Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Polish |
Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Polska Akademia Umiejętności
2015
|
Schriftenreihe: | Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego / Polska Akademia Umiejętności
tom 115 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Personenregister Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | 187 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen 25 cm |
ISBN: | 9788376762210 |
Internformat
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490 | 1 | |a Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego / Polska Akademia Umiejętności |v tom 115 | |
505 | 8 | |a Bibliografie Seite 175-178, Index | |
546 | |a Zusammenfassungen in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: Superpowers in light of crises in the European countries of the Soviet sphere of influence 1948-1968 | ||
648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1948-1968 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
650 | 4 | |a Konflikt społeczny / kraje socjalistyczne | |
650 | 4 | |a Kraje socjalistyczne / polityka wewnętrzna | |
650 | 7 | |a Konflikty społeczne / Kraje socjalistyczne / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
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651 | 4 | |a Stany Zjednoczone / polityka / kraje socjalistyczne | |
651 | 4 | |a Wielka Brytania / polityka / kraje socjalistyczne | |
651 | 7 | |a Kraje socjalistyczne / polityka i rządy / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
651 | 7 | |a Jugosławia / stosunki zagraniczne / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
651 | 7 | |a Wielka Brytania / stosunki zagraniczne / Jugosławia / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
651 | 7 | |a Stany Zjednoczone / stosunki zagraniczne / Jugosławia / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
651 | 7 | |a Jugosławia / stosunki zagraniczne / Stany Zjednoczone / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
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689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1948-1968 |A z |
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810 | 2 | |a Polska Akademia Umiejętności |t Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego |v tom 115 |w (DE-604)BV008199286 |9 115 | |
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856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028988892&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804176251462615040 |
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adam_text | Spis tresci
Wstçp ....................................................................... 7
Rozdzial I: Miçdzynarodowe reperkusje praskiego puczu z 1948 r............ 13
Rozdzial II: Finlandia 1948. Pucz nieudany ................................. 29
Rozdzial III: Stany Zjednoczone i Wielka Brytania wobec kryzysu jugoslowiañskie-
go w latach 1948-1949 ................................................. 47
Rozdzial IV: Rewolta 1953 r. w Niemieckiej Republice Demokratycznej i jej miç-
dzynarodowe reperkusje................................................. 75
Rozdzial V: Polska i Wçgry w 1956 r...................................... 93
Rozdzial VI: Pañstwa NATO wobec wydarzeñ w Czechoslowacji w 1968 r. ....... 135
Wnioski................................................................... 171
Bibliografía selektywna.................................................... 175
Spis ilustracji........................................................... 179
Indeks osób ............................................................. 180
Summary.................................................................... 185
Indeks osób
Abramow Aleksandr 33
Acheson Dean 60, 63, 66
Adenauer Konrad 82, 90, 91
Albert Andrzej (Wojciech Roszkowski) 101,
135, 176
Alphand Hervé 123, 129, 149, 150
Andropow Jurij 113, 116, 117, 120, 123, 139
Applebaum Anne 80, 85, 86, 107, 108, 126, 176
Attlee Clement 33
Bakaric Wladimir 49
Ball George 147, 154, 155
Barbirek Frantisek 160
Bames Spencer 110—112, 118, 120
Bartoszewicz Henryk 34, 48, 49, 176
Baszkiewicz Jan 153, 176
Báta Istvan 123, 125
Beam Jacob 95, 144
Bebler Ales 52, 65, 68, 69
Bencik Antonin 10, 139, 146, 154, 159, 160, 176
Bielnicki Adam 12
Bahr Egon 86
Bene§ Edvard 10, 13-16, 20-27, 80, 177
Benesova Hanna 22
Beran Josef 27
Berard Armand 155, 156
Berman Jakub 100
Berthoud Eric 103
Bevin Emest 13, 16, 18-22, 24, 27, 34, 44, 58,
62, 64, 70
Bidault Georges 17
Bierut Boleslaw 99
Bilak Vasil 139, 141, 159, 160
Bohlen Charles 65, 78, 118, 123, 130
Bohn Robert 10, 32, 176, 178
Bonarek Jacek 53, 61, 176
Boncour Paul 112, 114
Bordzilowski Jerzy 107
Borejsza Jerzy 99
Brandt Willi 148, 167, 169
Braun Grzegorz 179
Brentano Heinrich von 132
Brezniew Leonid 126, 135, 139—141, 143, 159,
160, 167
Brilej Joze 122
Broniarek Romuald 179
BrosioManlio 142, 157, 158, 161
Brzeziñski Zbigniew 98-100, 103, 146, 176
Budrewicz Tadeusz 12
Bulganin Nikolaj 77, 83-87, 103, 115, 123
Burrows Bernard 141, 161
Campbell Ross 142, 166
Cannon Cavendish 47, 58, 59, 68, 70
Carapkin Siemion 70, 148
Carton de Wiart Hubert 17, 25
Cemik Oldrich 146, 156, 160
Chauvel Jean 113
Chruszczow Nikita 11, 77, 89, 99,102-109, 112,
115, 116, 118, 119, 123-126, 131, 135, 176
Churchill Winston Spencer 7, 8, 53, 177
Cisaf Cestmir 149
Clay Lucius 57
Clementis Vlado 47
Cleveland Harlan 141, 161, 166
Clissold Stephen 10, 50, 64, 68, 71, 72, 176
Coleman David G. 78, 88, 176
Conant James 89, 90
Congdon Lee 96, 112, 113, 116, 117, 126, 175-
-177
Courcel Geoffroy de 166
Comut-Gentille Bernard 113, 120, 121
Cumont Charles de 142, 156
Cyrankiewicz Józef 101, 104, 105
Czekalski Tadeusz 53, 61, 176
Czerwenkow Wylko 109
Indeks osób
181
Cziomer Erhard 76, 87, 176
Czou Enlaj (Zou Enlai) 116
Davenport Marcia 23
David Jozef 25
Debré Michel 149, 151, 162, 168, 169
Delaney Robert 93
Dibrowa Pavel 87
Dimitrow Georgi 48, 49
Dixon Pearson 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21-26,42, 47,
120-123, 128-131
Dobrynin Anatolij 145, 147
Drtina Prokop 10, 13, 15, 22, 24, 175
Dubcek Aleksander 9, 10, 138-144, 146, 149,
154, 156, 158, 160, 161, 173, 176
Dudek Antoni 104, 175
Duchacek Ivo 16
Dulles Allan 80
Dulles John Forster 88, 90, 92, 95, 113, 114,
122,123, 132
Duros elle Jean Baptiste 11, 20, 53, 78, 97, 176
Dzúr Martin 159
Dzilas Milovan 48—50
Eden Anthony 7, 92
Edwards R. 143
Elvert Jürgen 9, 32, 176, 178
Enckell Carl 31, 33, 34, 39
Erenburg Ilia 95
Etherington-Smith Gordon 34, 35, 38^4-0, 42, 45
Fagerholm Carl-August 31, 44
Farkas Michály 111
Fejto François 11, 14, 51, 73, 80, 176
Firt Julius 16, 21
Fis er Vladimir 14, 176
Forrestal James 57, 176
Fry Leslie 97, 98, 102, 109-111, 114, 115, 120
Furcewa Jekaterina 117, 119
G.J 51, 176
Galicjanin zob. Andrzej Kastory
Gallet Marcel 43
Garlicki Andrzej 140, 160, 161, 175
Gaulle Charles de 149, 151-153, 156
Gero Emo 72, 108-110, 112, 114
Gerstenmaier Eugen 148
Gheorghiu-Dej Gheorge 124
Gierek Edward 105
Gimes Miklós 132
Given E.F 133
Gluchowski Leszek W 11, 103-107, 177
Gomulka Wladyslaw 9, 50, 99, 102-108, 112,
114, 117, 119, 124, 139-141, 150, 160, 175,
179
Gore Albert 152
Gottwald KJement 13—16, 21—25, 79, 80
Granville Johanna 98, 121, 177
Greczko Andriej 81, 84-86, 144
Groza Petru 7
Guiringaud Louis de 129
Gromyko Andrzej 160, 167
Hacha Emil 26
HajekJifi 154, 155
Hammerskjöld Dag 121
Hankey Robert 16, 21, 33, 34, 37
Harriman Averell William 55, 56
Hasan Sabiha 58, 177
Havel Vaclav 146
Hay Gyula 111
Hayter William 117, 118
Headmore Julian 87
Hegedüs Andras 109, 110, 112
Henryk VIII 59
Hentilä Seppo 10, 29—31, 42, 177
Hemstadt Rudolf 84
Hickerson John D. 58, 70
Hitler Adolf 27, 159
Hoover Herbert 128
Hora Ota 10, 22, 176
Horvath Mifdos 112, 117, 177
Horvath Zoltán 111
Husak Gustav 159, 160
Indra Alois 141, 159, 160
Izydorczyk Jan 90
Jackson William 89, 91
Jastrzqb Lukasz 101, 177
Jebb Gladwyn 65
Jina Jan 15, 16
Johnson Louis 63
Johnson Lyndon 144, 147, 151, 153, 162, 165
Judin Pawel 77, 83-88
Jussila Osmo 10, 29—31, 42, 177
Kaczmarek Czeslaw 98, 107
Kadar Janos 73, 114, 119, 123-126, 129, 131,
139, 141
182
Indeks osób
Kaganowicz Lazar 77, 112, 115, 116
Kaplan Karel 10, 13-17, 21, 24, 25, 27, 177
Kardelj Edward 48,49, 51, 53, 56, 68
Karolczak Kazimierz 12, 54, 177
Kastory Agnieszka Malgorzata 12, 52, 66, 72,
177
Kastory Andrzej 7, 8, 29, 36, 53, 54, 64, 66,
71-73, 176
Kecskés Gusztáv D. 110, 127, 132, 177
Kekkonen Urho 10, 31, 39, 40, 44, 176, 179
Kennan George 58, 65
Kidric Boris 50
Kilpi Eino 43, 44
Király Bela K 11, 96, 110, 112, 113, 116, 117,
126, 128, 129, 175-177
Kirkpatrick Ivone 91, 113
Klepacz Mi chai 103
Klinger Oskar 15, 16, 21-23
Kliszko Zenon 105
Knorring von K.N. 42
Kochanowski Jerzy 126, 177
Kochanski Aleks ander 104, 175
Kohler Foy David 57, 59
Kolder Drahomir 141
Koniew Iwan 116, 119, 125, 126
Kosanovic Sava 70
Koskinen Aamo Yijö 45
Kostow Trajczo 73
Kosygin Aleksiej 139, 144, 160
Kovrig Bennett 96-98, 103, 177
Kós Péter 121
Krajina Vladimir 16, 21
Kramer Mark 11, 112, 117, 124-126, 176
Krasko Wincenty 101
Kreiner Jerzy 12
Kriegel Frantisek 146, 149
Khrushchev zob. Chruszczow Nikita
Kucera Bohuslav 159
Kujawska-Tenner Jadwiga 179
Kuusinen Herta 39, 44
Kuusinen Otton 44
Kwapis Robert 148, 177
Lasonczy Gesa 111
Léblová Alena 176
Lee John Marshall 156
Leino Yijö 30, 31, 39, 42-44
Leynen M.H. 143
Lie Trygve 70, 71
Linkomies Edwin 31
Lister George T. 95
Litván György 116, 117, 177
Liu Shaoqui 124
Lloyd Selwyn 102, 109-111, 131
Lodge Cabot 121, 122, 127, 129, 130
Loga-Sowiñski Ignacy 105
Lovett Robert 57
Lukaszewski Jerzy 49, 178
Machcewicz Pawel 11, 99, 100, 177
Machnik Jan 53, 178
Maclean Fitzroy 61, 62
Mahlert Ulrich 10, 87, 177
Maitland Donald 162
Malenkow Georgij 48, 77, 81, 82, 88, 89, 98,
124, 126, 172
Maléter Pál 115, 122, 125, 132
Malik Jakub 153-155
Malin (Malin’s Notes) 11, 112, 115, 117-120,
124, 125, 177
Malinin Michail 112, 125
Mania Andrzej 11, 114, 122, 127, 128, 144, 147,
148, 151, 152, 155, 162, 178
Mannerheim Carl Gustav 31
Mansfield Mike 144
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) 69, 124
Marjoribanks James 60
Markos Wafiadis 61
Marshall George 8, 17, 32, 37, 48, 55, 56, 60,
177
Masaryk Jan 15, 21-24
Masaryk Tomas 23
Materski Wojciech 68
McGee George 67
Medici Giuseppe 152, 167
Michowicz Waldemar 68, 177
Mikojan Anastas 77, 105, 108, 112, 114^116,
118-120, 126
Mindszenty József 111, 115, 126, 130
Molotow Wiaczeslaw 7, 48-50, 76, 77, 80, 83-
87, 89, 90, 106, 112, 115, 116, 124
Moulis Vladislav 11, 77, 80, 139, 178
Miinnich Ferenc 119, 123, 125, 131
Murphy Robert 95, 123
Mulik Jan 153, 154
Nagy Imre 9, 98, 102, 108, 109, 111-117, 119—
-121, 123-126, 128-132, 144, 177
Nagy Károly 96, 112,113, 116, 117,126, 175-177
Indeks osób
183
Nehru Jawahar Lai 116
Nenni Pietro 20
Nevakivi Jukka 10, 29-31, 42, 177
Nikos Zachariadis 61
Nosek Václav 13, 16, 22
Novotny Antonin 79, 141
Nurek Mieczyslaw 103, 108, 175
Ochab Edward 99, 103-105
Oliver Henry 35
Oelssner Fred 81
Owczynnikow Michal 107
Paasikivi Kusti Juho 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39-41,
44, 45, 171, 179
Paczkowski Andrzej 140, 160, 161, 175
Pajórek Leszek 142, 143, 146, 178
Palmowski Jan 58, 176
Papánek Ján 19
Parodi Alexandre 126, 127
Patek Artur 126, 178
Peake Charles 56, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67-69, 73
Pekkala Eino 31
Pekkala Mauno 31,39, 44
Peltonen Onni 39, 40
Perkins George W. 110
Persak Krzysztof 104, 175
Peterson Maurice 34, 41
Pietor Ivan 16
Pineau Christian 95, 107, 108, 113, 114, 121,
127, 129, 131
Pirjevec Joze 49, 54, 178
Pius XII 103
Podgomy Nikoiaj 140
Ponomarienko Panteleimon 104
Puntila L.A. 10, 30, 178
Putensen Dörte 10, 32, 40, 178
Rajk Laszlo 72, 73, 102, 111
Rakosi Mathias 72, 73, 98, 102, 108, 109, 111,
124
Ramsay Henryk 31
Rangell Johan Wilhelm 31
Rankovic Aleksander 50, 59
Rapacki Adam 105
Reams Robert 47, 56, 57
Ripka Hubert 21
Robb James 35
Robert Frank 131
RockefFeler David 93, 94
Rojek Wojciech 11, 50, 53, 58, 97, 178
Rokossowski Konstanty 100, 104—107
Romulo Carlos 70, 71
Roosevelt Eleanor 70
Roosevelt Franklin Delano 7
Ross John 71
Rostow Eugen 144
Roziers Burin des 152
Rözahski Jozef 99
Rumbold Anthony 69
Rusk Dean 69, 70, 144, 145, 147, 148, 152, 164,
167-169
RutynaZofia 10, 47, 49, 50, 55
Rydel Jan 126, 178
Ryti Risto 31
Saburow Aleksander 117
Salzano Ferrariis 142
Sargent Orme 23, 26, 60
Savonenkow Georgij 33, 34, 44
Schaff Oscar 122
Schuman Robert 58
Scott Oswald 30, 32—34, 36-45
Sebestyen Victor 113—116, 119, 120, 122, 124—
-126, 131, 132, 178
Selbmann Fritz 83
Seydoux François 146, 148
Seydoux Roger 141, 161
Siemaszko Zbyszko 179
Siemionow Wladimir 77, 81-88
Sierow Iwan 112, 116, 118, 119, 125
Sik Ota 138
Simic Stanoje 51
Skobelski Robert 106, 107, 178
Slanskÿ Rudolf 13
Smimowski Michail 145
Smith Walter Bedell 54
Smrkovski Josef 146, 160
Srnutny Jaromir 15, 16, 24
Sobolew Arkady 121, 122, 128
Söderhjelm Johan 39, 40
Sokolowski Wasilij 77, 83-88
Soldatic Dalibor 110, 111, 126
Sowa Andrzej Leon 95, 101, 103, 178
Spacek Josef 149
Sprawski Slawomir 53, 61, 176
Spychalski Marian 105
Stalin Jozef 7, 9, 10, 34, 35, 37-39, 47, 49-53,
55, 65, 69, 70, 75-80, 88, 91, 94, 95, 98-
-100, 102, 171, 172, 176
184
Indeks osób
Stassen Harold 114
Stawowy-Kawka Irena 53, 178
Steel Christopher 110
Steinhardt Laurence 15, 17, 18,21, 23-25
Stevens Francis B. 93
Stewart Michael 152, 153, 165, 166
Stransky Jan 16, 21
Strazewski Wsiewolod 101
Strzalkowski Roman 101
Suslow Michail 112, 114-116, 118-120
Svento Reinhold 39
Svoboda Ludwik 14, 15, 20, 140, 146, 154,155,
158-161
Szabö Jänos 121, 123, 129
Szelest Piotr 139
Szepilow Dmitrij T. 84, 116
Szlachcic Franciszek 103
Swiatlo Jözef (Jözef Fleichfarb) 98
Tanner Väinö 31
Tanty Mieczyslaw 10, 50, 59, 61, 178
Tarasow Nikolaj 85, 86
Templer Gerald 35
Thierry Adrien 52
Thomas Charles 43, 44
Thompson Llewellyn 144
Tischler Jänos 117, 124, 125, 175
Tito Josip Broz 9, 47, 49-68, 72, 73, 109, 125,
172, 177, 179
Tomaszewski Jerzy 23-26, 80, 178
Torma August 33
Tormes Josef 176
Turlej Stanislaw 53, 61, 176
Ulbricht Walter 75-77, 81, 83, 84, 88, 89, 140
Uryga Zenon 12
Valenta Jaroslav 11, 77, 80, 139, 178
Vaughan Patrick 146
Vennamo Veikko 30
Vratusa Anton 154
Vukmanovic Svetozar 50
Vykoukal Jifi P 11, 77, 80, 139, 178
Wailes Thomas 127, 130
Walkiewicz Wieslaw 54, 109, 178
Wandycz Piotr 49, 178
Wapler Amauld 150, 151, 158, 159
Warren Avre 33, 34
Wengst Udo 77, 83, 85, 178
Wçc Janusz Józef 126
Wheeler Earle 147
WillmanAdam 150, 151, 158
Wilson Harold 153, 163
Wizner Frank 55, 56
Wormser Olivier 149, 160-162
Woroszylow Kliment 115, 116
Wuori Eero 37
Wyszynski Andriej 52, 71, 72
Wyszynski Stefan 98, 99, 103, 107, 108
Zacharias Michal Jerzy 10, 48-53, 59, 178
Zambrowski Roman 104
Zapotockÿ Antonín 15, 16, 79
Zawadzki Aleksander 104—106
Zeisser Wilhelm 84, 89
Zenkl Petr 21
Zorin Walerian 16, 19, 22, 149, 150
Zyblikiewicz Lubomir 129, 178
Zalinski Henryk 12
ZdanowAndriej 29, 30, 48
Ziwkow Todor 109, 124, 139, 141
Zmudzki Jacek 29, 178
ZukowGeorgij 81, 112, 114, 116-119, 126
Bibliografía selektywna
Archiwalia
Archives de Ministère des Affaires étrangères, Paryz.
Archives de Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Commerce extérieur, Bruksela.
National Archives, Londyn.
NATO Archives, Bruksela.
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Documents diplomatiques français, 1956, t. 1, Paris 1988; DDF, t. II, Paris 1989, t. Ill, Paris 1990.
Dudek A., Kochanski A., Persak K. (opr.), Centrum wladzy. Protokofy posiedzen kierownictwa
PZPR. Wyborzlat 1949-1970, Warszawa 2000.
Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers, 1948 (FRUS), vol. IV: Eastern Europe,
The Soviet Union, Washington 1974.
FRUS, 1949, vol. II: United Nations, The Western Hemisphere,
http://digital.library.wisc.edu/171 l.dl/FRUS.FRUS 1949.
FRUS, 1949, vol. V, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1949v05
FRUS, 1952-1954, vol. VII, part 2, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS 195254v07p2.
FRUS, 1952-1954, vol. VIII, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS 195254v08p2.
FRUS, 1955-1957, vol. XXV, Washington 1990.
FRUS, 1964—1968, vol. XVII, Washington 1996.
Garlicki A., Paczkowski A. (opr.), Zaciskanie petli. Tajne dokumenty dotyczace Czechoslowacii
1968 r, Warszawa 1995.
Gomulka W., Przemôwienia. Pazdziernik 1956 - wrzesien 1957, Warszawa 1957.
Germany in the Cold War. Cold War International History Project. Collection. Library of Con-
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Nurek M., Raporty roczne ambasady brytyjskiej w Warszawie 1945—1970, Warszawa 2003.
Ostermann Ch., New Documents on the East German Uprising of1953. Introduction and Commen-
tary by..,, [w:] Cold War International History Project Bulletin.
Tischler Janos (opr.), Rewolucja wçgierska 1956 w polskich dokumentach, Warszawa 1995.
White Book on agressive acctivities by the Govemement of the USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria and Albania towards Yugoslavia, Beogard 1951.
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Summary
Superpowers in light of crises in the European countries
of the Soviet sphere of influence 1948-1968
The first three crises were tied to the intention of imposing a full Soviet control. The
Russians were only successful in the case of Czechoslovakia, especially the part depen-
dent on Moscow. The expatriation of the Germans from the territories of Czechoslovakia
would not have been possible without the support of the Soviets. In Prague, there was still
hope that they could do the same with Hungarians, and the conflict between Poland and
Czechoslovakia synergised with the division in the Cieszyn part of Silesia. Solutions in
these cases depended on the standpoint of Moscow. The Czechoslovakian politicians of
various orientations were aware of this and in substance accepted the actions of the com-
munist party leaders using the Soviet support with surrender. In the capitals of Western
countries, the takeover of power by the communists in Prague was also accepted with
reluctance. What was most feared was that the communist parties, in France and particu-
larly in Italy, would follow the Czech example of similar actions.
Finland, after two wars with the Soviet Union (1939—1940; 1941-1944), did not
expect any political profits from the cooperation with the Soviet Union. Transparent,
anti-Soviet moods made it difficult for the communists to find their allies amongst social
democrats. The cordial takeover of power proved to be impossible, and Stalin refrained
from undertaking military intervention. The Finns, after the experiences with the Winter
War (1939-1940) did not count on the help from the West and decided to sign an alliance
with the Soviet Union which did not foresee the stationing of the Russian military in Fin-
land. By accepting the pro-Soviet orientation in foreign policy, they managed to secure
internal autonomy and save the democratic system. This truly was a surprise for the We-
stern observers. It was commonly believed that Finland is already lost and will undergo
complete Sovietisation. Of course, nobody was intending to haste with help, since the
greatest worry of the British and American diplomats was that the communist putsch in
Helsinki may horribly influence the moods of the remaining countries of Scandinavia.
The thesis that one cannot be a communist without being a Soviet satellite was qu-
estioned in the case of Yugoslavia. Joseph Broz Tito was used assistance of the allies very
skilfully. Once the war ended, he had sufficient potential for an independent takeover of
power at his disposal, and made an attempt to create a regional federation around Yu-
goslavia. At the beginning of 1948, Stalin withdrew his support for these intentions and
attempted to remove Tito from power. Tito became an object of brutal attacks of propa-
ganda, while Yugoslavia suffered economic sanctions from the countries of the Soviet
bloc. It was commonly believed that a military intervention is inevitable. In the United
186
Summary
States of America and Great Britain, such a turn of events was observed with interest or
even satisfaction, considering the reluctance demonstrated towards the Western Countries
from Tito’s regime in the previous years. Eventually, it was deemed purposeful to sup-
port Tito economically, inasmuch as to “keep him on the surface”. In the case of Soviet
military intervention, only the provision of war supplies was considered, however, it was
beyond doubt that no military assistance would be provided.
The movements in Eastern Germany in June 1953 had a very complicated backdrop.
It is without a doubt that an atrocious economic situation caused by “accelerated socia-
lisation” imposed by the leadership of communist party played a crucial role. It was not
without meaning that the inconsistency policy of the Soviet leadership, which after the
death of Stalin, was fighting to take up the lead. The speeches of both the Prime Minister
Georgy Malenkov and Minister of Internal Affairs Lavrenty Beria could indicate that the
withdrawal of the support of the communist team in Eastern Germany was considered. Its
behaviour was also provocative. By making the changes in the internal policy as sugge-
sted by Moscow, the increase of work norms by 10% announced in May 1953 remained
in force. This, in turn, became a direct cause for the workers of Berlin and other munici-
pal centres to take to the streets. These movements were cut short by the Soviet military.
50 people were killed, 20 more were shot by the Russians. 40 soviet soldiers died as well.
8-10 thousand people were arrested. President Eisenhower decided that the United States
could intervene only if the revolts in the Soviet bloc involved the Soviet Union and China,
since the revolts limited to the area of Eastern Europe could be dealt with by the Soviet
Union without any difficulty. This way of thinking resurfaced three years later, during
a crisis in Poland and revolution in Hungary.
The superpowers were finally influenced by the events in the Middle East. On 31 Oc-
tober, France and Great Britain undertook military actions against Egypt in cooperation
with Israel. The United States of America did not support this operation, and the United
Nations criticised it strongly. The view of France was that the United States were sa-
tisfied in terms of Hungary by the debate in the United Nations, simultaneously granting
Moscow support in redirecting the attention from Hungary towards the Middle East. The
Department of State claimed that open support for the processes occurring in Poland and
other countries of Eastern Europe carries too much of a risk. It was advised to settle on
minor benefits. Indeed, President Eisenhower did not intend to undertake any actions
which may have led to a confrontation with the Russians. In the military actions in Hun-
gary, about 2,600 Hungarians lost their lives (720 Russians), about 20 thousand were
wounded (1540 Russians), about 200 thousand people emigrated. Within the pacification
of the country, about 100 thousand people were sent to prisons. 26 thousand were incar-
cerated. Several thousand death penalties were executed. In the comments on the events
in Poland, the British ambassador was not surprised that the Russians threatened the use
of force and directed its military troops towards Warsaw. He also wrote fondly of Go-
mulka, who managed to discourage Khrushchev to intervene. In his opinion, the Polish
leaders and society projected wisdom, “a trait so rarely seen from this individualistic and
unsettling country”. The experiences of Poland and a brutal lesson given to Hungary in
1956 sketched the boundaries of Soviet tolerance for the leaders of the satellite countries.
The malfunctioning economic systems did not undergo any substantial changes, and
totalitarian political systems did not include the growing aspirations of the society. Mean-
Summary
187
while, Czechoslovakia suffered from an enhancing crisis in the mid-1960s. Disputes on
the scope of necessary reforms led to a dispersion in the Czechoslovakian leadership and
removing Antonin Novotny from power, as well as the election of Aleksander Dubcek
to be the First Secretary of the Communist Party. Dubcek’s aim was to democratise the
system and create “socialism with a human face”. The abolishment of censorship in the
mass media at the turn of February and March 1968 included the public opinion in the
debate on the reforms. The surfacing civil society constituted a prelude to a counter rev-
olution, at least from the point of view of the leaders in the Soviet Union, Poland and
Eastern Germany. An intervention undertaken on 20 August 1968 by five countries of the
Warsaw Pact led to the deaths of 90 persons and injuries of 870, between 21 August and
18 October 1968.
The intervention evoked public disapproval and a heated debate in the United Na-
tions, specifically since it was preventive in nature. It did not remove the existing threats
for Soviet interests, but it prevented their creation. The fears that the Russians would
attempt to “cleanse” Romania and Yugoslavia were starting. The last case would mean
stepping outside the borders of the bloc. Since this never materialised, the reaction of
the NATO countries reflected the logic of dividing Europe into spheres of influence. The
repulsion towards the actions of the Soviet Union was accompanied by satisfaction that
all that happened on the other side of “the iron curtain”. The Americans did not intend to
actively engage in the defence of Czechoslovakia, especially since, in essence, “the global
balance” remained intact. A well-thought remark of the Canadian delegate in the Council
of NATO that Central Europe entered the period of instability did not spark any deeper
reflection. With the conviction that the current state of affairs in Central Europe is a ba-
sis of a peaceful coexistence, there was no intention to support or use the destabilisation
processes occurring in the communist regimes, claiming that this is an internal problem
of the Soviet empire.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Kastory, Andrzej 1939- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1112954724 |
author_facet | Kastory, Andrzej 1939- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Kastory, Andrzej 1939- |
author_variant | a k ak |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV043574102 |
contents | Bibliografie Seite 175-178, Index |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)950697825 (DE-599)BVBBV043574102 |
era | Geschichte 1948-1968 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1948-1968 |
format | Book |
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geographic | Stany Zjednoczone / polityka / kraje socjalistyczne Wielka Brytania / polityka / kraje socjalistyczne Kraje socjalistyczne / polityka i rządy / 1945-1970 jhpk Jugosławia / stosunki zagraniczne / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Wielka Brytania / stosunki zagraniczne / Jugosławia / 1945-1970 jhpk Stany Zjednoczone / stosunki zagraniczne / Jugosławia / 1945-1970 jhpk Jugosławia / stosunki zagraniczne / Stany Zjednoczone / 1945-1970 jhpk Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
geographic_facet | Stany Zjednoczone / polityka / kraje socjalistyczne Wielka Brytania / polityka / kraje socjalistyczne Kraje socjalistyczne / polityka i rządy / 1945-1970 Jugosławia / stosunki zagraniczne / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 Wielka Brytania / stosunki zagraniczne / Jugosławia / 1945-1970 Stany Zjednoczone / stosunki zagraniczne / Jugosławia / 1945-1970 Jugosławia / stosunki zagraniczne / Stany Zjednoczone / 1945-1970 Sowjetunion |
id | DE-604.BV043574102 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:29:13Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9788376762210 |
language | Polish |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028988892 |
oclc_num | 950697825 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 187 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen 25 cm |
publishDate | 2015 |
publishDateSearch | 2015 |
publishDateSort | 2015 |
publisher | Polska Akademia Umiejętności |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego / Polska Akademia Umiejętności |
spelling | Kastory, Andrzej 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)1112954724 aut Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968 Andrzej Kastory Kraków Polska Akademia Umiejętności 2015 187 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego / Polska Akademia Umiejętności tom 115 Bibliografie Seite 175-178, Index Zusammenfassungen in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: Superpowers in light of crises in the European countries of the Soviet sphere of influence 1948-1968 Geschichte 1948-1968 gnd rswk-swf Konflikt społeczny / kraje socjalistyczne Kraje socjalistyczne / polityka wewnętrzna Konflikty społeczne / Kraje socjalistyczne / 1945-1970 jhpk Einflusssphäre (DE-588)4151277-7 gnd rswk-swf Stany Zjednoczone / polityka / kraje socjalistyczne Wielka Brytania / polityka / kraje socjalistyczne Kraje socjalistyczne / polityka i rządy / 1945-1970 jhpk Jugosławia / stosunki zagraniczne / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Wielka Brytania / stosunki zagraniczne / Jugosławia / 1945-1970 jhpk Stany Zjednoczone / stosunki zagraniczne / Jugosławia / 1945-1970 jhpk Jugosławia / stosunki zagraniczne / Stany Zjednoczone / 1945-1970 jhpk Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Einflusssphäre (DE-588)4151277-7 s Geschichte 1948-1968 z DE-604 Polska Akademia Umiejętności Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego tom 115 (DE-604)BV008199286 115 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028988892&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028988892&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028988892&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028988892&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Kastory, Andrzej 1939- Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968 Bibliografie Seite 175-178, Index Konflikt społeczny / kraje socjalistyczne Kraje socjalistyczne / polityka wewnętrzna Konflikty społeczne / Kraje socjalistyczne / 1945-1970 jhpk Einflusssphäre (DE-588)4151277-7 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4151277-7 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
title | Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968 |
title_auth | Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968 |
title_exact_search | Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968 |
title_full | Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968 Andrzej Kastory |
title_fullStr | Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968 Andrzej Kastory |
title_full_unstemmed | Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968 Andrzej Kastory |
title_short | Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968 |
title_sort | mocarstwa wobec kryzysow w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wplywow 1948 1968 |
topic | Konflikt społeczny / kraje socjalistyczne Kraje socjalistyczne / polityka wewnętrzna Konflikty społeczne / Kraje socjalistyczne / 1945-1970 jhpk Einflusssphäre (DE-588)4151277-7 gnd |
topic_facet | Konflikt społeczny / kraje socjalistyczne Kraje socjalistyczne / polityka wewnętrzna Konflikty społeczne / Kraje socjalistyczne / 1945-1970 Einflusssphäre Stany Zjednoczone / polityka / kraje socjalistyczne Wielka Brytania / polityka / kraje socjalistyczne Kraje socjalistyczne / polityka i rządy / 1945-1970 Jugosławia / stosunki zagraniczne / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 Wielka Brytania / stosunki zagraniczne / Jugosławia / 1945-1970 Stany Zjednoczone / stosunki zagraniczne / Jugosławia / 1945-1970 Jugosławia / stosunki zagraniczne / Stany Zjednoczone / 1945-1970 Sowjetunion |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028988892&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028988892&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028988892&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028988892&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV008199286 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kastoryandrzej mocarstwawobeckryzysowweuropejskichkrajachsowieckiejstrefywpływow19481968 |