Glass working on the margins of Roman London: excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005
Excavations in the upper Walbrook valley, in a marginal area in the north-west of the Roman city, recovered over 70kg of broken vessel glass and production waste from a nearby workshop, giving new insights into the workings of the glass industry and its craftsmen. The area was developed in the early...
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Museum of London Archaeology
[2015]
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| Schriftenreihe: | MOLA monograph series
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Excavations in the upper Walbrook valley, in a marginal area in the north-west of the Roman city, recovered over 70kg of broken vessel glass and production waste from a nearby workshop, giving new insights into the workings of the glass industry and its craftsmen. The area was developed in the early 2nd century AD, with evidence of domestic buildings and property boundaries. Two later buildings constructed in the mid 2nd century AD may have been associated with the glass-working industry. The disposal of a huge amount of glass-working waste in the later 2nd century signals the demise of the workshop, with the area reverting to open land by the 3rd century AD. The comprehensive nature of the glass-working waste has made it possible to study the various processes - from the preparation of the raw materials in the form of cullet, broken vessel and window glass, to the blowing and finishing of the vessel. All the glass originated ultimately in the eastern Mediterranean, some of it arriving as raw glass chunks, which was supplemented by cullet collected locally for recycling.0A review of the current evidence for glass working in London also examines the implications for the organisation of the industry |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 168 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 31 cm |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Wardle, Angela |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Glass working on the margins of Roman London |b excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005 |c Angela Wardle ; with Ian Freestone, Malcolm McKenzie and John Shepherd |
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Museum of London Archaeology |c [2015] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2015 | |
| 300 | |a xvi, 168 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten |c 31 cm | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a MOLA monograph series |v 70 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | |
| 520 | |a Excavations in the upper Walbrook valley, in a marginal area in the north-west of the Roman city, recovered over 70kg of broken vessel glass and production waste from a nearby workshop, giving new insights into the workings of the glass industry and its craftsmen. The area was developed in the early 2nd century AD, with evidence of domestic buildings and property boundaries. Two later buildings constructed in the mid 2nd century AD may have been associated with the glass-working industry. The disposal of a huge amount of glass-working waste in the later 2nd century signals the demise of the workshop, with the area reverting to open land by the 3rd century AD. The comprehensive nature of the glass-working waste has made it possible to study the various processes - from the preparation of the raw materials in the form of cullet, broken vessel and window glass, to the blowing and finishing of the vessel. All the glass originated ultimately in the eastern Mediterranean, some of it arriving as raw glass chunks, which was supplemented by cullet collected locally for recycling.0A review of the current evidence for glass working in London also examines the implications for the organisation of the industry | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Glassware, Roman / England / London | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) / England / London | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176217057787904 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS List of figures......................................xi
List of tables ..................................... xiv
Summary.............................................. xv
Acknowledgements .................................... xvi
Introduction 1 1.1 Location and circumstances of the excavation.... 1
1.2 History of the site and the surrounding area ..... 2
1.3 Roman glass and recycling......................... 5
1.4 Aims and objectives............................... 5
1.5 Organisation of the report........................ 5
1.6 Textual and graphical conventions................. 6
The archaeological sequence 2 2.1 Pre-Roman topography (period 1)................... 8
Natural geology and topography.................... 8
2.2 Brickearth extraction, external activity and initial
occupation, c AD 110/120—40 (period 2)............ 9
Summary........................................... 9
Initial clearance and activity (OA2)..............10
The earliest buildings (Bl, B2, S4 and OA3).....12
The northern property boundary (SI) and other
features in the northern area.....................13
The southern property boundary (S3 and S7)........14
Evidence for nature and development of the area ... 15
2.3 Redevelopment and the arrival of the glassworkers,
c AD 140-60/70 (period 3).........................15
Summary...........................................15
Levelling of the period 2 buildings (OA5).......15
A new western building (B3, S8 and S9)............17
Other new buildings (B4, B5 and S10)..............18
Pitting in the south-east (OA6)...................20
2.4 The departure of the glassworkers, c AD 160/170—80
(period 4)........................................21
Summary...........................................21
The western area (OA7)............................21
A new southern property boundary (S11)............24
The recutting of the western ditch (S13)..........24
The abandonment of the workshop (OA8).............25
Further property divisions (S12 and S19)..........28
Light industrial activity (OA9)...................28
Empty land and wells (OA10).......................28
2.5 Abandonment and plans for the future, c AD 180—400
(period 5)........................................30
VI
Summary...........................................30
Late activity on the site (S14, S15 and OA11).....31
2.6 Material culture at Basinghall and beyond.........34
Work in the margins - the glass-working waste 3 3.1 Introduction.......................................36
from Basinghall Street Distribution and dating...........................36
3.2 Methodology ......................................37
3.3 The glass-working furnace.........................37
Furnace structure.................................37
Kiln furniture and waste associated with glass working . 39
3.4 The raw materials used at Basinghall..............41
3.5 Preparation of the raw glass......................42
Cullet............................................42
Cullet preparation................................42
Tank metal........................................43
3.6 Charging the furnace..............................45
3.7 Heating of glass within the tank..................46
3.8 Testing viscosity and quality of glass ...........47
3.9 Removal of the gather on hollow blowpipe..........48
3.10 Shaping the gather on a marver stone..............49
3.11 Blowing vessel on iron ...........................50
3.12 Manipulation on the blowing iron..................51
Tooled waste......................................51
3.13 Removal of the vessel from the blowing iron.......53
3.14 Moils.............................................54
Introduction and methodology......................54
Typology..........................................55
Discussion........................................62
Colour............................................64
3.15 Empontilling......................................65
3.16 Attachment of handles ............................68
3.17 Annealing ........................................69
3.18 Wasters: what were they making?...................69
3.19 The scale of production...........................72
3.20 Tools of the Roman glass-blower ..................73
Blowing iron......................................73
Pontil rod........................................73
Tongs/pincers.....................................73
Wooden tools......................................74
Composition, technology and origin of the 4 4.1 introduction 75
glass from the workshop at 35 Basinghall Street 4.2 Methods of analysis 76
vii
Major element analysis ............................76
Trace element analysis ............................77
Isotope analysis ..................................77
4.3 Samples analysed .................................77
4.4 Composition and colour ...........................78
4.5 Colourless glass and decolonisation................80
4.6 Weakly coloured glasses and the main furnace
production.........................................82
4.7 Origins of the glass: isotopic composition and rare
earth elements.....................................83
4.8 Recycling, campaigns and batches...................85
Weakly coloured glasses............................85
Colourless glass ..................................86
4.9 Synthesis: the life of the 35 Basinghall Street
glass workshop ....................................87
Concluding remarks.................................89
The Basinghall glass in context 5 5.1 introduction.......................................91
5.2 2nd-century AD glass working in the north-western
provinces........................................ 92
Furnace and waste sites (type A)...................92
Redeposited furnace fragments found with glass-
working debris, but no in situ furnaces (type B) .... 95
Glass assemblages containing mainly vessel and
waste fragments (Pcullet dumps, type C)............96
Discussion.........................................96
5.3 Basinghall and glass working in London.............97
Glass working in lst-century AD Londinium..........97
Early 2nd-century AD glass working in the Fleet
valley.............................................99
Glass-working sites in the upper Walbrook valley . . 100
The upper Walbrook valley in the 2nd century AD 101
The character of glass working in the upper
Walbrook valley...................................102
The procurement of cullet ..................105
The end of glass working in Londinium.............106
5.4 Concluding discussion.............................107
Specialist appendices 6 6.1 The building material............................ Ill
Introduction 111
Roman ceramic building material.................. Ill
Daub, fired clay, mud brick...................... 113
Roman painted wall plaster.......................113
Stone building material ...........................114
6.2 The clay slab....................................115
Introduction.....................................115
Description........................................115
The bosses ....................................... 117
Reconstruction.....................................117
Function ..........................................117
6.3 The Roman pottery..................................118
Introduction.......................................118
The oxidised dishes ...............................118
Evidence for pottery manufacture ..................120
The pottery from period 2 120
The pottery from period 3 123
The pottery from period 4 125
6.4 The industrial vessels with red deposits...........127
The ceramics.......................................127
Analysis of the industrial vessel sherds from
35 Basinghall Street ..............................129
Conclusion.........................................131
6.5 The decorated samian...............................131
Summary............................................131
Catalogue of selected decorated samian.............131
6.6 The stamped mortaria...............................133
Catalogue..........................................133
6.7 The vessel glass...................................137
Catalogue of vessel glass from periods 2 and 3 ... . 138
Catalogue of the vessel glass from the cullet dumps
and associated contexts ...........................138
6.8 The accessioned finds .............................144
Introduction.......................................144
Summary............................................144
Catalogue..........................................145
6.9 The plant remains .................................147
Introduction and methodology.......................147
Diet...............................................150
The local environment..............................151
6.10 The animal bone....................................152
Methodology........................................152
Preservation and quantification....................152
Faunal composition ................................154
Exploitation of wild species.......................154
ix
6.11 The human bone.............................154
Methods ...................................154
Results ...................................154
Discussion ................................154
Conclusions................................154
French and German summaries 156
Bibliography 159
Index 166
X
FIGURES
26
Fig 1 Map showing site location............................ 2
Fig 2 Detail of the site comprising 35 Basinghall Street
(BAZ05) and 16 Coleman Street (COA86) showing
excavation areas (A—E) and trenches (tr AI/1—tr AI/6) . 3
Fig 3 View of the site under excavation, with trenches in
the basement (area C) and machine clearance of the
car park (area A) ................................. 3
Fig4 Map showing the site in relation to the major features
of Roman London.................................... 4
Fig 5 Experimental glass furnace........................... 6
Fig 6 Graphical conventions used in this report............ 7
Fig 7 35 Basinghall Street, the Walbrook stream system
and the sites in the vicinity mentioned in the text . . 9
Fig 8 Artist’s impression of Roman London in the early
2nd century AD ....................................10
Fig 9 Excavation of Roman levels showing the late Roman
ditch (S14)........................................11
Fig 10 Vessel glass G138 and G140 , from period 2
contexts...........................................11
Fig 11 Principal archaeological features, c AD 110/120—40
(period 2).........................................12
Fig 12 Early 2nd-century AD pottery being excavated from
the eastern ditch (SI) segment, trench AI/3........13
Fig 13 Glass melon bead S6 , copper-alloy flask S11 ,
shale tray S12 and ceramic lamp S13 , of 1st-/
2nd-century AD date ...............................14
Fig 14 Ceramic storage jar from context [1289] set into the
ground.............................................16
Fig 15 Opaque red glass bowl G139 .......................17
Fig 16 Pottery group from pit [ 1400].....................17
Fig 17 Principal archaeological features, c AD 140—60/70
(period 3).........................................18
Fig 18 Shale bracelet S8 and ceramic Venus figurine
S20 , associated with Building 5..................19
Fig 19 Kiln pit [1283] in Open Area 6 containing clay slabs . 20
Fig20 Clay bosses T21 and T25 from Open Area 6 . .21
Fig 21 Principal archaeological features, c AD 160/170—80
(period 4).........................................22
Fig22 Copper-alloy trumpet brooch S2 from Open
Area 7.............................................22
Fig 23 Infant burial from Open Area 7, with detail of lead
circlet S10 ......................................23
Fig24 Large fragment of solidified molten glass G7 from
pit [1778] under excavation........................25
Fig25 Marble inlay S22 .................................25
Fig26 Glass S3 and bone S4 hairpins, ceramic lamp
S14 , lead-alloy spoon S17 , copper-alloy lock
bolt S18 and ceramic counter S19 , from Open
Area 8....................................
Fig27 Industrial vessel sherds with red silt and glassy
deposits.........................................27
Fig28 Principal archaeological features, c AD 160/170—80+
(period 4).......................................29
Fig29 Timber-lined well [891] in Open Area 10..........29
Fig30 Principal archaeological features, c AD 180—400
(period 5).......................................30
Fig31 Shale bracelet S9 and ceramic lamp S15 , from
Structure 14, and copper-alloy spoon S16 , from
Open Area 11.....................................32
Fig 32 Well cutting Structure 14 in Open Area 11........33
Fig33 Gold and emerald pendant S1 from Open Area 11 . 33
Fig 34 Iron tongs or pincers S24 , from 55—61 Moorgate/
75—79 Coleman Street.............................35
Fig 35 Two views of a fragment from the base of a glass-
working furnace found at 20—28 Moorgate .................38
Fig36 Reconstruction of a tank furnace based upon
archaeological evidence..........................38
Fig37 Fragments of kiln structure T1 — T4 ............38
Fig 38 Modern experimental furnace showing the inspection
hole, sealed with a fired clay plug..............40
Fig39 Fired clay plugs T5 — T8 .......................40
Fig 40 Fired clay rings T9 — T13 ......................41
Fig 41 Naturally coloured green-blue vessel glass from
context [1710] (OA8, period 4) ..................42
Fig42 Colourless vessel glass from context [1710] (OA8,
period 4)........................................43
Fig43 Fused window glass G1 , fused bottle glass G2
and window glass with mortar adhering G3 .... 43
Fig 44 Large lumps of tank metal G4 and G5 ..........44
Fig45 Large lump of tank metal G7 in situ in pit [1778]
(OA8, period 4)..................................44
Fig46 Tank metal fragments G8 — G13 ..................45
Fig47 Fragments of crushed cullet G14 and G15 . . . . 45
Fig48 Spherical, G16 , colourless, G17 , and flattened,
G18 , glass droplets ...........................46
Fig 49 Glass runnels, flows and droplets G19 ..........46
Fig 50 Glass flows G20 and G21 which have cooled on
a flat surface ..................................46
Fig 51 Bicoloured glass droplet or runnel G22 .........47
Fig 52 Threads G23 of glass ..........................47
Fig53 Flat trails G24 of glass.......................48
Fig54 Opaque cake fragments G25 and G26 of glass . 48
Fig 55 Gather G27 of glass showing the impression of
the blowing iron.................................48
Fig56 Trails formed on a gather during experimental glass
working..........................................49
Fig57 Glass gathers G28 — G30 ........................49
Fig58 Excess gathers G31 and G32 of glass..........49
Fig 59 Gather being rolled on a marver stone during
experimental work................................49
Fig60 Marble inlay S23 , possibly a fragment from a
marver stone.....................................50
Fig 61 The first inflation to make the paraison, during
experimental work................................50
xi
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Wardle, Angela |
| author2 | Freestone, Ian 19XX- |
| author2_role | ctb |
| author2_variant | i f if |
| author_GND | (DE-588)188484914 (DE-588)110347412X |
| author_facet | Wardle, Angela Freestone, Ian 19XX- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Wardle, Angela |
| author_variant | a w aw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043552268 |
| contents | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)1078087 (OCoLC)947131526 (DE-599)BVBBV043552268 |
| dewey-full | 748.0936212 |
| dewey-hundreds | 700 - The arts |
| dewey-ones | 748 - Glass |
| dewey-raw | 748.0936212 |
| dewey-search | 748.0936212 |
| dewey-sort | 3748.0936212 |
| dewey-tens | 740 - Graphic arts and decorative arts |
| discipline | Kunstgeschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | London (England) / Antiquities, Roman Walbrook (London, England) / Antiquities, Roman Walbrooktal (DE-588)1023937344 gnd |
| geographic_facet | London (England) / Antiquities, Roman Walbrook (London, England) / Antiquities, Roman Walbrooktal |
| id | DE-604.BV043552268 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:28:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028967501 |
| oclc_num | 947131526 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xvi, 168 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 31 cm |
| psigel | gbd_4_1607 |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Museum of London Archaeology |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | MOLA monograph series |
| spelling | Wardle, Angela Verfasser aut Glass working on the margins of Roman London excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005 Angela Wardle ; with Ian Freestone, Malcolm McKenzie and John Shepherd London Museum of London Archaeology [2015] © 2015 xvi, 168 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 31 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier MOLA monograph series 70 Includes bibliographical references and index Excavations in the upper Walbrook valley, in a marginal area in the north-west of the Roman city, recovered over 70kg of broken vessel glass and production waste from a nearby workshop, giving new insights into the workings of the glass industry and its craftsmen. The area was developed in the early 2nd century AD, with evidence of domestic buildings and property boundaries. Two later buildings constructed in the mid 2nd century AD may have been associated with the glass-working industry. The disposal of a huge amount of glass-working waste in the later 2nd century signals the demise of the workshop, with the area reverting to open land by the 3rd century AD. The comprehensive nature of the glass-working waste has made it possible to study the various processes - from the preparation of the raw materials in the form of cullet, broken vessel and window glass, to the blowing and finishing of the vessel. All the glass originated ultimately in the eastern Mediterranean, some of it arriving as raw glass chunks, which was supplemented by cullet collected locally for recycling.0A review of the current evidence for glass working in London also examines the implications for the organisation of the industry Glassware, Roman / England / London Excavations (Archaeology) / England / London Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Glasherstellung (DE-588)4157441-2 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf London (England) / Antiquities, Roman Walbrook (London, England) / Antiquities, Roman Walbrooktal (DE-588)1023937344 gnd rswk-swf Britannien als Provinz [Barrington p. 8 & 9] (DE-2581)TH000004033 gbd Glas (DE-2581)TH000008274 gbd Londinium [8 G3 UKG] (DE-2581)TH000004177 gbd Walbrooktal (DE-588)1023937344 g Glasherstellung (DE-588)4157441-2 s Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Freestone, Ian 19XX- (DE-588)188484914 ctb McKenzie, Malcolm Sonstige (DE-588)110347412X oth Shepherd, John Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028967501&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wardle, Angela Glass working on the margins of Roman London excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005 Includes bibliographical references and index Glassware, Roman / England / London Excavations (Archaeology) / England / London Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Glasherstellung (DE-588)4157441-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4157441-2 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)1023937344 |
| title | Glass working on the margins of Roman London excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005 |
| title_auth | Glass working on the margins of Roman London excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005 |
| title_exact_search | Glass working on the margins of Roman London excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005 |
| title_full | Glass working on the margins of Roman London excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005 Angela Wardle ; with Ian Freestone, Malcolm McKenzie and John Shepherd |
| title_fullStr | Glass working on the margins of Roman London excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005 Angela Wardle ; with Ian Freestone, Malcolm McKenzie and John Shepherd |
| title_full_unstemmed | Glass working on the margins of Roman London excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005 Angela Wardle ; with Ian Freestone, Malcolm McKenzie and John Shepherd |
| title_short | Glass working on the margins of Roman London |
| title_sort | glass working on the margins of roman london excavations at 35 basinghall street city of london 2005 |
| title_sub | excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, City of London, 2005 |
| topic | Glassware, Roman / England / London Excavations (Archaeology) / England / London Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Glasherstellung (DE-588)4157441-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Glassware, Roman / England / London Excavations (Archaeology) / England / London Ausgrabung Glasherstellung Funde Römerzeit London (England) / Antiquities, Roman Walbrook (London, England) / Antiquities, Roman Walbrooktal |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028967501&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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