Exile in the Maghreb: Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Madison ; Teaneck
Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
[2016]
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxxv, 627 pages illustrations, maps 27 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781611477870 |
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a L' exil au Maghreb |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Exile in the Maghreb |b Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912 |c Paul B. Fenton and David G. Littman |
| 264 | 1 | |a Madison ; Teaneck |b Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |c [2016] | |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Includes bibliographical references (pages 593-606) and index | |
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| 610 | 1 | 4 | |a Anglo-Jewish Association / History / Archives |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1148-1912 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Jews / Morocco / History / Sources | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Judaism / Relations / Islam / Sources | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Islam / Relations / Judaism / Sources | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
List of Illustrations xxi
List of Abbreviations xxv
Preface to the English Edition xxvii
Preface to the First Edition xxix
Acknowledgments xxxv
Introduction 1
Historical Context 1
The Socioeconomic Situation of North African Jewry from the
Sixteenth Century 6
Algeria
Under the Ottoman Regencies (1529-1830) 7
From the French Conquest to the Cremieux Decree (1830-1870) 12
Morocco
Under the Sa dids (1509-1659) 14
Under the ‘Alawids (1666-1800) 16
Persecutions under Mawläy Yazid (1790—1791) 21
Suffering in Isolation (1800-1860) 21
European Humanitarian Intervention (1863-1864) 26
Tyranny in the Empire (1867-1877) 29
The Question of Foreign Protection (1863-1880) 30
A Decade of Absolute Dhimmitude (1884-1894) 31
The Death of the Sultan and Tribal Uprising (1894-1896) 32
A New Century, Old Vicissitudes (1896-1906) 32
The Tragic Events in Casablanca (August 1907-February 1908) 33
The Massacre of the Jews in Settatand Casablanca (1907-January 1908) 34
Pacification and the Fate of the Jews (1909-1912) 36
The Pogrom of Fez (April 1912) 36
vii
CONTENTS
PART ONE: HISTORICAL AND LITERARY SOURCES (A)
THE MAGHREB
FROM THE ZENATA TO THE WATTASIDS (990-1492) 47
A 1. Letter of Consolation from Rabbi Samuel ben Hofni, Head of the
Babylonian Academy of Sura, to the Congregation of Fez (ca. 997) 47
A 2. Abraham Ibn Ezra’s Elegy on the Destruction of the Jewish
Communities of Andalusia and the Maghreb under the
Almohads (1140) 48
A 3. Forced Conversions in the Maghreb (1148) 50
A 4. Joseph Ibn Aqnin on Forced Conversions and Discrimination
under the Almohads (Andalusia and the Maghreb) (ca. 1190) 51
A 5. Neither Synagogue nor Church Is to Be Found throughout All
of the Muslim Countries of the Maghreb’ (ca. 1198) 55
A 6. Jews and Christians: Islam or Death!’ (1203) 55
A 7. Fatwd concerning the Prohibition for a Jew to Build a House
Higher Than That of a Muslim (Tlemcen, ca. 1430) 57
A 8. The Qadi of Tlemcen on Discriminatory Measures Pertaining
to the Jews (ca. 1450) 57
A 9. The Fall of the Marinids and the Massacre of the Jews (Fez 1465) 59
A 10. Muslim Justification of the Massacre (1465) 62
A 11. [The Wattasid Sultan Muhammad II] Was One of the Righteous
Gentiles for He Admitted the Jewish [Exiles from Spain] and
Treated Them Benevolently’ (1497) 63
ALGERIA
Al-MAGHlLI FIXES THE DHIMMA SYSTEM (1492-1493) 69
A 12. Al-Maghllfs Treatise against the Jews (ca. 1491) 69
A 13. Fatwd on the Destruction of the Synagogues of Tu’at (ca. 1492) 85
UNDER THE OTTOMAN REGENCIES (1529-1830) 90
A 14. The Condition of the Jews of Algiers as Seen by a Christian
Captive (1581) 90
A 15. Amongst the Turks, They Are the Most Despised and the Most
Persecuted People in the World’ (Algiers, 1626) 91
A 16. The Destruction of the Synagogues in Algiers (1706) 93
A 17. A Jew, Falsely Accused of Murder, Is Burnt to Death (Algiers, 1720) 94
A 18. They Live amidst the Wretchedness Both of Poverty and Slavery,
besides the Contempt and Insults of All the Other Nations’
(Algiers, 1724) 95
A 19. Jews Molested in Algiers (1788) 97
A 20. Such is the Gross Indignation the Mahometans Bear toward the
Jewish Religion, That a Turk May with Impunity Murder Ten of
Them’ (Algiers, 1793)
viii
98
CONTENTS
A 21. Accusation of Ritual Murder (Algiers, ca. 1795) 98
A 22. The Most Terrible Punishments Are Those Inflicted upon the
Jews’ (Algiers, 1796) 99
A 23. They Are Obliged to Distinguish Themselves from the Other
Inhabitants by Their Attire’ (Algiers, 1798) 100
A 24. The Assassination of Naftali Bujnah and the Massacre of the Jews
of Algiers (1805) 103
A 25. The Massacre of the Jews of Algiers as Reported in the Times (1805) 105
A 26. Judeo-Arabic Elegy on the Massacre of the Jews of Algiers (1805) 106
A 27. The Precarious Reign of the King of the Jews (Algiers, 1807-1811) 113
A 28. The Execution of David Cohen-Bacri (Algiers, 1811) 116
A 29. Persecution of the Jews in Algiers (1816) 117
A 30. They Are Oppressed by the Higher Ranks, and Reviled and
Insulted by the Rabble’ (Algiers, 1816) 118
A 31. William Shaler, American Consul: The Jews at This Day in
Algiers, Constitute One of the Least Fortunate Remnants of Israel
Existing’ (ca. 1816) 121
A 32. Discriminatory Measures against the Jews of Algiers (ca. 1820) 122
A 33. Legal Proceedings Involving Jews under Turkish Rule (Algiers, 1834) 123
FROM THE FRENCH CONQUEST TO THE CRÉMIEUX DECREE
(1830-1870) 127
A 34. The Situation of the Jews of Algiers on the Eve of the Conquest
(1830) 127
A 35. The Liberation of the Jews of Algiers (1832) 129
A 36. A Missionary in Algiers (1833) 130
A 37. A Sorely Oppressed People, upon Whom All the Mohammadan
Races and Sects Vented Their Hate and Haughtiness’ (1836) 130
A 38. Plea for Help from the Jews of Oran (1842) 131
A 39. Strange Nostalgia of Dhimmihood (1834) 132
A 40. Judeo-Muslim Relations after the French Conquest (ca. 1841) 133
A 41. As Long as the Jew Pays the Tribute and Does Not Raise His Voice
to a Muslim, He Has a Right to Be Protected’ (Oran, ca. 1841) 134
A 42. Jews and Muslims in Algiers (1844) 135
A 43. Forced Conversion of the Jews ofTuggurt (1860) 135
A 44. Muslim Fanaticism in Setif (1863) 139
A 45. Intercommunal Tensions in Algeria (1871) 139
MOROCCO
UNDER THE SADIDS (1509-1659) 145
A 46. Leo Africanus on the Jews of Morocco (ca. 1510) 145
A 47. Nicolas Clénard on the Jews of Fez (1541) 146
A 48. Mawlây Abdallah and the Jews of Fez (ca. 1557) 146
A 49. Fatwâ on the Destruction of the Synagogue of Illlgh (ca. 1640) 147
ix
CONTENTS
A 50. Fatwa by a Sufi Scholar: Can a Muslim Seek Pity for a Jew?
(ca. 1650) 149
UNDER THE ‘ALAWIDS (1666-1800) 152
A 51. When They Have Occasion for Money, They Force It from the
Jews, Either by Right or Wrong’ (1669) 152
A 52. Lancelot Addison on the Condition of the Jews of Barbary (1669) 153
A 53. Deterioration of the Situation of the Jews under Mawlay Rashid
(1670) 153
A 54. Germain Mouette: ‘The Boys beat and throw stones at them, spit
in their faces and give them a thousand curses’ (ca. 1681) 155
A 55. The Murder of Joseph Maymran, Nagid of the Jews, Meknes
(1683) 156
A 56. They Dare Not Travel through the Country Alone, or without
Some Moors to Protect Them, for the Arabs and Barbarians
Would Certainly Cut Their Throats without Mercy’ (1693) 157
A 57. Their Lives Hang in Doubt, Being in Fear Night and Day, and
They Have No Assurance of Their Lives’ (1698) 158
A 58. The Jews of Meknes: ‘Live in Great Subjection’ (1721) 159
A 59. ‘Nor Did I Ever See Any People So Miserable as the Jews Appear
to Be in Barbary’ (1727) 159
A 60. The British Consul’s Jewish Interpreter Is Burnt Alive (ca. 1738) 160
A 61. Abduction and Conversion of Jewish Children by the Moors
(1760) 161
A 62. The French Consul: The Lowest among the Moors Imagines He
Has a Right to Ill-Treat a Jew’ (1767) 163
A 63. Sharifian Letter Addressed to the Sheikh of the Zdwiya Nasiriyya
Forbidding Purchase of Land by Jews (1776) 166
A 64. ‘A Moor May Beat a Jew as Severely and as Long as He Pleases’
(Marrakesh, 1784) 166
A 65. This Nation Is Enslaved Everywhere; They Are Made to Work at
Will and They Do Not Even Have the Liberty to Complain (1784) 169
A 66. The Horrific Slavery and Oppression That This Nation Suffers
Here’ (Tangier, 1788) 170
PERSECUTIONS UNDER MAWLAY YAZID (1790-1791) 174
A 67. The Moors Display More Humanity to Their Beasts Than
to the Jews’ (1790) 174
A 68. The 1792 Persecutions Described by the Italian Traveller
Samuel Romanelli 177
A 69. Jan Potocki on the Atrocities Committed by Mawlay Yazid (1792) 179
A 70. A Swedish Consul Describes the Martyrdom of the Jews of Tangier 180
A 71. The Persecutions Related by a Jewish Chronicle 183
A 72. The Persecutions Described by a Jewish Chronicle from Meknes 191
A 73. Lament of David Ibn Hasin on the Persecutions of 1790 191
x
CONTENTS
A 74. A Muslim Account of the Pillage of the Mellahs of Tetuan and
Marrakesh (1790) 196
A 75. ‘The Mahometans of These Cantons Treat Them Like Slaves’
(Guelmim, 1791) 197
SUFFERING IN ISOLATION (1800-1860) 201
A 76. Anti-Jewish Poem by a Muslim Holy Man (Fez, ca. 1800) 201
A 77. Inequality of Jews before the Law (1800) 202
A 78. ‘The Jews in Morocco Are in the Most Abject State of Slavery’
(1803) 203
A 79. The Sultan Imposes Discriminatory Dress on a Jewish Interpreter
(Marrakesh, ca. 1806) 205
A 80. Jews Cannot Leave Morocco without the Sultan’s Authorization
(1808) 206
A 81. Payment of the Jizya Described by an American Mariner
(Mogador, 1815) 206
A 82. Restrictions Imposed on Jews (ca. 1820) 208
A 83. A Muslim Chronicler’s Account of the Sacking of the Jewish
Quarter of Fez (1820) 209
A 84. After the Persecutions, the Jews of Fez Declare a Three-Year
Period of Mourning (1822) 209
A 85. Afflictions of the Jews of Tafilalt (1824) 210
A 86. ‘The Barbary Jews Are, in Every Sense of the Word, Complete
Slaves to the Moors’ (1830) 211
A 87. The Jewish Quarter of Meknes (1830) 213
A 88. The Situation of the Jews in Tangier and Tetuan (1834) 213
A 89. The Martyrdom of Solika Hatchtuel (1834) 218
A 90. Fatwa Prohibiting the Building of a Bathhouse in the Mellah (Fez,
1836) 222
A 91. British Jews from Gibraltar Request Exemption from the
Restrictions Imposed on Dhimmis in Morocco (Tangier, 1837) 224
A 92. ‘The Hump of Slavery Rises Markedly between Their Shoulders’
(ca. 1839) 225
A 93. The Sultan Explains to the French Consul the Status of the Jews
(1842) 226
A 94. The Bombardment of Mogador and the Pillage of the Mellah
(1844) 228
A 95. ‘If a Jewish Criminal Professes Islamism, He Is Immediately
Pardoned by Government, Whatever His Crime’ (1844) 229
A 96. ‘Jewesses Disturb the Decent Minds of Pious Muslims When
Removing Their Slippers in Front of Mosques’ (1844) 230
A 97. The Barbary Jews Described by an Anglo-Moroccan Author (1844) 231
A 98. The British Consul, Sir John Drummond Hay, on the Jews of
Morocco (ca. 1846) 232
A 99. Oppression Suffered by the Jews in Barbary (ca. 1846) 233
XI
CONTENTS
A 100. The Jews Are Considered by the Mussulmans of Morocco in the
Light of Unclean Animals, and of Enemies of God’ (1858) 234
A 101. Abbot Godard: Weren t You at the Sacking of Fez-Jadid? (1858) 235
A 102. These Pitiful Creatures No Longer Seem Even to Feel the Burden
of the Indescribable Contempt in Which They Linger (ca. 1858) 239
BEGINNINGS OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION
BY EUROPEAN JEWRY (1860) 246
A 103. Picciotto s Report to the Board of Deputies of British Jews on the
Condition of Moroccan Jewry (1860) 247
A 104. A Moroccan Historian on the Dahir of 1864 Granted to Sir Moses
Montefiore by the Sultan Muhammad b. Abd al-Rahman 250
A 105. Dahir Granted to the Jews of Demnat through Sir Moses
Montefiore (1864) 254
A 106. A Jew Is Flogged to Death on the Sabbath (Ayagha, 1864) 255
A 107. ‘They Look for the Messiah in the Hope That He Will Deliver
Them from Cruelty and Persecution (Fez, 1870) 256
A 108. A Jew Is Regarded as So Indispensable to the Prosperity of the
Country That He Is Not Allowed to Leave If (1872) 257
A 109. The Misadventures of French Algerian Jews in Morocco (Fez, 1873) 258
A 110. There Is No Country on Earth Where Jews Are Treated More
Cruelly Than in Morocco (1876) 259
A 111. The Situation of the Jews in the Coastal and Inland Towns (1878) 261
A 112. Fatwd on the Jews’ Obligation to Remove Their Shoes (1879) 262
A 113. Thoughts by the British Consul: I Was Sorry to Learn That
Some of the Younger and More Fanatical of the Moors Had Been
Relieving Their Feelings by Abusing the Jews (Mogador, 1879) 263
A 114. The Khalifa’s New Valet, Has Already Assaulted Two Israelitish
Boys, to the Effusion of Blood, for Presuming to Appear in
Coloured Garments and Slippers’ (1880) 264
A 115. For the Strict Muslim Believer, There Is No Greater Insult Than
the Word Yahudi (Fez, 1880) 265
A 116. An Elderly Jew Burnt Alive in Fez (1880) 268
A 117. Edmondo de Amiris on the Situation of Jewish Women (Fez, 1882) 269
A 118. Charles de Foucauld on the Jews in the Berber Regions (1882) 270
A 119. The Edict of Sultan Mawlay al-Hasan in Favour of the Jews of
Demnat (1884) 273
A 120. Sufferings of the Jews of Demnat (1884) 274
A 121. Algerian Jews Mistreated for Not Walking Barefoot (1884) 275
A 122. To the Good People of England and America: An Appeal for Help
(Demnat, 1884) 277
A 123. The Jews of Demnat (1884) 285
A 124. Persecution at Demnat: Our Lives Are Unendurable, and Death
Itself Would Be a Relief (1885) 287
Xll
CONTENTS
A 125. A French Diplomat Visits the Mellah of Marrakesh (1885) 290
A 126. The Sultan Receives a Deputation of Jewish Women
(Marrakesh, 1886) 291
A 127. The Sultan’s Kindness towards the Jews of Marrakesh (1887) 292
A 128. Differences between the Murder of a Muslim and That of a
Jew under Islamic Law (1888) 292
A 129. A Statement of Some of the Principal Disabilities Affecting
the Jews (1888) 293
A 130. Foreign Protection of the Jews (1888) 295
A 131. Expropriation of the Jewish Cemetery (Fez, 1888) 296
A 132. Discriminative Clothing in Marrakesh, Fez and Meknes (1888) 298
A 133. Outrage on a Jew at Safi (1889) 298
A 134. The System of Foreign Protections (1892) 299
A 135. Payment of the Jizya in Marrakesh (1894) 302
A 136. Budgett Meakin on the Tribulations of Moroccan Jewry (ca. 1900) 304
A 137. An English Adventuress on the Future of Moroccan Jewry (1900) 306
A 138. A Striking Description of Dhimmitude (1903) 308
A 139. Destruction of the Community of Taza (1906) 310
A 140. American Intervention at the Algeciras Conference (1906) 311
THE RISE OF THE FRENCH PROTECTORATE (1907-1912) 320
A 141. Massacre of the Jews of Casablanca (1907) 320
A 142. The [Jews] Arrived Half Naked [. . .], Their Faces Contorted with
the Terrible Emotions They Had Passed Through’ (1907) 321
A 143. Dirge on the Sack (Tritel) of Meknes (1911) 322
A 144. The Pogrom of Fez (1912): Childhood Memories 323
A 145. The Pogrom of Fez (1912) 328
A 146. A Chronicle of Events in Fez (April 1912) 330
PART TWO: ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS (B)
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ARCHIVES OF THE AIU
PERTAINING TO THE MAGHREB (1860-1912) 339
ARBITRARY PERSECUTION AND THE HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION OF EUROPEAN JEWRY (1863-1864) 345
B 1. The Junta Asks for Help in the Safi Case (Tangier, 1863) 345
B 2. The British Consul on Sir Moses Montefiore’s Mission (1864) 348
B 3. The British Consul Demands Consular Protection for Jews (1864) 349
B 4. Persecutions in Chefchaouen (1864) 350
B 5. Persecution of Jews in Demnat (1864) 350
B 6. Persecutions Continue despite French Protection (1864) 353
B 7. The Baneful Outcome of Events in Safi (1864) 353
B 8. In the Footsteps of Sir Moses Montefiore 355
xiii
CONTENTS
THE PRISONERS OF TETUAN (1864-1865) 359
B 9. Imprisonment of the Members of the Junta (1864) 359
B 10. Intervention of the Consular Corps of Tetuan 361
B 11. Memorandum Addressed to the Sultan by the Representatives of the
Foreign Nations in Tangier regarding the Tetuan Prisoners (1865) 361
B 12. Increasing Tension between Muslims and Jews (Tetuan, 1865) 363
TYRANNY IN THE EMPIRE (1867-1877) 364
B 13. The Murder of the Jewish Interpreter Abraham Pariente (1867) 364
B 14. Numerous Murders in the Safi Region (1867) 365
B 15. Sultan Sldl Muhammad’s Reply to the Deputation of Safi Jews
(1867) 369
B 16. The British Vice-Consul Justifies the Basha’s Cruelty (Tetuan, 1867) 370
B 17. Letter from Auguste Beaumier, French Consul, to Adolphe
Crémieux, President of the AIU (Mogador, 1867) 372
B 18. Averted Martyrdom of a Jewess Converted to Islam (Mogador, 1868) 373
B 19. French Minister, Aymé d’Aquin, Reassures Adolphe Crémieux
(1869) 375
B 20. Jews Forced on the Sabbath to Salt the Heads of Executed
Criminals (1873) 375
B 21. Memorandum on the Tyranny of the Governors of Rabat and
Mequinez towards Jews (1873) 377
B 22. The Pasha Transfers the Monday Market to Saturday (Ulâd
Duwayb, Mazagan, 1873) 377
B 23. Diplomatic Measures to Improve the Jews’Lot (1873) 378
B 24. Mawlây Hasan’s Rule Brings New Hope for the Prisoners
of Fez (1873) 379
B 25. Admittance to Baths Forbidden to Jews (Fez, 1873) 380
B 26. The Spanish Consul, Ramon Lon, Expresses His Solidarity
with the Jews (Tetuan, 1873) 381
B 27. Justice for Jews Does Not Exist in Tangier’ (1875) 382
B 28. Report by Joseph Halevy on the Jews of Marrakesh (1876) 383
B 29. The Sultan’s Expropriation of the Jewish Cemetery (Fez, 1877) 387
B 30. Withdrawal of Protection and the Expropriation of the Cemetery
(Fez, 1877) 389
B 31. The Murder of Two Jewish Families from Larache (1877) 390
B 32. A Cry for Help (Debdu, 1877) 391
B 33. Murder of Isaac Benaim (Tetuan, 1879) 392
THE MADRID CONFERENCE AND THE QUESTION OF
FOREIGN PROTECTION (1879-1888) 396
B 34. The Question of Foreign Protection (1879) 396
B 35. ‘The Annulment of Protection Would Be the Total Suspension of
That Progress’ (1879) 397
XIV
CONTENTS
B 36. Abuse of the Protection System (1880) 399
B 37. Tt Is Only through the Good Offices of the Foreign Consuls That
the Jews in Morocco Are Enabled to Preserve Their Lives and to
Secure Their Property (1880) 401
B 38. ‘Never before Have the Moroccan Jews Had More Need of Friends
and Protectors Than Now’ (1888) 402
B 39. Tt Is of Urgent Necessity That Such Measures Be Devised as Will
Relieve the Jews from Their Present Degraded Condition (1888) 404
B 40. The Second Madrid Conference (1880-1888) 405
THE AUTODAFÉ OF ABRAHAM ELALOUF (FEZ, 1880) 410
B 41. The British Ministers View of the Crime 410
B 42. ‘Barbarian Acts’ Denounced by the American Consul (1880) 411
B 43. ‘Hand Us Petrol, Give Us a Light, Here Comes a Jew!’ 411
B 44. The Sultans Setdement 412
B 45. ‘By Paying Out of Their Own Pockets, the Jews Encourage
Further Crimes’ 412
B 46. Consequences of the el-Alouf Affair in the Region 413
THE SYSTEM OF PROTECTIONS AND THE BACKDROP
OF TERROR (1880-1881) 419
B 47. The Murder of Solomon Elbilla (‘Abda, 1880) 419
B 48. The Murder of Jacob Sabah (Fez, 1880) 420
B 49. ‘In Future When Travelling, Jews Will Have to Be Careful Not to
Give Offence in Their Language or Acts to Mahomedans’ (1880) 420
B 50. Jews Compelled to Purchase Rotten Wheat from the Sultan
(Azemmur, 1880) 421
B 51. Inequality of Dhimmis under Islamic Law (1880) 421
B 52. Nominal Roll of Murdered Jews (Tetuan, 1866-1880) 422
B 53. The British Consul Deems It Inappropriate to Request the
Abolition of Degrading Usages in Fez (1880) 423
B 54. ‘Can a Jew Have a Moorish Woman at His Service? He Deserves
to Be Burnt!’ 424
B 55. Evidence Given by Jews of Entifa about Jacob Dahan’s Murder
(1880) 424
B 56. Jews’ Petition to the Sultan: ‘Never Has Entifa Been So Well
Governed as by This Governor’ 425
B 57. Governor Punishes the Jews with a Heavy Fine for Having
Complained about the Murders (Entifa, 1880) 426
B 58. Objections to the Request for Jews to Submit Their Grievances
Direcdy to the Moroccan Minister and Not through the Foreign
Consuls (1880) 427
B 59. Moroccan Prime Minister Dismisses the Jews’ Complaints (1880) 429
B 60. A Jewish Shopkeeper Is Murdered and Decapitated (Wazzàn, 1880) 429
B 61. Additional Murders (Arzila, Fez, Wadi Zan, 1880) 430
XV
CONTENTS
B 62. ‘The Mahommedan Population of Fez Will Not Acquiesce without
Resentment to the Sudden Abolition of the Degrading Usage to
Which the Jews Have Been Compelled to Submit for Centuries in
This Country’ (1880) 431
B 63. Bastinado of a Jewess, Zohra Toledano (Tangier, 1880) 432
B 64. The Murder of the Interpreter Mr. Cohen (Salé, 1880) 435
B 65. List of Unpunished Murders (1880) 435
B 66. Stefano Scovasso, the Italian Minister, Decries ‘the Scandalous
Impunity the Culprits Enjoy (1880) 436
B 67. Collective Memorandum by the Foreign Consuls to the Moroccan
Prime Minister Si Mohammad Bargash (1880) 437
B 68. Sultan Mawláy al-Hasan Reprimands the Governor of Tarudant
for His Cruelty towards the Jews (1881) 438
B 69. Sultan Mawláy al-Hasan’s Edict to the Muslim and Jewish
Population of Tarudant (1881) 440
TWENTY YEARS AFTER MONTEFIORE’S MISSION RENEWED
PERSECUTION IN DEMNAT (1884-1885) 443
B 70. Imperial Letter to the Governors (1881) 443
B 71. Despotism of al-Jilali, Governor of Demnat 443
B 72. ‘If They Return to Demnat Now They Will Find Nothing—
neither Land, nor Possessions, nor Homes,—Nothing but the
Wrath of a Governor 445
B 73. Refugees from Demnat Attacked by the Governor’s Soldiers (1885) 445
B 74. ‘Religious Fanaticism That Had Been Buried Deep in the Hearts of
the People . . . Has Now Re-Emerged!’ 447
A DECADE OF DHIMMITUDE (1885-1895) 450
B 75. The Threat of Massacre (Fez, 1886) 450
B 76. A Jewish Building Overlooking Muslim Dwellings Is Threatened
with Demolition (Marrakesh, 1889) 453
B 77. Jews of Sefru Looted by the Arabs after a Flood (1890) 453
B 78. The Frightful Conditions under Which the Jewish Inhabitants of
Mogador Are Now Living’ (1890) 454
B 79. ‘It is a Clear Case of Expulsion, Just Like Those That Occur in
Russia, a Phenomenon That Was Hitherto Quite Unheard of in
Morocco’ (Imintanut, 1891) 454
B 80. Expulsion of Two Hundred Jewish Families (Imintanut, 1891) 455
B 81. Explanation according to the Moroccan Authorities (1891) 456
B 82. Attempted Abduction of Jewish Children in Marrakesh (1891) 456
B 83. The Sultan’s Son Means to Protect the Mellah against Any
Aggression’ (Marrakesh, 1891) 457
B 84. Two Jews Murdered in the Province of Haha (1891) 458
B 85. The British Consul Intervenes to Obtain Justice (1891) 458
B 86. The Arbitrary Caning of a Hapless Woman (Marrakesh, 1892) 459
XVI
CONTENTS
B 87. Mawlây al-Hasan Reprimands the Qâ’id Wida for His Ruthless
Treatment of the Jews (Marrakesh, 1892) 460
B 88. Mawlây al-Hasan Protects the Jews of Marrakesh (1892) 461
B 89. The Sultan Upbraids the Governor of Marrakesh (1893) 462
B 90. A Series of Conversions Wreaks Havoc (Marrakesh, 1893) 462
B 91. Spanish Consul s Intervention Prevents Massacre in Tetuan (1893) 464
B 92. Events in Tetuan: This Incident Has Rekindled the Arabs Hatred
of the Jewish Population (1893) 465
B 93. They Seek to Return to Their Former, Barbaric Ways and Persecute
the Jews as They Were Wont Thirty Years Ago (Tetuan, 1893) 466
B 94, The Jizya Abusively Imposed on Jewish Protégés (Marrakesh, 1894) 467
B 95. The Qa id Continues to Mistreat the Jews (Marrakesh, 1894) 468
B 96. Jews Should Also Remember That by Law They Are Only Living
Here on Sufferance 469
B 97. The Rebel Tribes Have: Plundered the Jews, Abducted Their
Wives, Daughters and Children, and Left Them Naked; Some
They Have Killed and Are Selling the Females (1894) 470
B 98. Pillaging of Mellahs in the Marrakesh Region (1894) 470
B 99. Indifference of the Muslim Authorities to the Murder of a Jewish
Shopkeeper (Tetuan, 1894) 471
THE SULTAN S DEATH AND TRIBAL SEDITION IN MZAB
(1895-1896) 475
B 100. Sultan s Death Triggers a Wave of Persecution in the Region of
Marrakesh (1895) 475
B 101. Jewish Victims of Tribal Sedition: ‘Our Poor Co-Religionists Are
in Distress (1895) 476
B 102. Today All That Is Left of Their Homes, Shops and Stalls Is
Rubble (Mzab, 1896) 477
B 103. ‘Jewish Women and Young Girls in Particular, and the Children
Are Sold in the Markets Like Common Slaves’ (Mzab, 1896) 477
B 104. The Sultan’s Illusory Promises to the Victims of Mzab (1896) 478
NEW CENTURY, OLD VICISSITUDES (1899-1906) 480
B 105. A Fivefold Slaying, a Beating and an Enforced Conversion
(Wazzàn, 1899) 480
B 106. The Auto-da-fé of Marcos Essagui, an American Jew: The French
Vice-Consul’s Report (Fez, 1900) 482
B 107. The Murder of Marcos according to an Alliance Teacher (Fez, 1900) 485
B 108. Dhimmitude and Politics—The Case of the Cruel Qa’id of
Marrakesh (1900) 487
B 109. British Vice-Consul Demands Abolition of Indignities (1902) 488
B 110. The Precarious Situation of the Jews in Marrakesh (1902) 489
Bill. ‘Christians, Muslims, Jews Live Side by Side in True Harmony’
(Larache, 1902) 492
xvii
CONTENTS
B 112. The Jizya (Poll-Tax) Is Still in Application (1903) 492
B 113. Tetuan is Attacked: As an Ultimate Humiliation the Heads of the
Rebel Kabyles Are Displayed in the Mellah (1903) 493
B 114. The Revolt of Bü Himára and the Situation of the Jews in Fez
(1903) 494
B 115. Jews Assaulted in Rabat and Falsely Accused of Blaspheming
Islam (1903) 496
B 116. Report on the Situation of the Jews of Casablanca (1904) 497
B 117. ‘Here, the Feeling of Captivity Haunts Us Day and Nighf
(Chechuan, 1904) 500
B 118. The Ten Plagues of Sefru (1904) 501
B 119. French Minister Claims That the Situation Is Tolerable Contrary
to Information Received by Zadoc Kahn, Chief Rabbi of France
(Wajda, 1904) 502
B 120. Attempted Conversion of a Jewish Child (Marrakech, 1904) 502
B 121. An Arab Don Juan (1906) 503
TRAGIC EVENTS OF CASABLANCA AND THEIR
CONSEQUENCES (AUGUST 1907-FEBRUARY1908) 508
B 122. The Kabyles Revolt: The Jews Barricade Themselves In
(Casablanca, 1907) 508
B 123. Exodus of the Jews (Casablanca, 1907) 510
B 124. The Destruction of the Mellah of Casablanca 511
B 125. Cataclysmic Destruction and Pillage of Mellah (Casablanca, 1907) 511
B 126. Aftermath of the Catastrophe 514
B 127. Worrying Situation in Mazagan 515
B 128. 400 Destitute Refugees Arrive in Settat: ‘All the Young Girls
Were Raped’ 517
B 129. Young Women Disfigured Their Faces with Red-Hot Irons to Be
Spared the Horror of Rape’ 518
B 130. The Entire Jewish Population Flees Mazagan 519
B 131. The Eternal Scapegoats: The Jews Accused of Looting 520
B 132. The Sad Lot of the Settat Refugees 520
B 133. Ransoming of 150 Jewish Captives 521
B 134. Forced Conversion to Islam of Abducted Girls (1907) 522
B 135. Refugees from Settat: ‘400 People Utterly Destitute’ 522
B 136. After the Storm—Disaster in Mazagan 524
B 137. Relief for the Jewish Refugees (1907) 525
B 138. The Search for Captives (Mzab, 1907) 525
B 139. Relief for the Victims (1907) 526
B 140. Sixteen Prisoners Ransomed in Awlád Kris (1907) 527
B 141. Negotiating the Ransom of Jewish Children Captured by the
Kabyles—‘All the Girls Have Been Raped’ (1907) 528
xviii
CONTENTS
B 142. We Will Ransom All Jews in Arab Hands’ (1907) 528
B 143. Abram Axnstet Courageously Pursues His Perilous Mission (1907) 529
THE MASSACRE OF SETTAT, PRELUDE AND POGROM
(NOVEMBER 1907-JANUARY1908) 531
B 144. Settat Sacked by Mzamza Tribe. Jewish Population Has Fled’ 531
B 145. After the Looting, the Arabs Set Fire to the MeEah and Shops’
(1907) 532
B 146. All Those Who Escaped from Settat. . . Are Wandering from
One Village to Another’ (1907) 532
B 147. The Heartrending Testimony of a Father Whose Daughter Was
Kidnapped by the Arabs (1907) 533
B 148. Eye-Witness Account of Destruction of the Mellah (Settat, 1908) 534
B 149. Forty Jews Killed, Remainder Courageously Protected by Arab
Sheick (Settat, 1908) 536
MOROCCO BESET BY ANARCHY (1908) 538
B 150. The Savages Await the First Opportunity to Assuage Their
Ferocious Hatred’ (Fez, 1908) 538
B 151. Mistreatment of Meknes Jews Described by Rabbi Abraham Amar 539
B 152. Fugitives from Mzab: The Arabs Stripped Them of Everything
They Had’ (1908) 540
B 153. Relief for Hundreds of Refugees in Mzab (1908) 540
B 154. Situation of the Jews in Marrakesh (1908) 541
B 155. Response from Si Madani al-Glawi, Grand Vizier of the Sultan, to
the Alliance Israélite (1908) 542
PEACEFUL PENETRATION AND THE FATE OF THE JEWS
(1909-1912) 544
B 156. Jews Forced by New Chamberlain to Work on Yôm Kippür (Fez,
1909) 544
B 157. French Minister Régnault Intervenes with the Sultan in Favour of
the Jews of Fez (1907) 545
B 158. Jews Requisitioned to Work in the Sultan’s Gunpowder Stores and
Stables without Pay (1909) 545
B 159. Conversions to Islam (Mogador, 1909) 546
B 160. Chief Rabbi Vidal Sarfaty Asks for French Protection
(Fez, 1909) 549
B 161. Jews Forced to Work on Rosh Ha-Shanah (Fez, 1909) 549
B 162. New Chamberlain Compels Jews to Work on Yôm Kippür
(Fez, 1909) 550
B 163. Forced Labour on the Day of Atonement (Fez, 1909) 550
B 164. Situation of the Jews in Casablanca (1909) 551
B 165. Forced Conversion of Jewish Girls (Mazagan, 1909) 554
xrx
CONTENTS
B 166. Jews of Settat Have Been Waiting for Seven Years for
Compensation from the Makhzen (1910) 555
B 167. Anti-Jewish Disturbances in Agadir (1910) 555
B 168. Serious Events in Tangier and Alcazar (1910) 557
B 169. Bastinado Reintroduced in Tangier (1910) 558
B 170. A Sharifian Minister Favours the Abolishment of the Bastinado
(1910) 558
B 171. Jewish Child Forcibly Converted to Islam (Fez, 1910) 559
B 172. Detailed Description of the Situation of the Jews in Fez (1910) 560
B 173. Appeal by Rabbi Vidal Sarfaty of Fez to Abolish Customary
Obligation for Jews to Enter the Sultans Palace Unshod (1911) 563
B 174. Renewed Persecution of the Jews of Debdu (1911) 564
B 175. ‘To This Day, Our Co-Religionists Do Not Dare Leave Their
Homes’ (Debdu, 1911) 565
B 176. The Alliance Improves the Situation of the Jews in Marrakesh (1911) 565
B 177. Jewish Craftsmen Exploited by Muslim Notables (Marrakesh, 1911) 566
B 178. Jewish Cobblers Excluded from the Madina Market
(Marrakesh, 1911) 567
B 179. Improved Situation of Marrakesh Jews 568
B 180. Reflections on the Legal Status of the Native Jews Following the
Establishment of the Protectorate (Tangier, 1912) 569
THE POGROM OF FEZ (APRIL 1912) 574
B 181. Disarmament of the Jews by the French 574
B 182. Detailed Description of Pillage and Massacre in the Mellah
(Fez, 1912) 575
B 183. Relief Plan for Disaster Victims 578
B 184. The Pitiable Situation of the Jewish Population Has Degenerated
Due to the State of War and the Siege of Fez’ 579
B 185. General Lyautey Takes Steps to Relieve the Jews’ Distress 580
B 186. Official Report on the Fez Uprising 580
B 187. The April Bloodbath—Elmaleh’s Report 582
B 188. Humiliations Suffered by the Jews during al-Hiba’s Occupation of
Marrakesh (1912) 585
Glossary 589
Bibliography 593
Index 607
About the Authors 627
XX
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Fenton, Paul B. 1951- Littman, David 1933-2012 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)12248505X (DE-588)142894818 |
| author_facet | Fenton, Paul B. 1951- Littman, David 1933-2012 |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Fenton, Paul B. 1951- |
| author_variant | p b f pb pbf d l dl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043690309 |
| classification_rvk | BD 9140 NY 4930 |
| contents | Includes bibliographical references (pages 593-606) and index |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)957704831 (DE-599)BVBBV043690309 |
| discipline | Geschichte Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 1148-1912 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1148-1912 |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Fenton, Paul B. 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)12248505X aut L' exil au Maghreb Exile in the Maghreb Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912 Paul B. Fenton and David G. Littman Madison ; Teaneck Fairleigh Dickinson University Press [2016] xxxv, 627 pages illustrations, maps 27 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (pages 593-606) and index Alliance israélite universelle / History / Archives Anglo-Jewish Association / History / Archives Geschichte 1148-1912 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Africa, North / History / Archival resources Jews / Algeria / History / Sources Jews / Morocco / History / Sources Judaism / Relations / Islam / Sources Islam / Relations / Judaism / Sources Human rights advocacy / Africa, North / History / Archival resources Interfaith relations fast Islam fast Jews fast Judaism fast Geschichte Juden Judentum Religionspolitik (DE-588)4049416-0 gnd rswk-swf Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd rswk-swf Kulturkonflikt (DE-588)4127656-5 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Africa, North fast Algerien Maghreb (DE-588)4036963-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Maghreb (DE-588)4036963-8 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 s Religionspolitik (DE-588)4049416-0 s Kulturkonflikt (DE-588)4127656-5 s Geschichte 1148-1912 z DE-604 Littman, David 1933-2012 Verfasser (DE-588)142894818 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-61147-788-7 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029102995&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fenton, Paul B. 1951- Littman, David 1933-2012 Exile in the Maghreb Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912 Includes bibliographical references (pages 593-606) and index Alliance israélite universelle / History / Archives Anglo-Jewish Association / History / Archives Jews / Africa, North / History / Archival resources Jews / Algeria / History / Sources Jews / Morocco / History / Sources Judaism / Relations / Islam / Sources Islam / Relations / Judaism / Sources Human rights advocacy / Africa, North / History / Archival resources Interfaith relations fast Islam fast Jews fast Judaism fast Geschichte Juden Judentum Religionspolitik (DE-588)4049416-0 gnd Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Kulturkonflikt (DE-588)4127656-5 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4049416-0 (DE-588)4027743-4 (DE-588)4127656-5 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4036963-8 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Exile in the Maghreb Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912 |
| title_alt | L' exil au Maghreb |
| title_auth | Exile in the Maghreb Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912 |
| title_exact_search | Exile in the Maghreb Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912 |
| title_full | Exile in the Maghreb Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912 Paul B. Fenton and David G. Littman |
| title_fullStr | Exile in the Maghreb Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912 Paul B. Fenton and David G. Littman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exile in the Maghreb Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912 Paul B. Fenton and David G. Littman |
| title_short | Exile in the Maghreb |
| title_sort | exile in the maghreb jews under islam sources and documents 997 1912 |
| title_sub | Jews under Islam : sources and documents, 997-1912 |
| topic | Alliance israélite universelle / History / Archives Anglo-Jewish Association / History / Archives Jews / Africa, North / History / Archival resources Jews / Algeria / History / Sources Jews / Morocco / History / Sources Judaism / Relations / Islam / Sources Islam / Relations / Judaism / Sources Human rights advocacy / Africa, North / History / Archival resources Interfaith relations fast Islam fast Jews fast Judaism fast Geschichte Juden Judentum Religionspolitik (DE-588)4049416-0 gnd Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Kulturkonflikt (DE-588)4127656-5 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Alliance israélite universelle / History / Archives Anglo-Jewish Association / History / Archives Jews / Africa, North / History / Archival resources Jews / Algeria / History / Sources Jews / Morocco / History / Sources Judaism / Relations / Islam / Sources Islam / Relations / Judaism / Sources Human rights advocacy / Africa, North / History / Archival resources Interfaith relations Islam Jews Judaism Geschichte Juden Judentum Religionspolitik Kulturkonflikt Africa, North Algerien Maghreb Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029102995&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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