An introduction to child development:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Los Angeles
Sage
2016
|
| Ausgabe: | 3rd edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Sage foundations of psychology
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxvi, 428 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781446274026 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176346387054592 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
About the Authors xv
Publisher s Acknowledgements xvii
Guided Tour xix
SAGE edge xxi
Preface xxiii
Background xxiii
Developmental Psychology Today xxiii
The Structure of the Text xxiv
How to Use This Book xxv
SECTION I INTRODUCTION, THEORIES AND METHODS 1
1 The Principles of Developmental Psychology 3
Introduction 4
What is ‘Development’? 5
The Study of Child Development: A Brief History 6
Principles of Life-span Development 8
Contextualism in developmental psychology 9
Cultural context 10
Chronological age in developmental psychology 12
Themes and Issues in Developmental Psychology 13
Continuity and discontinuity 13
Stability and change 14
Maturation versus experience in development: the nature-nurture debate 17
Glossary 20
2 Theories of Development 23
Introduction: What is a Theory? 24
Theories of Human Development 26
Psychodynamic theory 27
Psychosocial theory 28
Developmental task theory 30
Behaviourism and social learning theory 31
The ethological perspective 34
Evolutionary developmental theory 35
Introduction to Child Development
The bioecological model of development 37
Life course theory 40
Dynamic systems theory 41
Cognitive Developmental Theories 43
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development 43
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of development 44
Information processing accounts of development 45
Summary 48
Glossary 48
3 Research Methodology in Developmental Psychology 53
Introduction 54
Measurement Techniques: How to Gather Data about Children 55
Survey methods 55
Observational methods 55
Interviewing children 58
Reports on children by others 59
Psychophysiological methods 59
Research Design 64
Controlled experiments 64
Quasi-experiments 67
Non-experimental designs 68
Case studies 69
Research Designs to Study Development 70
The cross-sectional design 71
Longitudinal designs 72
Microgenetic designs 73
The time-lag design 73
Ethical Issues in Research on Child Development 74
Summary 77
Glossary 77
SECTION II THE BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVELOPMENT 83
4 The Biological Foundations of Development I: Physical Growth,
Motor Development and Genetics 85
Introduction 86
The Course of Physical Growth 86
Prenatal development 87
Fetal learning 90
Birth 90
Contents
Prematurity 91
Patterns of growth 92
Body size 92
Environmental factors in physical growth: nutrition 93
Hormonal influences 94
Sexual maturation 95
Motor Development 96
Maturation vs. experience 98
Gross and fine motor development 98
Motor development as a dynamic system 100
The development of motor skills beyond infancy 101
Genetics 101
Genes and environments 102
Behaviour genetics 104
Heritability 104
Epigenetics 105
Research designs in behaviour genetics 108
Summary 109
Glossary 110
5 The Biological Foundations of Development II: The Developing Brain 115
Introduction 116
Micro-level Structures of the Brain 116
Macro-level Structures of the Brain 118
Hemispheric Specialization 120
Developmental Neuroscience 122
Synaptic proliferation and pruning 125
Myelination 126
Neuroplasticity 127
Sensitive periods 128
Growth spurts 130
Brain stimulation 131
Summary 132
Glossary 132
SECTION III THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTION, COGNITION
AND LANGUAGE 137
6 Perception 139
Introduction 140
Why Study Perception? 141
ix
Introduction to Child Development
Theories of Perceptual Development 141
Piaget’s theory of perceptual development 143
Gibson’s theory of perceptual development 143
Ways of Studying Perceptual Development in Infants 145
The Development of the Senses 146
Touch 146
Taste 149
Smell 150
Hearing 151
The Development of Vision 152
Visual acuity 153
Colour vision 154
Pattern perception 155
Object perception 156
Face perception 156
Depth perception 15 8
Intermodal perception 160
Perceptual Development across the Life Span 161
Summary 162
Glossary 162
7 Theories of Cognitive Development 167
Introduction 168
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 169
An overview of Piagetian theory: key concepts 169
The sensorimotor stage 171
Early understanding of object permanence 173
The preoperational stage 175
The concrete operational stage 176
The formal operational stage 178
Criticisms of Piagetian theory 180
Educational applications of Piaget’s theory 181
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development 182
The zone of proximal development 184
Language and play 185
The implications of Vygotsky’s theory for education 186
Criticisms of Vygotsky’s theory 187
Information Processing Theories 188
The information processing system 188
A neo-Piagetian theory of cognitive development 191
Connectionism 192
x
Contents
Summary 192
Glossary 192
Cognitive Processes 197
Introduction 198
Attention 198
Aspects of attention 199
Attention strategies 199
Attention as a cognitive resource 202
Memory 203
Retrieving memory 204
Memory strategies 206
Metacognition 207
Problem Solving 208
Summary 210
Glossary 210
The Development of Language and Communication 213
Introduction 214
Theories of Language Development 215
Learning theory 215
Nativist theory 216
Interactionist views 219
Preverbal Communication 220
Phonological Development 222
Categorical speech perception 222
Semantic Development 225
First words 225
Theories of semantic development 226
Errors in early semantic development 227
Semantic development beyond the preschool years 228
The Development of Syntax/Grammar 228
First sentences 229
The Development of Pragmatics 231
Becoming an effective communicator 232
Speech act theory 235
Conversational implicature 235
Nonliteral language 237
Metalinguistic ability 238
Summary 238
Glossary 238
xi
Introduction to Child Development
SECTION IV EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT 243
10 Emotional Development 245
Introduction 246
The Development of Emotional Expressions 247
Early emotions 247
Emotional development beyond infancy 249
The Development of Emotional Understanding 250
Using emotional information: social referencing 250
The development of complex emotions 251
Understanding multiple emotions 252
Emotion scripts 252
Emotion Regulation 253
Emotional intelligence 257
Culture and emotion 258
The Development of Attachment 259
Bowlby’s theory of attachment 259
The development of the attachment relationship 261
Quality of attachment and the strange situation 262
The stability of attachment 263
The consequences of attachment relationships 264
Attachment and culture 265
Temperament 265
Defining temperament 265
The measurement of temperament 269
The continuity of temperament 270
Goodness of fit 271
Temperament and adjustment 272
Summary 272
Glossary 273
11 Social Development 277
Introduction 278
Theories of Social Development 279
Types of Play and Their Functions 282
The Developmental Course of Peer Interaction 286
Infancy (birth to 1 year) 286
Early childhood (2 to 5 years) 288
Middle to late childhood (6 to 12 years) 289
Adolescence (12 to 18 years) 290
xii
Contents
Determinants of Peer Acceptance 290
Peer status 292
Consequences of low peer status 293
Friendship 295
Friendship formation 295
Conceptions of friendship 296
The maintenance of friendships 297
The functions of friendship 297
Social Cognitive Development 297
The child’s Theory of mind’ 298
Why call it a ‘theory’ of mind? 298
Desires and beliefs 299
Understanding misrepresentation: the case of false beliefs 300
Early social experience and the development of theory of mind 301
Theory of mind and later social development 302
The development of self and the differentiation of self
from others 303
Understanding others’ perspectives 304
Summary 305
Glossary 306
12 Moral Development 309
Introduction 310
Theories of Moral Development 311
Learning theory and social learning theory 311
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development 313
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development 313
Emotion and Morality 317
Guilt, shame and embarrassment 317
Sympathy, empathy and perspective taking 318
Moral Reasoning and Moral Behaviour 319
Prosocial behaviour 319
Self-control and delay of gratification 320
Distributive justice 323
Aggression 323
Aggression across development 324
Gender differences 324
Causes of aggression 325
Summary 327
Glossary 328
xiii
Introduction to Child Development
SECTION V APPLIED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 331
13 Developmental Psychopathology 333
Introduction 334
The Measurement of Psychopathology 336
Childhood Disorders 339
Intellectual disability 339
Depression 341
Anxiety 343
Conduct disorder 345
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 347
Autism 349
Risk and Resilience 352
Prevention and Treatment 360
Summary 361
Glossary 362
References 365
Index 417
xiv
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