Eesti Vabaduse Risti kavalerid:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Estonian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Viljandi
Vabadussõja Ajaloo Selts
2016
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 910 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9789949388547 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1814344235189534720 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
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SISUKORD
Vabariigi Presidendi poordumine
Saateks
Eesti Vabadussoda
Eesti Vabaduse Rist
Elulugude iilesehituse pohimotted
Vabaduse Risti kavaleride elulood
Lisad
Vabaduse Risti pohikiri
Vabaduse Risti diplomid
Vabadussojas elu kaotanud Eesti
kodanikest Vabaduse Risti kavalerid
Vabaduse Risti kavalerid -
Teise maailmasoja ohvrid
Valik liihendeid
Valik kasutatud allikaid
Recipients of the Estonian military
decoration - the Cross of Liberty
KaBanepbi Kpecra Cbo6oali Sctohhm
RECIPIENTS OF THE ESTONIAN MILITARY DECORATION -
THE CROSS OF LIBERTY
Estonia declared independence as a democratic republic on
February 24, 1918; however, it was not possible to start peace-
ful building of the country because the proclamation was im-
mediately followed by German occupation. It was not until
World War II ended that the possibility came, although for a
limited number of days only.
Already on November 28, 1918, the regular units of Sovi-
et Russia attacked Estonia and the War of Independence be-
gan. A big part of Estonian territory had been conquered by
the Red Army by New Year’s Eve, the formation of Estonian
Peoples Army (Est. Rahvavagi) was still in going on and build-
ing up state structures was in its initial stage. Fortunately, Fin-
land, Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden and the United States
agreed to provide Estonia with both military equipment and
volunteer forces.
The Red Army had been driven off Estonia in February
1919 when the first Independence Day was celebrated. How-
ever, the big neighbour in the east did not agree to that and
was gathering new military forces. Over the course of follow-
ing months it attacked vigorously the front under Narva and
invaded South Estonia once again. It was not until the sum-
mer of 1919 that the recovered Peoples Army managed to
drive the Red Army completely out of Estonia. After that the
fighting moved over to the Russian territory and the following
battles took place beyond Narva in Ingria and on the Pskov
(.Pihkva) front. Estonian military forces together with British
fleet also supported the Russian North-Western Army of the
White Movement who attempted to conquer Petrograd (St.
Petersburg) in the autumn of 1919.
Since the beginning of the War of Independence, Estonian
Peoples Army also had to fight with the Red Army troops who
had invaded the territory of the Republic of Latvia, and who
tried to conquer South Estonia from that direction. Estonian
government allowed the formation of North-Latvian Brigade
in the Estonian territory in February 1919 in order to help its
southern neighbor. Under the leadership of Estonian forces a
bigger part of Northern Latvia was freed from the Red Army
in the spring of 1919. At the beginning of June in 1919, how-
ever, military operations broke out in Latvia between the units
under Estonian leadership and the units of Baltic Landeswehr
dominating Southern Latvia and Riga, and German “Iron Divi-
sion”. Military forces of the opponent were defeated in bloody
battles of many casualties and Estonian troops were approach-
ing Riga at the beginning of July 1919. Upon the demand by
the allies, Estonian army did enter Riga and so it was possible
for Latvian democratic government to start exercising their
power in their capital after the enemy had left.
Estonia had to help its neighbor once more in October 1919
when armored trains were sent to Latvia to defend the city
against Bermondt-Avalov forces, hostile towards Latvia. Esto-
nian military forces were defending Northern Latvia against
the Red Army until the end of the War of Independence.
In the autumn of 1919 when the Russian North-Western
Army of the White Movement was beaten at Petrograd by the
military forces of the Soviet Russia, and was retreating in dis-
order into Estonia where it was disarmed, the Red Army once
again invaded Estonia at Narva. The bloodiest battles were
held on the front of Narva at the end of 1919 when peace ne-
gotiations were already going on between Estonia and Rus-
sia. After long and exhausting negotiations armistice was de-
clared that took force on January 3, 1920 at 10:30 a.m. That
moment was celebrated in the following years, and also now
in the newly independent Republic of Estonia, to commemo-
rate the ones who gave their lives in the War of Independence
for independent Estonia.
Peace Treaty was signed on February 2,1920 in Tartu, and
that concluded the Estonian War of Independence. Soviet Rus-
sia recognized the Republic of Estonia de jure and gave up for-
ever its sovereign rights over Estonian people and land. The
communes beyond the Narva River and Petseri County be-
came a part of the Republic of Estonia. Estonia became free
from all the obligations before Russia and received, as com-
pensation, 15 million gold rubles from the Russian gold fund
which was 11.6 tons of gold. According to the Peace Treaty,
about 40,000 Estonians who had migrated to Russia at earlier
times, returned to Estonia.
The victory at the War of Independence and the Tartu Peace
Treaty that was signed as its result had immense historical
importance for Estonia. This enabled Estonia to build up our
state structures, develop our language and culture, and pro-
vided the possibility for Estonia to perceive ourselves as equal
among other countries in the world. In broader perspective, it
also guaranteed the sustainability of Estonian people.
The present work of reference has been dedicated to the
persons who were granted the Estonian Cross of Liberty - an
honorary decoration to value the merits of the military ser-
vicemen, statesmen and civilians for their special outstanding
merits during the Estonian War of Independence 1918-1920.
A big number of foreigners were also awarded with the deco-
ration. Among them were military servicemen and statesmen
and diplomatic representatives who had volunteered to come
defend the brand-new Republic of Estonia, and who helped
to gain international recognition for Estonia.
The opinion prevailed in the administrative circles of the
new-born Republic of Estonia that it is not necessary to intro-
duce any national honorary decorations as they were consid-
ered relics of the past. However, quite at the beginning of the
War of Independence it was realized that the citizens whose
sacrifices have been outstanding need recognition. It was al-
ready on the day of the first anniversary of Estonian inde-
pendence, on February 24, 1919, that the Provisional Gov-
ernment made the decision to establish Estonian Cross of
Liberty to recognize the merits performed during the War of
Independence. The honorary decoration was designed by an
Estonian artist Peet Aren. The potent cross or Teutonic cross
used by him is very rare in the design of such honorary dec-
orations. It is highly likely that the artist drew upon the im-
age of the cross depicted on the flag of the Grand Master of
the German Order.
The Cross of Liberty has three divisions: Division I was
granted for military merits, II for personal bravery and III for
civilian merits. Each of the divisions also has three ranks and
thus three honorary decorations, each in three ranks. The only
Cross of Liberty that was not issued was the II division I rank
decoration. Its image, however, was depicted, over the years
of independence, on many monuments all across Estonia for
those who lost their lives during the War of Independence.
RECIPIENTS OF THE ESTONIAN.
906
The Crosses of Liberty differed in shape and size and the
ways they were worn were also different. The obverse of the
medallion of the division I and II decorations depicts an arm
in protective gear bent in V-shape and holding a sword, above
it a letter E, the medallion of division III decoration only fea-
tures the letter E. The reverse of the medallion bears the date
the decoration was established: February 24,1919. The design
of the Cross of Liberty and the ribbon belonging to the deco-
ration feature three Estonian national colors: blue, black and
white. Only the division II medallion is red in order to indicate
the heroic deeds carried out in battles where life was at stake
and bloodshed was inevitable. That is also why people began
to call the division II a “cross of blood”. Every honorary deco-
ration was accompanied by a respective diploma.
The principles for granting the decorations were worked
out by the end of the War of Independence. In January 1920,
the government of the Republic of Estonia passed the statute
for the Cross of Liberty and approved of the council for the
Cross of Liberty and the list of military heroic deeds. Accord-
ing to the statute, the sole right to grant the Cross was vested
in the government of the Republic of Estonia; proposals for
granting division I decoration had to be made by the Minister
of War or by the commander-in-chief, for granting division II
by the council for the Cross of the Liberty and for granting di-
vision III by ministers and the Auditor General.
The sample items with the finalized design for the honor-
ary decoration was made at Joseph Kopf s goldsmith shop in
Tallinn, however, most of the decorations were still ordered
from Germany where they were made by a Berlin-based com-
pany A. Werner Sohne. The Crosses of Liberty were also
made by Estonian goldsmiths Roman Tavast, Ruuben Rekkor
and Heinrich Kiiver.
Even before the regulations for granting the honorary dec-
oration, and its form were approved, the government of the
Republic of Estonia decided to award the first Crosses of Lib-
erty on August 2, 1919. These crosses were granted to seven
US officers, the military servicemen serving in the American
Relief Administration or ARA who helped to provide civilians,
especially children, with food and clothes.
Three days later the government awarded Verdun, a heroic
French town from World War I, with the highest rank Cross
of Liberty for military merits.
These two decisions made during the War of Independ-
ence, however, remained exceptions. Extensive granting of the
Crosses of Liberty began in February 1920, immediately after
the end of the War of Independence. It was mostly Estonian
citizens who were awarded with the honorary decoration. In
addition to that the decoration was awarded to Finnish, Dan-
ish and Swedish volunteers who had helped Estonia, mariners
from Great Britain, the US Red Cross officers, Latvian military
servicemen who had fought under Estonian high command
and several officers, heads of state and politicians. It is worth
mentioning that the cross of Liberty was also granted to Ital-
ian, French and British Unknown Soldiers.
In addition to the merits done during the War of Independ-
ence, the decoration was awarded to ten Estonian military ser-
vicemen for their outstanding contribution at crushing out the
communist rebellion attempt on December 1,1924.
The last more extensive granting of honorary decorations
took place in the first half of 1925, This time there was a large
number of foreign statesmen and diplomats, in addition to
Estonian military servicemen, who were awarded with the
Crosses of Liberty.
The government of the Republic of Estonia awarded a total
of 3225 Crosses of Liberty to 3126 recipients, whereas some
people received two or even three decorations. There were 2076
Estonian citizens, among them 2 women, who were granted
2152 honorary decorations. The list of foreigners contained
1050 recipients, among the 49 women, whose merits were
awarded with 1073 Crosses of Liberty.
In addition to Estonian subjects there were citizens from 16
countries who were granted the honorary decoration: Argen-
tina, Belgium, Japan, Italy, Columbia, Lithuania, Latvia, Po-
land, Portugal, France, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain, Den-
mark, Hungary and the USA. Among the Italian persons on
the list, the decoration was also granted to higher members
of clergy in the Vatican, the cardinal Pietro Gasparri and En-
rico Pucci, and, at that time part of the British Empire, an In-
dian representative in the United Nations, maharaja colonel
Sir Vibhaji Ranjitsinhji. The Vatican began an independent
city-state in 1929 and India gained its independence in 1947.
Thus, according to contemporary understanding there were
citizens from 18 other countries, in addition to Estonians, re-
ceiving the Cross of Liberty.
Some of the more famous international recipients of the ho-
norary decoration were king Albert I (Belgium), king Vitto-
rio Emanuele III (Italy) and king Gustav V (Sweden), king
George V (Great Britain), king Christian X (Denmark), Hun-
garian Keeper of State admiral Miklôs Horthy de Nagybânya,
presidents of Finland Lauri Kristian Relander and Kaarlo Juho
Stâhlberg, Lithuanian president Aleksandras Stulginskis, pre-
sident of Poland Stanislaw Wojciechowski and marshal Józef
Klemens Pilsudski, presidents of Latvia Jânis Cakste and Kàrlis
Ulmanis and the commander-in-chief of the armies, general
Jânis Balodis as well as the Minister of War Rüdolfs Bangerskis,
presidents of France Gaston Doumergue, Raymond Poincaré
and Aleksander Millerand and marshals Ferdinand Foch and
Henry Philippe Pétain, prime minister of Italy, Benito Mus-
solini and many others.
Estonian citizens received the Cross of Liberty for particu-
lar merits done during the War of Independence. In the case
of foreigners, the granting of the decorations was not as strict-
ly regulated and that is why the decorations were granted as
diplomatic rewards rather than anything else. There were also
many foreigners who had no contacts with Estonia during the
War of Independence and who received the decoration later
as politicians or senior officers serving in important positions.
The Riigikogu passed a specific law on June 19, 1925 that
terminated the granting of the Cross of Liberty. It was allowed
to start granting the crosses again after a war was to break out
with an external enemy.
During the twenty years of independence that followed the
War of Independence, the recipients of the Cross of Liberty
in Estonia formed a kind of elite who were respected and val-
ued in the public eye.
In the summer of 1940 when the Soviet Union occupied
Estonia, the Cross of Liberty as well as its bearers fell into
disgrace. A big number of Estonian recipients of the Cross
of Liberty were repressed, either imprisoned or murdered
in the prison camps in Russia, or deported to Siberia where
they died. A substantial number of recipients of the decora-
tion served in the German army during World War II and
fought against the Red Army hoping to restore the independ-
ence of the Republic of Estonia. Some recipients also ended
up in the Red Army for different reasons and were thus tak-
ing part in reoccupying Estonia by the Soviet Union. Quite
907
RECIPIENTS OF THE ESTONIAN.
a number of recipients of the decoration fled to Sweden and
Germany during the war, and later on further to England,
Australia, Canada, the USA, and pother democratic countries
where they spent the rest of their lives. The recipients of the
Cross of Liberty who had remained in the occupied Estonia
were persecuted by the foreign power, or they were made to
withdraw from public life.
It was not until the end of the 1980s, during the time Es-
tonia regained its independence, that the few recipients who
were all more than 90 years old, were lifted back to their hon-
orary position and participated as honorary guests in reopen-
ing the monuments for the War of Independence. The last Es-
tonian recipient of the Cross of Liberty, Karl Jaanus, died at
the age of 100 in 2000 and was buried with military tributes
at Pilistvere graveyard in the heart of Estonia.
The Cross of Liberty is one of the Estonian symbols for in-
dependence. It has been used multiple times on the monu-
ments, memorials and grave markers for those killed in the
War of Independence. The medallion of the Cross of Liberty
with the protected arm holding a sword and the letter E served
as a unifying symbol for the Estonians who fought in Finnish
and German armies against the Red Army during World War
II, This symbol has become popular again on monuments and
grave markers after Estonia regained its independence.
The most outstanding display of the image of the Cross of
Liberty can be found in Tallinn at Freedom (Vabaduse) Square
at the top of the War of Independence Victory Column. The
division II rank I Cross of Liberty can be seen there - it was
not granted during the War of Independence, however, now it
has symbolically been awarded to all Estonian people. |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| genre_facet | Biografie |
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| id | DE-604.BV043642878 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-30T13:04:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789949388547 |
| language | Estonian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029056659 |
| oclc_num | 959563646 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 910 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Vabadussõja Ajaloo Selts |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pihlak, Jaak aut com Eesti Vabaduse Risti kavalerid autorid: Jaak Pihlak, Mati Strauss, Ain Krillo Viljandi Vabadussõja Ajaloo Selts 2016 910 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung in englischer und russischer Spraches Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Estnischer Freiheitskrieg (DE-588)4343991-3 gnd rswk-swf Ordensträger (DE-588)4126224-4 gnd rswk-swf Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 g Estnischer Freiheitskrieg (DE-588)4343991-3 s Ordensträger (DE-588)4126224-4 s Geschichte z DE-604 Strauss, Mati aut Krillo, Ain aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029056659&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029056659&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Pihlak, Jaak Strauss, Mati Krillo, Ain Eesti Vabaduse Risti kavalerid Estnischer Freiheitskrieg (DE-588)4343991-3 gnd Ordensträger (DE-588)4126224-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4343991-3 (DE-588)4126224-4 (DE-588)4015587-0 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Eesti Vabaduse Risti kavalerid |
| title_auth | Eesti Vabaduse Risti kavalerid |
| title_exact_search | Eesti Vabaduse Risti kavalerid |
| title_full | Eesti Vabaduse Risti kavalerid autorid: Jaak Pihlak, Mati Strauss, Ain Krillo |
| title_fullStr | Eesti Vabaduse Risti kavalerid autorid: Jaak Pihlak, Mati Strauss, Ain Krillo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eesti Vabaduse Risti kavalerid autorid: Jaak Pihlak, Mati Strauss, Ain Krillo |
| title_short | Eesti Vabaduse Risti kavalerid |
| title_sort | eesti vabaduse risti kavalerid |
| topic | Estnischer Freiheitskrieg (DE-588)4343991-3 gnd Ordensträger (DE-588)4126224-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Estnischer Freiheitskrieg Ordensträger Estland Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029056659&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029056659&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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