Lubrication fundamentals:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton, FL
CRC Press
[2016]
|
| Ausgabe: | Third edition, revised and expanded |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Previous edition: Lubrication fundamentals / D.M. Pirro, A.A. Wessol. 2001. Originally by J. George Wills. - Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xxix, 578 pages Illustrationen, Diagramme 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781498752909 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Lubrication fundamentals |c Don M. Pirro (ExxoMobil), Martin Webster (ExxonMobil), Ekkehard Daschner (ExxonMobil) |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a ExxonMobil lubrication fundamentals |
| 250 | |a Third edition, revised and expanded | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, FL |b CRC Press |c [2016] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2016 | |
| 300 | |a xxix, 578 pages |b Illustrationen, Diagramme |c 26 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Previous edition: Lubrication fundamentals / D.M. Pirro, A.A. Wessol. 2001. Originally by J. George Wills. - Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176419394158592 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Authors xxvii
ExxonMobil Contributors to the Third Edition xxix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
I Premodern History of Petroleum 1
II Petroleum in North America 2
III Development of Lubricants 3
IV History of Synthetic Lubricants 4
V Future Prospects 6
Bibliography 7
Chapter 2 Lubricant Base Stock Production and Application 9
I Lubricant Base Stocks and Their Application 9
A American Petroleum Institute Group I, II, III, IV, and V Base Stocks 9
1 Group I Base Stocks 10
2 Group II and Group III Base Stocks 11
3 Group 11+ and Group III+ Base Stocks 11
4 Group IV Base Stocks 11
5 Group V Base Stocks 11
B Base Stock Selection 12
C Product Applications 14
D Base Oil Slate 15
II Role of Crude Oil in the Manufacture of Base Stock 18
A Chemistry of Crude Oil 18
B Crude Selection 20
III Refinery Processing—Separation versus Conversion 22
A Atmospheric Distillation 22
B Vacuum Distillation 24
C Propane Deasphalting 25
IV Conventional Solvent Processing 25
A S olvent Extraction 26
B Solvent Dewaxing 27
C Hydrofinishing 28
V Conversion Processing 29
A Hydrocracking 30
B Catalytic Dewaxing 30
C Alternate Processing for Group III+ Quality 31
D Gas-to-Liquids via Fischer Tropsch Synthesis 32
VI Base Stock Composition 32
Bibliography 33
v
VI
Contents
Chapter 3 Lubricating Oils 35
I Additives 35
A Pour Point Depressants 35
B VI Improvers 36
C Defoamants 36
D Oxidation Inhibitors 37
E Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors 38
F Detergents and Dispersants 40
G Antiwear Additives 41
H Extreme Pressure Additives 41
II Physical and Chemical Characteristics 42
A Carbon Residue 43
B Color 43
C Density and Gravity 43
D Flash and Fire Points 44
E Neutralization Number 45
F Total Acid Number 46
G TBN 46
H Pour Point 46
I Sulfated Ash 47
J Viscosity 47
1 Engine Oil Viscosity Classification 50
2 Axle and Manual Transmission Lubricant Viscosity Classification 50
3 Viscosity System for Industrial Fluid Lubricants 52
K VI 54
III Evaluation and Performance Tests 54
A Oxidation Tests 54
B Thermal Stability 56
C Rust Protection Tests 56
D Foam Tests 57
E EP and Antiwear Tests 57
1 Abrasive Wear 57
2 Corrosive or Chemical Wear 57
3 Adhesive Wear 57
4 Fatigue Wear 58
F Emulsion and Demulsibility Tests 59
IV Engine Tests for Oil Performance 60
A Oxidation Stability and Bearing Corrosion Protection 62
B Single Cylinder High Temperature Tests 62
C Multicylinder High Temperature Engine Tests 62
D Multicylinder Low Temperature Tests 63
E Rust and Corrosion Protection Tests 64
F Oil Consumption Rates and Volatility 64
G Emissions and Protection of Emission Control Systems 64
H Fuel Economy 65
V Automotive Gear Lubricants 65
VI ATFs 67
Bibliography 67
Contents
VII
Chapter 4 Lubricating Greases 69
I Why Greases Are Used 69
II Composition of Grease 69
A Fluid Components 69
B Thickeners 70
C Additives 71
III Manufacture of Grease 74
IV Grease Characteristics 75
A Consistency 75
1 Cone Penetration 75
2 NLGI Grease Grade Numbers 77
B Dropping Point 77
V Evaluation and Performance Tests 78
A Mechanical or Structural Stability Tests 78
B Static Oxidation Test 79
C Dynamic Oxidation Tests 80
D Oil Separation Tests 80
E Water Resistance Tests 81
F Rust Protection Tests 82
G Extreme Pressure and Wear Prevention Tests 82
H Grease Compatibility 83
I Apparent Viscosity 83
Bibliography 85
Chapter 5 Synthetic Lubricants 87
I SHFs 90
A PAOs (Olefin Oligomers) 91
B Alkylated Aromatics 92
1 Application 93
C Polybutenes 93
1 Application 93
D Cycloaliphatics 93
1 Applications 94
II Organic Esters , 94
A Dibasic Acid Esters 94
1 Application 95
B Polyol Ester 95
1 Application 95
III Polyglycols 96
A Application 97
IV Phosphate Esters 97
A Application 97
V Other Synthetic Lubricating Fluids 98
A Silicones 98
1 Application 98
B Silicate Esters 98
1 Application 98
C Poly phenyl Ethers 98
1 Application 99
viii Contents
D Halogenated Fluids 99
1 Application 99
Bibliography 99
Chapter 6 Environmental Lubricants 101
I Environmental Considerations 101
II Definitions and Test Procedures 102
A Toxicity 102
B Biodegradability 102
C Bioaccumulation 103
III Environmental Criteria 105
A National Labeling Programs 105
1 Blue Angel 105
2 Swedish Standard 105
3US Department of Agriculture BioPreferred® 106
4US VGP (U S VGP 2013) 106
B International Labeling Programs 106
1 Nordic Swan 106
2 European Ecolabel 107
IV Environmental Characteristics of Various Base Stocks 107
A Overview of Base Stock Options 108
V Product Availability and Performance 110
A Vegetable Oil-Based EAL Performance Concerns Ill
1 Oxidation Stability Ill
2 Low Temperature Performance Ill
3 Hydrolytic Stability 112
VI Product Selection Process 113
A Environmental Acceptability 113
B Specifications 113
C Equipment Builder Approvals 113
D Proven Field Performance 114
E Supplier Reliability 114
F Operating and Maintenance Conditions 114
VII Converting to EALs 114
Bibliography 115
Chapter 7 Hydraulics 117
I Basic Principles 117
A Hydromechanics 117
B Fundamental Hydraulic Systems 118
II System Components 119
A Hydraulic Pumps 119
1 Gear Pumps 119
2 Vane Pumps 120
3 Piston Pumps 120
4 Radial Piston Pumps 120
5 Axial Piston Pumps 122
B Pump Selection Criteria 122
Contents
ix
III Controlling Pressure and Flow 122
A Relief Valves 125
B Directional Control Valves 125
C Unloading Valves 125
D Sequence Control Valve 127
E Flow Control Valves 127
F Accumulators 127
IV Actuators 128
A Hydraulic Cylinders 128
B Rotary Fluid Motors 129
V Hydraulic Drives 129
A Hydrostatic Drives 130
VI Oil Reservoirs 130
VII Oil Qualities Required by Hydraulic Systems 132
A Viscosity 133
B Viscosity Index 133
C Antiwear (Wear Protection) 133
D Oxidation Stability 133
E Air Entrainment 134
F Antifoam 134
G Demulsibility (Water Separating Ability) 134
H Rust Protection 134
I Compatibility 134
VIII Hydraulic Fluid Types 135
A Industry Standards and OEM Approvals 135
IX Hydraulic System Maintenance 135
A Filtration 136
B Controlling Temperatures 138
C Maintaining Proper Reservoir Oil Levels 138
D Periodic Oil Analysis 139
E Routine Inspections 139
Bibliography 140
Chapter 8 Lubricating Films and Machine Elements: Bearings, Slides, Guides, Ways,
Gears, Cylinders, Couplings, Chains, Wire Ropes 141
I Types of Lubricating Films 141
A Fluid Films 141
1 Thick Hydrodynamic Films 142
2 Thin Elastohydrodynamic (EHL) Films 146
3 Hydrostatic Films 148
4 Squeeze Films 149
B Thin Surface Films 149
1 Nature of Surfaces 150
2 Surface Contact 150
C Solid or Dry Films 151
II Plain Bearings 152
A Hydrodynamic Lubrication 152
1 Grease Lubrication 154
X
Contents
B Hydrostatic Lubrication 155
1 Constant Volume System 155
2 Constant Pressure System with Flow Restrictor 155
3 Constant Pressure with Flow Control Valve 156
4 Hydrostatic Bearing Applications 156
C Thin Film Lubrication 157
1 Wearing In of Thin Film Bearings 158
D Mechanical Factors 158
1 Length/Diameter Ratio 159
2 Projected Area 159
3 Clearance 159
4 Bearing Materials 160
5 Surface Finish 161
6 Grooving of Bearings 161
E Lubricant Selection 169
1 Oil Selection 169
2 Grease Selection 171
III Rolling Element Bearings 171
A Need for Lubrication 173
B Factors Affecting Lubrication 175
1 Effect of Speed 175
2 Effect of Load 176
3 Effect of Temperature 176
4 Contamination 177
C Lubricant Selection 177
1 Oil Selection 177
2 Grease Selection 179
IV Slides, Guides, and Ways 180
A Film Formation 180
1 Grease Lubrication 180
2 Lubricant Characteristics 181
V Linear Motion Guides 181
A Lubricant Selection 182
1 Oil Lubrication 183
2 Grease Lubrication 183
VI Gears 183
A Action between Gear Teeth 186
B Film Formation 189
C Factors Affecting Lubrication of Enclosed Gears 189
1 Gear Type 191
2 Gear Speed 192
3 Reduction Ratio 192
4 Operating and Startup Temperatures 192
5 Transmitted Power and Load 193
6 Surface Finish 193
7 Drive Type 194
8 Application Method 194
9 Water Contamination 194
10 Lubricant Leakage 194
VII Lubricant Characteristics for Enclosed Gears 195
A AGMA Standard for Industrial Gear Lubricants 195
Contents
XI
VIII Lubrication of Open Gears 196
A Factors Affecting Lubrication of Open Gears 198
1 Temperature 198
2 Dust and Dirt 198
3 Water 198
4 Method of Application 198
5 Load Characteristics 199
B AGMA Specifications for Lubricants for Open Gearing 199
IX Cylinders 199
X Flexible Couplings 200
A Lubrication of Flexible Couplings 202
1 Gear Couplings 203
2 Chain Couplings 203
3 Spring-Laced Couplings 204
4 Sliding Couplings 204
5 Slipper Joint Couplings 205
6 Flexible Member Couplings 205
7 Lubrication Techniques 205
XI Drive Chains 205
A Silent and Roller Chains 205
B Cast or Forged Link Chains 206
C Viscosity Selection 206
XII Cams and Cam Followers 207
XIII Wire Ropes 207
A Need for Lubrication 208
1 Wear 208
2 Fatigue 208
3 Corrosion 208
4 Core Protection 208
B Lubrication during Manufacture 208
C Lubrication in Service 208
D Lubricant Characteristics 209
Bibliography 209
Chapter 9 Application of Lubricants 211
I All-Loss Methods 211
A Oiling Devices 211
1 Drop Feed and Wick Feed Cups 211
2 Bottle Oilers 212
3 Wick and Pad Oilers 213
4 Mechanical Force Feed Lubricators 214
5 Air Line Oilers 215
6 Air Spray Application 216
B Grease Application 216
II Reuse Methods 218
A Circulation Systems 219
1 Oil Reservoirs 221
2 Pump Suction 221
3 Bearing Housings 221
4 Return Oil Piping 222
XII
Contents
5 Metallurgy Composition of Circulation Systems 222
6 Oil Filtration 222
7 Oil Coolers 223
8 Oil Heating 223
9 Monitoring Parameters 223
III Other Reuse Methods 224
A Splash Oiling 224
B Bath Oiling 225
C Ring, Chain, and Collar Oiling 225
IV Centralized Application Systems 226
A Central Lubrication Systems 226
1 Two-Line System 227
2 Single-Line Spring Return 227
3 Series Manifolded System 228
4 Series System, Reversing Flow 228
B Mist Oiling Systems 229
Bibliography 231
Chapter 10 Internal Combustion Engines 233
I Design and Construction Considerations 233
A Combustion Cycle 233
1 Four-Stroke Cycle 233
2 Two-Stroke Cycle 234
B Mechanical Construction 236
C Supercharging 237
D Methods of Lubricant Application 237
II Fuel and Combustion Considerations 238
A Gasoline Engines 238
B Diesel Engines 239
C Gaseous Fueled Engines 240
III Operating Considerations 240
A Wear 240
B Cooling 241
C Sealing 241
D Deposits 242
IV Maintenance Considerations 243
V Engine Oil Characteristics 244
A Viscosity, Viscosity Index 244
B Low Temperature Fluidity 245
C Oxidation Stability (Chemical Stability) 245
D Thermal Stability 246
E Detergency and Dispersancy 246
F Alkalinity 247
G Antiwear 247
H Rust and Corrosion Protection 247
I Foam Resistance 248
J Effect on Gasoline Engine Octane Number Requirement 248
K Engine Oil Identification and Classification Systems 249
1 API Engine Oil Service Categories 249
2 API Classification System 249
Contents xiii
3 ILSAC Performance Specifications 252
4 ACEA European Oil Sequences 254
5US Military Specifications 254
6 Manufacturer Specifications 257
VI Oil Recommendations by Application 258
A Passenger Car 258
B Truck and Bus 259
C Farm Machinery 260
D Aviation 260
E Diesel Engines Used in Industrial and Marine Applications 261
1 High-Speed Engines 261
2 Medium-Speed Engines 261
3 Low-Speed Engines 262
F Natural Gas Fired Engines 263
1 Two-Stroke Gas Engines 264
2 Four-Stroke Low- to Medium-Speed Gas Engines 264
3 Four-Stroke High-Speed Gas Engines 265
4 Gas Engine Oil Selection 265
5 Dual Fuel Engines 265
G Outboard Marine Engines 266
H Railroad Engines 266
I Motorcycles 267
1 Two-Stroke Motorcycle Oils 267
2 Four-Stroke Motorcycle Oils 267
Bibliography 268
Chapter 11 Automotive Transmissions and Drive Trains 269
I Clutches 269
II Transmissions 271
A Mechanical Transmissions 271
B Automatic Transmissions 273
1 Torque Converters 273
2 Planetary Gears 274
3 Transmission 275
C CVT 276
D Semiautomatic Transmissions 276
E Hydrostatic Transmissions 277
F Factors Affecting Lubrication 279
1 Mechanical Transmissions 279
2 Automatic Transmissions 280
3 Semiautomatic Transmissions 281
4 Hydrostatic Transmissions 281
III Drive Shafts and Universal Joints 281
A Lubrication 282
B Drive Axles 282
C Differential Action 283
D Limited-Slip Differential 284
E Factors Affecting Lubrication 285
IV Transaxles 286
A Factors Affecting Lubrication 286
XIV
Contents
V Other Gear Cases 287
A Auxiliary Transmissions 287
B Transfer Cases 287
C Overdrives 287
D Final Drives 288
E Factors Affecting Lubrication 288
VI Automotive Gear Lubricants 288
A Load-Carrying Capacity 288
B API Lubricant Service Designations 289
C Viscosity 290
D Channeling Characteristics 290
E Storage Stability 291
F Oxidation Resistance 291
G Foaming 291
H Chemical Activity or Corrosion 291
I Rust Protection 291
J Seal Compatibility 291
K Frictional Properties 292
L Identification 292
MUS Military Specifications 292
VII Torque Converter and ATFs 292
A Torque Converter Fluids 292
B ATFs 293
1 General Motors 293
2 Ford ATFs 294
3 Chrysler ATFs 295
4 ATFs for Japanese Vehicles 295
5 ATFs for European Vehicles 295
6 Multipurpose ATFs 295
7 Transmission Fluids for CVTs and DCTs 295
8 Allison Transmission 295
9 Caterpillar 296
VIII Multipurpose Tractor Fluids 296
A Tractor Fluid Characteristics 297
1 Viscosity and VI 297
2 Foam and Air Entrainment Control 297
3 Rust and Corrosion Protection 298
4 Oxidation and Thermal Stability 298
5 Frictional Characteristics 298
6 EP and Antiwear Properties 299
Bibliography 299
Chapter 12 Automotive Chassis Components 301
I Suspension and Steering Linkages 301
A Front Wheel Suspension Systems 301
B Rear Suspension Systems 303
C Active Suspension Systems 303
D Steering Systems 304
E Factors Affecting Lubrication 305
F Lubricant Characteristics 305
Contents
xv
II Steering Gear 306
A Factors Affecting Lubrication 308
1 Electric Power Steering 308
B Lubricant Characteristics 308
III Wheel Bearings 309
A Lubricant Characteristics 309
IV Brake Systems 309
A ABSs 311
B Other Braking Systems 311
C Fluid Characteristics 311
V Medium- and Heavy-Duty Truck Chassis 313
A Factors Affecting Lubrication 314
B Lubricant Characteristics 315
Bibliography 315
Chapter 13 Stationary Gas Turbines 317
I Principles of Gas Turbines 317
A The Simple Cycle, Open System 318
B Regenerative Cycle, Open System 320
C Intercooling, Reheating 320
D Essential Gas Turbine Components 321
1 Compressor 321
2 Combustor 322
3 Turbine 323
II Jet Engines for Industrial and Marine Propulsion Use 324
A Small Gas Turbine Features 325
III Gas Turbine Applications 326
A Electric Power Generation 326
B Pipeline Transmission 327
C Process Operations 327
D Combined-Cycle Operation 327
E Total Energy 328
F Marine Propulsion 328
G Microturbines 328
IV Lubrication of Gas Turbines 329
A Large Industrial Gas Turbines 329
B Aeroderivative Gas Turbines 331
C Small Gas Turbines 333
Bibliography 333
Chapter 14 Steam Turbines 335
I Steam Turbine Operation 336
A Single-Cylinder Turbines 337
II Turbine Control Systems 339
A Speed Governors 340
III Lubricated Components 342
A Lubricated Parts 342
1 Journal Bearings 342
2 Thrust Bearings 343
XVI
Contents
3 Hydraulic Control Systems 345
4 Oil Shaft Seals for Hydrogen-Cooled Generators 346
5 Gear Drives 347
6 Flexible Couplings 347
7 Turning Gear 348
B Lubricant Application 348
C Factors Affecting Lubrication 348
1 Circulation and Heating in the Presence of Air 349
2 Contamination 349
D Steam Turbine Oil Additives and Characteristics 350
1 Additives 350
2 Viscosity 351
3 Load-Carrying Ability 351
E Oxidation Stability 352
1 Protection against Rusting 352
2 Water-Separating Ability 353
3 Foam Resistance 353
F Entrained Air Release 353
G Turbine Oil Compatibility Testing 353
H Less Flammable Fluids 353
I Maintenance Strategies 353
Bibliography 354
Chapter 15 Hydraulic Turbines 355
I Turbine Types 356
A Impulse Turbines 356
B Reaction Turbines 356
1 Francis Turbines 357
2 Diagonal Flow Turbines 359
3 Fixed Blade Propeller Turbines 360
4 Kaplan Turbines 361
II Lubricated Parts 364
A Turbine and Generator Bearings 364
1 Journal and Guide Bearings 365
2 Thrust Bearings 365
B Methods of Lubricant Application 367
C Governor and Control Systems 368
D Guide Vanes 368
E Control Valves 368
F Compressors 369
III Lubricant Recommendations 369
Bibliography 370
Chapter 16 Wind Turbines 371
I Wind Turbine Overview 371
A Wind Turbine Design 371
B Wind Turbine Blades 373
C Wind Turbine Generator 374
Contents xvii
II General Considerations for Wind Turbine Lubrication 375
A Main Gearbox Lubrication 375
1 Industry Standards and Builder Specifications for Wind Turbine Gear Oils 375
2 Viscosity and Low Temperature Requirements of Wind Turbine Gear Oils 376
3 Antiwear Performance 376
4 Interfacial Properties of Gear Oil 380
5 Material Compatibility (Seals and Paint) 382
6 Gear Oil Condition Monitoring 382
B Rotor Blade Lubrication (Oil and Grease) 383
C Generator Lubrication 385
D Main Shaft Bearing Lubrication in Wind Turbines and Direct Drive Turbines 385
Bibliography 386
Chapter 17 Nuclear Power Generation 387
I Reactor Types 387
A Basic Reactor Systems 387
1 PWR 389
2 BWR ! 389
3 LWGR 389
4 FBR 389
5 GCR 390
6 HTGR 390
II Radiation Effects on Petroleum Products 390
A Mechanism of Radiation Damage 391
B Chemical Changes in Irradiated Materials 392
1 Turbine Oil Irradiation 396
2 Grease Irradiation 396
3 Radiation Stability of Grease Thickeners 396
III Lubrication Recommendations 399
A General Requirements 399
B Selection of Lubricants 401
Bibliography 401
Chapter 18 Compressors 403
I Reciprocating Air and Gas Compressors 404
A Methods of Lubricant Application 406
1 Cylinder Lubrication 406
2 Bearing (Running Gear) Lubrication 408
B Single- and Two-Stage Compressors 408
1 Factors Affecting Cylinder Lubrication 408
2 Factors Affecting Running Gear Lubrication 414
C Multistage Reciprocating Compressors 414
1 Factors Affecting Lubrication 414
2 Lubricating Oil Recommendations 415
II Rotary Compressors 418
A Straight Lobe Compressors 418
1 Lubricated Parts 420
2 Lubricating Oil Recommendations 420
XVIII
Contents
B Rotary Lobe Compressors 420
1 Lubricated Parts 420
2 Lubricating Oil Recommendations 421
C Rotary Screw Compressors 421
1 Lubricated Parts 424
2 Lubricant Recommendations 424
D Sliding Vane Compressors 425
1 Lubricated Parts 426
2 Lubricant Recommendations 426
E Liquid Piston Compressors 426
1 Lubricated Parts 427
2 Lubricant Recommendations 427
F Diaphragm Compressors 427
1 Lubricated Parts 427
2 Lubricant Recommendations 427
III Dynamic Compressors 427
A Centrifugal Compressors 428
1 Lubricated Parts 429
2 Lubricant Recommendations 430
B Axial Flow Compressors 430
1 Lubricated Parts 431
2 Lubricant Recommendations 431
IV Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Compressors 431
A Factors in the Compressor Affecting Lubrication 433
1 Cylinder Conditions 433
2 Oxidation 434
3 Bearing System Conditions 434
B Refrigeration System Factors Affecting Lubrication 434
1 Fluorocarbons 435
2 Ammonia (R-717) and Carbon Dioxide (R-744) 435
3 Hydrocarbon Refrigerants 436
4 Sulfur Dioxide (R-764) 436
5 Lubricating Oil Recommendations 436
Bibliography 437
Chapter 19 Lubricant Contribution to Energy Efficiency 439
I Friction Loss Mechanisms 440
A Viscosity—Shear Losses 441
B Boundary Friction 441
C Friction Modifiers Used in Lubricants 445
1 Surface Adsorbing Friction Modifiers 445
2 Chemically Reactive Friction Modifiers 446
3 Solid Dispersion Friction Modifiers 447
D Friction in Concentrated Contacts 447
II Hydrodynamic Fluid Films 452
A Hydrodynamic Friction in Bearings in Industrial Applications 452
B Measuring Bearing Friction 454
C Friction in Rolling Element Bearings 456
1 EHL in Rolling Element Bearings 458
2 Other Sources of Friction and Churning Losses in Rolling Element Bearings 459
Contents
XIX
D Friction in Gears and Gearboxes 461
1 Friction between Gear Teeth 461
2 Churning Losses in Gears 463
III Friction Losses in Hydraulic Systems 464
A Sources of Friction in Hydraulic Systems 464
1 Hydraulic Fluid Selection 465
IV Vehicle and Internal Combustion Engine Efficiency 466
A Energy Use in Vehicles 466
B Trends in Automotive Design Impacting Efficiency 467
1 Engine Trends 467
2 Automotive Transmission and Powertrain Trends 468
3 Other Vehicle Trends 469
C Engine Friction Reduction 469
D Measuring Fuel Economy 471
E Use of Materials and Surfaces to Improve Efficiency 472
Bibliography 473
Chapter 20 Handling, Storing, and Dispensing Lubricants 475
I Hazardous Chemical Labeling for Lubricants 476
II Handling 478
A Packaged Products 478
1 Moving to Storage 478
B Bulk Products 480
1 Unloading 483
2 Tank Cars and Tank Wagons 483
3 Special Bulk Grease Vehicles 483
III Storing 483
A Packaged Products 484
1 Outdoor Storage 484
2 Warehouse Storage 487
B Oil Houses 488
1 Function 488
2 Facilities 490
3 Size and Arrangement 490
4 Optimum Utilization of Manpower 491
5 Housekeeping 492
6 Safety and Fire Prevention 493
7 Security 496
C Lubricant Deterioration in Storage 496
1 Water Contamination 497
2 High-Temperature Deterioration 497
3 Low-Temperature Deterioration 498
4 Long-Term Storage 498
IV Dispensing 499
A In the Oil House 500
1 Faucets 500
2 Transfer Pumps 500
3 Grease Gun Fillers 502
4 Highboys 503
XX
Contents
B From Oil House to Machine 504
1 Oil Dispensing Containers 504
2 Portable Oil Dispensers 505
3 Portable Grease Equipment 507
4 Lubrication Carts and Wagons 509
C Closed System Dispensing 510
D Central Dispensing Systems 510
E Maintenance and Service 511
Bibliography 511
Chapter 21 Practices for Lubricant Conservation and Machinery Reliability 513
I Overview of In-Plant Lubricant Handling 514
II Product Selection 515
A Long Service Life 515
B Compatibility with Other Products 516
C Value as By-Product 516
D Ease of Disposal 516
III In-Service Handling 517
A Reuse versus All-Loss Systems 517
B Prevention of Leaks, Spills, and Drips 517
C Elimination of Contamination 519
1 Central Reservoir Maintenance 519
2 Cross Contamination 521
3 Proper System Operation 521
IV In-Service Lubricant Purification 521
A Continuous Bypass Purification 522
B Continuous Full-Flow Purification 522
C Continuous Independent Purification 523
D Periodic Batch Purification 523
E Full-Flow and Bypass 523
V Purification Methods 524
A Settling 525
B Filtration 525
C Size Filtration 526
1 Depth-Type Filters 526
2 Dense Media Filters 528
3 Clay Filtration 528
D Multipurpose Purifiers 529
E Centrifugation 530
F Centrifugal Oil Filters (Separators) 530
G Sludge and Varnish Removal 531
1 Electrostatic Precipitation Filtration 532
2 Resin Filtration 532
3 High-Velocity Chemical Flushes 533
VI Reclamation of Lubricating Oils 533
A Reclamation Units (Oil Conditioners) 533
VII Waste Oil Collection and Routing 534
VIII Equipment Commissioning and Flushing 536
IX Final Disposal 536
Bibliography 537
Contents xxi
Chapter 22 In-Service Lubricant Analysis 539
I Establishing an In-Service Lubricant Analysis Program 539
A Elements of a Successful In-Service Lubricant Analysis Program 540
B Selecting an In-Service Lubricant Analysis Provider 540
II Used Oil Analysis Program Startup Recommendations 541
A Sample Point Selection 542
B Oil Sample Intervals 542
C Taking a Representative Used Oil Sample 543
1 Recommended Sampling Procedure 543
2 Visual Inspection of the Sample 544
III In-Service Lubricant Analysis Testing 546
A Common Used Oil Analysis Tests 546
1 Grease Analysis 546
B Application Specific Used Oil Analysis Test Slates 546
C Test Precision 549
IV Interpretation of Used Oil Analysis Results 551
A Overall Sample Result Condition 551
B Condemning Limits Used to Evaluate Sample Result Condition 551
C Diagnosing the Cause of Abnormal Oil Analysis Results 553
D Corrective Action Recommendation Related to Abnormal Oil Analysis Results 555
E Corrective Action Recommendations Correlating to Other Predictive
Maintenance Techniques 555
F Sustaining a Program through Documented Procedures, Metrics, and Assessments 556
1 Procedures 556
2 Regular Key Performance Indicators or Metrics 557
3 Assessments 557
|
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| author | Pirro, Don M. Webster, Martin Daschner, Ekkehard |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043663516 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TJ1075 |
| callnumber-raw | TJ1075 |
| callnumber-search | TJ1075 |
| callnumber-sort | TJ 41075 |
| callnumber-subject | TJ - Mechanical Engineering and Machinery |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)944110795 (DE-599)GBV845606255 |
| dewey-full | 621.8/9 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.8/9 |
| dewey-search | 621.8/9 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.8 19 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen |
| edition | Third edition, revised and expanded |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043663516 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:31:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)10010088-0 |
| isbn | 9781498752909 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2015050128 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029076831 |
| oclc_num | 944110795 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T |
| owner_facet | DE-29T |
| physical | xxix, 578 pages Illustrationen, Diagramme 26 cm |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pirro, Don M. aut Lubrication fundamentals Don M. Pirro (ExxoMobil), Martin Webster (ExxonMobil), Ekkehard Daschner (ExxonMobil) ExxonMobil lubrication fundamentals Third edition, revised and expanded Boca Raton, FL CRC Press [2016] © 2016 xxix, 578 pages Illustrationen, Diagramme 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Previous edition: Lubrication fundamentals / D.M. Pirro, A.A. Wessol. 2001. Originally by J. George Wills. - Includes bibliographical references and index Schmierung (DE-588)4052922-8 gnd rswk-swf Schmierstoff (DE-588)4077131-3 gnd rswk-swf Schmierung (DE-588)4052922-8 s Schmierstoff (DE-588)4077131-3 s DE-604 Webster, Martin aut Daschner, Ekkehard aut Exxon Mobil Corporation Sonstige (DE-588)10010088-0 oth DE-601 pdf/application http://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/845606255.pdf Inhaltsverzeichnis HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029076831&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pirro, Don M. Webster, Martin Daschner, Ekkehard Lubrication fundamentals Schmierung (DE-588)4052922-8 gnd Schmierstoff (DE-588)4077131-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4052922-8 (DE-588)4077131-3 |
| title | Lubrication fundamentals |
| title_alt | ExxonMobil lubrication fundamentals |
| title_auth | Lubrication fundamentals |
| title_exact_search | Lubrication fundamentals |
| title_full | Lubrication fundamentals Don M. Pirro (ExxoMobil), Martin Webster (ExxonMobil), Ekkehard Daschner (ExxonMobil) |
| title_fullStr | Lubrication fundamentals Don M. Pirro (ExxoMobil), Martin Webster (ExxonMobil), Ekkehard Daschner (ExxonMobil) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lubrication fundamentals Don M. Pirro (ExxoMobil), Martin Webster (ExxonMobil), Ekkehard Daschner (ExxonMobil) |
| title_short | Lubrication fundamentals |
| title_sort | lubrication fundamentals |
| topic | Schmierung (DE-588)4052922-8 gnd Schmierstoff (DE-588)4077131-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schmierung Schmierstoff |
| url | http://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/845606255.pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029076831&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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