... 74
5. Nakit sa predstavom Merkura.................................... 76
IX KULT I ASPEKTI MERKURA U GORNJOJ MEZIJI....................... 77
1. Odnos rimskih imperatora prema kultu boga Merkura.............. 77
2. Penetracija, difuzija i funkcije boga Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji. 78
X ZAKLJUCAK...................................................... 83
XT KATALOG......................................................... 89
LHerkul............................................................ 89
2. Merkur.......................................................... 112
XII SUMMARY........................................................ 131
SKRACENTCE IZVORA................................................ 137
SKRACENICE BIBLIOGRAFIJE........................................... 137
BIBLIOGRAFIJA...................................................... 139
POREKLO ILUSTRACIJA................................................ 158
INDERS....*........................................................ 160
KARTE.............................................................. 162
ILUSTRACIJE........................................................ 166
THE CULTS OF HERCULES AND MERCURY IN UPPER
MOESIA FROM THE FIRST TO THE FOURTH CENTURY A. D.
Summary
The cults of Hercules and Mercury, two very complex deities with polyvalent char-
acters, have been confirmed in the territory of Roman province Moesia Superior (and af-
terwards in the late Roman provinces formed on the same territory) on votive monuments,
marble sculptures, bronze statues and appliqués, gems and jewellery.
The cult of one of the most popular deities in Roman pantheon, god Hercules, has
been confirmed with 17 votive monuments, three reliefs, 20 complete or fragmentary sculp-
tures (of which three sculptures remain disputable), 12 bronze statues and appliqués, gems,
jewellery and amulets in the shape of the Hercules knot. Majority of votive monuments has
been found in northern and eastern part of Moesia Superior and they date from the end of the
l st century A. D. to the end of the 3rd century A. D. Mentioned distribution of votive monu-
ments dedicated to Hercules implies that he was venerated in bigger, urban centres, as in
Danube limes too. The fact that majority of the monuments dates from second half of the 2nd
century A. D. and first half of the 3rd century A. D. is the consequence of extreme popularity
of god Hercules, during the reign of emperor Commodus and emperors from Severan dy-
nasty. In the epigraphic monuments, a difference can be perceived between vows mentioning
a god without an epithet, those mentioning a god with an epithet (e. g. Augustus, Conserva-
tor, Dens Sanctus. Invictus, Vic tor is, Nais sa s and Kvpico) and those mentioning a god along
with the names of other Roman deities, such as Jupiter, Minerva and Neptune. The frequency
of epithets of an official character and an analysis of the dedicants’ names, point to Hercules
as being a primarily military deity. This is confirmed not only by the strategic importance of
the CentraFBalkans for the empire, the permanent presence of numerous legions along the
limes and from the beginning of the 2nd century A. D., the settlement of veterans in the vi-
cinity of military camps, but also by analogy with other Roman provinces, such as Pannona,
Dalmatia or Dacia. Two votive monuments with inscription Deus Hercules, from Kostolac,
Viminatium (cat.no. 3) and Leskovac near Naissus (cat.no. 11), were dedicated by C. lulius
Arrianus (whose name points to his origin in Greece or Asia Minor) and Aurelius Firmus (a
Romanised inhabitant who was a liberated captive or soldier from Moesia Superior). While in
the case of the former monument we do not know anything of the dedicant’s occupation, the
occasion for building the monument or the aspect of the god as he was revered, the consecra-
tion formula pro salute inscribed on the latter monument indicates reverence for Hercules as
a god of health or welfare or simply as a personal protector. This type of dedication is attested
also in Moesia Inferior, Thrace and Dacia, the dedicants being soldiers and members of the
Romanised population.
Under the epithet Augusto, Hercules is mentioned in monuments from Kostolac,
Viminatium (cat.no. 4) and Prokuplje (cat. no. 10). Votive dedications Herculi Augusto ap-
pear from the 2nd century A. D., in various Roman provinces and are numerous. The epithet
Augustus generally implied the connection between the god (for whom the epithet was used)
Nadezda Gavrilovic
and official cult - it implied the help and protection of the god in question for the emperor
and his family.
The votive monument dedicated to Hercules Conservator (cat. no. 16), which origi-
nates in the vicinity of Scupi, represents an isolated example. As Hercules Conservator, the
god was primarily revered as a protector from every evil or danger that might befall the
dedicant. The epithet Conservator is found in central Balkan regions along with other deities,
such as Jupiter, Silvanus and Neptune. While keeping in mind the monument’s fragmentary
state, one may suppose that the dedicant at Scupi was a military official, if we take into ac-
count the fact that soldiers at Intercisa, Alba Iulia and in Britain made dedications to Hercules
Conservator
Dedications to Hercules as Deo Sancto come from Kostolac, Viminatium (cat. no. 5)
and Leskovac (cat. no. 12). While the monument from Leskovac is in very fragmented state
so nothing certain can be presumed about the origin or occupation of the dedicant, the dedi-
cant of the monument from Kostolac, Viminatium was a military official and beneficiaries of
legio I Italicae. As in the case of the epithet Augustus, it seems that Sanctus was an epithet
connected with the official cult too, since the dedicants are mostly soldiers, not only in Moe-
sia Superior, but also the neighbouring provinces.
With the epithet Invictus, Hercules’ name appears on votive monuments from Ra-
tiaria (cat. no. 1) and the village Gazdare in the vicinity of Leskovac (cat. no. 13), as well as
from Martvica, Stratidze and Madar (all in Moesia Inferior) and from Dacian localities Alba
Iulia, Baila Herculane, Germisara, Turda, Vetela and Ampelum. With the epithets Invictus
and Victor, Hercules was revered, as in early Rome, as the god of audacity, strength, invinci-
bility and triumph. Hence exemplum Herculi was popular not only among soldiers along the
Rhine-Danube limes, but also among veterans and Romanised individuals who saw in him
a symbol of strength and physical courage and an aid to victory over all perils. Particularly
interesting is the fact that the name of the dedicant of a monument Hercules Invictus found
in the vicinity of Leskovac is Aelius Saturninus, which is identical to the name of the dedi-
cant of a monument dedicated to Omphala, also found in the vicinity of Leskovac. The same
name of the dedicant on both monuments and similar place of finding, allow us to presume
that the same individual, probably of Greek origin, made a vow to Hercules and Omphala.
Both monuments attest the appearance of the Greek myth about Heracles in the south part of
Moesia Superior.
The monument dedicated to Hercules Victor was found in Kostolac, Viminatium
(cat. no. 6) and its dedicant was soldier M. Securius Censorinus. The popularity of the cult
of Hercules Victor was particularly strong under the Severan dynasty throughout the empire.
The votive monument dedicated to Hercules Naissas implies assimilation of Roman god Her-
cules and autochthonous (Dardanian) deity of similar characteristics, whose epithet Naisatus
was derived from the name of centre Naissus. Similar cases of the interpretatio romana of
Hercules have been recorded in Pannonia, in a dedication to Hercules lUyricus and in Dacia
where a Hercules Magusanus of the Batavi is attested. In Germania Inferior, apart from Her-
cules Magusanus and Hercules Deusonius, Hercules Saxanus was worshipped and judging
from the dedicants - for the most part, miners and military officials — he must have been a
protector of mines and miners. Britons also worshipped Hercules Saegontius and the votive
monuments of Gaul, offer a remarkably comprehensive range of local epithets of Hercules
(e.g. Ilunnus, Andossus, Toliandossus, Grains, Gallicus, Oglaius, Ogmios etc.). Apart from
the epithet derived from the name of the place Naissus what makes the monument from Nais-
sus stand out among dedications to Hercules from Moesia Superior, is the sex of the dedicant:
women were forbidden to participate in his cult (although in other provinces, e.g., Britain,
we know of priestesses of Hercules’ cult). However, we should keep in mind that Hercules
Naissas was probably some local divinity identified with Hercules, most likely the protector
132
KULT HERKULA I MERKURA U GORNJOJ MEZIJI
of roads and travellers (the monument was found in the vicinity of the stationes Ad Hercules
and static Herculana). Hercules has the same role in Pannonia and along the Rhine limes.
The votive monument from the village of Guberevac dedicated to Jupiter and Hercules (cat.
no. 2), shares the similarity with the votive monument from Naissus because, both dedicants
were women. The dedicant of the monument from Guberevac is a woman - Vecila Tyranni,
whose husband served as the administrator in mine on Mount Kosmaj, therefore Jupiter and
Hercules are probably mentioned in their function of protectors of miners and mines (simi-
lar inscriptions are known from Dacia). As for the votive inscription dedicated to Hercules
Kvpico from Kostolac, Viminatium (cat. no. 8) and votive monument dedicated to Jupiter,
Minerva, Hercules and Neptune from Prizren (cat. no. 15), they were set up by a soldier of
legio VII Claudiae, Valerios Hermogenes and by a beneficiarius of legio IIIFlaviae, Iulius
Firmus. The epithet Kvpico was testified on votive monuments dedicated to Hercules from
Thrace and Moesia Inferior, too.
Marble statues and bronze statuettes of Hercules with club in one hand and lion skin
thrown over his shoulders, associated with the cult of Hercules Victoris, have been found at
Ratiaria, Singidunum, Viminatium and Tekija. Along with votive inscriptions dedicated to
Hercules Augustus, Hercules Victor, Hercules Invictus and Hercules Conservator, found in
Singidunum, Viminatium, Ratiaria, Naissus, Scupi etc., they confirm that the official cult of
Hercules found its most numerous worshippers amongst soldiers on the limes and in legion-
ary camps. They mostly date to the late 2nd and early 3rd century A. D., in the reigns of Corn-
modus, Septimius Severus and Alexander Severus. This is confirmed too by the analogies
from Pannonia, Germania Inferior, Gaul and Dacia, where relief images of Hercules with
other del militares appear. Amulets in the shape of Hercules club, found so far only along the
limes (e. g., at Castrum Pontes near Trajan’s Bridge), confirm their popularity among soldiers
for their prophylactic and soteriological symbolism. The question of whether Hercules was
assimilated with an unidentified Dardanian healing deity has been re-opened by the discovery
of fragmentary marble statues from locality Mediana in the vicinity of the spa at Niska Banja.
The statues of Hercules have been found together with fragmentary sculptures of Mercury,
Dionysus, Asclepius and Hygieia and because of the fact that these are healing deities and
because of the presence of the formula pro salute on two inscriptions, it may be presumed
that Hercules, as the protector of thermal springs, a god of healing and, indirectly, of health,
was identified with an indigenous deity having the same properties. The healing character of
Hercules is confirmed by votive inscriptions dedicated to Hercules Salutifer from Dalmatia,
Dacia, Gaul and Britain, where he appears together with the Nymphs, Silvanus, Asclepius
and Hygieia.
The possibility that Hercules may have been worshipped as a chthonic deity is not
only suggested by the bronze statuettes of god wearing a diadem or wreath, as a “divinised”
Hercules, but also by a monument from Smederevo of Hercules and Alcestis (cat. no. 18)
which carries clear funerary symbolism. The relief representation depicts Hercules who is re-
turning A lcestis from Hades to her husband Admetus. The obvious union of the idea from the
myth of Alcestis about love, sacrifice and belief in mutual endless spousal love after death,
makes this monument so far unique in Moesia Superior. Emphasis on virtues like virtue and
devotion, with which the deceased earns eternal life and which he strives to achieve even
after death, is on one level in harmony with philosophical and religious studies of the second
half of the 2nd century A. D. Similar monuments have been found in the vicinity of Kavadar,
where Hercules appears with Mercury, god psychopompos, also in Sarmizegetusa in Dacia
and Gaul {Hercules Ogmios). Still there are no indications that in Moesia Superior Hercules
was assimilated with an indigenous chthonic god.
As we already mentioned, Moesia Superior was very important for Roman Empire
because of its rich mines. A dedication to Jupiter and Hercules from the mining region of
Nadezda Gavrilovic
Mount Kosmaj implies that there was a temple of those two deities, probably built by the
miners. Votive monuments dedicated to Hercules as the protector of mines and miners have
been identified at the Dacian sites of Ampelum and Micius, where a Hercules collegium is
mentioned. We also propose hypothesis about Hercules being venerated as the protector of
quarries and stone-cutters, but there are no arguments yet to support that hypothesis in con-
nection to the cult of Hercules in Moesia Superior.
Marble statues and bronze statuettes of Hercules found in Moesia Superior represent
almost all well known types of Hercules representations in sculpture and small bronze, such
are Hercules Farnese, Hercules with Telephus, The Lansdowne Herakles, Hercules bibax,
Hercules mingens, Herakles of Polykleitos, Herakles Epitrapezios and Herakles Invictus.
This shows that indigenous, Romanised inhabitants accepted widely the cult of Hercules,
who was in Moesia Superior one of the most venerated deities during the Roman reign.
Apotropaic and eschatological dimension of the god are also attested by the jewel-
lery in the form of the prophylactic not of Hercules which, from the middle of 3rd century A.
D. became very common in the provinces of Thrace, Moesia Superior, Dalmatia, Pannonia
and Dardania.
Although architectural remains of a sanctuary dedicated to Hercules have not yet
been confirmed in Moesia Superior, it can be presumed that one probably existed on Mount
Kosmaj, vicinity of Lece and maybe in the vicinity of Naissus. Devoted dedicants of Hercules
were mostly soldiers, military officials, veterans, traders, craftsmen, freedmen. miners, but
also Romanised inhabitants, immigrants from Greece, Minor Asia, Syria etc.
The cult of Mercury, also one of the most represented and favoured deity during the
Roman domination in Moesia Superior, was testified in epigraphic and all forms of archaeo-
logical material. The god who was mostly known as god of trade and tradesmen (patron of
commerce), had many different functions for inhabitants of Moesia Superior who venerated
the god as protector of roads and travellers, boundaries, sailors and ports, god of eloquence -
patron of art and artists, springs and thermal waters, agriculture and mediator between living
and dead —the one who guides the souls of deceased to heaven. Although the origin of the cult
of god Mercury still presents an open question among historians of Roman religion, the deity
was mostly known as god of trade and tradesmen and that was probably his earliest function.
From the 1st century A. D., his role of mediator between gods and people slowly transfers
to chthonian context - Mercury logios becomes Mercury psychopompos. Ichnographically,
Mercury was presented as young men with winged hat in his head (petasos), holding in
one hand a bag of money (marsupium) and herald’s staff (caduceus) in the other hand, with
winged shoes in his legs (talaria).
There are only two votive monuments dedicated to god Mercury — the first moument
was found in the locality of Kostolac, Viminatium and is dedicated to Mercury, Liber and
Libera (cat.no.97). Similar monuments dedicated to Mercury and Liber or Mercury, Liber,
Libera and other deities, are confirmed in Apulum, Carnuntum and Rome. Second votive
monument dedicated to god Mercury was found in village Kos, near town Pec (cat. no. 98)
and its dedicant is Romanised inhabitant who venerated god in the first half of 2nd century
A. D. A lost monument dedicated to Mercurius Naissatis should be also mentioned, since it
represents a confirmation of interpretatio romana of an unknown indigenous deity with Ro-
man god Mercury.
Three fragmented marble sculptures are interpreted as possible sculptures of god
Mercury, but their undeniable identification with god in question is not certain. The head of
youth from Kostolac (cat. no. 99) presents a young man with round hat and soft, but serene
face expression, characteristic for the classicistic style of the 4th century B. C. and sculpture
Hermes of Andros by Praxiteles. It is dated to the first half of the 2nd century A. D., unlike
a torso of young deity from Kostolac dated in 4th century A. D. (cat. no. 100), which does
134
KULT HERKULA T MERKURA U GORNJOJ MEZIJÏ
not have any attribute but cioak thrown over his left shoulder. Iconographical model for the
sculpture from Kostolac could be also looked for in one of the copies of Praxiteles’ sculp-
tures. There is also a dubious sculpture from Smederevo (cat. no. 101), of a torso of a young
man with an attribute (caduceus, lyre?), which body musculature suggests 2nd or the first half
of 3rd century A. D.
Majority of the archaeological material confirming the popularity of god Mercu-
ry in Moesia Superior during Roman domination, belongs to bronze figurines. Most of the
statuettes represent a very popular iconographie type of Hermes Kerdos, that is Hermes with
petasos, dressed in a short chiton with a cloak and with attributes such are marsupium and ca-
duceus. There are four bronze figurines of Mercury found in Archar (cat. nos. 102, 104-105),
among which one statuette belongs to Hermes-Thot type (cat. no.l 03). Bronze appliqué from
Smederevo (cat. no.l 16) represents deity in half-lying position and so far it is the only find
from Moesia Superior of this iconographie type. The deity is lying on his left hip, with cadu-
ceus in left hand and patera in right hand. It is quite clear that a local artisan copied Hellenistic
example of Mercury who rests or feasts. Bronze figurine of Mercury from Tekija (cat. no.
121) presents a nude young man in contrapposto, with winged petasos on head and winged
sandals on his legs. In left hand, god holds a turtle, which makes bronze statuette from Tekija
quite unique among other similar finds from Moesia Superior. Bronze figurine from Karatas
(cat. no. 122) represents imported statuette of high quality and has a very similar likeness in
face features to portraits of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, probably Caligula. A bronze figurine
of Mercury with Pluto from Gracanica (cat. no. 126) is so far the only example of this icono-
graphie type in Moesia Superior — god is presented as nude young man, with marsupium in
one hand while his left hand is around Pluto’s arms. Pluto is presented in the shape of a herm
and beside Mercury’s legs, there are a cock, turtle, ram and lizard. The artisan who modelled
the composition from Gracanica was not so skilful and probably made it in 2nd or 3rd century
A. D. Two bronze figurines from unknown localities differ by the attitude in which the god
is presented — first figurine presents god as sitting or maybe riding (cat. no. 134), while the
second figurine presents the god riding (cat. no. 135). Both figurines are local products from
the 2nd or 3rd century A. D. Nine figurines of type of Hermes-Thoth have been confirmed
so far, from various parts of Moesia Superior, but the statuette of Hermes-Thoth of unknown
provenience (cat. no. 129) should be emphasized. It is a statuette of highest quality, god is
presented nude, with caduceus and marsupium. Ichnographically, the figurine copies the fa-
mous Hermes from Andros and was probably imported in the 1st or 2nd century A. D.
Among 24 gems with the figure of Mercury, 19 gems present god in standing posi-
tion, two gems present god sitting on a rock, while three gems present Mercury’s head. Small
variations exist in gems presenting god in standing position - whether the cloak is thrown
over deity’s left or right arm, whether there is an altar or cornu copicie or an animal beside
god. Variations exist also on three gems presenting god in profile - whether Mercury wears
winged petasos or not and whether there is a caduceus in the background.
If we resume epigraphical and archaeological material connected to the cult of god
Mercury, it is obvious that we can not presume what possible epithets god could have had, as
he had in other Roman provinces (Augustus, Conservator, Consentius, Fatalis, Felix, Finiti-
mus, Negotiator, Repertor, Sanctus, Viator etc.). In Moesia Superior, Mercury was primarily
god of commerce and travellers, but also very popular among the army — many bronze figu-
rines of god were found in larger centres or on the Roman limes. Besides being the patron
of traders and voyagers, Mercury was probably also iatric deity and regarded as a protector
of health and thermal springs. Certain iconographie types, like Mercury with Pluto from
Gracanica, point towards the possibility that god was venerated as psychopompos - silent
companion of the deceased. Only in one epigraphic monument, dedication is made to Mer-
cury, Liber and Libera, while in neighbouring Roman provinces, Mercury is presented with
135
Nadezda Gavriiovic
Silvanus, Dionysus, Mithra, Hercules, Diana etc. Unfortunately, no temple of this god has
been found in Moesia Superior yet, but we can presume that many houses had little statue
of Mercury in their lararia (shrines of guardian gods in Roman households) and respected
god as the protector of their family. Mercury s dedicants included Romanised inhabitants,
soldiers, veterans, merchants, travellers, artisans, free men, slaves, immigrants etc.
What must be kept in mind, though, is the fact that integration of Roman cults of
Hercules and Mercury among the inhabitants of Moesia Superior was not so simple - there
already existed indigenous deities with characteristics similar to the traits of two roman gods
(the proof is the existence of votive monuments dedicated to Hercules Naissas and Mercurius
Naissas). The process of Romanisation was stronger in northern and east-northern parts of
Moesia Superior, than in the eastern part of the province, which was under strong influence of
Greek culture. It may be probably best perceived on the example of the cult of god Mercury,
who was patron of trade, travellers and wealth in northern parts of Moesia Superior, while in
the southern parts, he was primarily god psychopompos. Also, due to the fact that Moesia Su-
perior was inhabited by soldiers, veterans, slaves, free men, miners and immigrants of Greek,
Minor Asian and Syrian origin, certain traits of oriental Herakles and Greek Hermes, can be
noticed in the cults and iconography of Roman gods Hercules and Mercury. This syncretism
specially grew from 3rd century A. D., when cults of oriental and solar gods reached the zenith
of their popularity and melted with some Roman cults, like for example god Sabazius with
god Mercury.
It can be concluded that both gods, Hercules and Mercury, were respected in Moesia
Superior as patrons of traders, voyagers, sailors and miners - both were considered as iatric
and healing gods, but both were also chthonic deities. Most of the mentioned characteristics
were also traits of two gods in pre-roman period - Herakles and Hermes shared some mutual
competences - they were patrons of athletics and gymnastics, patrons of roads and travellers,
patrons of merchants and gods who symbolised wealth and prosperity. Alas, in 4th century A.
D., both gods, like many other pagan deities, were comprehended by new Christian religion
as serious threats (especially Hercules who was considered as an opponent to Christ) and
symbols of their cults (votive monuments, sculptures, statuettes, reliefs) were systematically
destroyed. By the end of the 4th century A. D., the cults and theological postulates of the cults
of Hercules and Mercury vanished from the late Roman provinces formed on the territory of
Moesia Superior, but some of the iconographic elements characteristic for their cult represen-
tations, survived and can be recognized in early Christian images.
136
Nadezda Gavrilovic
INDERS
Admet 23-27, 86, 94, 133
Afrodita 57
Alkesta 23-27, 56-58, 83. 86, 94
Antaj 33, 36, 86, 101
Antonin Pije (Titus Fulvius Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus
Augustus Pius) 16, 31, 50. 57, 60. 77
Apolon 14, 16, 18, 24, 34, 49. 51, 63, 65, 70, 72-73, 77.
94, 113-114
Apulnm 18-19,67,134
Arcar (Ratiaria) 19-20, 30, 35-38, 44, 70, 79, 89, 95.
100-101, 114-115
Artemida 14, 19, 63, 72,
Asklepije 10,21,55-56,61,79
Atena 24, 64, 72
Atina 14, 19
Atis 26,34,60-61
Atlas 30,42.59
Aurelijan (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus) 7-9.
18,78
Avgust (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus) 28. 49, 65. 73.
77- 78
Augustus 17-18, 51, 53, 59, 61, 67, 78. 83, 131-133.
135
Bah 14,51,60,94
Belvederski torzo 30, 95
Beograd (Singidunum) 19, 30-33, 70. 71, 74, 79, 89-91.
94-97,99-100, 102, 105-107, 109-110.
115-118, 121-129
bik 13-14.34.41.43.60.107
brsljan 27
Bukovo 27-28,94
Cezar (Gaius lulius Caesar) 49
Cerera 86
conservator 16-18, 21-22, 53, 65. 67, 78. 83, 131-132.
135
cornu copiae 50-51,73,75, 128, 135
Dakija (Dacia) 8, 17-19, 21 -22, 27, 37, 44, 53-60, 67,
78, 80
Dalmacija (Dalmatia) 21-22. 37, 40-41, 44. 52. 56-58,
60, 67, 78, 91
decuma Herculis 15-16, 54
dexiosis 26
dextrarum iunctio 86
Dijana 16,56,61,80
Dioklecijan (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) 8-9.
29. 35. 51, 61-62
Dionis 27-28, 30. 34. 36-37, 49, 56, 60-64. 67, 80, 83.
94, 98
dodekatlos 13, 41, 53
Domicijan (Titus Flavius Domitianus) 7. 50. 72
Donja Germanija (Germania Inferior) 19, 21. 51 -53, 55
Donja Mezija (Moesia Inferior) 7, 21,27. 37. 53. 56.
78- 79
Donja Panonija (Pannonia Inferior) 22, 53, 85
Dubravica 30-31,95
Eshil 14
Euripid 19,24-25,30.42,57
Euristej 13.30,34,41
Fortuna 22, 35, 50, 67, 80
Forum Boarium 15-16, 36, 54
Galba (Servius Sitlpicius Galba) 49
Galerije (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus)
8. 31, 59. 61-62
Gamzigrad (Romuliana) 9, 30-33, 47, 59. 61-62, 96-98.
112
Gomja Germanija (Germania Superior) 22, 55
Gornja Panonija (Pannonia Superior) 67
graeco ritu 15-16, 20, 65
guster 73. 121
Hadrijan (Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus)
34, 50, 59
Hefest 14
Helios 80
Herakle Alba Fucens 38, 60
Herakle Albertini 35, 100
Herakle bibax 36-37, 39,134
Herakle Doria 39
Herakle Epitrapezios 9, 36-38, 43. 60. 84. 102. 134
Herakle Farneze 19. 30-33, 53, 69. 84. 95-97
Herakle Kavala 37, 63
Herakle Lansdaun 34, 37
Herakle Lenbach 36.38. 101
Herakle Mingens 39.84, 103. 134
herma 63
Hermes Kerdos 70, 72, 114. 135
Hermes sa Androsa 69, 74. 134-135
Hermes Tot 70-72, 74-75. 85.114.117-118.120-122
Hesiod 14, 42
Hesperide 42
hidra 13, 19, 33, 41-42. 65, 86, 105
Higija 55-56
hipokamp 26. 94
Hrist 60-61.86,136
Invictus 15-17, 19-20, 53. 61. 83. 131-133
jabuke (hesperidske) 27, 30. 33. 35-36, 38-39. 42. 54.
83, 94. 99-100
Julijan (Flavius Claudius Julianas Augustus) 60. 62
Junona 22
Jupiter 9-10, 17-19. 21-22. 27. 34, 51. 56. 58-62. 67.
81. 84. 86, 94. 131-133
Jupiter Dolihen 34
kaducej 65. 70-80. 85-86. 113-129
Kaligula (Gaius lulius Caesar Augustus Germanicus)
49. 73. 77. 119
kamenolom (kamenoresci) 25. 52. 55. 58-60. 84
kantar 14. 36. 42. 89. 94. 105
Karakala (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla
Augustus) I 7. 30. 38. 51. 60, 96
Karnuntum (Carnuntum) 59. 67, 72. 134
Kerber 13-14.24.54.56.58
160
KULT HERKULA I MERKURA U GORNJOJ MEZIJI
kvpvog 17, 21
Klaudije Gotski (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Claudius
Augustus) 8.51.78
Komod (Lucius Aurelius Commodus Augustus) 18, 46,
49-51. 53, 59-60. 77
Konstantin (Flavins Valerius Aurelius Constantinus
Augustus) 8-9, 51, 60
kornjaca 63-64, 69. 70, 72-73, 76, 119, 121
Kosmaj 21, 35, 58-59, 84, 101, 133-134
Kostolac 44. 76, 89-91, 97, 99, 103-105, 107-113, 125-
128, 131-135
kosuta 13, 18-19, 30, 32, 54, 84, 90, 95-98
Kras (Marcus Licinius Crassus) 16, 49
lav (nemejski) 11, 13-14. 28, 41-43, 49, 94, 105, 107
Laktancije 60-61
legija T Ttalica 19,132
legija IIII Flavia 22,59,86.133
legija VII Claudia 18-21,91,133
lektisternij 15-16. 50, 60, 65
Leskovac 17-20. 23, 29, 92-93, 131-132
Lece 20,23.55.59,93.134
Liber 17-18, 51.61. 67. 79. 80, 85, 134-135
Libera 67,79,85,134-135
Li sip 14,28.30-31,35-36.38,69.95-96, 101-102
Magna Mater 27, 61
Maja 63,65,80
Makedonija 7,9.27.57-58.67,71
Maksimijan (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus
Herculius A ugustus) 51,61
Marko Antonije (Marcus Antonius) 16, 20, 49-50, 77
Marko Aurelije (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus)
50. 65. 77
Mars 19, 22, 35, 49. 53, 55-56. 59, 65. 73, 77-78
Medijana 20, 30-35, 39, 56, 62, 70. 73, 97-100, 102,
120
geyiaxo^ 22, 83
Melkart 15-16,38,50,54,86
Minerva 14, 19. 21-22, 35, 59, 84, 86, 131
Mitra 19.22,28,34,60,80
Negotin 37.70-72,79.97, 101-102, 109, 118-119
Neptun 16, 18. 22. 34. 59. 65. 84, 131 -133
Neron (.Vero Claudius Germanicus) 49, 72, 77
Nimfe 56, 79
Nis (Naissus) 20-2 1,34, 45, 52, 54, 62. 78, 84-85, 131-
134
Niska banja 84-85,133
nodus Herculeus 11,44.103,107
Olimp 27, 63
Omfala 20, 46, 55
ovan 14, 33. 64. 73, 76, 80
panter 27, 30. 94
Pausanija 64, 72. 87
petasos 39. 64. 70-75, 77, 79, 85, 103, 114-129. 134-
135
Pec 67. 78.113,134
Piuton 73,79,85,120-121
Poliklet 14,39,73,121
Pompej (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) 15-16, 49
Posejdon 14,36,56,64
Postum (Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus Pius
Felix A ugustus) 51,53
Prahovo 33, 44-45, 997, 109, 118
Praksitel 14,64,69,113
Prob (Marcus A urelius Probus A ugustus) 8,51
Prokuplje 17-18, 59, 91. 108, 131
Prijap 80
psihopomp (psychopompos) 26, 56, 58. 63-65, 67, 69,
70, 73, 78-79, 80, 85-86
Ravna (Timacum Minus) 35, 47, 70, 79, 102, 112, 120
Romula 61
Romulijana (Romuliana) 33, 61-62
rudarstvo (rudari) 8, 21, 27, 58, 84
rudnik (rudnici) 21, 27, 36, 58-60, 81, 84
Sabazije 17,86
Salona 25,56,78,
sanctus 15. 17-19, 55, 67, 73. 78-79, 83, 131-132, 135,
satir 27, 30,33,97
Septimije Sever (Lucius Septimius Severus Eusebes
Pertinax Augustus) 17-18, 27, 43, 51, 53,
60
Silvan 16-18,22,56,61,67,77,80. 132-133, 136
Skopas 14,34,99
Skoplje (Scupi) 18. 20. 29. 67, 70, 74, 79, 91, 93, 124,
Smederevo 70, 72, 74, 78-79, 94. 97, 113, 118, 124,
133,135
Sol 22,51,60,67,78
Sula (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix) 16, 38
Tekija (Transdierna) 34, 70, 72, 79, 119, 133, 135
Telef 18-19, 30-32, 84, 95-98
Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus Augustus) 40, 50-51,
54. 59, 67, 77
Trakija 37
Ulpijana (Ulpiana) 8, 29
venae 14-15, 35-36, 40, 50, 57-58, 121
Venera 10,35,49,59,77
vepar (erimantski) 13, 31. 34. 84, 98
Vespazijan (Titus Flavius Vespasianus Augustus) 50,
77,81
Vidin (Bononia) 45,95, 100-101, 114-115
victor 15-17, 19,21,51,53,83,90, 131
Viktorija 19,22,35,57
Viminacijum (Viminatium) 18. 22-23. 25-27, 29. 40, 44.
53, 84, 125-128
vinova loza 14.22,26,27,35.89,94
vrt Hesperida 13, 30. 36, 38. 41 -42, 86, 95, 99
Zevs 13-14.27,63-64,86.94
161
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gavrilović, Nadežda |
| author_facet | Gavrilović, Nadežda |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gavrilović, Nadežda |
| author_variant | n g ng |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043704406 |
| contents | Bibliografija: strane 139-157 Kazala |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)957674659 (DE-599)BVBBV043704406 |
| era | Geschichte 1-400 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1-400 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Moesia Superior (DE-588)4101109-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Moesia Superior |
| id | DE-604.BV043704406 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:32:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788680093925 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029116753 |
| oclc_num | 957674659 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 190 Seiten Illustrationen 30 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Arheološki institut |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Posebna izdanja / Arheološki institut, Beograd |
| spelling | Gavrilović, Nadežda Verfasser aut Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e. = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. Nadežda Gavrilović ; prevod, translated by Nadežda Gavrilović The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. Beograd Arheološki institut 2014 190 Seiten Illustrationen 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Posebna izdanja / Arheološki institut, Beograd 56 Englische Zusammenfassung Magisterarbeit Universität Belgrad 2003 Bibliografija: strane 139-157 Kazala Herakles (DE-588)118639552 gnd rswk-swf Merkur Gott (DE-588)118641077 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1-400 gnd rswk-swf kulti / Rimljani / verovanja / religija Rimska plastika / Antična umetnost Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Kult (DE-588)4033535-5 gnd rswk-swf Plastik (DE-588)4046277-8 gnd rswk-swf Moesia Superior (DE-588)4101109-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Moesia Superior (DE-588)4101109-0 g Herakles (DE-588)118639552 p Merkur Gott (DE-588)118641077 p Kult (DE-588)4033535-5 s Plastik (DE-588)4046277-8 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte 1-400 z DE-604 Arheološki institut, Beograd Posebna izdanja 56 (DE-604)BV039717423 56 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029116753&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029116753&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029116753&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister |
| spellingShingle | Gavrilović, Nadežda Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e. = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. Bibliografija: strane 139-157 Kazala Herakles (DE-588)118639552 gnd Merkur Gott (DE-588)118641077 gnd kulti / Rimljani / verovanja / religija Rimska plastika / Antična umetnost Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Kult (DE-588)4033535-5 gnd Plastik (DE-588)4046277-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118639552 (DE-588)118641077 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4033535-5 (DE-588)4046277-8 (DE-588)4101109-0 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e. = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. |
| title_alt | The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. |
| title_auth | Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e. = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. |
| title_exact_search | Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e. = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. |
| title_full | Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e. = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. Nadežda Gavrilović ; prevod, translated by Nadežda Gavrilović |
| title_fullStr | Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e. = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. Nadežda Gavrilović ; prevod, translated by Nadežda Gavrilović |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e. = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. Nadežda Gavrilović ; prevod, translated by Nadežda Gavrilović |
| title_short | Kult Herkula i Merkura u Gornjoj Meziji od I do IV veka n. e. |
| title_sort | kult herkula i merkura u gornjoj meziji od i do iv veka n e the cults of hercules and mercury in moesia superior from ist to ivth century a d |
| title_sub | = The cults of Hercules and Mercury in Moesia Superior from Ist to IVth century A. D. |
| topic | Herakles (DE-588)118639552 gnd Merkur Gott (DE-588)118641077 gnd kulti / Rimljani / verovanja / religija Rimska plastika / Antična umetnost Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Kult (DE-588)4033535-5 gnd Plastik (DE-588)4046277-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Herakles Merkur Gott kulti / Rimljani / verovanja / religija Rimska plastika / Antična umetnost Funde Kult Plastik Moesia Superior Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029116753&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029116753&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029116753&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV039717423 |
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