Augmented reality: principles and practice
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston ; Columbus ; Indianapolis
Addison-Wesley
2016
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Always Learning
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 423-472 |
| Beschreibung: | xxiv, 496 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780321883575 0321883578 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Augmented reality |b principles and practice |c Dieter Schmalstieg, Tobias Höllerer |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston ; Columbus ; Indianapolis |b Addison-Wesley |c 2016 | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2016 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-862_location | 2000 |
|---|---|
| DE-BY-FWS_call_number | 2000/ST 323 S347 |
| DE-BY-FWS_katkey | 644811 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgments XXV
About the Authors XXVÜ
1 Introduction to Augmented Reality 1
Definition and Scope 3
A Brief History of Augmented Reality 4
Examples 13
Industry and Construction 13
Maintenance and Training 17
Medical 18
Personal Information Display 20
Navigation 21
Television 22
Advertising and Commerce 25
Games 27
Related Fields 28
Mixed Reality Continuum 28
Virtual Reality 29
Ubiquitous Computing 30
Summary 31
2 Displays 33
Multimodal Displays 34
Audio Displays 34
Haptic, Tactile, and Tangible Displays 35
Olfactory and Gustatory Displays 37
Visual Perception 39
Requirements and Characteristics 40
Method of Augmentation 40
Ocularityand Stereoscopy 42
viii
CONTENTS
Focus 45
Occlusion 47
Resolution and Refresh Rate 48
Field of View 50
Viewpoint Offset 51
Brightness and Contrast 53
Distortions and Aberrations 55
Latency 55
Ergonomics 55
Social Acceptance 55
Spatial Display Model 56
Visual Displays 58
Near-Eye Displays 59
Handheld Displays 69
Stationary Displays 72
Projected Displays 78
Summary 84
3 Tracking 85
Tracking, Calibration, and Registration 86
Coordinate Systems 87
Model Transformation 88
View Transformation 88
Projective Transformation 89
Frames of Reference 89
Characteristics of Tracking Technology 90
Physical Phenomena 90
Measurement Principle 91
Measured Geometric Property 91
Sensor Arrangement 91
Signal Sources 92
Degrees of Freedom 92
Measurement Coordinates 92
Spatial Sensor Arrangement 93
Workspace Coverage 94
CONTENTS
ix
Measurement Error 94
Temporal Characteristics 95
Stationary Tracking Systems 96
Mechanical Tracking 96
Electromagnetic Tracking 97
Ultrasonic Tracking 98
Mobile Sensors 99
Global Positioning System 99
Wireless Networks 101
Magnetometer 102
Gyroscope 102
Linear Accelerometer 103
Odometer 104
Optical Tracking 105
Model-Based versus Model-Free Tracking 106
Illumination 106
Markers versus Natural Features 109
Target Identification 113
Sensor Fusion 117
Complementary Sensor Fusion 117
Competitive Sensor Fusion 117
Cooperative Sensor Fusion 118
Summary 120
4 Computer Vision for Augmented Reality 121
Marker Tracking 12B
Camera Representation 124
Marker Detection 126
Pose Estimation from Homography 128
Pose Refinement 132
Multiple-Camera Infrared Tracking 132
Blob Detection 133
Establishing Point Correspondences 133
Triangulation from Two Cameras 135
Triangulation from More Than Two Cameras 137
X
CONTENTS
Matching Targets Consisting of Spherical Markers 137
Absolute Orientation 137
Natural Feature Tracking by Detection 138
Interest Point Detection 140
Descriptor Creation 144
Descriptor Matching 145
Perspective-n-Point Pose 146
Robust Pose Estimation 148
Incremental Tracking 149
Active Search 150
Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi Tracking 151
Zero-Normalized Cross-Correlation 152
Hierarchical Search 154
Combined Detection and Tracking 155
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping 156
Five-Point Algorithm for Essential Matrix 157
Bundle Adjustment 158
Parallel Tracking and Mapping 159
Relocalization and Loop Closure 160
Dense Mapping 161
Outdoor Tracking 164
Scalable Visual Matching 165
Prior Information from Sensors 167
Prior Information from Geometry 169
Simultaneous Tracking, Mapping, and Localization 170
Summary 176
5 Calibration and Registration 179
Camera Calibration 180
Internal Camera Parameters 180
Correcting Lens Distortion 182
Display Calibration 183
Single Point Active Alignment Method 185
Head-Mounted Display Calibration Using a Pointing Device 186
Hand-Eye Calibration 188
CONTENTS xi
Registration 190
Geometric Measurement Distortions 190
Error Propagation 191
Latency 192
Filtering and Prediction 192
Summary 194
6 Visual Coherence 195
Registration 196
Occlusion 199
Occlusion Refinement 201
Probabilistic Occlusion 202
Model-Free Occlusion 202
Photometric Registration 205
Image-Based Lighting 207
Light Probes 208
Offline Light Capturing 210
Photometric Registration from Static Images 210
Photometric Registration from Specular Reflections 211
Photometric Registration from Diffuse Reflections 212
Photometric Registration from Shadows 214
Outdoor Photometric Registration 214
Reconstructing Explicit Light Sources 215
Common Illumination 216
Differential Rendering 216
Real-Time Global Illumination 218
Shadows 220
Diffuse Global Illumination 223
Specular Global Illumination 225
Diminished Reality 227
Determination of the Region of Interest 228
Observation and Modeling of the Hidden Area 228
Removal of the Region of Interest 229
Projector-Based Diminished Reality 230
xii
CONTENTS
Camera Simulation 231
Lens Distortion 231
Blur 232
Noise 234
Vignetting 234
Chromatic Aberrations 234
Bayer Pattern Artifacts 235
Tone Mapping Artifacts 235
Stylized Augmented Reality 236
Summary 237
Situated Visualization 239
Challenges 241
Data Overload 242
User Interaction 242
Registration Errors 243
Visual Interference 243
Temporal Coherence 244
Visualization Registration 245
Locally Registered Situated Visualization 245
Globally Registered Situated Visualization 246
Registration Uncertainty 247
Annotations and Labeling 248
Labeling Fundamentals 248
Optimization Techniques 249
Temporal Coherence 250
Image-Guided Placement 252
Legibility 253
X-Ray Visualization 254
Ghostings from Object Space 255
Ghostings from Image Space 256
Implementation with G-Buffers 258
Spatial Manipulation 260
Explosion Diagrams 260
Space Distortion 262
CONTENTS
xiii
Information Filtering 265
Knowledge-Based Filter 265
Spatial Filter 265
Combined Knowledge-Based and Spatial Filter 267
Summary 270
8 Interaction 271
Output Modalities 272
Augmentation Placement 272
Agile Displays 274
Magic Lenses 276
Input Modalities 279
Tracking and Manipulation of Rigid Objects 279
Body Tracking 281
Gestures 282
Touch 283
Physically Based Interfaces 286
Tangible Interfaces 286
Tangibles on Surfaces 287
Tangibles with Generic Shape 287
Tangibles with Distinct Shapes 289
Transparent Tangibles 293
Virtual User Interfaces on Real Surfaces 294
Augmented Paper 295
Multi-view Interfaces 297
Multi-display Focus+Context 297
Shared Space 298
Multiple Locales 300
Cross-View Interaction 303
Haptic Interaction 304
Multimodal Interaction 304
Conversational Agents 306
Summary 309
xiv
CONTENTS
Modeling and Annotation 311
Specifying Geometry 312
Points 313
Planes 314
Volumes 315
Specifying Appearance 317
Semi-automatic Reconstruction 319
Free-Form Modeling 322
Annotation 325
Summary 328
Authoring 329
Requirements of AR Authoring 330
Real-World Interfaces 330
Hardware Abstraction 332
Authoring Workflow 332
Elements of Authoring 333
Actors 333
Story 334
Stages 334
Interactions 334
Setup 335
Stand-Alone Authoring Solutions 335
Desktop Authoring 335
Authoring by Performance 337
Plug-In Approaches 339
Web Technology 341
Summary 342
Navigation 345
Foundations of Human Navigation 346
Exploration and Discovery 347
Route Visualization 347
CONTENTS
xv
Viewpoint Guidance 350
Guidance Toward a Target Object 350
Guidance Toward a Target Viewpoint 354
Multiple Perspectives 354
Simultaneous Multiple Perspectives 355
Transitional Interfaces 357
Summary 360
12 Collaboration 361
Properties of Collaboration Systems 362
Co-located Collaboration 364
Individual Displays and Views 366
Gaze Awareness 368
Agile Collaboration in Shared Space 368
Remote Collaboration 370
Video Sharing 371
Video Sharing with Virtual Objects 372
Video Sharing with Geometric Reconstruction 374
Pointing and Gestures 375
Remote Collaboration with Agile Users 376
Summary 377
13 Software Architectures 379
AR Application Requirements 380
Environment Control and Scene Dynamics 380
Display Space 381
Real-Virtual Consistency 381
Semantic Knowledge 381
Physical Space 382
Software Engineering Requirements 382
Platform Abstraction 382
User Interface Abstraction 383
Reusability and Extensibility 383
xvi
CONTENTS
Distributed Computing 384
Decoupled Simulation 384
Distributed Object Systems 385
Object Management 386
Case Study: SHEEP 387
Dataflow 389
Dataflow Graphs 390
Multimodal Interaction 390
Threads and Scheduling 391
Case Study: Wearable Augmented Reality Setup 393
Scene Graphs 395
Fundamentals of Scene Graphs 395
Dependency Graph 397
Scene Graph Integration 397
Distributed Shared Scene Graph 399
Developer Support 400
Parameter Configuration 401
DeclarativeScripting 401
Case Study: Augmented Reality Tour Guide 403
Procedural Scripting 405
Mixed-Language Programming 405
Runtime Reconfiguration 405
Choosing an AR Platform 407
Summary 407
14 The Future 409
What May Drive Business Cases 410
Professional Users 410
Consumers 411
An AR Developer s Wish List 411
Low-Level Camera API 412
Multiple Cameras 412
Wide-Field-of-View Cameras 413
Sensors 413
Unified Memory 413
CONTENTS
XVII
Parallel Programming on the Mobile GPU 414
Better Displays 414
Taking AR Outdoors 415
Uncooperative Users 415
Limited Device Capabilities 416
Localization Success Rate 416
Interfacing with Smart Objects 417
Confluence of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality 418
Augmented Humans 419
AR as a Dramatic Medium 420
AR as a Social Computing Platform 421
Summary 422
References 423
Index
473
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-27T04:01:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780321883575 0321883578 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029071340 |
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| physical | xxiv, 496 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Addison-Wesley |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Always Learning |
| spellingShingle | Schmalstieg, Dieter Höllerer, Tobias 1970- Augmented reality principles and practice Erweiterte Realität Informatik (DE-588)4715802-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4715802-5 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Augmented reality principles and practice |
| title_auth | Augmented reality principles and practice |
| title_exact_search | Augmented reality principles and practice |
| title_full | Augmented reality principles and practice Dieter Schmalstieg, Tobias Höllerer |
| title_fullStr | Augmented reality principles and practice Dieter Schmalstieg, Tobias Höllerer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Augmented reality principles and practice Dieter Schmalstieg, Tobias Höllerer |
| title_short | Augmented reality |
| title_sort | augmented reality principles and practice |
| title_sub | principles and practice |
| topic | Erweiterte Realität Informatik (DE-588)4715802-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Erweiterte Realität Informatik Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029071340&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
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2000 ST 323 S347 |
|---|---|
| Exemplar 1 | nicht ausleihbar Checked out – Rückgabe bis: 31.12.2099 Vormerken |