Russia in revolution: an empire in crisis, 1890 to 1928
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Introduction 1
t. Roots of Revolution, 1880s—1905 9
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917 60
3. From February to October 1917 101
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power 152
5. War Communism 217
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy 263
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture 313
Conclusion 374
Notes 395
Picture Credits
Index 435
vii
INDEX
Abkhazia 310
abortion 344
agriculture 24—5
black-earth 13, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 54, 55,
95,126,127, 225
commercial farming 27-8,31, 54, 95,
126,267
forest 25, 29, 30, 39, 55,126, 254
harvests 25, 55, 94,125, 232, 264, 266, 267
impact of war on 95
land reorganization 30, 269
livestock 27, 28,29, 30,31, 95, 96,126,128,
225,228,267,268,316
meadows 30, 54, 55,126
mechanization 28, 269—70
non-black earth 24, 27, 55, 95,126
primitive character of 25, 269-70
see also grain; NEP and agriculture;
peasant society; Stolypin reforms
alcohol 95,125, 225, 268,321
campaigns against 280, 321-2,346
prohibition of 78, 225
see also temperance movement
Alekseev M. V. 85,115,121,154,164,178
Alexander II (1855-81) 4,11,12,13,18,39,42,
60, 376
reforms of 11—12
Alexander III (1881-94) 12, 20,43,46
Alexandra Feodorovna, tsarina 81,90,91,169
Allied intervention (1918-20) 161,162,163,
165,170,173-4,177,180,183, 204,377-8
civil war outcome and 179-80, 203
see also Czech Legion rebellion
anarchists 3,62,74,105,109,113,122,135,144,
148,154,156,161,163,175,203, 207-8,379
anarcho-communists 184, 207
anarcho-syndicalists 207
anti-colonialism 4,305,392
anti-religious policy 243-4, 367-70
atheism and 6, 368—9
and Judaism 368
League of Militant Godless 368-9
materialism 359—60
and sects’ 367-8
see abo Islam
anti-Semitism, see Jews
Antonov, A. S. 254
rebellion in Tambov 254-5, 256
architecture 238, 330, 331,337, 360,392
Armenia 56,189—90,191
Dashnaktsutyun 56,132,133,189,190,191
genocide 83,195, 306
nationalism 50,132,133,162,190
Soviet statehood 191, 308
see also Baku
army, Russian Imperial 13,17,19,38,46,66,79
conscripts 12, 28,38, 85, 86, 95, 96, 98,
99, 218, 320, 324
fraternization 138
June 1917 offensive 121-2
military cadets 12,154,164,178
mutinies 52, 53,101
Order No. 1 115,116
removal of troops from capital (1917) 123
suppression of unrest 19,49, 52, 53, 56,
76,77, 96,101,123-4,127,199, 258
women in 84
see also First World War
arts 329-31,337—8
Constructivism 330-1,333
radical experimentation in 329
theatre 330, 335, 351
435
INDEX
arts (cont.)
unpopularity of avant-garde 333,338
see also daily life; literature
Austria, Social Democratic Labour Party
of 184
Austria-Hungary 11,12,14, 65, 80
in First World War 81, 82,85, 87, 88
autocracy 16-20,48, 58,104, 375-7
efforts at modernization 9,11,375—6
failure of 3, 99-100
intelligentsia and 41
peasant support for 29
police state 18—19
revolution of 1905 and 58—9, 60-3,
102, 376
rule by emergency decree 18-19
‘under-government’ 19, 297
autocratic capitalism 72
autonomous individual, ideal 41,67
AzefE. F. 75
Azeris 50, 56,132—3,162
Musavat 189
Bakhtin, M. M. 353
Baku 34,118,133,174,189,190,195» 204, 272,
295» 306, 340
Hummet (Muslim SDs) 50
oil-workers strikes in 49—51
soviets in 50,189
see also Congress of the Peoples of the East
Baltic 4, li, 14, 26, 28, 54» 79* *57
First World War and 83, 93» 94» 98,128
independence of 173,176,180,183,
184,185-6
nationalism in 128,130,133
revolution of 1905 and 56, 62
revolution of 1917 and 127
banking 34-5» 37» 127» 145, 271
nationalization of 153, 219, 220, 221,
233» 236
Nobles Land Bank 32,39
Peasant Land Bank 32,39
savings banks 29, 30, 95
Baptists 58,350
Bashkir ASSR (Autonomous Soviet
Socialist Republic) 193,196
Bauman, Zygmunt 382
Bekhterev, V. M. 218
Belorussia 4,13,14, 82, 98,126,127,146,157,
175,199» 256
Belorussian SSR 185, 308
civil war and 185-6
nationalism in 129-30
Berdiaev, N. A. 240,334
Bliukher, V. K. 178
blockades 93, 94,173, 217
Blok, A. A. 332
Bochkareva, M. L. 140-1
Bogdanov, A. A. 328,356,357
Bolshevik party (up to 1921) 50, 61,
62, 212
belief that capitalism in terminal
crisis 390,391—2
Eighth Congress (1919) 168, 212, 214
fraternal culture of 295,341—2
internationalism of 99,112,137,181,
195-6, 375, 382
July Days and 122-4
‘Kremlin privileges’ 213
Military Organization of 116,123,149
moral degeneration of 214
Ninth Congress (1920) 214, 247
patriotism and 138—9,181,290
Prague conference (1912) 77,109
Pravda 77, 237, 353-4» 359
Provisional Government represses 123-4
revolution of 1905 and 52,73—5
revolution of 1917 and 113—15, 37^-8o
Second Congress of RSDLP (1903) 44-5
Sixth Congress (1917) 114,140
socialist visions of 379—80,386
supporters of 155
Tenth Congress (1921) 212,233,247,258,
263, 282,387
worker members of 212
youth in 140
436
INDEX
see also Democratic Centralists; Russian
Communist Party (Bolshevik);
Workers’ Opposition
bourgeoisie 57,69,110,131,230,374
‘contributions’ extracted from 236-7
‘former people’ 203, 237,238, 319
see also capitalists; class, discourse of,
burzhui; nepmen
Breshko-Breshkovskaia, E. K. 75,142
Brest-Litovsk,Treaty of 156—7,161,172
Bolsheviks split over 157
Brusilov, A. A. 85, 86,121
Budënnyi, S. M. 178,188
Bukhara 15,194,195
Bukhara people’s republic 195
Bukharin, N. 1. 113,157,211,247, 267,268,
285, 286, 305, 307, 336, 337, 344, 357,
380, 388
Bund (Jewish Labour Bund) 56,73,74,188
see also Jews, antisemitism; workers,
industrial, Jewish
bureaucracy 209,213-14
Central Control Commission 214,
289, 299
promoting workers as cure 213,
214, 294
Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate
(Rabkrin) 214,246, 293, 293
see also Democratic Centralists; Russian
Communist Party (Bolshevik);
Workers’ Opposition
calendrical reform 21,367,368
Gregorian calendar 8, 367
capitalists 36—8, 69,237, 238
attack on 135, 201, 230, 235,236
commercial 9 34, 57,131,238,374
industrial 9,36-7, 50, 51,71,91, 92,131,
145, 238
see also bourgeoisie; employers
Caucasus 4, 6,11,12,15,20, 54, 56, 62,73,79,
95,98,106,128,132,209,256,290, 299,
300, 306, 310,368,369-70
civil war in 164—5,173—4,189—90
First World War and 83—4, 86, 98,128
nationalism in 132—3
revolution of 1905 in 54, 56, 62
see also Armenia; Azeris; Georgia
censorship 18, 60, 68, 86, 281,301, 335,
337, 363
Central Asia 4, 6,11, 20, 56-8, 66,191-5,
209, 306,340-1, 359, 368
Pan-Turkism and 66,132,133,191—2,195
Tashkent Soviet 132,192
uprising of 1916 in 85
see also Islam
Central Executive Committee of
Soviets 149,152,153
expulsion of moderate socialists 208
subordinated to Council of People’s
Commissars 152,161, 208
central (Moscow) industrial region 25,28,
29, 31, 36,38,40,73,115, H7,120,154,
252, 275
Chechnia 308
Cheka 114,169,179,188,193,197,199-200,
228, 257, 354
attempt to curb 198
soviet complaints about 198, 209
suppresses counter-revolution 197,198,
259,300
suppresses crime 207,210,235, 236
suppresses opposition parties 204
suppresses worker unrest 248—9,250
victims 197-8,199, 243
see also GPU/OGPU; terror; violence
Chernov, V. M. 45, no, 123,127,156, 258
Chernyshevskii, N. G. 43,328
Chicherin, G. V. 303,307
children 323-4, 338
conception of childhood 345—6
corporal punishment of 323,324,341,345
mobilization of 322
orphans 327,343,347-8
revolutionary names of 362
state responsibility for 343,346
437
INDEX
children (corn.)
Young Pioneers 346-7
see also crime, juvenile; family
China 12,13,86,207
Chinese Communist Party 306-7,388,391
Chkheidze, N. S. 112,189
Chukovskii, K. I. 213
Church, Russian Orthodox 6,12,14,19-24,
47, 60, 63, 69, 338, 343, 354, 355, 368,
374,384,3 88
Bolshevik attack on 243-4,318,365-7
clergy 20,21,78,242-3
conflict with autocracy 10, 58
disenfranchisement of clergy 318
election of clergy in 23
February Revolution and 103,125,134
Holy Synod 20, 90,387
landholding of 20,23,125, 242
monasteries 243
portrayal by Bolsheviks 243
resistance to Bolsheviks 171,181,242-3,
368,368
revolution of 19 05 and 58
separation of state and 242-3
valuables seized 365-6
White cause and 180, 243
see also Renovationism
cinema 333-4
censorship of 335
experimentalism in 333
popularity of US 334,347
citizenship 62, 63,73,133,318,382
demand for rights 9, 55, 63,104,376,
377,386
civil society 63-4, 67,79,91,313,335,376,385
public (obshchestvo) 42,46, 65,107
voluntary societies 10, 63, 67,335
civil war 154,161-82
casualties of 161-2
character of fighting in 203,382
complexity of forces in 162-3
Cossack role in 154,162,364,170,175.
181,188-9
Denikin’s ‘Moscow offensive’ (summer
1919) 174-5,177,i8o
Don campaign (1918) 165
Iudenich threatens Petrograd 204,251
Kuban campaigns 165,198
Kolchak’s spring 1919 offensive 174,175,
177,178,180, 253,256
Red victory, causes of 177-83
Wrangel breaks out of Crimea
(1920) 176-7,200-1
see also terrorism; violence; White armies
class, discourse of 73,134-6,138,281-2,318-19
burzhui 135,182,234,237,252,317
peasants utilize 317,352,363
popularity of socialism 134
potency eroded under NEP 281-2
proletariat as ruling class 260, 281-2,
374, 384-5
retribution 135-6
‘them’ and ‘us’ 32,106,134,136,138,
237,252
see also revolutionary democracy;
toiling people
Cold War 7,392
collectivization of agriculture 2,3, 5,269,
270, 37i, 373
Comintern (Third International) 303-7
attacks Social Democrats 304,3°5
colonial world and 305-6,392-3
expectation of international
revolution 285,289,303,375
overestimates revolutionary prospects in
West 305
united front tactic 304
see also Chinese Communist Party;
Congress of Peoples of the East
committees of public organizations 107,
108,154
Congress of the Peoples of the East 194, 306
Conrad, Joseph 41
Constituent Assembly 46, 51, 55, 60,104,
109,110,116,128,133,134,137,162,248,
252, 254,256, 259,378,379
438
INDEX
Bolsheviks and 155,156
convening of 156
elections to 155-6
peasants lose enthusiasm for 156
women s participation in 142
see also Socialist Revolutionary Party
consumer goods 35, 93, 217, 219, 264, 279,
286,326-7
consumer culture 10, 68-70
shortages 93,94, 225,279» 327
see also grain
cooperatives 49,75,94,118,190,204,229,
237,238,255,271,272
Bolshevik hostility to 222,229
revival during NEP 263, 264, 270, 286,
315,327» 339» 368
Cossacks 54,72,123,162,178,188-9, 255
decossackization 189,202
Don host 164-5,168,209
identity of 189
Kuban host 155*209
Orenburg host 193
Red Cossacks 178,237
revolution of 1905 and 54
Semirech e host 51
Terek host 173,209
Transbaikal Cossacks 163
see also civil war; Kaledin
Council of Workers’ and Peasants’ Defence
(from 1920, Council of Labour and
Defence) 179, 208, 223, 266, 273
Council of Ministers 61,78,90
‘ministerial leapfrog and 90
Council of People’s Commissars
(Sovnarkom) 142,152,194,197, 211, 223
Bolshevik Central Committee and 211,
265-6
decrees issued 153, 208
Tashkent 192
see also Left SRs
counter-revolutionary organizations
145-6,197» 258-9, 334
cremation 362
crime 144-5» 234, 297-8, 353
Bolsheviks determined to stamp out 234
bribery 210, 235, 275» 297-8, 299
counter-revolutionary 199
economic 298
hooliganism 235, 298, 343, 349
juvenile 235» 297» 343» 348
no reduction in 297-8
see also law and order
Crimean Tatar AS SR 193
Crimean War (1853-6) 11
Cultural Revolution (1928-31) 6,324,337,
340,356-64
conceptions of cultural revolution 356-7
‘culturedness’ 273,357,363,380, 388
see also daily life; Proletkul’t
currency 93,H3, 354
devalued 93,143» 171, 231
disappearance of 231-2
gold standard 34» 264
stabilized (1924) 264,326
Czech Legion, rebellion 160,168,169,170,
173,192,204
worker support for 248-9
daily life, revolutionization of 330-1,
349,360-1
communes and 348,360
relation of public and private in 360-1
see also fashion
Dan, F. I. 61,204
death penalty 105,145,146,153» 198, 235,
236, 296, 380
Decree on Land 127
Decree on Peace 152,156-7
see also Brest-Litovsk
democracy 59,106,124,170, 294
Bolshevik hostility to 43, 50,73,156, 213,
214, 215
failure of in 1917 2,3,104,105,106,128,
147,151
‘revolutionary democracy’ 108,111,123,
129,134
439
INDEX
democracy (cont.)
understandings of 103,104,110,137, 204
White hostility to 61
see also soviets
Democratic Centralists 212, 214
demonstrations, repression of 46,49,77,
101,199
Denikin, A. I. 165,168,170,171,172,174,175,
176,177,178,182,186
disease 25, 82,162, 218, 232, 245,321, 323
divorce 298,338,342,343
Dmowski, R. S. 49, 66
doctors 42, 67, 84,108,115,125,136,238, 284,
320, 321,337
domestic servants 29,137,141,142,238,
278, 318
Donbass, mining and metallurgy 34, 37,39,
73,117,118,129,144,179, 249, 272, 275
Dovzhenko, A. P. 333
Dowler, Wayne 70,78, 79
dual power 104-10
Dubnov, S. M. 240
duma 50, 60,105, 376,377
demand for representative assembly
46, 52
first duma 54, 55, 61
fourth duma 78, 90, 98, 99,102,102,
105,106
Progressive Bloc in 90
second duma 60
tense relations with government 10
third duma 60, 64-7,71, 91, 92
Dutov, A. I. 154
Eastern Europe 6, 80,163
economy, collapse of (1917—21) 162, 217—19
industrial output 217
deurbanization 98, 217—19
population decline 162, 217-19
see also food shortages; labour
productivity
education 14, 36,40,140
Bolshevik experimentation in 323-4
Church and 20, 230, 242, 323
Jewish schools 368
NEPand 323-5
opposition to experimentation in 324
rural schools 33
tsarist government and 32—4
see also higher education; science, status
of; teachers
Eisenstein, S. M. 333,334
emigration, White 162, 237, 300
Empire, Russian 4,13-16, 20
colonial character 15,192, 383
colonization in 11
environmental variation of 24—5
management problems of 10-11
rule through native elites 14
Russians in the empire 13,195
Russification in 14-15,16, 82, 89,
130,186
employers 37, 38,48, 50-1,52, 71,72,117-18,
120,135,143,144, 220, 278
paternalism of 37,38,72, 280
St Petersburg Society of Factory and
Works Owners 71,77
see also capitalists, industrial
Enver, Ismail Pa§ha 83,195,306
Esenin, S. A. 332, 350
Estonia 20,83,162,374
nationalism in 56,130-1,185
Evangelicals 58, 350
factory committees 117—18,119,239,143-4,
207, 220, 223, 245,351, 379
elected commissions (in 19 o5) 50,58
Central Council of 144, 220
see also trade unions
family 338,342-4
abolition of 342
childcare 25, 27, 218, 338, 339, 345
housework 338-9,342,343, 3bo
security for women 342—3
undermined by civil war 342
wife-beating in 340, 341,384
famine 158,371
of 1891—2 25,46
440
INDEX
of 1921 162, 232-3,264,365
Far East 4,12,13,163,173, 200, 208
Chinese and Korean autonomies 310
Far Eastern Republic 177,308
fashion 69,70, 237, 349-50, 361, 363
February Revolution 101-4,377“9
armed forces in 101-2
general strike 101-2
role of duma committee 102-3
scope in dispute 104
symbols in 102,104
see also Soviet, Petrograd; Provisional
Government
feminism 62,140-1, 340
perceived as ‘bourgeois’ 140, 339
Women’s Death Battalion 140
women’s rights 41, 62,131,392
see also women
Finland 4, 62, 66,173
civil war in 158,162,163,185
separation from empire 128,130,158,173,
183,184
First Five-Year Plan (1928-32) 2, 266,274,
275,311, 326,360,364,370
First World War 80-8,87-8
enemy occupation in 83, 98» 128
financing of 93
General Headquarters (Stavka) 82, 84,
89,94,102
mobilizing economy for 10, 92-5
morale of soldiers in 86,87, 88
performance of Russian army in 81
prisoners of war 82,87,165,168
refugees 83, 91,190, 234
Romanian Front 85,165
Russian casualties 81,82,84» 88
shell shortage 84, 85, 92, 245
Special Defence Council 82,92
see also army; Decree on Peace;
national identity
Fitzpatrick, Sheila 372
food dictatorship 224—9
committees of poor peasants
{kombedy) 226-7
food detachments 163,164, 209, 225, 226,
227, 241, 250,383
peasant resistance 225
quota system (razverstka) 95» 227
requisitioning 95, 223-9
sowing committees 232
see also grain; War Communism
food shortages 10, 95, 217, 218, 225, 230, 247,
248, 377
food riots 97-8,141, 234, 235
public canteens 218
see also grain; rationing
foreign loans 93, 221
foreign policy, Soviet 302-3,307-8
France 9, n, 35, 80, 81, 88, 93,303,307,376
Russo-French Alliance 12,34, 66
freedom of association, demand for 47,
67,105
freedom of conscience, demand for 47, 58,
67, 242, 244, 255,362
freedom of press, demand for 47, 57, 95,96,
212, 240, 255, 257
freedom of speech, demand for 47, 67, 250,
282,325
Frunze, M.V. 174,178,194
fuel shortages 92, 98,144,160,177, 218,
222, 224
Fundamental Laws (1906) 16
Furet, François 1,2
Galicia 14,81,175,187
occupation of 82, 85, 89, 201
Gapon, G.A. 47
Gatrell, Peter 92
geopolitics 195,375
threat to Russian empire 4, 9, 376
vulnerability to invasion 10
Georgia 56, 83,162
conflict over status of 284, 308
independence of 190,191
nationalism in 132,190,196
see also Mensheviks
Germany 9,11, 35, 68, 93, 99,173,196
Baltic occupied by 130-1,133,184-5
441
INDEX
Germany (coni.)
diplomatic relations with the Soviet
Union 303,304-5,307
First World War and 80-1, 82,87, 88,121,
128,129,149,169
revolutionary prospects in 175, 204
threat to tsarist empire 12, 34, 35,
65-6, 376
see also Brest Litovsk
German Social Democratic Party 215,305,
391, 392
Ginzburg, Mosei 360
Goremykin, I. L. 90
government, tsarist 17-18
armaments programme 66, 79, 80
land captains 20,124
ministers of 17,18, 90
GPUjOGPU in 1920s 291, 296, 335,367, 372
capital sentences and 296
restraint on use of terror 296
surveillance of population 262, 296,
354-5, 368
grain 25, 28, 29, 94,169,175,177
‘baggers’ 224, 228
crisis of 1928 266,268,322,327
exports of 28, 34, 35, 94
fixed prices on 94, 95,125, 233
legalization of trade in (1921) 263
peasant reluctance to sell 95,125, 225,
267-8, 311
procurement of 92, 94, 95
production of 28
separation of Ukraine and 224
shortages 93, 95, 97, *43, 218, 224, 268
state monopoly 95,125
see also alcohol; food dictatorship;
rationing
Great Britain 9,11,12,34, 35, 66,76, 80, 83,
93,170,173,174,180,185,190, 202, 266,
303, 305,306, 307,323, 354,376
‘Greens’ 163, 254, 383
see also peasants, insurgency
Guchkov, A. I. 91, 99,105,120
Gumilev, N. S. 259,334
handicraft production 29,31, 57, 222, 229,
239, 272, 276, 315,316, 317
see also workers, artisans
health, public 19, 25,36,41,67, 78, 218,
319-21,323,34b, 3S5
sanitary propaganda 321,359
NEPand 320-2
higher education 335—7
Institute of Red Professors 335
limits on middle-class entry into 336
underfunding of 336
universities lose autonomy 335
workers’faculties 336
holidays 351
housing 36, 325-6
class-based allocation of 326
improvement in workers’ 278
rents restored 325-6
repartition in civil war 232,325
Hryhor’yev, N. S. 163
Iagoda, G. G. 300
Iaroslavskii, E. M. 368
industrial relations in tsarist era 37—8,71,118
industrial relations under NEP 274, 275,
276—7, 280
director in charge of state
enterprise 274—5
foreman restored 275
see also NEP and industry
industrialization 3, 9,13, 38,39, 266, 270,
273, 284, 287, 311, 373
dependence on state 34-5,37
foreign investment 34-5,180, 271-2
railway stimulus to 13, 28, 34
infant mortality 25, 218,345
inorodtsy (persons of other origin) 14,15
intelligentsia 21, 35,41-2, 55, no, 208,
239-393,318,357
Bolshevik suspicion of 334,337
creation of a non-Russian 310
creation of a ‘proletarian’ 337
deportation of dissident (1922) 334
nationalism and 129,132,183,309,310
442
INDEX
proletarian 372
rural 55,125
skills required by Bolsheviks 238,
239-41, 337
‘toiling’ 108,137
Whitesand 240
international revolution 153,157,175,195,
285, 289, 303,375
Islam 131
Bolshevik attack on 310, 340, 368
Islamic schools 41,192,194, 368
jadids 57,131,191-2,193,194
pan-Islam 66, 83,131,132,133
uiama (Islamic scholars) 57,132,192
women’s liberation and 131,340—1
Iudenich, N. N. 83,173,174, 204, 251
Japan 9,12,13,303
intervention in civil war 173,177
war with (1904-5) 12, 23,46,47,49, 53, 65
Jews 14, 20, 66,78, 82, 83,129,130,185,187-8
antisemitism 14, 23, 82, 89, 90,97, 98,121,
136,188, 234, 237, 258, 259, 300
Bolshevik campaign against
antisemitism 188, 280
pogroms 62, 82,89,188,199, 202, 234, 383
visibility of in Soviet institutions 188,
280-1, 300
see also Bund
John of Kronstadt 23
Kadets (Constitutional Democrats) 51,
60-1, 62-3, 65, 74, 90, 97, 99,145,193,
197, 240, 379
nationalism of 65-6, 81,133,137
revolution of 1917 and 105,109,137,145,
146,155
state-mindedness of 105,171
and Whites 169,197
Kaledin, A. M. 154,165
Kamenev, L. B. 113,148,149,152,188, 206,
211, 258, 261, 283, 285, 290
Kanatchikov, S. I. 70
Kandinsky, Wassily 329
Kautsky, Karl 215, 391
Kazakhs 57, 85,132,189,192
Alash Orda 132,193
Kazakh Communist Party 309
socialist republic 193,195, 295
Kerensky, A. F. 106,121,124,133,145,146,
147,148,149,150,151,154, 201,378, 387
Khiva 15,194, 308
Khlebnikov, VW. 329
Khwarezm (Khiva) people’s republic 195
Kirov, S. M. 190,199, 200, 295
Kliuchevskii, V. O. 10,14
Knox, A.W. F. 170
Kokovtsov, V. N. 65, 78
Kolchak, A. V. 51,170-1,172,173,174~5,
177.178.179.181.193, 204, 229, 249,
253, 256
Kollontai, A. M. 143, 339, 344
Komsomol (Young Communist
League) 241, 274, 280, 284, 314, 318,
348-9, 353, 361, 362, 368, 372
male chauvinism in 349
recreation and 350
rural growth 348
urban base 241-2
women in 348
working-class males in 241—2
youth as builders of communism 241
Komuch governments 162,168,169-70,
202,248-9
‘democratic counter-revolution’ 162,169,
170.193, 248
see also Socialist Revolutionary Party
Konstantin Nikolaevich, Grand Duke 11
Kornilov, L. G. 116,151,154,164,165,
178,198
rebellion 145-6,147, 201, 243, 379, 387
Krasin, L. B. 212
Krasnov, P. N. 154,189, 201
Kronstadt rebellion 257-60
aims 257—8
casualties 258
White Guard involvement 258-9
Krupskaia, N. K. 44,103,139, 284, 323, 361
443
INDEX
Kun, Bela 200
Kurds 310
Kyrghyz 57, 85,192,193, 200,406
ASSR 193
labour productivity 217, 221, 245, 246
absenteeism 231, 245
drive to increase during 1920s 273, 274,
275, 380
see also Lenin; NOT (scientific
organization of labour)
language, impact of revolution on 352—3
Latsis, M.I. 237
Latvia 20, 56, 82, 83,162
independence 184-5
Latvian Soviet Republic 184
nationalism 130—1
Latvian Social-Democratic Labour Party
(from 1906, Social Democracy of the
Latvian Territory) 73, 74, 77,131
Latvian riflemen 131,165
Lavrov, P. L. 42
law 65,129, 235-6, 297-8
abolition of tsarist legal system 235
Bolsheviks and martial law 160, 251
courts 56, 64, 235, 236, 255, 277, 297-8
Criminal Code (1922) 297
customary law 20, 27
equality before the 47, 62
expansion of 296-7
lawyers 42, 57, 67,108,140, 297
leniency towards ‘toiling7 classes 234
rule of 18
see also revolutionary tribunals
law and order
breakdown of 144-5
mob lynching 97,115, 234, 383
prevalence of weapons 115,234
see also crime
Left Communists 157, 220, 221, 232
Left Opposition 265, 280, 284, 287,312
Left SRs 109,114,122,131,148,150,154,157,
160, 201, 205-6, 208, 229, 248, 250
assassinations by 205
Constituent Assembly and 155,156
Council of People’s Commissars and 153,
161,198,205
divisions among 205-6
‘uprising7 (July 1918) 205
leisure, commercialized 40, 68, 69, 70, 361
Lena massacre (1912) 71, 76
Lenin, V. I. 4,15,41,43-5,110-13,122,
148-9,152,155,161,162,168,169,174,
179,187,195, 202, 206, 209, 211, 214,
215, 231, 233, 235, 241, 246, 247, 258,
260, 263, 265, 273, 274, 282, 287, 288,
294, 299, 304, 306, 308, 328, 330, 341,
354, 356, 357, 366, 379, 381, 387-8,
389, 390
on agrarian capitalism 44
analysis of post-February situation
112-13, 379
April Theses 113,127
backs Stalin 283
contempt for liberalism 43,44
cooperatives 265, 270
cult of 288, 359, 369-70
cultural revolution 265,357
First World War 99,112, 390-1
hides in Finland 114,124,148,150,
219,329
hostility to law 198, 235, 297
housework and 338—9
illness of 283
Impending Catastrophe 219—20
intelligentsia 238,334
labour productivity 221,275
Marxism of 43
party conception of 45,385
poor peasantry and 44,127
possibility of socialism in Russia 219-20,
221-2, 289
soviets 152,155
Soviet-Polish war 175
state, conception of 43,114,215-6,327
State and Revolution 114,148, 216, 329
444
INDEX
technical specialists 246, 275
Testament 283—4
What Is To Be Done? 45, 328
libraries 36,40,351
reading huts 358—9
literacy 31, 32-3, 53, 230, 359, 363
campaign to eliminate illiteracy 324, 339,
351,358-9
female and male 33,142, 348, 359
Lenin on 357
non-Russians and 130,188, 310, 359
popular reading 22,70, 333, 359
Red Army and 181
urban and rural 33, 359
worker literacy 40,117
literature 332—3
proletarian writers 333
formalism 333
see also arts
Lithuania 14, 20, 82, 83,162,175
independent statehood 185-6
lockouts 52, 77, 250
Lunacharskii, A. V. 114,167, 240, 250, 291,
323, 324, 330
Lutheranism 20
Lvov, G. E. 91,105,120,127
Lvov, V. N. 387
Mai-Maevskii, V. Z. 175
Makarenko, A. S. 348
Makhno, Nestor 163,175, 207, 208, 256
Malevich K. S. 239
Malia, Martin 385
Malinovskii, R. V. 77
marriage 153, 306, 338, 349, 361-2
Martin, Terry 309
Martov, Iulii 44, 61,109,184, 204, 251
Marx, Karl 43,112,113, 328,390
Mayakovsky, Vladimir 327, 329, 330
Mayer, Arno 6
Mensheviks 44,49-50, 56,109, 204—5
assembly of factory plenipotentiaries
(1918,1921) 248,251
Georgia stronghold of 56, 74,106,109,
132,189,190
initiative in forming soviets 51, 52,102,
105—6
object to Lenin’s conception of
party 45
revolutionary defencism 99,106—7,10 9,
113, 378
suppression of 204—5
see also moderate socialists
Meshcherskii, V. R 78
Meyerhold, V. E. 329, 330
migration
rural to urban 9, 21, 22, 27, 36, 68, 69,70,
117,126, 277, 326, 376
migration to Siberia 13
Mikhail Aleksandrovich, Grand
Duke 102
Miliukov, R N. 63, 66, 99,105,116,120,137
Miller, E.L. 174
military-revolutionary committees 149,
150,153,154,199, 234
modernization
challenges for tsarist empire 4, 5, 9,13,16,
18, 22, 29, 64, 80, 376
challenges for Soviet regime 311, 386
moderate socialists 3,106,107,108,118,119,
120,128,131,132,135,137,144,145,175,
177,186,191, 299, 379
crisis of 1917 147,149,151,378
and coalition government 73,109,110,
120-1,123,127,146, 377-9
Democratic Conference 137,147
failure during civil war 206—7
Bolshevik suppression of 203-7
worker support for in civil war
247-8, 250, 251
see also Mensheviks; Socialist
Revolutionary Party
Mongolian People’s Republic 303
municipal dumas 42, 52,107,132,134,
151, 201
Murav’ev, M. A. 201
445
INDEX
Muslims 56-8,131—2
anti-Muslim sentiment 63
basmachi guerrillas 193,194,195
Caucasus 20, 56,189,310
civil war and 191-5
identities among 15, 57,191—2
Turkestan 20, 56, 57-8
revolution of 1905 and 57
revolution of 1917 and 131-2
see also Azeris; Central Asia; Islam;
Kazakhs; Kyrghyz; Tatars; Turkestan
national identity, Russian 63, 65, 66, 67,
86-7,106,137—9,171,172
Bolsheviks and 156,183,191,192,195-6
narod 138
national self-determination 46, 56,128,
133,172,183-97
patriotism in war 81—2, 88—9, 92
nationalism 4,16
strengthens during civil war 196-7
weak development of 183
see also Armenia; Belorussia; Estonia;
Georgia; Ukraine; Soviet Union and
nation-building
Nationalist Party 65, 66
nationalization of industry 219, 220—1, 222,
236, 249, 255, 264
denationalization 255, 264
management of nationalized
enterprises 245-6
one-person management 246, 274-5
navy, Russian 11,12-13,46, 53, 66, 79, 88
Baltic Fleet 83,138,155,156
Red Navy 182
Nechaev, S. G. 43
NEP (New Economic Policy): general 3,
264-5» 272-3, 311-12
civil society constrained 335-6,337
continuities with the tsarist past 375,380—1
electrification 273
elements of 264
as‘retreat’ 265
return of market 265
‘scissors’ crisis 264, 284
state subsidies slashed 264, 271, 287, 342
terms of trade of agriculture and
industry 268
utopian visions 327—8
see also arts; currency; literature; taxation
NEP and agriculture 266-70
agricultural surplus a brake on industrial
growth 266, 270
peasantry and 265
NEP and industry 271—6
commercial accounting 271, 272
foreign firms and investment 271—2
management of state enterprises 274—5
planning 273
private sector 272
productivism 273—4
rapid recovery 272
trusts exercise control 271
NEP and social trends 314-27
‘bourgeois’forces on rise 315,317
disenfranchized 318—19
fluidity of social relations 314
re-emergence of classes 314
state has little control over 314
welfare state 319—27
nepmen 266, 278, 317-18
newspapers 22,45, 52, 66, 68,116,124,133,
142,149, 237, 261, 270-1, 301, 349, 351,
359, 363, 379
Bolshevik closure of 153, 204
‘living’ 351
Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke 85, 89
Nicholas I (1825-55) 11,42, 63
Nicholas II (1894-1917) 9,13,16-17,18, 23,
46,47, 51» 58,78,81, 85,102
abdication 102
killing of imperial family 168—9
resistance to constitutional
monarchy 60, 61, 62, 90—1,100, 376—7
nobility, landed 9,10,19,32, 39,46,134,136,
314, 374, 376
446
INDEX
German 131
landholding of 28, 32, 55, 57
remain on estates after 1917 236
revolution of 1905 and 9,47, 54, 64
revolution of 1917 and 122,125—6,
127, 236
and Volunteer Army 171
see also United Nobility
Nogin, V. P. 152
NOT (scientific organization of
labour) 273—4
opposition to 274
October Manifesto (1905) 10,16, 52, 54, 55,
59, 60, 61, 64, 67, 89, 376
see also Fundamental Laws
October seizure of power 148—51
Kerensky resists 154, 201
Lenin demands 148—9,151
nature of 154
opposed by Zinoviev and Kamenev
148-9
thwarted in Moscow 150—1,153,154
Trotsky’s role 149,150,151
see also military-revolutionary
committees
Octobrists 61, 65, 66, 81, 90
OGPU, see GPU/OGPU
Okhrana 18, 75, 98,105,136
infiltration of revolutionary parties 74,77
Old Believers 23, 37, 367
Ordzhonikidze, G. K. 295
Osinskii, N. 220, 232, 299
Ottoman empire 11,12, 65, 81,191,195,381
and First World War 83—4, 85,189,195
Pares, Bernard 228
partisans 162,163,175,181, 206, 208, 249,
254, 255, 256
passports 27, 39, 371
peasants
attitudes to Bolsheviks in 1920s 300—2
courts and 20, 27, 298
demands of in 1905 55—6
desire for culture and knowledge
360-1, 363
insurgency in 1905 34—5,54—5
insurgency in 1920—21 254-5
land belongs to those who work it
31-2, 55
monarchism of 47, 56, 91
resist food procurement 125, 209, 225
response to February Revolution 124
seize gentry estates (1917—18) 125—6
uprisings in civil war 252—3
violence of 164, 234, 253
peasant society 5,7, 315
agricultural labourers 29, 39, 56,125,
127.316
class differentiation in 30—1, 96, 269,
315-17
commune in 26, 31,127,157,159, 226
commune during NEP 269, 270,298,
302, 317
community dominant in 26
cut-off lands 31, 55
cyclical mobility in 301, 315
employment of hired labour 315
generational conflict in 298—9, 349
household division 27, 30—1, 269, 315, 316
household size 27, 315
kulaks 30,159, 226, 253, 265, 266, 268,
286, 300, 301, 312, 316,317, 3iS, 319,
371, 372
landholding 25, 26, 29—30,32, 55, 269
middle peasants 54, 227, 300,315
patriarchal character of 26—7
poor peasants 29,44, 54, 267, 270, 271,
300, 302, 317, 319, 336
redemption payments 28, 31,47, 55
resurgence in 1920s 267, 269
serfdom’s legacy 31,72, 250,354
village gathering (sfehod) 19—20,125,126,
298.317
women in 26, 27, 55, 95, 96,125,142, 255,
298, 299, 343
447
INDEX
peasant society (coni.)
youth aspirations in 270—1, 298
see also agriculture; New Economic
Policy; standard of living; Stolypin
peasant unions 299-300
People s Will 12,42,43
Peter the Great (1682—1725) 20,173,183,
201, 314
Petliura, S. V. 163,175,186,187,188, 206, 207
Petrichenko, S. M. 257, 259
Pil’niak, B. A. 332
Pilsudski, Jozef 49,173,175
Pipes, Richard 122, 389
Plehve, Vyacheslav von 46
Plekhanov, G. V. 42—3, 350
Pobedonostsev, K. P. 20
Pokrovskaia, M. I. 140
Pokrovskii, M. N. 336
Poland 4,10, li, 14,16, 20,187,196,199, 354,355
First World War and 82, 83
independence 128,130,162-3
revolution of 1905 and 48-9
Polish-Soviet war (1920) 175-6,185—6
separation of Chelm 66
police 19, 62, 64-5, 71, 79, 97,U5, *44, 318,
352, 383
abolished in February Revolution 101—2,
107,124
civil militias 144,145, *66, *97, 234, 297—8
under NEP 297—8,365
see also crime; Okhrana; Red Guards,
workers’ militias
popular culture 22,182, 353-6,364
anecdotes 353—4
witchcraft in 364-5
population 345
census of 1897 13,15,33
census of 1926 309, 314-15,359
collapse 162,217-19
fertility 343—4
mortality 218,320
of Russian empire 13,19, 25,33,35,117,
136, 210
of Soviet Union 162, 292, 314—15
Populists (Narodniki) 42-3,45—6, 75,142
Potresov, A. N. 111
Preobrazhenskii, E. 184,213,285, 286,314,336
professional middle classes 9, 51, 67,105,
108,136, 238, 278, 299, 321,374, 376
profiteering 94, 97, 224, 228, 234, 301
see also grain, ‘baggers’
Progressist Party 37, 90
Prokhorov, I. N. 38
Proletkul’t 323,330,332, 356—7
see also Bogdanov; Cultural Revolution
propaganda 43, 44, 321, 333, 338, 339, 350-54
agitation 44,350-1
correspondents 136,352
First World War and 89
mock trials 351
popular culture and 352, 353“4
Red Army 181—2,351
visual 351
Whites and 171,182, 281
prostitution 299,327,345
provincial governors 18-19, 64—5, 97
provincial towns 35-6
Provisional Government 104—5,106,107,
120,145-7,151, 375, 377
coalitions 120—1,146,147
commitment to war 106,120—1,374
composition 105
June crisis 121
July Days 122—4
land question 126-7
State Conference 138,146
weakness of 106
see also dual power; moderate socialists
Pudovkin, V. I. 333
Putilov works 47,77, 98,101, 250, 251, 271
railway workers’union 247
Bolshevik seizure of power and 152,
224, 247
revolution of 1905 and 48,49,75
railways 13,22,28,34, 58,66,97,146,160,168,
173,179,193,203,221,222, 230,232, 235
Chinese Eastern Railway 13
448
INDEX
crisis on 94,157, 217, 224, 225, 231
nationalization 221
Trans-Siberian 13, 34,159,168, 255
see also industrialization; transportation
crisis
Rasputin, G. E. 17,78, 90, 99,100,105
rates-and-conflict commissions 276,277,279
rationing 160,178,179,199, 211, 213, 219, 224,
229—30, 249
rationing before 1917 94, 230
class ration 230, 239
grievances over 248, 249-50
lifting of 264
reading public 63, 68
penny press 68, 79
reading rooms 358—9, 364
Red Army 165-8
agent of revolution 380
conscription into 166
election of army officers 153
mutinies in 256, 258, 259
political departments 167, 209, 213,257
Stalin clashes with Trotsky over 167—8,178
tsarist officers in 166,168,178
women in 141
see also Trotsky, Red Army
Red Cross 84, 91, 201, 233, 259
Red Guards 130,141,145,150,151,156,158,
160,165, 236
workers’ militias 52, 56,118,144, 249
reformism, potential for 64, 71, 79—80
religion, popular 6, 21-4, 364-5
anti-clericalism 22, 23
apocalypticism 23—4,135,330, 355
baptism 362
church attendance 349,357
church marriage 343, 349, 361—2
civil funerals 362—3
devil 22, 23
icon renewals 24, 365
icons 21, 22, 23,368
icons removed 242, 349, 364
relics 243—4
saints 21, 23,367, 369
supernatural rumours 355-6, 364
see also calendrical reform; Church
Renovationism 58, 366-7
republic, democratic, demand for 104,116
revolution of 1905 47—59
‘all-nation struggle’ 47, 55, 63, 95,376
Bloody Sunday 47,48,49, 56,76, 98, 293
casualties 52
Moscow uprising 52—3
role of army 53—4
revolutionary tribunals 235—6
revolutions 3, 5
bourgeois-democratic revolution 44,
106,112, 289, 306,378
Riga, Treaty of 176
rightists, radical 58, 61, 73, 89
Right Opposition 268, 289
RKP(b), see Russian Communist Party
(Bolshevik)
Rodchenko, A. M. 329
Rodzianko, M.V. 102,105
Roman Catholicism 20
Roslavets, Nikolai 329
RSDLP, see Russian Social-Democratic
Labour Party
rumour 90—1, 342, 354—6
Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)
[RKP(b)] in power 208
anxiety of 197,259, 261-2, 307,313, 317,
349, 370
bureaucratization of 213-14, 294—5
careerist motivation of rank-and-file
212, 293
clamp down on dissent 282-3
command-administrative system
209
composition of 212
Eleventh Party Congress (1922) 283
expansion of Central Committee 211
‘family circles’ in 209, 288, 294, 295
fear of capitalist encirclement 307-8
Fourteenth Party Congress (1925) 285, 321
Fifteenth Party Congress (1927) 266, 285
growth of party 212, 292
449
INDEX
Russian Communist Party (coni.)
inner-party struggle 265,282-91
nomenklatura in 289, 292, 314,327
‘Old Bolsheviks’ 293, 380
patriarchal culture in 295, 296, 341—2
penetration of countryside 300
political culture of 259-60, 261-2, 294—5,
307-8
purges 212, 292-3,324,372
reliance on bosses 209, 210, 294-5
rule by an oligarchy 211
Thirteenth Party Congress (1924) 285,
288, 337
Twelfth Party Congress (1923) 282, 284,
292,359
triumvirate rules 284—5
worker members of 293
see also Bolshevik party; violence;
Women’s Department
Russian Revolution, general
accident, role of 387
alternative paths for 386-7,388
circumstances determine course
of 386-7
ideology determines course of 260—1,
385-6
leadership, role of 387
tsarist political culture and 389
see also Stalinism
Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party
(RSDLP) 44,49, 60, 61,74,77,133
Inter-district Organization 77, 99,
113-14,134
internationalists versus defencists 99,109
participation of women 142
Second Congress (1903) 44~5
tension workers and intelligentsia 45
‘unified’ organizations of 74,109
see also Bolshevik party; Mensheviks)
Ryskulov, T. 194,195
science, status of 67, 273, 274, 329,334,
336, 344, 357
popularization of 67,182,356,
359-60,363
Second International (1889—1916) 43, 390
Semenov, G.M. 170,200
Serge, Victor 326—7
sexual revolution 344—5
Shendrikov brothers 49—51
Shliapnikov, A. G. 211, 260
Shul’ginV. V. 102—3,171
Siberia 4,14,24, 28,74,76, 95, 96,135,136,
155,159, 209, 272, 300,340
anti-Bolshevik forces in 86,163,168,
169-71,173,175,177,179,181, 204, 208,
248, 249
exile to 18,42,44,113
food procurement in 224,225,227,229,268
peasant rebellion in Western Siberia
(1920-21) 254,255-6
see also railways, Trans-Siberian
Skobelev, M. I. 106
Skoropads’kii, P. P. 163,186
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of
Poland and Lithuania 73
Social Democratic Party of Finland 130
Social Democratic Party of Georgia 74,106,
109,189
Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) 46, 52,
56, 61,74, 75,78,109-10,128,132,159,
203-4, 250, 269
armed resistance to Bolsheviks 151,152,
154,168,197, 203, 204
Bolsheviks legalize 204
Combat Organization 46,47,75
expulsion from soviets 160,161, 208
First World War and 99,110
Liquidationism in 74
membership 46,74,109-10,324
peasant insurgency in civil war and 256—7
Popular Socialists 74
socialization of land 46,110,127, 255
soviets and 108,158,160, 248
SR Maximalists 62,74, no, 144,160,
248, 258
450
INDEX
victory in Constituent Assembly 155— 6,
162,168,170,171, 203
women in 142
workers and 74,75, 248-9, 250
see also Komuch governments; Left SRs
social estate (soslovie) 9,14,15,19, 27,36,
38-9, 54, 62, 67, 93,134,153,188, 314,
376,381
merchants 36, 38, 39, 57, 91. 94,134» 191,
228, 238, 318
townspeople 36,38, 39,134,137,178
soldiers 7, 53-4, 74, 81,105,115-16
letters of 86-7, 88, 301—2
radicalization of 113,116,120,121—3
wives of (soldatki) 96,97,141
Soviet, Petrograd 102
Bolsheviks gain majority in 147,149
elections to 105—6
Executive Committee of 106
policy on peace 106-7, 378
see also dual power
soviets 108,158—9
Bolsheviks suppress 161,380
calls for soviets without
communists 256-7
democracy 108,153,155, 260
First Congress 108,121
localities controlled by in 1917 109
meaning of‘all power to’ 147,148,152
proliferation in winter 1917—18 158-61
resist Bolshevik control 160
revolution of 1905 and 51—2
rural 108,159—60, 229, 298-9
Second Congress 148,149,150,151,152
soldiers’ 108
soviets as organs of government 209,
298-300
corruption in 210, 299
employees in 210, 211, 299
national minority 310
see also Central Executive Committee of
Soviets
Soviet Union 184,308-12
creation of 308
ethno-national identity in 309
federal structure of 183-4,196, 308
and nation-building 308-12,381-2, 393
as new empire 195-6, 374, 381-2
spetsy, see technical specialists
Spiridonova, M. A. 142,156, 206
sport 322-3,344
SRs, see Socialist Revolutionary Party
St Petersburg 4, 35, 36,40,46, 81
changed to Petrograd 97,101
crisis in 1917-18 224, 244—5, 249
Stalin 194, 268, 295, 296,312, 321,338,369,
370,372
Commissar of Nationalities 184,191,
308,309
‘Great Break’ and 370-3, 389
goes to Siberia (1928) 268
Party Secretary 211,
rise to power 3,113, 283-91, 304
role in civil war 167—8,178
supporters of 167,191, 200, 265,266, 296,
307,311,315,368, 370
as ‘wise father’ 296, 372
Stalinism 7, 372, 382, 383, 385, 387,
389-90,393
relation to Leninism 387—88, 389
standard of living 28,29,384—5
inflation 93, 95,143, 213, 217, 225, 228,
229, 233, 271
peasant 28-9, 31, 95-6,392
workers’ 245
see also NEP
state capitalism 221-2
syndicates 220, 221, 265, 271
State Council 52, 64, 65, 67, 71
State Planning Commission
(Gosplan) 273, 291
see also NEP and Industry
Stavka, see First World War, General
Headquarters
Steinberg, I. N. 198,206
Steinberg, Mark 135
451
INDEX
Stolypin, A. 18, 60, 61, 65, 66, 85
agrarian reforms 29-30, 96,127, 269
‘coup’ of 3 June 1906 60, 61,71,376
individual farms 29, 269, 271
strikes 38,40,44» 117» 133
against Bolsheviks 152,160,199, 208,
248, 249-52, 257, 258, 259, 324, 335
against Whites 249
Agricultural labourers’ 54, 56
eve of war 74,76—7
First World War and 98
general strike of 1905 47-51,52,
56,106
legalization of 71
NEPand 279,280
politicization of 72,75
revolution of 1917 and 101-2,120,130,
141» 143
right to strike 58, 276
see also workers, industrial; workers’
politics
Struve, P. V. 44,46,137
Stucka, P. 184
students 33» 43,46, 51* 56, 58,101,136,139,
240, 242
Bolsheviks and 241—2,336—7,344,349,360
Whites and 154,164,178, 240
Stunner, B. V. 90
suicide 165,335,350
Sukhanov, N. N. 111,123,147
Sukhomlinov, V. A. 90
Sultan-Galiev, M. 192,194, 200
Supreme Council of National Economy
(VSNKh) 2io, 220, 221, 222—3, 232, 263,
265, 271,273, 291
glavki 223, 238, 271
regional councils of national economy
(sovnarkhozy) 221, 222, 223,245
Sverdlov, la. M. 169,188, 211
Sweden 10,11
Tagantsev, V. N. 259,334
Tashkent 58,132,192,341
Tatars 14, 25, 56, 57,193» 253,310
Crimean 57,193
Crimean-Tatar ASSR 193
nationalism among 191—2
pan-Turkism among 191—2
Tatar-Bashkir state 192,193
Tatar ASSR 194
Tatlin, V. E. 329,330,331
taxation 17,36,37, 38, 78, 93,116,178, 236,
264, 286, 322
income tax 37, 93
peasants and 20, 26, 28, 29, 38, 55, 253,
267-8, 271, 298,301-2, 317,318
tax in kind 232, 263
teachers 33,42, 56, 74,75,108,125,136,140
and Bolsheviks 324, 336, 337, 359
technical specialists (spetsy) 238, 275, 291-2,
318, 372
worker hostility to 246, 275
salaries of 246
temperance movement 21,75,78,350
Tereshchenko, M. I. 105
terror 12,42,43,46, 62,74, 75,136,142,192,
205-6
end justifies means 214-15, 261
Red Terror, 189,197—200, 215, 231, 260,
296,383
White Terror 158, 200-1
see also Cheka; Socialist Revoutionarty
Party, Combat Organization
Tikhon (V. I. Beilavin) 242, 243,365,367
Time League 274
Tkachev, P. N. 43
‘toiling people’ 45,74, no, 159, 205, 252,
301, 318
Tolstoy, Lev 1,32,75, 329,361
Tomskii, M.P. 247, 285
trade, foreign
tsarist government and 35, 94,
speculation 97,177,198, 210,224,228,
234,318,327
Soviet Union and 221, 271,303
see also cooperatives
452
INDEX
trade unions 38,47,49, 58, 71, 73, 75, 77, 90,
99,117,139,142,143, 220, 223, 244, 247
Bolshevik policy on 167, 207, 212, 215,
247, 291, 371
First All-Russian Congress of 245, 246
law of 1906 60,71
loss of autonomy 245, 246—7
membership voluntary under NEP 276
Mensheviks and 119, 205, 246-7, 248, 250
NEP and 274, 276-7, 278, 322, 341, 351
revolution of 1917 and 118—19
skilled workers in 117
suppression of 71
welfare dispensed by 276-7
White suppression of 249
women members 277
see also factory committees
transportation crisis 92, 93, 95, 217, 222,
224
Trotsky, L. D. 40, 52, 61,157,167,188,194,
211, 215, 223, 256
in civil war 168,173,174,176, 200, 207
conflict with Stalin 168
and militarization of lab our 231
and Red Army 165-8,178, 213
relation to Lenin 114, 202
and revolution of 1917 113,123,149—50,
151,152
and statization of trade unions 247
and tax in kind 232, 263
see also Left Opposition; Red Army
Trudoviks 61,106
Tsereteli, I. G. 106,109,120,123,190, 378
Tucker, Robert 373
Tukhachevskii, M. N. 175,178, 251, 255
Turkestan 57-8, 85,132,191, 233
civil war in 192
Russian settlers in 192,194-5
Turkestan ASSR 192,195
Turkmens 57,192,195, 359
Ukraine 4,11,14,16, 20, 24, 26, 28, 54, 58,73,
94, 95, 96,117,183,187,199, 256, 264
Bolsheviks and 186—7
civil war and 154,157,163,174,186-7,189,
199, 224
Denikin occupies 186-7, 204
Directory government 163,186
German occupation of 165
nationalism in 56,128-9,133,162,
175,196
revolution of 1917 and 126,127,130
Social-Democrats 56, 73,74,155,186
SRs 155,187,189, 206
Ukrainian Communist Party 186,187,
210, 309
Ukrainian socialist republic 176,187, 300,
308, 310
see also Makhno; warlords
Ul’ianov, I. N. 41
unemployment 143, 277
female 277—8
Ungern-Stemberg, R. N. von 200
Uniate Church 14, 20, 58, 85
Union of Liberation 46,47
Union for the Regeneration of Russia 197
Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of
the Working Class 44
Union of Unions 51, 59
United States of America 9, 35,71,302-3,
334,376
entry into First World War 107, 378
intervention in civil war 174,180
United Nobility 64, 66
Universities, see higher education;
students
Urals 15, 34, 39, 40, 50, 57, 73, 74, 97,117,
118,144,154,159,168,169,179,189,192,
210, 223 224, 232, 236, 243, 248, 252,
272, 368
urban middle strata 69,110,136—7, 239
urban population 35—6, 98, 217—19, 228,
230, 276, 315, 359
urbanization 9, 35-6,37,38, 39, 69,70,139,
360, 369, 376
Uritskii, M. S. 114
453
INDEX
Validov, A. Z. 192,193
Vertov, Dziga 333
violence 7,73,136,158,161,189,383-5
Bolshevik political culture and 261,389-90
brutalization of First World War and 67,
201-2
civil war violence 72,197—203
civilian violence 52, 56,164, 202, 225,
234.383
extermination 202—3, 382
functions of violence 383
modernity of 202—3, 382
NEPand 383-4
tsarist regime and 62,82, 249,383
Stalinism and 371
state breakdown and 201—2
see also civil war; Jews, pogroms; Red
Terror; White terror
voluntary societies, see civil society
Voroshilov, K. E. 168, 285
Vyshnegradskii, LA. 34
Waldron, Peter 19
War Communism 219-34
Bolshevik hostility to market and 219,
229-30, 233-4
persistence of market 228-9
public canteens 232,239, 250,342
universal labour conscription 230—1
see also food dictatorship; nationalization
of industry; rationing; Supreme
Council of
National Economy; trade, speculation
War Industries Committees 91, 92
Workers’ Groups of 91, 98, 99,102,107
war scare {1927) 266, 287,308,311
warlords (atamany) 163,170,177» 181,186,188,
200.383
Washington Conference (1921—22) 302—3
Wells, H.G. 306
White armies
Armed Forces of South Russia 165,172,
175,176,180,182, 203
better provisioned than Reds 229
committed to restoring order 171
hostile to non-Russian nationalities 171,
172-3
Kolchak’s Siberian Army 170
land programme 172
reluctance to devise policies 172
Volunteer Army 154,164,165,168,171,
175,178,179,186,188
West Russian Volunteer Army 185
white-collar workers (sluzhashchie) 136, 210,
223, 255, 276
in government apparatuses 276,
291—2, 318
party members 212
trade unions and 49, 51,136—7
Wilson, Woodrow 107,128,173, 306, 378
Witte, Sergei 13,34, 38, 52, 60, 85, 386
women
Bolsheviks and liberation of 338—9, 393
conventional femininity and 339
involvement in politics 140
perceived ‘backwardness’ of 142, 339—40
rape 86,164,188, 298
see also family; feminism; peasant society;
women workers
women workers 49,70, 96—7,101,117, 251,
276, 277-8
equal pay for 277
unions defend position of 278
wages 278
see also domestic servants
Women’s Department (Zhenotdel) 295,
339-40
workers, industrial 7,39—41, 244,
276-81
artisans 39,49,136,187, 222, 276
attacks on party elite 250-1, 252, 257
‘backward’workers 75—6
concentration in large enterprises 40
‘conscious’ workers 75, 251
diet (NEP) of 279
heterogeneity of 40—1
454
INDEX
Jewish 44,188
metalworkers 40,49, 70, 76-7, 97,
117, 252
number of 39,117, 276
printers 49,119,246, 247, 278
railway workers 48, 98,106,117, 248, 250,
252, 276
real wages improve during NEP
278, 37i
skilled 49, 96, 97,133, 276
social mobility of 293-4
tie with the land 39-40,41, 96, 245, 275
wages 38, 97,120,143, 245
see also railway workers’ union
workers’politics 280
attitudes during NEP 280-81
demands in 1917 117—20
opposition to Bolshevik regime 244,
245, 247-8
renewed support for moderate
socialists 248
sense that Soviet regime theirs’ 181-2
support for Bolshevik regime 247, 249,251
and Whites 248-9
see also strikes
workers’ control of production 114,119,147,
153, 200, 221, 246, 255, 379
Bolshevik support for 144
see also factory committees
Workers’ Opposition 211, 212, 246, 247,
260,339
as ‘anarcho-syndicalist deviation’ 247
working conditions
accidents 38, 71,75» 275-6
factory inspectorate 37,76
eight-hour day 47,48, 51» 76,116,117,133,
153, 278, 301, 384, 385
fines 73,76
in private sector (NEP) 279-80
social insurance 38,71, 277, 279
working hours 38,48,71,384
Wrangel, P. N. 164,171,178,193, 200
land reform law 172
Years of Reaction 10,18, 63-4,79, 96,379
youth 139-40,241-2,345-50
sexist attitudes of 139
trope in Bolshevik propaganda 241
young workers 139
Zalkind, A. B. 339, 344~5
Zemgor 91
Zemliachka, R. 200
zemstvos 12,19, 32, 33,39,42,46, 55, 64, 66,
84, 94, 95
democratization in 1917 107-8,159
employees in soviet institutions 213, 299
medicine and 19,320
Zinoviev, G. E. 113,148,188,199, 211, 213, 214,
230, 251, 258, 282, 283, 284, 285, 290,304
chair of Comintern 304, 305, 306
power base in Leningrad 289
Zoshchenko, M. M. 332, 333
Zubatov, S.V. 51, 293
455
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Smith, Stephen Anthony 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)123817692 |
| author_facet | Smith, Stephen Anthony 1952- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Smith, Stephen Anthony 1952- |
| author_variant | s a s sa sas |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043691066 |
| classification_rvk | NP 6007 NQ 5055 NQ 5065 NQ 5070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)968350562 (DE-599)BVBBV043691066 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | First edition |
| era | Geschichte 1890-1928 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1890-1928 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV043691066 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:32:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780198734826 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029103731 |
| oclc_num | 968350562 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-384 DE-12 DE-29 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-824 DE-M352 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-384 DE-12 DE-29 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-824 DE-M352 |
| physical | vii, 455 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Smith, Stephen Anthony 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)123817692 aut Russia in revolution an empire in crisis, 1890 to 1928 S.A. Smith First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2017 vii, 455 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1890-1928 gnd rswk-swf Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd rswk-swf Neue Ökonomische Politik (DE-588)4171542-1 gnd rswk-swf Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 s Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 s Neue Ökonomische Politik (DE-588)4171542-1 s Geschichte 1890-1928 z DE-604 Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029103731&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029103731&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Smith, Stephen Anthony 1952- Russia in revolution an empire in crisis, 1890 to 1928 Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd Neue Ökonomische Politik (DE-588)4171542-1 gnd Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4049680-6 (DE-588)4077587-2 (DE-588)4171542-1 (DE-588)4043429-1 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Russia in revolution an empire in crisis, 1890 to 1928 |
| title_auth | Russia in revolution an empire in crisis, 1890 to 1928 |
| title_exact_search | Russia in revolution an empire in crisis, 1890 to 1928 |
| title_full | Russia in revolution an empire in crisis, 1890 to 1928 S.A. Smith |
| title_fullStr | Russia in revolution an empire in crisis, 1890 to 1928 S.A. Smith |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia in revolution an empire in crisis, 1890 to 1928 S.A. Smith |
| title_short | Russia in revolution |
| title_sort | russia in revolution an empire in crisis 1890 to 1928 |
| title_sub | an empire in crisis, 1890 to 1928 |
| topic | Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd Neue Ökonomische Politik (DE-588)4171542-1 gnd Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Revolution Sozialer Wandel Neue Ökonomische Politik Oktoberrevolution Russland Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029103731&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029103731&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT smithstephenanthony russiainrevolutionanempireincrisis1890to1928 |