Plant variation and evolution:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
2016
|
| Ausgabe: | Fourth edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | BSB01 FHN01 UBM01 Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781139060196 |
| DOI: | 10.1017/CBO9781139060196 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176365598015489 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Plant variation and evolution
Autor: Briggs, David
Jahr: 2016
CONTENTS
Preface to the Fourth Edition page xii
Acknowledgements xiii
Note on names ofplants xiv
List of abbreviations xv
1 Investigating plant Variation and
evolution 1
2 From Ray to Darwin 4
Ray and the definition of species 4
The Great Chain of Being 5
Linnaeus 6
Buffon and Lamarck 10
Darwin 11
Tests of specific difference 21
3 Early work on biometry 23
Biometrics and eugenics 23
Biometrical studies of plants 24
Commonest occurring Variation in an array 25
Estimates of dispersión of the data 26
Histograms, frequency diagrams and the
normal distribution curve 27
Other types of distribution 28
Comparison of different arrays of data 28
Complex distributions 29
Local races 32
Correlated Variation 33
Problems ofbiometiy 35
4 Early work on the basis of individual
Variation 37
Phenotype and geno type 38
Transplant experiments 39
Mendel s experiments 41
Pangenesis 46
Mendelian ratios in plants 47
Mendelism and continuous Variation 48
Physical basis of Mendelian
inheritance 51
The development of plant cytology 55
Chromosome number 56
Chromosome changes 59
Non-Mendelian inheritance 59
Patterns of Variation 60
Phenotypic Variation 60
The extent of phenotypic variability in plants 61
Developmental Variation 62
Phenotypic plasticity 64
Some early experiments 64
Individual Variation in plants 66
5 Post-Darwinian ideas about evolution 67
Experimental investigation of evolution 67
The mutation theory of evolution 70
The Evolutionary Synthesis 71
Elements of the New Synthesis 71
Coda 73
6 DNA: towards an understanding of
heredity and molecular evolution 74
DNA: its structure and properties 74
Replication of DNA 75
Transcription and translation of genetic
information 76
Mutation of DNA 78
Exchanges of DNA Segments 79
Gene silencing: epigenetic modification of
DNA 79
The plant cell: adaptive, neutral and junk DNA 81
DNA in the nucleus 82
Centromeres 83
Telomeres 83
B chromosomes 83
The concept of junk DNA revisited 84
Contents
DNA in plant cells: mitochondria and
chloroplasts 85
Evolutionary changes in the chloroplast
structure 86
Genetics of chloroplasts and mitochondria 86
Arabidopsis thaliana: its role as a model species 86
Studying developmental processes: the role of
model plants 88
Phylogenetic studies 89
Common origin to life on Earth 89
Advances in comparative genomics 90
Palaeopolyploidy and chromosomal changes 92
Duplicated genes 92
Techniques for studying genetic Variation 93
Selecting marker Systems to test hypotheses 95
Concluding remarks 96
7 Breeding Systems 98
A. The different breeding Systems found in
flowering plants 98
Outbreeding 98
Molecular studies of self-incompatibility
Systems 102
Homomorphic and heteromorphic
incompatibility systems 103
Late-acting self-incompatibility systems 104
Self-fertilisation 105
Apomixis 106
Agamospermy 107
Apomictic phenomena 108
Embryology of apomixis 109
Apomictic behaviour 111
Diplospoiy 111
Apospory 111
The role of pollen in the evolution of
apomictic plants 112
Genetics of apomixis 113
Molecular nature and origin of apomixis 113
Some dogmas about seed apomixis 114
B. Breeding behaviour discovered in studies
of wild populations 114
Consequences of different reproductive
modes 114
Advantages and disadvantages of
different breeding systems 116
Reproductive assurance and the genetic
quality of progeny 118
Breeding systems in wild populations 119
Outbreeding combined with vegetative
reproduction 119
Outbreeding in association with vivipary 1
Outbreeding combined with occasional
self-fertilisation 120
Outbreeding combined with regular
self-fertilisation 121
Mixed reproduction: selfmg and
outcrossing in different proportions 122
Facultative and obligatory apomixis 124
Environmental control of facultative
apomixis 125
C. Evolution of breeding systems 126
Some concluding remarks 132
8 Intraspecific Variation and the
ecotype concept 135
Turesson s pioneer studies and other
experiments 135
Experiments by American botanists 139
The widespread occurrence of ecotypes 144
Clines 144
Factors influencing the Variation pattern 147
The refining of genecological experiments 147
Sampling populations 148
Cultivation experiments 151
The designed experiment 154
The interpretation of experiments 159
9 Pattern and process in plant
populations 160
Variation within and between populations 161
Selection in populations 161
Selection in changing populations: r- and
K-selection 164
Fitness 165
Developments in the investigation of
populations 165
Selection: the study of single factors 166
Studies of several interacting factors: Lotus
and Trifolium 166
Contents
Distribution of cyanogenic variants 168
The role of herbivory 168
Small-scale influences on patterns and
process in cyanogenic species 172
Reciprocal transplant experiments 173
Experimental evidence for disruptive selection 173
Comparing young and adult generations 176
Co-selection in swards 177
The speed of microevolutionary change:
agricultural experiments 177
Rapid change in polluted sites 178
Origin of metal-tolerant populations 181
Hyperaccumulation 182
Serpentine ecotypes 183
Sulphur dioxide tolerance 184
Ozone tolerance 184
Evolution in arable areas 185
Herbicide resistance 186
Weed evolution 188
Ecotypic Variation in response to seasonal or
irregular extreme habitat factors 188
Phenotypic modification and genetic
differentiation 189
The use of model plants in the study of
microevolution 190
Detecting the signature of selection from
genomic studies 190
Studies of local adaptation involving
cultivation experiments 191
Combined studies of crucial life cycle traits 192
Arabidopsis: experiments on phenotypic
plasticity 193
Adaptive and non-adaptive characters 196
Concluding remarks 199
10 Pattern and process: factors
interacting with natural selection 201
Chance has profound effects 201
Gene flow: population variability and structure 201
Gene flow: early ideas 202
Gene flow: agricultural experiments 203
Gene flow: historie insights from the
movement of pollen 203
Gene flow: historie studies of seed dispersal 205
Neighbourhoods in wild populations 206
Gene flow: studies using molecular tools 207
Gene flow: insights from the use of
microsatellite markers 208
Gene flow by pollen movement 210
Animal-pollinated trees and shrubs 211
Seed/fruit dispersal 212
Recent insights into gene flow from the study
of transgenic crop plants 212
Knowledge of gene flow is critical in plant
conservation 214
Gene flow: future directions of research 215
11 Populations: origins and extinetions 216
Metapopulations 216
Founding events and bottleneck effects 217
Designing experiments 218
Case histories of founder events 218
Founder effects in weedy and ornamental
species 219
Tracing the origin and spread of new
populations 220
Identification of sources of introduced taxa 220
Once introduced, some species fail to establish 222
Development of populations: the lag phase 222
Changes in populations following introduetion 223
Phenotypic plasticity and developmental
adaptability 223
What factors contribute to the success of new
populations? 226
Population persistence and stability: clonal
growth 228
Size and longevity of clones: new insights
using molecular markers 229
Implications of clonal growth in
populations 229
Another major factor influencing population
persistence: seed banks 232
Processes involved in the extinetion of
populations 233
Demographic stochasticity 233
Pollen limitation causes an Allee Effect 235
Effects of fragmentation 236
Genetics of small populations 237
Minimum viable populations 239
Concluding comments 240
vlii
Contents
12 Species and speciation: concepts and
models 242
The morphological species concept 242
Species definitions: taking into account
pattern and process 243
The Evolutionary Species Concept 243
Phylogenetic (cladistic) species concept 243
Ecológica! species concept 243
The Biological Species Concept 243
Origins of species 245
Gradual (Geographie) Speciation 246
Abrupt speciation 246
Polyploidy 246
13 Allopatric speciation and
hybridisation 250
Evidence for gradual speciation 251
Crossing experiment with species of Layia 252
The interpretation of crossing experiments 252
Studies of Layia using molecular methods 254
Phylogenetic studies of the Californian
Tarweeds 255
Speciation genes 255
Pre-pollination mechanisms 256
Post-pollination barriers 256
Cytoplasmic male sterility: its possible role in
speciation in plants 257
Genomic changes involved in speciation 258
Future prospects for the study of speciation
genes and genomic architecture 258
Allopatric speciation and the taxonomist 259
Natural hybridisation 260
Natural hybridisation in the wild: classic studies 2 60
The consequences of hybridisation: some
theoretical considerations 264
Empirical studies of reinforcement 266
The emergence of the concept of introgressive
hybridisation 270
Introgression: classic approaches
championed by Anderson 271
Genetic investigations of hybridisation 274
Chemotaxonomy: historie investigations of
hybridisation 275
Critical tests of the hypothesis of introgression 276
Studies of introgression using molecular tools 276
Introgression in Louisiana Irises 278
Asymmetrie introgression 279
Cytoplasmic capture 282
Chloroplast capture: another route 283
Transgressive hybridisation 283
Can it be confirmed that adaptive traits are
transferred from one species to another by
introgression? 283
Speciation: where future advances might come 284
The role of hitchhiking in speciation 284
Next generation sequencing technologies 285
Zones of introgression: are they ephemeral or
long-standing? 285
Introgression: a key concept in microevolution 285
Taxonomic considerations 286
Introgression: its role in evolution 286
14 Abrupt speciation 287
A. The emergence and testing of key
concepts in the study of polypoidy 287
The concept of polyploidy: early
cytogenetic studies 287
Resynthesis of wild polyploids 288
The concepts of auto- and allopolyploidy 289
The concept of genome analysis 291
Genome analysis: uncertainties about
ancestry 292
Genetic control of chromosome pairing:
the implications for genome analysis 294
Studies of karyotypes 295
Chemical studies 296
In situ hybridisation (ISH) 297
Polytopic multiple origin of polyploids 297
B. Recent insights into polyploidy from
molecular studies 302
Key questions about polyploidy and its
significance 302
How many species are polyploid? 302
The delimitation of taxa within polyploid
groups 302
Chromosome counts provide insights
into the incidence of polyploidy 303
Historie estimates of the incidence of
polyploidy 303
Evidence from fossil plants 304
Genetic evidence 304
Contents
Polyploidy in other plant groups 305
The origin of new polyploids: the role of
somatic events and unreduced gametes 305
Unreduced gametes: major insights from
the studies of molecular genetics 305
Relative frequency of auto- and
allopolyploidy 307
Unreduced gametes: is polyhaploidy
important in plant evolution? 307
Polyploids: their potential for
evolutionaiy change 307
Meiosis in polyploids 308
Evidence for structural changes in
polyploids 309
Gene silencing: epigenetic alterations in
gene expression 310
Transposable elements 311
Polyploids: the implications of their
recurrent formation 311
Polyploids: cytogenetic changes in the
longer term 311
Becoming established: what hurdles do
polyploids face? 312
Characteristics of polyploids as a group 313
Polyploids: ecological considerations 313
Polyploidy is often associated with
a change in the breeding System 313
Evidence for hybridisation between
diploid and polyploid plants in the wild 316
Reticulate patterns of Variation in some
groups 318
Are polyploids more frequent in
particular geographical areas? 318
Current views on the present-day
distribution of polyploids 321
The implications of ancient polyploidy
for studies of geographical distributions 321
Other modes of abrupt speciation 322
Changes in chromosome number 322
Nested chromosome insertion 326
Plants with diffuse centromeres 326
Speciation following hybridisation:
homoploid speciation 327
Minority disadvantage 328
Concluding remarks 329
The species concept 331
Species as part of natural classifications 331
Mental reality of species 332
Do species have evolutionary reality? 333
The Biological Species Concept 333
The views of botanical taxonomists 334
Different definitions of species 335
Flowering plant evolution: advances,
challenges and prospects 336
The devising of phylogenetic trees 336
Classifications 336
Weighting characters 338
Numerical taxonomy 340
The influence of numerical taxonomy 341
Ciadistics 342
Molecular phylogenetic analysis 344
Generation and analysis of molecular
sequence data 346
Cladograms 346
The findings of molecular systematics 349
Layout of trees 350
Angiosperm phylogeny 351
Mapping additional information onto
phylogenetic trees 353
Insights into evolutionaiy relationships
provided by molecular phylogenetic studies 355
Timescales and timetrees: the role of fossils
and molecular clocks 359
Universal or local clocks? 359
Origin and age of the Angiosperms 360
Floral evolution 362
Molecular genetics of floral evolution 363
The metaphor of the Tree of Life: its strengths
and weaknesses 366
How far do phylogenetic trees reveal the
course of evolution? 366
Plant evolution: limitations of the Tree of Life
metaphor 370
Angiosperm evolution: what role for
saltational change? 371
Constraints in evolution 375
Genome sequencing: prospects for further
insights into phylogeny 375
X
Contents
Classification and the Tree of Life 376
Traditional taxonomy, cladism and molecular
systematics 378
17 Historical biogeography 382
The Deluge and Noah s Ark 382
The Deluge and plant distribution 382
Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century
investigations of plant geography 383
Long-range dispersal: early investigations 383
Land bridges: historie ideas 384
Continental drift 384
Pangaea and the geographical origin of the
angiosperms 385
Ancient extinetions 386
The K-T extinetion 387
The Pleistocene 391
Advances in plate tectonics on the
interpretation of plant distributions 392
Modern phylogeographical investigations of
plant distributions 393
Factors considered in modelling 394
Long-range dispersal: new insights 395
Single and recurrent long-range
dispersal 396
Evidence for back colonisation 397
From which source(s) did long-distance
migrants origínate? 397
Disjunctions: long-distance dispersal or
vicariance? 398
The investigation of divergence times for taxa 399
Mediterranean island endemics: dating and
ancestral area reconstruction 400
Phylogenetic studies of the opening of a land
bridge 400
Migration: implications of specialisation 400
Quaternary Ice Ages: plant survival,
Migration and extinetion 401
Refugia in different parts of the world 404
Implications of refuges 404
Migration from refuges 405
The refugial hypothesis of Amazonian
speciation 407
Palaeoecology: insights from the study of
ancient DNA 407
Multidisciplinaiy approaches in
biogeography: two case histories 408
Concluding remarks 409
18 The evolutionary impact of human
activities 411
Humans: as animals practising extreme niche
construction 411
Human impact on the environment 411
The evolutionary effects of human activities 412
Assessing human impacts on ecosystems:
sources of evidence 412
From natural ecosystems to cultural landscapes 413
The extent of human-modified ecosystems 414
Plants: their different roles on the cultural
landscape stage 416
Interactions between plants 418
Do human activities present threats to
biodiversity? 419
Human influences: habitat loss and
fragmentation 419
Human influences: introduced organisms 420
The ecological consequences of introduced
species 422
Human influences: the effects of pollution 422
Eutrophication 423
Acid Rain 423
Human influences: global climate change 424
The Greenhouse Effect 424
Direct Observation of climate change 425
Predictions of future climate change 425
Climate change: human influences 426
Climate change sceptics and deniers 426
Biological effects of climate change: species
adapt, move or die 427
Climate change presents new selection
pressures 427
The footprint of climate change 428
Forecasting future changes in distribution 430
Adaptive responses to climate change 431
Ecosystem changes under climate change 432
How many species are threatened with
extinetion? 434
Assessment of extinetion risk by experts
using IUCN and other categories 435
Contents
Endangered species: an overview
Concluding remarks 438
437
19 The taxonomic challenge ahead 439
What are the prospects of the completion of
a catalogue oflife? 439
The renewal of taxonomy 440
Barcoding: its history and potential in
taxonomic investigations 442
Barcoding: a route to the reinvigoration of
taxonomy? 445
The status of taxonomy in an era dominated
by molecular biology 446
Will Earth s species all be named before they
become extinct? 447
20 Conservation: from protection to
restoration and beyond 449
Ex situ conservation 449
Seed banks 452
Ex situ conservation: the future 453
The role of protected areas in countering the
threat of extinction 454
Managing reserves to prevent extinction of
species 457
Restoration ecology 458
Creative conservation: Community
translocations 459
Creative conservation: wildflower mixtures 459
Plants/seed of native provenance 459
Manipulating and creating populations in an
attempt to prevent extinction 460
Restocking (augmentation, reinforcement) of
existing population(s) 460
Restorations using clonal plants from various
sources 461
Re-establishment (reinstatement) of an
extinct population 461
Founding population(s) in new areas 462
Mix or match: inbreeding and outbreeding
depression 462
Founding new populations: seed v. plants 463
Restoration projects: issues and prospects 463
Species restoration projects: what counts as
success? 463
Recommendations for better restorations 463
Aims and objectives of conservation: looking
back and considering the future 465
Assisted migration 466
Major dilemmas with past-orientated
conservation models 469
Setting priorities in conservation 470
Creative conservation: economic and political
considerations 471
Concluding remarks 472
Glossary 478
References 482
Index 569
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Briggs, David 1936- Walters, Stuart M. 1920-2005 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)171990153 (DE-588)123738911 |
| author_facet | Briggs, David 1936- Walters, Stuart M. 1920-2005 |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Briggs, David 1936- |
| author_variant | d b db s m w sm smw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043631374 |
| classification_rvk | WH 6460 |
| collection | ZDB-20-CBO |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)952005750 (DE-599)BVBBV043631374 |
| discipline | Biologie |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1017/CBO9781139060196 |
| edition | Fourth edition |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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| id | DE-604.BV043631374 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:31:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781139060196 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029045407 |
| oclc_num | 952005750 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-92 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-92 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource Illustrationen |
| psigel | ZDB-20-CBO ZDB-20-CBO BSB_PDA_CBO ZDB-20-CBO FHN_PDA_CBO ZDB-20-CBO UBM_PDA_CBO_Kauf |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Briggs, David 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)171990153 aut Plant variation and evolution David Briggs, Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, and Stuart Max Walters, Former Director of Cambridge University Botanic Garden ; this edition revised by David Briggs Fourth edition Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2016 1 Online-Ressource Illustrationen txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Mutation (DE-588)4170883-0 gnd rswk-swf Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Phylogenie (DE-588)4076110-1 gnd rswk-swf Variabilität (DE-588)4264568-2 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s Phylogenie (DE-588)4076110-1 s Variabilität (DE-588)4264568-2 s 1\p DE-604 Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 s 2\p DE-604 Mutation (DE-588)4170883-0 s 3\p DE-604 Walters, Stuart M. 1920-2005 Verfasser (DE-588)123738911 aut Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-107-60222-9 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139060196 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029045407&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Briggs, David 1936- Walters, Stuart M. 1920-2005 Plant variation and evolution Mutation (DE-588)4170883-0 gnd Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Phylogenie (DE-588)4076110-1 gnd Variabilität (DE-588)4264568-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4170883-0 (DE-588)4071050-6 (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4076110-1 (DE-588)4264568-2 |
| title | Plant variation and evolution |
| title_auth | Plant variation and evolution |
| title_exact_search | Plant variation and evolution |
| title_full | Plant variation and evolution David Briggs, Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, and Stuart Max Walters, Former Director of Cambridge University Botanic Garden ; this edition revised by David Briggs |
| title_fullStr | Plant variation and evolution David Briggs, Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, and Stuart Max Walters, Former Director of Cambridge University Botanic Garden ; this edition revised by David Briggs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant variation and evolution David Briggs, Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, and Stuart Max Walters, Former Director of Cambridge University Botanic Garden ; this edition revised by David Briggs |
| title_short | Plant variation and evolution |
| title_sort | plant variation and evolution |
| topic | Mutation (DE-588)4170883-0 gnd Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Phylogenie (DE-588)4076110-1 gnd Variabilität (DE-588)4264568-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mutation Evolution Pflanzen Phylogenie Variabilität |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139060196 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029045407&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT briggsdavid plantvariationandevolution AT waltersstuartm plantvariationandevolution |