Archaeology: theories, methods and practice
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Thames & Hudson
2016
|
| Ausgabe: | Seventh edition, revised & updated |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Archaeology Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | 672 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780500292105 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS
Preface 9
Introduction
The Nature and Aims of Archaeology 1?
PART I
The Framework of Archaeology 79
BOX FEATURES
Experimental Archaeology 53
Wet Preservation; The Ozette Site 60
Dry Preservation: The Tomb of Tutankhamun 66
Cold Preservation 1: Mountain ''Mummies" 67
Cold Preservation 2; Snow Patch Archaeology 68
Cold Preservation 3: The Iceman 70
3 Where?
1 The Searchers
Survey and Excavation of Sites and Features 73
The History of Archaeology
The Speculative Phase
The Beginnings of Modern Archaeology
Classification and Consolidation
A Turning Point in Archaeology
World Archaeology
Summary
Further Reading
BOX FEATURES
Digging Pompeii: Past and Present Evolution: Darwin’s Great Idea North American Archaeological Pioneers The Development of Field Techniques Pioneering Women in Archaeotogy Processuat Archaeology Interpretive or Postprocessual Archaeologies Catalhöyük: Interpretive Archaeologies in Action
2 What is Left?
The Variety of the Evidence
Basic Categories of Archaeological Evidence Formation Processes
Cultural Formation Processes - Flow People Have Affected What Survives in the Archaeological Record Natural Formation Processes -How Nature Affects What Survives in the Archaeological Record Summary Further Reading
21 Discovering Archaeological Sites
22 and Features 76
26 Assessing the Layout of Sites and Features 98
32 Excavation 110
60 Summary 130
61 Further Reading 130
68 BOX FEATURES
68 Fhe Sydney Cyprus Survey Project 76
Sampling Strategies 79
26 Identifying Archaeological f eatures from Above 82
Interpretation and Mapping From Acnat Images 86
71 Lasers in the Jungle 89
30 GIS and the Giza Plateau 96
33 Tell Halula: Multi-period Surface Investigations WO
38 Geophysical Survey at Roman Wroxeter 106
61 Measuring Magnetism 108
66 Underwater Archaeotogy 113
66 Excavating the Red Bay Wreck 116
Jamestown Rediscovery: The Excavation Process 117
Excavating the Amesbury Archer 120
69 Excavating an Urban Site 126
69 4 When?
52 Dating Methods and Chronology 131
Relative Dating 132
56 Stratigraphy 132
Typological Sequences 133
55 72 Linguistic Dating 136
Climate and Chronology 136
Absolute Dating 138
72 Calendars and Historical Chronologies 160
Annual Cycles: Varves, Speteothems, and Tree-Rings 142
Radioactive Clocks 146
Other Absolute Dating Methods 160
Genetic Dating 162
Calibrated Relative Methods 163
Chronological Correlations 164
World Chronology 167
Summary 176
Further Reading 176
BOX FEATURES
The Maya Calendar 140
The Principles of Radioactive Decay 147
Howto Calibrate Radiocarbon Dates 150
Bayesian Analysis: Improving the Precision of
Radiocarbon Chronologies 152
Dating the Earliest West Europeans 158
Dating the Thera Eruption 164
PART II
Discovering the Variety of
Human Experience m
Investigating Maya Territories 210
Conspicuous Ranking at Mississippian Spiro 218
Conflict Archaeology 220
Early Intermediate Period Peru: Gender Relations 226
6 What Was the Environment?
Environmental Archaeology 233
Investigating Environments on a Global Scale 233 Studying the Landscape: Geoarchaeology 240
Reconstructing the Plant Environment 249
Reconstructing the Animal Environment 256
Reconstructing the Human Environment 264
Summary 272
Further Reading 272
BOX FEATURES
Sea and Ice Cores and Global Warming 235
El Nino and Global Warming 236
Cave Sediments 2.42
Doggerland 2.46
Pollen Analysis 250
Elands Bay Cave 262
Mapping the Ancient Environment: Cahokia and GIS 266
Ancient Gardens at Kuk Swamp 268
How Were Societies Organized? 7 What Did They Eat?
Social Archaeology 179 Subsistence and Diet
Establishing the Nature and Scale of the Society 180 What Can Plant Foods Tell Us About Diet7
Further Sources of Information Information from Animal Resources
for Social Organization 186 Investigating Diet, Seasonality, and
Techniques of Study for Mobile Domestication from Animal Remains
Hunter-Gatherer Societies 195 How Were Animal Resources Exploited?
Techniques of Study for Segmentary Societies 198 Assessing Diet from Human Remains
Techniques of Study for Chiefdoms and States 209 Summary
The Archaeology of the Individual Further Reading
and of Identity 222 BOX FEATURES
The Emergence of Identity and Society 225 Paleoethnobotany: A Case Study
Investigating Genderand Childhood 225 Butser Experimental Iron Age Farm
The Molecular Genetics of Investigating the Rise of Farming in Western Asia
Social Groups and Lineages 230 Seasonality at Star Carr
Summary 232 Taphonomy
Further Reading 232 Quantifying Animal Bones Bison Drive Sites
BOX FEATURES The Study of Animal Teeth
Network Analysis 185 Farming Origins: A Case Study
Ancient Ethnicity and Language 194 Shell Midden Analysis
Monuments, Polities, and Territories in Early Wessex 204
Interpreting Stonehenge 206
273
274 278
288
306
310
316
316
276
278
284
290
292
294
296
298
300
304
8 How Did They Make and Use Tools?
Technology 31 ?
Unaltered Materials: Stone 319
Other Unaltered Materials 334
Synthetic Materials 342
Archaeometallurgy 347
Summary 356
Further Reading 356
BOX FEATURES
Artifacts or “Geofacts'* at Pedra Furada? 320
How Were Large Stones Raised? 324
Refitting and Microwear Studies at Rekem 330
Woodworking in the Somerset Levels 336
Metallography Examination 348
Copper Production in Ancient Peru 350
Early Steelmaking: An Ethnoarchaeological
Experiment 355
9 What Contact Did They Have?
Trade and Exchange 357
The Study of Interaction 357
Finding the Sources of Traded Goods: Characterization 365
The Study of Distribution 374
The Study of Production 372
The Study of Consumption 382
Exchange and Interaction:
The Complete System 384
Summary 390
Further Reading 390
BOX FEATURES
Modes of Exchange 361
Materials of Prestige Value 362
Analyzing Artifact Composition 368
Glassware from the Roman Mediterranean in Japan 372 Amber From the Baltic in the Levant 373
Fall-off Analysis 377
Distribution: The Uluburun Wreck 380
Production: Greenstone Artifacts in Australia 383
Interaction Spheres: Hopewell 389
10 What Did They Think?
Cognitive Archaeology, Art, and Religion 391
Investigating How Human Symbolizing Faculties Evolved 393
Working with Symbols 400
From Written Source to Cognitive Map 401
Establishing Place: The Location of Memory 403
Measuring the World 405
Planning: Maps for the Future 409
Symbols of Organization and Power 411
Symbols for the Other World:
The Archaeology of Religion 413
Depiction: Art and Representation 422
Music and Cognition 428
Mind and Material Engagement 430
Summary 432
Further Reading 432
BOX FEATURES
Clues to Early Thought 396
Paleolithic Art 398
The Ness of Brodgar:
At the Heart of Ceremonial Orkney 406
Maya Symbols of Power 414
The World s Oldest Sanctuary 418
Recognizing Cult Activity at Chavin 420
Identifying Individual Artists in Ancient Greece 424
Sacrifice and Symbol in Mesoamenca 426
Early Musical Behavior 428
Cognition and Neuroscience 431
11 Who Were They? What Were They Like?
The Bioarchaeology of People 433
Identifying Physical Attributes 435
Assessing Human Abilities 445
Disease, Deformity, and Death 453
Assessing Nutrition 466
Population Studies 467
Diversity and Evolution 469
Identity and Personhood 475
Summary 475
Further Reading 476
BOX FEATURES
Spitalfields: Determining Biological Age at Death 438
Facial Reconstructions 442
Finding a Neolithic Family 444
Ancient Cannibals? 450
Examining Bodies 454
Grauballe Man: The Body in the Bog 456
Life and Death Among the Inuit 460
Richard ill 442
Genetics and Language Histories 47;
Studying the Origins of New World and Australian Populations
473
12 Why Did Things Change?
Explanation in Archaeology 477
Migrationist and Diffusionist Explanations 477
The Processual Approach 481
Applications 483
The Form of Explanation: General or Particular 489 Attempts at Explanation: One Cause or Several? 491 Postprocessual or interpretive Explanation 498
Cognitive Archaeology 501
Agency and Material Engagement 503
Summary 506
Further Reading 506
BOX FEATURES
Diffusionist Explanation Rejected: Great Zimbabwe 480
Molecular Genetics, Population Dynamics
and Climate Change: Europe 482
The Origins of Farming: A Processual Explanation 484
Marxist Archaeology: Key Features 486
Language Families and Language Change 488
Or igins of the State. Peru 492
The Classic Maya Collapse 496
Explaining the European Megaliths 500
The Individual as an Agent of Change 504
PART III
The World of Archaeology 507
13 Archaeology in Action
Five Case Studies 509
Oaxaca: The Origins and Rise of the Zapotec State 510
The Calusa of Florida:
A Complex Hunter-Gatherer Society 519
Research Among Hunter-Gatherers:
Upper Mangrove Creek, Australia 525
Khok Phanom Di:
Rice Farming in Southeast Asia 531
York and the Public Presentation of Archaeology 533
Further Reading 543
14 Whose Past?
Archaeology and the Public 549
The Meaning of the Past:
The Archaeology of identity 549
Archaeological Ethics 551
Popular Archaeology Versus Pseudoarchaeology 551
Who Owns the Past? 556
The Responsibility of Collectors and Museums 560 Summary 564
Further Reading 564
BOX FEATURES
The Politics of Destruction 552
Destruction and Response: Mimbres 561
15 The Future of the Past
Howto Manage the Heritage? 565
The Destruction of the Past 565
The Response: Survey, Conservation, and Mitigation 568
Heritage Management, Display, and Tourism 580 Who Interprets and Presents the Past? 581
The Past for All People and All Peoples 583
What Use is the Past? 583
Summary 584
Further Reading 584
BOX FEATURES
Conservation in Mexico City: The Great Temple of the Aztecs 5/0
CRM in Practice: The Metro Rail Project 5/4
Portable Antiquities and the UK "Portable Antiquities Scheme"'
16 The New Searchers
Building a Career in Archaeology 585
Lisa J. Lucero: University Professor, USA 586
Gill Hey: Contract Archaeologist, UK 587
Rasmi Shoocongdej: University Professor,
Thailand 55?
Douglas C. Comer: CRM Archaeologist, USA 591 Shadreck Chirikure: Archaeometallurgist,
South Africa 593
Jonathan N. Tubb: Museum Curator, UK 594
Glossary 596
Notes and Bibliography 605
Acknowledgments 651
Index 654 |
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