Staraja Rjazanʹ: klad 2005 goda = Staraya Ryazan
Gespeichert in:
Weitere Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Russian |
Veröffentlicht: |
Sankt-Peterburg ; Moskva
Nestor-Istorija
2014
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | 102 Seiten Karten |
ISBN: | 9785446903672 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804176386895642624 |
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adam_text | COAEP KAHME
BBeflemie ....................................................................................5
Kaiajior (coct. E.B. EynaumHa)...............................................................15
MjuiiocTpauHH................................................................................27
CmpuKCuioe H.K). Kjia# 2005 r. ApxeojiorHuecKHH kohtckct.....................................57
Hepmupe A. B. K xapaKTepucTHKe HKOHOipa4)HHecKHX
m CTHJiHCTmecKHx ocoOeHHocTen yKpanieHHH H3 Kjia^a 2005 r...................................69
JKwima H.B. PeKOHCTpyKnnn K)BejmpHoro yGopa KJia£a 2005 r.
H3 CrapOH Pn3aHH: 3aMeTKM no xpoHOJiornM h CTHJiHCTHKe yKpanieHHH ..........................80
Kjiatfbi lOBejiHpHtix H3,o,ejiHH H3 Crapoft Pn3aHH...........................................96
Summary. Staraya Ryazan: the Hoard of 2005 (nepeBOA JLH. Abhjioboh).........................100
STARAYA RYAZAN: THE HOARD OF 2005
Staraya (Old) Ryazan is a unique archaeological
site of Medieval Russia. It is the only large Medieval
Russian city never revived after it was destroyed by the
Mongols in 1237. The first blow of the Mongols against
Russia was directed not to Kiev — the nominal capital
of the whole of Russia, but against the most power-
ful political and military structure in that times — the
lands controlled by the princes of Vladimir and Suzdal.
The way to Vladimir from the steppes led through the
territory of the South-East neighbours of the Vladimir
princes, i.e., through the lands of the Ryazan princes.
That is why Staraya Ryazan was the first big Medieval
Russian city captured by the Mongols.
The invasion of Ryazan by Batu Khan (the grand-
son of Chingiz Khan) is a well-known episode of the
early Russian history described in numerous written
sources and reflected in folklore. Every Russian has
heard about the siege and capture of the city of Rya-
zan by the Mongols, but only a few people know that
the destroyed town was not the modem city of Rya-
zan, but Staraya Ryazan, which is situated about 60
km from the new city.
The modem city of Ryazan had in the past anoth-
er name — Pereyaslavl Ryazansky (i.e. Pereyaslavl of
Ryazan). Medieval writers sometimes used the word
Ryazan to designate the territory; there are also some
cases when one cannot be sure whether they had in
mind Staraya Ryazan or Pereyaslavl Ryazansky. But
nevertheless it is quite clear that by the end of the
14th c. the capital of the land was already removed to
Pereyaslavl Ryazansky (modem Ryazan).
Today the fortified settlement of Staraya Ryazan
is practically free from houses and gardens. At the foot
of the high platform of the fortified settlement there is
a village called Staraya Ryazan. Thus the memory that
this is the place of a medieval city has survived among
the local population.
The name of Ryazan appears in Medieval Rus-
sian written sources in the late 11th c. According to
archaeological data Staraya Ryazan was founded in
the early 11th c. initially as a secondary provincial for-
tress, which later had become the capital of enormous
territory. Being one of the youngest capital cities of
Medieval Russia Staraya Ryazan was at the same time
the first of them to loose its political, economic and
cultural importance after the invasion of 1237. This
extremely short period of development resulted in un-
finished process of the establishment of local cultural
traditions.
Slavic fortress appeared in this part of the Oka
valley in the period when the Slavic agricultural pop-
ulation was absent here, and thus was the first step of
the Slavic colonization. In the 9th-10th cc. this terri-
tory remained uninhabited: the Finno-Ugrian tribes
had left it in the 8th c., while the Slavs did not appear
here before the very end of the 10th — the beginning
of the 11th c.
On the one hand the natural resources of the Oka
valley were extremely hospitable for agriculture and
stockbreeding. On the other hand, Slavic agricultural
colonization of the lands was risking since its forest-
less territories were permanently in danger of nomadic
inroads. Separate nomadic tribes did not represent a
threat for the powerful fortress of Staraya Ryazan (es-
pecially after the reconstruction of its fortifications in
the mid 12th c.); but they seriously threatened minor
agrarian sites. Strategic frontier position of Staraya
Ryazan had finally played its decisive role in the tragic
fate of the city — its devastation by the Mongols and
the following total decline.
The ruins of Staraya Ryazan are situated some 260
km to the South-East from Moscow on the high right
bank of the Oka River. Oka is the Volga tributary, one
of the largest rivers of the Russian plain. Near Staraya
Ryazan the Oka runs almost strictly to the North. The
territory of the fortified settlement is limited from the
West, North and South by an abrupt river-bank slope
and by ravines. The site has no natural border from
the East.
The total dimensions of the city’s fortified part are
impressive — about 1.3 km by 800 m. This territory is
larger than that of the Moscow Kremlin. The height
of the fortified settlement above the modem village
disposed on the bank of the river is about 30 m. The
fortifications of Staraya Ryazan are rather well pre-
served. They include a high rampart, its existing part
Staraya Ryazan: The Hoard of 2005
101
is more than 2 km long, and also a ditch. The rampart
had complicated wooden constructions inside, and
there were also wooden walls and towers over it.
The enormous space occupied by fortified settle-
ment is associated with the latest stage of the city’s ex-
istence (the late 12th- 13th cc.). We can trace the gradu-
al growth of the site. First of all there was a very small
fortified settlement occupying 0.4 ha founded in the
first centuries AD by non-Slavic Finno-Ugrian tribes.
This hillfort functioned till the 8th c. when this popu-
lation left the territory. The early settlement was situ-
ated on the so-called Northern promontory (buttle).
Unfortunately it has not been studied well enough,
since its largest part is occupied by a modem cem-
etery. Later the settlement gradually grew, spreading
in southerly direction.
In the early 11th c. a large Medieval Russian for-
tress was built — the so-called Northern hillfort oc-
cupying ca. 7.5 ha. In the second half of the 12th c. the
territory of the city was enlarged manifold, when the
magnificent ramparts of so-called Southern hillfort
were built. The fortified territory covered then about
70 ha altogether. The city also had a non-fortified
suburb at the foot of the high bank occupied by the
fortified settlement — in the place where modem vil-
lage is situated. Modem houses and gardens prevent
investigation of this part of the city.
The Northern hillfort is a stratified site. Its cultur-
al layers correspond to the periods of building activity
associated with repeated construction of fortifications.
The enormous Southern hillfort with its extremely
rich finds is in fact non-stratified. There is a lot of
material dated to the periods after the catastrophe of
1237, but the upper levels are destroyed by tillage. The
cultural deposit of the Southern fortified settlement
overlay the earlier cemetery of the inhabitants of the
Northern hillfort dated to the 11th c. The cultural de-
posit of the non-fortified suburb is partly destroyed by
the modem village. In this part of the Medieval city a
common grave of the victims of the Mongol invasion
was investigated in the 1970-s.
Usually in the process of a town’s growth its old-
est part retains the role of its centre. But in Staraya
Ryazan it is quite clear that when a huge Southern
fortified settlement was built all the vital centres of
the city were removed there. All three stone churches
were built there, the wealthiest part of population,
probably the princes also lived in this new part of the
city. The character and the distribution of finds points
to this fact.
Staraya Ryazan was the first Medieval Rus-
sian city investigated archaeologically. After the find
in 1822 of a rich treasure of outstanding samples of
jewellery (now in the Moscow State Armoury) some
excavations in the findspot and around it were under-
taken. It is characteristic that the illustrated book de-
voted to the finds from Staraya Ryazan was published
already in the following year.
That was the first find of a hoard of jewellery from
Staraya Ryazan. Now we have got already 17 such finds
from the site (the last one being discovered in 2013).
All of them are associated with the Mongol invasion.
The treasures’ owners were either killed or taken pris-
oners and had never come back. A rich collection of
similar hoards from many cities and towns taken by
the Mongols (Vladimir, Suzdal, Kiev, Chernigov,
Tver’, Moscow etc.). There are no finds of this type in
Novgorod since the Mongols had not reached this city.
The most numerous hoards in question were found in
Kiev, the nominal capital of Medieval Russia. Staraya
Ryazan is in the second place.
There were some further excavations in the 19th c.,
partly launched by some non-professional enthusi-
asts. Some excavations in the early 20th c. also took
place. In 1926 Russian archaeologist V.A. Gorodtsov,
one of the best professionals of the period, worked in
Staraya Ryazan. His excavations discovered the traces
of dwellings not studied there earlier.
During World War II an outstanding Russian ar-
chaeologist A.L. Mongait was preparing a dissertation
on the antiquities of Staraya Ryazan summarizing ex-
isting information and analyzing museum collections.
After the war he organized a large-scale excavations
that lasted from 1945 to 1950. The results were pub-
lished in his fundamental book on Staraya Ryazan.
Later A.L. Mongait turned to the study of some
other sites in Ryazan region; in 1966 he launched a
new series of excavations in Staraya Ryazan. The ex-
pedition headed by Mongait and his successors was
organized by the Institute of Archaeology (Russian
Academy of Scien ces) and Ryazan museum of history
and architecture. In 1996 Russian State university for
humanities (Moscow) also took part in the organiza-
tion of the investigations of the expedition. Main atten-
tion was paid to the investigations of major areas of the
site’s territory. These excavations had changed greatly
the ideas on its topography. After A.L. Mongait the ex-
pedition was headed by V.R Darkevich, a well-known
specialist in the field of studies of imported objects of
102
CTAPAfl PfJ3AHb. KJIAfl 2005 r.
applied art in Medieval Russia. This series of excava-
tions ended in 1979.
In 1992 limited excavations headed by V.P. Dark-
evich brought to light a new find of the hoard of jewelry.
It captured the attention of the public. After that the
new series of field investigations were started in 1994.
A question may be raised: is it necessary to study the
same city after so many years of excavations? Actually,
it seems it is not easy to say anything new about Staraya
Ryazan. On the other hand, after such a long period of
research we have investigated only 6 % of the territory of
the site’s fortified part. This is certainly not representa-
tive even from a statistical point of view. We must take
into account that a good deal of the city was outside the
fortifications on the riverbank. In fact until recently this
territory has not been studied by archaeologists.
Our investigations were supported by series of
grants, among them the project “Cities and settle-
ment structures of the Ryazan land (Medieval Rus-
sia: Centres and periphery)” financially supported in
2003-2005 within the framework of the program for
fundamental investigations developed by the Depart-
ment of Historical and Philological sciences of the
Russian Academy of Sciences. The program was en-
titled “History, languages and literatures of the Slavic
peoples in the world socio-cultural context” (sec-
tion 1: “The historic role of the Slavs in European
historical processes in the Middle Ages and the New
Times”). The work on the project included first of all
field investigations carried out by two expeditions —
the one organised by joint efforts of the Institute of
Archaeology, RAS, Ryazan Museum of history and
architecture, and Russian State University for Hu-
manities (headed by A.V. Chernetsov, also the project
manager), and the Rostislavl expedition of the Insti-
tute of Archaeology, RAS (headed by V.Yu. Koval).
Since 1994 practically each field season in Stara-
ya Ryazan was supported by Russian Foundation for
Humanities. In 2012 our works also received financial
support of Federal program of Russian Ministry of
Culture “Russian Culture (2012-2018)” (the direc-
tion “Preservation of Cultural heritage” (Preservation
and investigation of archaeological objects of cultural
heritage: archaeological studies); the project “Staraya
Ryazan archaeological complex in the context of sur-
rounding cultural and natural landscapes: interdisci-
plinary studies”.
This album is devoted to comprehensive publica-
tion of a brilliant collection of masterpieces of applied
art from the hoard discovered in Staraya Ryazan in
2005. It is the first scientific description of this find
after the restoration.
The treasure includes numerous silver woman
decorations demonstrating virtuoso craftsmanship, in
particular niello, granulation and filigree techniques.
Three richly decorated medallions, various pendants
and beads are to be mentioned. Some of them are
marked by unique iconography and stylistics.
The publication includes detailed catalogue with
numerous illustrations and also some special articles.
One of them is devoted to the archaeological context
of the find. Iconography, stylistics and the problems
of reconstruction of ceremonial attire of noble ladies
of Medieval period are also discussed. A list of hoards
discovered in Staraya Ryazan (they are already 17
now) concludes the issue. The most recent hoard dis-
covered in Staraya Ryazan in 2013 is characterized in
more detailed way, so that the passage devoted to this
finding represents a sort of preliminary publication.
The objects have not been restored yet. Some illustra-
tions of finds from the hoard of 2013 are presented in
the plates of this album.
Translated by L. Avilova
|
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author2 | Černecov, A. V. |
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genre | (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content |
genre_facet | Bildband |
geographic | Rjasan (DE-588)4117047-7 gnd |
geographic_facet | Rjasan |
id | DE-604.BV043644072 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:31:22Z |
institution | BVB |
institution_GND | (DE-588)43298-2 |
isbn | 9785446903672 |
language | Russian |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029057819 |
oclc_num | 960068907 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 102 Seiten Karten |
publishDate | 2014 |
publishDateSearch | 2014 |
publishDateSort | 2014 |
publisher | Nestor-Istorija |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Staraja Rjazanʹ klad 2005 goda = Staraya Ryazan Rossijskaja akademija nauk, Institut archeologii ; otvetstvennyj redaktor d. i. n. prof. A.V. Černecov Staraya Ryazan Sankt-Peterburg ; Moskva Nestor-Istorija 2014 102 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text russisch, Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 2005 gnd rswk-swf Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd rswk-swf Mittelalter (DE-588)4129108-6 gnd rswk-swf Schatzfund (DE-588)4179412-6 gnd rswk-swf Rjasan (DE-588)4117047-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content Rjasan (DE-588)4117047-7 g Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 s Mittelalter (DE-588)4129108-6 s Schatzfund (DE-588)4179412-6 s Geschichte 2005 z DE-604 Černecov, A. V. edt Institut Archeologii (Moskau) (DE-588)43298-2 oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029057819&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029057819&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Staraja Rjazanʹ klad 2005 goda = Staraya Ryazan Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd Mittelalter (DE-588)4129108-6 gnd Schatzfund (DE-588)4179412-6 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4052945-9 (DE-588)4129108-6 (DE-588)4179412-6 (DE-588)4117047-7 (DE-588)4145395-5 |
title | Staraja Rjazanʹ klad 2005 goda = Staraya Ryazan |
title_alt | Staraya Ryazan |
title_auth | Staraja Rjazanʹ klad 2005 goda = Staraya Ryazan |
title_exact_search | Staraja Rjazanʹ klad 2005 goda = Staraya Ryazan |
title_full | Staraja Rjazanʹ klad 2005 goda = Staraya Ryazan Rossijskaja akademija nauk, Institut archeologii ; otvetstvennyj redaktor d. i. n. prof. A.V. Černecov |
title_fullStr | Staraja Rjazanʹ klad 2005 goda = Staraya Ryazan Rossijskaja akademija nauk, Institut archeologii ; otvetstvennyj redaktor d. i. n. prof. A.V. Černecov |
title_full_unstemmed | Staraja Rjazanʹ klad 2005 goda = Staraya Ryazan Rossijskaja akademija nauk, Institut archeologii ; otvetstvennyj redaktor d. i. n. prof. A.V. Černecov |
title_short | Staraja Rjazanʹ |
title_sort | staraja rjazanʹ klad 2005 goda staraya ryazan |
title_sub | klad 2005 goda = Staraya Ryazan |
topic | Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd Mittelalter (DE-588)4129108-6 gnd Schatzfund (DE-588)4179412-6 gnd |
topic_facet | Schmuck Mittelalter Schatzfund Rjasan Bildband |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029057819&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029057819&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT cernecovav starajarjazanʹklad2005godastarayaryazan AT institutarcheologiimoskau starajarjazanʹklad2005godastarayaryazan AT cernecovav starayaryazan AT institutarcheologiimoskau starayaryazan |