Dolní Věstonice - Pavlov:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
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Praha
Academia
2016
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| Beschreibung: | 399 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9788020025500 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Obsah
ÜVOD.9
I. EXPANZE HOMO SAPIENS - PALEOANTROPOLOGICKY KONTEXT.13
Setkání populad: první moderní lidé a poslední neandertálci - Out of Africa neboli
ven z Afriky - První proud: atérien, emirien, bohunicien - Druhy proud: ahmarien,
uluzzien, chatelperronien - Sjednocení Evropy: aurignacien - Transformace
Evropy: gravettien - Stredoevropské koridory: Dolní Véstonice
II. OBJEVUIÍ SE DOLNÍ VÉSTONICE - HISTORIE VYZKUMU.25
Po roce 1659: jednorozci, obri a jiní predpotopní tvorové - Po roce 1879: historie
zacíná v Predmostí - Po roce 1923: slusní prapraprapraotcové - Po roce 1939:
vítézná rasa - 1945: mikulovsky pozár - Po roce 1945: primitivní rodová spolecnost -
Po roce 1985: moderní lidé a komplexní lovci-sbéraci - Véstonická falza -
Véstonické myty - Véstonická ,,NEJ" - Pfedvést verejnosti: úsilí o moderní expozici
III. KALENDÁR VÉKÜ - CHRONOLOGIE.53
Kvartérní klimatické cykly - Chronologie sprasovych souvrství - Radiokarbonové
datování - Termoluminiscence - Makrochronologie: gravettská sídlisté v béhu
poslední ledové doby - Mikrochronologie: detailní vhled do zivotopisu sídlisté -
Píedgravettské osídlení: 35-30 tisíc let pf. n. 1. - Casny gravettien: 31-29 tisíc let
pf. n. 1. - Vrcholny gravettien neboli pavlovien: 29-27,5 tisíc let pr. n. 1. - Mladsí
gravettien neboli willendorf-kosténkien: 27,5-22 tisíc let pf. n. 1.
IV. TVÁR KRAJINY - PALEOEKOLOGIE.73
Geoarcheologie - Pálava - Dyje a její náplavy - Prameny - Spras - Tvofí se püdy -
Váté písky - Krasové jevy - Mrazové jevy - Zuhelnatélé di evo - Pylová zrna -
Fytolity - Mékkysi - Ryby - Obojzivelníci - Ptáci - Drobní savci - Zajícovci - Selmy -
Kopytníci - Chobotnatci - Komplexní rekonstrukce krajiny - Krajinné analogie:
autentické príklady
V LOVCIVKRAJINÉ-SÍDELNÍ ARCHEOLOGIE.123
Sídelní archéologie - Sídelní strategie - Fenomén agregacních sídlisf - Symbolická
krajina - Dolní a Horní Véstonice - Pavlov - Milovice - Interpretace
VI. KAZDODENNÍ ZIVOT - PALEOETNOLOGIE.173
Paleoetnologie, procesuální a postprocesuální archéologie, etnoarcheologie -
Variabilita lovecko-sbéraéskych systémú - Komplexní lovecko-sbéracská spolecnost -
Oheñ - Odév a obuv - Chaty - Hierarchie sídlisf - Demografie a struktura osídlení -
Migrace a sezonalita - Agresivita - Etnologické analogie: autentické príklady
7
So!iif festem!« - Pavian
VII. BRÄT, ALE NEVYCERPAT - VYZIVA.205
Potravni Strategie - Loveckâ vyzbroj - Analytické metody - Nejen masem. -
Ryby, ptaci, mali savci - Savci stfedni velikosti - Veld savd - A mamuti? -
Mamuti skladky - Skladovâni potravy - Paieolitickâ kuchynë
VIII. SUROVINYA ARTEFAKTY- TECHNOLOGIE.239
Od klasické typologie k operacnim retëzcûm - Suroviny stipanÿch artefaktü -
Stipano z kamene: technologie, typologie, pracovni stopy - Suroviny hrubotvarych
artefaktü - Suroviny minerâlnich barviv - Zdroje tfetihornich fosilii - Vyrobeno
z kosti - Mamutovina - Paroh - Träva - Dfevo - Kûze - Technologicky systém:
kombinace materiâlù a technik
IX. PRED NEOLITEM - ÜSVIT NOVYCH TECHNOLOGIÎ.277
BrouSeni kamene - Nejstarsi keramika - Nejstarsi textil - Domestikace zvifat,
zvlâstë vlka? - Nejstarsi kalendâf a mapa?
X. DOMESTIKACE JEVÛ - RITUÄLY A SYMBOLY.295
Ritual - Hudba - Symboly: umëni jako sémioticky systém - Noseno viditelnë:
ozdoby - Vyplnit plochu: vzory - Pro jedenkrât: modelace v hlinë - Pro delsi uziti:
rezby v mamutovinë a parohu - Reflexe okolniho svëta: malâ zvifata - Predatori -
Kopytnici - Mamuti - Lidé - Znovu ritual: symboly v pohybu
XL A PAK PRUDE SMRT - ANTROPOLOGIE A GENETIKA.331
Historie objevu - Pohrebni ritus - Osoby se pfedstavuji - Pohyb - Patologie
a traumata - Paleogenetika - Urceni pohlavi - Pfislusnost k haploskupinam -
Klastr „Vëstonice"
XII. KOLAPS, PREZITÎ, REGENERACE.359
Pfipravna faze - Kolaps - Regeneracni fâze - Zâvër
Summary.365
Bibliografie.379
Rejstfik.394
8
Summary
In memoriam the Dolni Vestonice researchers - Karel Äbsolon, Assien Bohmers,
and Bohuslav Klima
Introduction
Since 1924, the sites of the Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov area, located on the slopes of
the Pavlov Hills in southern Moravia (Czech Republic), have been excavated almost
continuously. Their central place on the map of Upper Paleolithic Eurasia was recognized
soon after the first series of reports by Karel Absolon (1925; 1929; 1937) in the Illustrated
London News, reporting a discovery as wonderful as that of Tuthenkhamen's tomb, an
amazing Palaeolithic Pompei, the world's earliest portrait. More recently, Klima (1987)
and Svoboda (1987) reported on discoveries of early modern human burials, all in ritual
contexts, Pamela Vandiver et al. (1989) on the origins of ceramic technology, Sarah
L. Mason et al. (1994) and Anna Revedin et al. (2010) on evidence of plant consumption,
and James M. Adovasio et al. (1996) on earliest fiber technologies and origins of textiles.
Paleogenetical research of the recovered human fossils is presently in course (Fu et al.
2013).
These discoveries widely expanded the previous knowledge about early modern
human adaptations, lifestyles, and technologies in the newly colonized Eurasian zone.
New evidence is emerging continuously, both in the field and in laboratories, through
multidisciplinary and international projects involving anthropology, paleoethnology,
geology, paleoecology, genetics, and a number of other disiciplines. One of the actual
goals is to preserve these sites in the field and present them to the public in exhibits, in
a way corresponding to their scientific value.
The naleoanthropological context
One of the major questions in the recent discussion about the early modern human
expansion to northern Eurasia concerns the reason why. What was the attraction
of this vast zone of steppes and parklands, open to cold and dry oscillations of the
glacial climate, and occupied by well adapted, robust and dangerous aboriginals - the
Neandertals?
We argue that the harsh, hyper-arid environment and desertification occurring
in the Sahara before and during the Interpleniglacial (MIS3) could be the source of
demographic pressures in the Mediterranean and a stimulus for the first penetration and
later expansion of these populations further north. The complex pattern of population
growth, as recorded in certain parts of northern Eurasia from the Middle Paleolithic to
385
lililí listGilee - Pan is if
the Early Upper Paleolithic, provides a mirror image to that of the Sahara. One of the
major attractions to any Paleolithic hunter could have been the amount and size of large
herbivore herds in the Eurasian zone. If attacked by organized hunting groups equipped
with sophisticated techniques and weapons, large animal herds provided a good and
a relatively secure source of meat, protein, fat, bone and skins.
Within a relatively short time-span between 50 and 30 kyr BP we document a dramatic
increase in the number of sites and repeated expansions of several new technologies,
possibly of African and Mediterranean origin, such as the Levallois-leptolithic, backed
blade and microblade technologies. However, northern Eurasia played not only a passive
role as a new home for the invading modern human populations, but also stimulated
new adaptive and behavioral patterns, complex hunting strategies, technologies, and
symbolism.
A major obstacle in formulating these scenarios concerns the lack of human
fossils from secure Initial and Early Upper Paleolithic (IUP, EUP) contexts. Current
evidence on the Levallois-leptolithic technology (Emirian, Bohunician, Kara Bom)
does not prove who were the producers anatomically - all we know is that this specific
technology appeared at the right time at the right places. Therefore, association of
this technology with modern humans has only the value of a hypothesis and should
be treated as such. The expansion of the backed blade and bladelet technologies has
some anthropological context, but the evidence is controversial: whereas the early
backed points in southern and eastern Africa and the Uluzzian in southern Europe are
likely products of the early modern humans, the Chatelperronian of western Europe is
associated with the late Neandertals. One of the interpretations of this dilemma could
be the contemporaneity and mutual relationships between modern human expansions
and Neandertal acculturations.
The Aurignacian represents the first large pan-European entity clearly associated
with modern humans. However the Aurignacian techno/typology and complex
symbolic behavior (art) was not intrusive and has been created at place, after the
occupation of Europe. During the following Middle Upper Paleolithic (MUP), there is
a wealth of modern human fossil remains and the anatomically modem character of
this population poses no more doubts. The question of Gravettian origin seems to be
a complex one where both the external impulses and local developmental trends are
combined. The Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov area as a large settlement agglomeration of
that time located right in the center of Europe represents an illustrative case in these
discussions.
History and actual state of research
As early as 1659 we find the first reference to enormous "Ante-Diluvial" bones somewhere
around Mikulov, but as late as a century ago, sites below the fields and vineyards on the
slopes of the Pavlov Hills were still giving up only scattered bones, stone "knives" or
366
Summary
"flints” At that time, major excavation projects were already underway in other parts of
Moravia, at Predmosti and in several Moravian caves. A conceptual research at Dolni
Vestonice, therefore, provided a good chance to make use of the previous experience
and avoid the mistakes that came with too-rapid excavation, inexact documentation,
and the dispersal of finds among private collections. Brno's amateur archaeologists
first contacted renowned Vienna researcher Joseph Bayer, who warned them against an
amateur approach to such a promising and then practically intact site. Beginning in 1924
excavations in Dolni Vestonice were led by Karel Absolon, who conducted systematic
research each year, already on behalf of an official institution, the Moravian Provincial
Museum.
Absolon amazed the world with a series of unique discoveries until 1938, when south
Moravia was occupied by the German army. Absolon's entire conception was innovative:
not just a collection of artifacts or figurines, but a paleoethnological reconstruction of
the settlement and of its inhabitants as a whole. In addition to scientific publications, his
discoveries were presented to the public at the Brno fairgrounds as a special exhibition
Anthropos, today transformed into a modem pavilion in the nearby Pisarky park.
Attaching such a pavilion to the Brno fairgrounds was a good strategic touch at that time,
but from today's perspective, a unique facility of this type would probably be more useful
at an authentic archaeological site.
The importance of Dolni Vestonice was known to the German occupiers and to
Dutch archaeologist Assien Bohmers, whom they appointed to take over the excavation.
Bohmers continued the excavation even during the middle of wartime, as the German
Army stood as far as the Caucasus and Stalingrad. However, the end of the war had tragic
consequences for the Moravian Paleolithic research: many unique finds, especially
human skeletal remains that were taken to the Mikulov castle for storage, were destroyed
when the castle was burned. But the Black Venus and a number of other art objects
remained in Brno and thus survive today.
After the war, leading Czechoslovak archeologists began to plan an optimal
strategy for future research in Dolni Vestonice. The lead was taken by the Institute of
Archaeology, which became part of the structure of the Academy of Sciences in 1953,
and this institution still continues in this task today. In addition, more systematic
cooperation was established between various institutions and individual disciplines,
especially in sciences. For several decades this research was led by Bohuslav Klima. He
expanded the fieldwork from Dolni Vestonice I to new sites Pavlov I and II and obtained
additional collections of miniature clay plastics, ivory carvings and ornaments, and the
first ritual burials of women (DV 3) and men (Pavlov 1).
Whereas the previous excavations had been more or less conceptual, prospective
or systematic, during the 1980s the situation changed. When artificial lakes were being
constructed on the Dyje river at the foot of the slopes of the Pavlov Hills, loess to build
the dams was taken from two new, previously only guessed-at sites numbered Dolni
Vestonice II and Milovice I. As the industrial works proceeded rapidly, the salvage
3BJ
D 01 it i 11 s 10 a I c b ~ Pavlov
excavation was conducted over a large area under serious time pressure. At that time I
joined Bohuslav Klima's excavation at Dolni Vestonice, while excavation at Milovice was
led by Martin Oliva from the Moravian Provincial Museum. The archaeologists' efforts
were crowned in 1986 with the discovery at Dolni Vestonice of a triple burial, and a year
later with the male burial.
In 1995, a newly-conceived Center for the Paleolithic and Paleontology was founded
as a part of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
(AS CR) and the field base at Dolni Vestonice has gradually been transformed into
a depozitory and research institute. Besides a complete processing and publication of
the already accumulated evidence, the Center has undertaken further field research on
previously-known and newly-discovered sites (Dolni Vestonice II, Ha, III, Pavlov II, VI,
and Milovice IV). The Gravettian layers continue to be uncovered, and threatened by
industrial terrain works, building activities, and chance situations such as in 2009 when
a road collapsed into forgotten cellars beneath the village of Milovice. In addition, the
methodological progress and the application of additional scientific methods require
reopening the sites and sections in the field, revision of the situations and new sampling.
In addition, the Center for the Paleolithic and Paleontology carries out archaeological
and ethnoarchaeological research at Upper Paleolithic open-air sites in the Moravian
corridor (Stranska skala, Predmosti, Petrkovice), in caves and rockshelters in the
Czech Republic (Moravian Karst, North Bohemian sandstones) and abroad (Africa,
Siberia etc.). Since 1994, the results have been published as part of the interdisciplinary
monograph series The Dolni Vestonice Studies (Studies in Paleoanthropology and
Paleoethnology of Eurasia) which thus far consists of 19 volumes. Finally, the Center
also organizes topical conferences.
Site conservation, presentation, and future strategies
Actually, Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov are living, wine-producing, and expanding
South Moravian villages and the archaeological sites serve either as cultivated fields or
vineyards. Broader regional attraction is framed by the unique, monumental mountain
chain of the Pavlov Hills just above the sites, already claimed as a UNESCO biospheric
reserve, and by the nearby Lednice-Valtice castle and parkland area listed on UNESCO
World Heritage list.
In 1979 the Regional Museum in Mikulov in collaboration with the Institute of
Archaeology, AS CR, set up a modest exposition in an old town hall in the center of the
Dolni Vestonice village. Although extensively reorganized in 1997, a modern conception
is still required to fit with the importance of these sites. In 2009, a system of informative
panels was set in the field at the sites of Dolni Vestonice I-III and Pavlov I.
Given the municipal and private building activities anticipated by the regional
development plan at Pavlov, the strategy of the Institute of Archaeology, AS CR, is to
reserve selected zones for protection and others for construction under archaeological
368
SiiRimar i
supervision. The Dolni Vestonice I-II and Pavlov I sites were proposed for protection
as a National Cultural Monument in 2004, and claimed by the government in 2010,
with the perspective of creating an archaeopark at Pavlov in the future. Private house
construction has been approved and is supervised archaeologically in the sectors
southeast of the village.
In this situation, our main effort today focuses on realization of the Archaeopark
project at Pavlov, in collaboration between the Regional Museum in Mikulov and
the Institute of Archaeology, AS CR. We may use previous experience from another
authentic field exhibits already opened at Pfedmosti in 2006. As for Pavlov, the new
architectonic project proposed by R. Kvet combines a modern museum with authentic
excavation area (selected part of the Pavlov I site) and with an experimental area
around.
Why this time and place?
The Mid Upper Paleolithic and the Gravettian was a period when the strategic and
cultural importance of the center of Europe increased, in accord with changing cultural
geography of the continent. In addition to the “traditional" centers located along the
Atlantic coast in westernmost parts of Europe, new cultural centers emerged in the east
European plains (Kostenki, Sungir and others) creating a kind of a “continental balance"
between east and west. In the center of Europe, the narrow Austrian-Moravian-Polish
geomorphological corridor provided a natural communication axis connecting the
Danube valley in the southwest with the large open plains in the northeast, and open to
both animal herds and human communities. An axially ordered chain of the Gravettian
settlements follows this corridor.
In terms of paleoclimatology, the Mid Upper Paleolithic or later Interpleniglaciai
(MIS 3) was a period of climatic instability shortly preceding the Last Glacial Maximum
(MIS 2). It is recorded as a sequence of short oscillations of air temperature in marine
cores, in pollen sequences in terrestrial sediments, and broadly correleted with the loess
depozition alternating with pedogenesis in Central and Eastern Europe (Haesaerts et
al. 2010). In contrast to the previously reconstructed uniform, cold, dry, and treeless
landscape, recent paleoecological research emphasizes a mosaic vegetation pattern
with a higher proportion of arboreal and thermophile elements, in both floral and
faunal records (Svobodova 1991; Rybnickova and Rybnicek 2014; Beresford-Iones et
al. 2011). The new reconstruction also accords with the abundance of large herbivore
herds in such a landscape, as the archaeozoological evidence suggests an environment
of considerable carrying capacity.
A strategic role in the Moravian corridor was played by the “gates" places where
valleys become narrow and slopes steep. In Lower Austria, a typical example is the
Wachau Gate on the Danube, with the sites of Willendorf, Aggsbach and Krems. Narrow
valleys also occur along the Morava river, especially in the Moravian Gate which opens
369
Oolfii i#sf ani©® - ?ay I v
a tectonically predestined passage between the Bohemian and Carpathian systems
to Poland, and is linked by the sites of Predmosti and Petrkovice at its southern and
northern entrances. The sites of Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov lie in the southern plains near
the modem Austrian border, on the slopes of the impressive mountain chain of the
Pavlov Hills (maximum elevation 550 m a.s.l.). This mountain emerges from the plains
as a marked orientation point, and, given its typically zoomorph shape, it probably also
had some symbolic significance for prehistoric hunters.
On a microregional scale, the Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov area provides an ideal case
study for investigating the relationship between the geomorphology of the Dyje river
valley and Gravettian settlement patterns. Although the individual archaeological sites
vary in size and complexity, they create an almost regular chain at approximatively
the same elevation, 200-240 m a.s.l. and about 30-70 m above the floodplain. Almost
all terrain investigated at these elevations has been found to show evidence of
archaeological activity, so that new site locations may even be predicted based on the
previous field surveys (with exception of the Pavlov III and Milovice IV sites). Mid-slope
locations adjacent to the river, from which the valley floodplain and lower slopes can
be controlled, are interpreted as optimal locations for mammoth exploitation. These
strategic locations allow aerial views of animal herds and easy access to side gullies and
blind valleys which are interpreted as natural traps where selected individuals could
be killed, as demonstrated by the frequent abundance of mammoth bones at such
locations. In the current discussions questioning the role of humans in mammoth bone
accumulations, this settlement pattern may be considered as one of the arguments for
intentionality.
These sites also display a hierarchy ranging from large semi-permanent settlements
with complex hearths, domestic constructions, and an evidence of various profane
and symbolic activities (Dolni Vestonice I and Pavlov I) to smaller sites of seasonal
and episodic character. Some of these sites are accompanied by large dumps of
accumulated mammoth bones located either inside the settled area or separately in
the adjacent gullies, sometimes in moist or watered locations (Dolni Vestonice I, II and
Milovice I).
In interpreting these settlements, ethnoarchaeological analogies from actual
cold zones are widely implied and two extreme models are usually evaluated: that of
a large and contemporary "camp" versus an accumulation of successive short-term
occupations. We basically agree that the largest sites are, in fact, accumulations or
palimpsests of smaller ones. The question is however whether they are only this. Why
are the art objects and burials restricted to aggregation places, places which, through
archaeologists' eyes, look like the densest clusters of anthropogenic sediments, charcoal,
and artifacts? It seems that these locations are not just archaeological summaries of
individual episodes, but that there was a pattern of human aggregation and centralized
activities.
370
S i m ib a r v
Chronology
The archaeological situations within the Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov area lie at the base of
the last loess cover with radiocarbon data covering several millennia (Joris et al. 2010;
Beresford-Jones et al. 2011). The cultural chronology allows a rough separation into the
Early Pavlovian, Evolved Pavlovian, and later Gravettian substages, but the majority of
these sites and dates belong to the Evolved Pavlovian horizon, dated 27-25 ky BP or 30-28 ky
cal BC (Svoboda 2007). These dates lie within a relatively cold Dansgaard-Oeschger
period (GS-5) recorded in the proxy record of air temperature in the 8180 NGRIP ice
core. There is little evidence of the earlier Aurignacian occupation (Dolni Vestonice III,
Pavlov I, Milovice I) and no evidence of later Paleolithic occupation. This means that
the advantages of the Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov microregion were only appreciated by one
Paleolithic population with its specific resource exploitation and lifestyle.
Site survey: locations, leading excavators, and references
Dolni Vestonice I (AbsoIon's site). Complex of Gravettian settlements and mammoth
bone depozits is located on a long slope in a vineyard in the easternmost part of the
village's cadastre. In the middle and upper parts independent settlement units were
distinguished and interpreted as huts. Elevation: 200-235 m above sea level. Excavation:
1924-1938 Karel Absolon; 1939-1942 Assien Bohmers; 1945-1946 Karel Zebera; 1947-
1952, 1966 and 1971-1979 Bohuslav Klima; 1990 and 1993 Jiff Svoboda. References:
Absolon 1938a,b; 1945; Klima 1963; 1983.
Dolni Vestonice II (Cihelna, Nad cihelnou, Pod lesem). Complex of Gravettian
settlements on the eastern edge of the village, stretching from the “Calendar of the Ages"
geological section over the terraced terrain of the crest and the western slope up to the field
below the forest (locality Ila). In this area individual dwelling units (huts) are scattered
and the adjacent gully contained a mammoth bone depozit. One of the settlement
units relates to the late Aurignacian. Elevation: 200-250 m. Excavation: 1959-1960
and 1985-1988 Bohuslav Klima; 1985-1991, 1999, 2005, and 2012 Jifi Svoboda.
References: Svoboda ed., 1991; Klima 1995.
Dolni Vestonice III (Rajny). Two smaller settlement units date to the Gravettian,
one of them with an underlying Aurignacian layer, are located on a steep slope with
vineyards between the sites I and II. Surface finds continue over the above field, all the
way upslope, and these are evidently Aurignacian. Elevation: 215-290 m. Excavation:
until 1980 Bohuslav Klima, 1993 and 2012 Jiri Svoboda, 1994-1995 Petr Skrdla.
Pavlov I. A Gravettian settlement agglomeration composed of two large
concentrations, in the field to the northwest of the village. The settlement units (huts)
overlap mainly in the southeastern part, where their layouts form a complex palimpsest.
The site was selected for realization of the Archaeopark project. Elevation: 190-205 m.
Excavation: 1952-1965 and 1971-1972 Bohuslav Klima; 2013-2015 Jiri Svoboda.
References: Klima 1954; Svoboda ed., 1994; 1997; 2005.
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Pavlov II. Smaller Gravettian settlement east of the village, now being gradually built
over with family houses. Elevation: 205-215 m. Excavation: 1966-1967 Bohuslav Klima;
2009 Jin Svoboda. References: Klima 1976; Svoboda ed., 2011.
Pavlov III. Scattered Gravettian artifacts and bones from the former, now filled-in
clay pit along the road from Pavlov to Milovice. Elevation: 180 m. Excavation: 1966 and
1977-1980 Bohuslav Klima.
Pavlov IV. Surface finds of artifacts in the valley southeast of the village. Elevation:
210-250 m. Ongoing surface survey.
Pavlov V (Devicky). Surface finds of artifacts below the castle. Elevation around
360 m. Ongoing surface survey.
Pavlov VI. Isolated, completely preserved Gravettian settlement unit on the eastern
edge of the village. Elevation: 215 m. Excavation: 2007 Jiii Svoboda. References: Svoboda
et al. 2009; Svoboda ed., 2011.
Milovice I (.Mikulovsko). Complex of settlement and mammoth bone deposits in
the valley south of the village, along the road to Mikulov. Below the Gravettian lies
a discrete Aurignacian layer. Elevation: 230-240 m. Excavation: until 1986 Bohuslav
Klima, 1986-1991 Martin Oliva. Reference: Oliva ed., 2009.
Milovice II (Waldfleck, Marktsteig). Surface finds of artifacts on a little ridge north
of site I. Elevation: 220 m. Ongoing surface survey.
Milovice III (.Brnensky, Strdzny Hill). Isolated finds of artifacts and bones. Elevation
220-265 m. Ongoing surface survey.
Milovice IV. Evidently a large Gravettian settlement extending beneath the present-
day village. Elevation: 180 m. Excavation: 2009-2010 Jin Svoboda. Reference: Svoboda
et al. 2011a.
The human ~ mammoth relationships
The intensity of occupation layers and richess of artifacts, large hearths and related
dwelling structures, variability in seasonal occupation over the year, and time-
consuming and delicate technologies (microliths, fine ivory carvings, textiles.) suggest
a relative sedentism, or, at least, tethered nomadism. As a paradox, the strong cultural
relationship among the sites along the Austrian-Moravian-Polish geomorphological
corridor, long-distance lithic material importations and probable following of animals
along the rivers, also suggest a mobility across the landscape at the same time. Thus we
expect a flexible and less risky resource exploitation system controlling a large territory
and thus having access to supplies all through the year.
Although discussions are in course about the intentionality of mammoth hunting
(West 2001), this animal played a key role in human economy (Svoboda et al. 2005, Musil
2014, Wojtal et al. 2012), accompanied by middle-sized animals such as reindeer and
horse, together with smaller fur-bearing mammals such as wolf, arctic and common
fox, and also by hares, birds, fishes, and plants (Mason et al. 1994, Bochenski et al.
372
Summary
2009; Revedin et al. 2010). Extensive mammoth bone depozits, as a typical formative
phenomenon at these Moravian sites, were located either inside the settlements or
separately, in the adjacent gullies or on the slopes.
Various authors underline different aspects of the archaeological record and argue
for mammoth hunting versus mammoth scavenging, reindeer hunting, net-hunting of
smaller game, or plant gathering. As early as the nineteenth century, the first large site
of this type, with mammoth bone depozits, was excavated by J. Wankel at Pfedmosti.
However, the authority of a visiting Danish scholar, J. Steenstrup, convinced Wankel that
humans were not contemporaneous with the mammoth nor that they hunted them. In
his later works, Wankel accepted Steenstrup's view that later hunters of the "reindeer
age" would have come to the site to explore bones from earlier natural bone depozits.
As soon as the larger and more systematic excavation was initiated at Dolni Vestonice in
1924 by Absolon, all doubts about man and mammoth contemporaneity disappeared,
and the idea of "mammoth hunters" was widely adopted in both scientific and popular
literature. However, critical work of L. Binford concerning the pattern of human hunting
in general, and revision of the Moravian mammoth hunting by O. Softer, raised further
doubts about the human capacity to hunt animals as large as the mammoth. We agree
that the model of "mammoth hunters" during the Paleolithic should be considered and
tested separately, from case to case.
Recent archaeozoological analysis of the mammoth bone depozits in the Gravettian
of Moravia and southern Poland shows a certain preference for younger animals but
no visible pattern in selecting particular type of bone, and only few cutmarks (Klima
1969, West 2001, Svoboda et al. 2005, Oliva 2009, Wojtal et al. 2012). Thus, our present
arguments on intentional human hunting of mammoth during the Gravettian may only
be indirect:
- One of them is the spatial relationship of the sites to "mammoth environments" such
as the river valleys, to strategic locations and to side gorges which may have served as
"natural traps"
- Second, the faunal composition, in cases where the horse-and-reindeer component
is restricted and the remaining faunal spectrum is dominated by smaller animals
(hares, foxes, wolves, birds) would not have supplied sufficient food resources.
Thus, the meat-and-fat content provided by the mammoth bone depozits must be
calculated into the food consumption expected in such extensive and complex human
settlements.
- Finally, the development and complexity of the Gravettian technology and symbolism
suggests that, if ever any Paleolithic society would systematically attack as large an
animal as the mammoth, the Gravettians would represent one well equipped in terms
of material, knowledge, and psychology.
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0 e 11) i Véstünî fi - f a v i o y
The complex hunter-gatherers
Taking into account the complex, labour-expensive, and successful character of the
Gravettian, including apparent sedentism or semi-sedentism, evolved social structure,
economic specialization, and estimations of the demography of these sites (reaching
tens and seasonally even hundreds of individuals), one may consider classification
of the Gravettians as "complex hunter-gatherers" (Keeley 1988, Arnold 1993, Burch
and Ellanna 1994). In a complex society, any ecological crisis may involve change of
settlement and resource strategies, emigration or extinction (Halstead and Shea 1989).
It also seems that the termination of human occupation in the Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov
sites may roughly coincide with the gradual disappearence of the large herbivores from
Central Europe before and during the Last Glacial Maximum (MIS 2).
Technology and innovations
Technological innovation was one of the adaptive responses of the early modem human
in the newly colonized northern zones of Eurasia. The artifacts from the Dolni Vëstonice-
Pavlov sites witness a wide range of productive activities with stone, bone, ivory, and
perishable materials. First, the lithic raw material supply was a labour-expensive one:
even if various Moravian cherts were available in the vicinity of the sites (and widely
used by the Early Upper Paleolithic entities, for example), they were almost neglected
by the Gravettians, and a majority of the materials, flint and radiolarite, was imported
from distances of 100-200 km or more to the north and east, following the geographic
orientation of the Moravian corridor. Second, there is evidence of fine and precise work
in stone and ivory, and the sites are reknowned for miniature lithic implements and
ivory carvings. Finally, there is a high level of complexity of the chaînes opératoires, some
of which were new and innovative in the Upper Paleolithic context - polishing stone,
production of ceramics, textiles, and cordage.
The fact that baked clay figurines were produced in the Upper Paleolithic at Dolni
Vëstonice I was recorded by H. Freising and K. Absolon as early as the 1920s (Absolon
1938a,b; 1945), during the 1950s and '60s Klima added another large collection from
Pavlov I (Klima 1954), and the latest excavations at Pavlov VI showed that even small
and episodic sites may include the same kind of activity (Svoboda, ed., 2011). Analytical
results by Vandiver et al. (1989) clarify that the raw material was local loess, generally
fired to temperatures between 500 and 800 °C. Microscopic observation has also focused
on imprints preserved on the surface of the baked clay such as finger imprints, animal
hair, and textiles structures (Adovasio et al. 1996, Krâlik et al. 2008).
This discovery of textile/basketry imprints in clay opened discussions concerning,
first, the very fact of weaving as early as the Upper Paleolithic, then the variability of such
technologies, and finally their social meaning. Whereas Adovasio et al. (1996) recorded
several types of textile constructions and cordage, additional photodocumentation of the
original pieces records predominantly regular rectangular patterns, usually in intervals
374
Summary
of 1.5-2 mm, corresponding to textile structures in the plain weave. Further perspectives
of this research are provided by continuing photodocumentation, by functional analysis
of the related bone industries, but also a search for the rare textile patterns as recorded
in the Upper Paleolithic anthropomorphic art.
In contrast to the Neolithic, when the technological principles of polishing stone
were used extensively for producing axes, ceramics for liquid containers, and textiles
for clothing, in the Gravettian their use was marginal, less "practical” and in some cases
rather symbolic.
Symbolic behavior: Rituals and art
Human communication, symbolic and ritual behavior was, in fact, another adaptive
response to the newly occupied landscapes and their climates, one not less important
than any other technology. In Eurasia, there are a few places where a contextual
approach to Upper Paleolithic art may be addressed in full, and the Dolni Vestonice-
Pavlov area certainly represents one of them.
Symbolism appeared in Eurasia in two major stages. A few objects of decorative and
symbolic meanings were associated with the Levallois-leptolitic and the early backed-
blade industries and these maybe, in fact, the first indications of spreading "modernity”
from Africa. Marine shells were collected, perforated, and used for decoration, stone
plaques were engraved and mineral ocher collected. At the same time, the late
Neandertals of western Europe created simple items of personal decoration as well,
be it independently or by acculturation. However this first evidence of symbolism and
"modernity" represents just a humble prelude to the complexity of symbolic expression
introduced later by the Aurignacian of western Europe and the Gravettian of central and
eastern Europe.
Gravettian art of the Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov sites already shows a variability in
terms of materials, techniques, forms and functions and maybe classified along certain
predetermined dichotomies: ivory carvings versus clay plastics, mobile art (that has
been attached and carried around) versus static art (that fulfilled its role and remained
in discard at place), and "long-term art” versus "short-term arC
Contrary to certain deep-cave sites of western Europe, the Gravettian open-air
settlements do not provide evidence for the separation of the “sacred” and the "profane”
This is especially true for the first ceramic production in south Moravia. The occurrence
of the figurines, fragments and pellets correlates with the central settled areas, around
hearths, and, presumably, inside the hypothetical dwelling stuctures. There are either
fragmented heads, extremities, or complete bodies, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic.
Humans are predominantly represented as females whereas the animals are mostly
imposing and dominant species (mammoths, lions, bears, rhinoceros, capricorns,
horses, and owls). Some of them display intentional incisions, done while wet, or
deformations caused by thermal shock during and after heating. What does all this
375
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damage mean? One of the interpretations is a deliberate process where formation and
destruction had ritual character and symbolic or magic meanings; another one is just
simple play (children's fingerprints were identified in the clay). In any case, it seams that
the process was meaningful while the material was still wet and could be shaped. In this
sense, burning the material into a hard shape equates to a symbolic "death"
The carvings in ivory are typical representatives of the long-term art, requiring
longer time to produce and showing surfaces polished from longer carrying around and
other usages. They display a variety of zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, and geometric
forms, and especially the anthropomorphic symbols reached a sophisticated level of
abstraction. Some carvings served for body decoration and supported the identity of
their bearers (as "diadems" pendants, and other attachments). Others show notches for
some kind of attachment or adjustment with organic materials. If attached to human
bodies or making part of interior scenes, these carvings became a part of everyday life.
In general, the art of the Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov sites documents a sophisticated
play with complete and partial forms. These sites provided not only figurines but also
separate body parts such as heads, legs, vulvas and breasts. Some of the stylized and
reduced anthropomorphic shapes may evoke both female and male meaning - if female
head and breasts are being transformed into the shape of the male sexual organ. In
this sense, the famous black "Venus of Vestonice" may be viewed as a composition of
male organ in the upper part, and large triangular vulva replacing the legs. As another
example of a possible complexity of meanings, one of the engravings on a mammoth
tusk is usually interpreted as a map of the Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov area (and has recently
found a parallel in another tusk at Pfedmosti).
Mortuary behavior: The burials
As early as 1892 the first male burial was found in Moravia, in the town of Brno, together
with a relatively large masculine sculpture of ivory and an associated symbolic inventory.
In 1894, an accumulation of more than 20 individuals, more or less fragmentary, was
found at Pfedmosti. In both cases, the depozitions were altered by postdepozitional
natural processes or human activities; the unique Pfedmosti collection was destroyed
at the end of World War II.
On the evening of August 13,1986, skeletons of three young people were discovered
at the top of the Dolni Vestonice II site. The central individual, of still unknown sex,
was lain on his/her back, the right male on his front, and the left male also on his back,
but slightly inclined towards the central person, with the both arms directed to his or
her pelvis. Given the good state of preservation of the whole situation, it was clear from
the first moment that the strange position had a meaning, and a number of possible
answers were suggested. One of the questions was about a deliberate violence as a cause
of the three simultaneous deaths. After a critical revision, however, since the soft tissues
disappeared, it seems today that the damage recorded on the bones is postmortum -
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S a ii it i r i
breakages on the skulls are due to pressure of the thick loess depozit, overlain over the
bodies shortly after their depozition, and a wooden log, interpreted originally as a mortal
weapon, is just one of the numerous elements of a possible wooden construction
protecting the burial. Of more interest is the central position and the still unknown
sex of the individual in the middle. There is enough ethnographic evidence suggesting
that such “between-sex" personalities were believed to possess supernatural powers in
simple hunting societies.
In general, the sites of DV I, DVII, and Pavlov I have provided a sample of early
modern human skeletons from ritual burials, including four adult males (DV 13,14,16,
Pavlov 1), one female (DV 3), one sexually undetermined individual (DV 15), and a large
number of human skeletal fragments and teeth dispersed in the cultural layers (Vlcek
1991, Trinkaus and Svoboda 2006, Trinkaus et al. 2010). The complete anthropological
catalog at Dolni Vestonice reaches up to file no. 64, and at Pavlov to file no. 33. The
complete skeletons are as follows:
Dolni Vestonice 3, site DV I - upper part. Female, 36-45 years, height 158-159 cm,
minimum weight 56 kg, lying on side in crouched position, facing northwest, with red
coloration of the skull and upper part of body, accompanied by ten perforated fox teeth.
Dolni Vestonice 13, site DV II - hilltop. Male, 21-25 years, height 168-169 cm,
weight around 65 kg, lying on the left in the triple burial, on his back, slightly turned
towards DV 15, oriented south-southeast, with coloration of the skull, with twenty
perforated carnivore teeth and pendants of mammoth ivory.
Dolni Vestonice 14, site DVII - hilltop. Male, 16-20 years, 179-180 cm, weight 68 kg,
lying on the right in the triple burial, on his stomach, oriented towards the south, with
coloration on the skull, with three perforated wolf canines, and pendants of mammoth
ivory.
Dolni Vestonice 15, site DV II - hilltop. Male (based on genetic analysis), 21-25
years, height 159 cm, weight 66-68 kg, the middle person in the triple burial, oriented
towards the south, with coloring on the skull and pelvis, with four perforated fox teeth.
Dolni Vestonice 16, site DV II - western slope. Male, over 45 years, height 171 cm,
weight 68-69 kg, lying in the fetal position on his side by a hearth, oriented towards the
east, with coloration on the skull and pelvis, with four perforated fox teeth.
Pavlov 1, site Pavlov I - northwest. Male, 36-45 years, height 172-178 cm, weight
70 kg, evidently originally lying in a crouched position, but later disturbed due to the
downslope movement of the sediment.
Contrary to Italy and France, where burials have been recovered from cave sites,
Moravian and Russian burials are depozited in the open-air, usually in central parts of
the large settlements. The human burials from the Dolni Vestonice-Pavlov area show
patterns of uniformity in depoziting complete human bodies, with a few additional
artifacts, but covered by ocher, especially on the head and pelvis. In addition to
the ritually buried skeletons, a considerably larger number of individual teeth and
postcranial fragments were scattered over the central parts of the settled areas (Trinkaus
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1 § I if f i # S I fi i I © # - P i V I 0 V
et al. 2010). They may either belong to humans who never were buried ritually, or be the
remains of disturbed burials.
Collapse of the Dolni Westonice-Paulou sites
The collapse of this unique settlement agglomeration is related to the impact of the Last
Glacial Maximum (MIS 2) on climates and landscapes of the preceding Interpleniglacial
(MIS 3) and, in consequence, on the complex hunter-gatherer society of the Moravian
Gravettian. The advance of the Fennoscandinavian glacier southwards around 24 ka BP
evoked an interrelated system of climatic, faunal and floral changes in adjacent parts of
central Europe. Vast geographic zones, hitherto inhabited by Gravettian hunter-gatherer
societies, were evacuated, and the social system collapsed. The more specialized the
resource exploitation strategy and the more complex the social structure, the stronger
were the consequences.
In any case, the Moravian corridor lost its importance as the main European
communication axis. After the Last Glacial Maximum, large European cultural entities
such as the Magdalenian and Epigravettian evolved in the west and the east of the
continent separately. Areas like Moravia, lying just in the geographic center of Europe,
never regained their central role - until historical times and the present.
378
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393
Rejstríh
Absolon, Karel 5,9,28-39,31,47,53,82,
90,128-129,132-136,151,163,171,177,
220,227,240,241,243,263,268,273,277,
281-282,297,319,322,326,331,332,342,
350.351
adaptace 13,14,20,23,107,127,131,173,
178,183,184,339,352
Afar 185
Afarové 193
agrcgace, agregacni sidlistë 20-21,128,196,
328,360-362
agresivita 196-197,295
ahmarien 17,19-20
albedo 359
Altamira 47,180
analogie 10,44,47,48,50,114,116,117-122,
126,131,138,173,177-178,181,184,189,
191,195,197, 198, 206, 207, 223, 240, 252,
254,259,275,286,294,300,302,308,325,
326.351
anthrakologie 89
antropologie 9,38,42,45,51,73,178,197,
240,277,331,334-337,341,355
atérien 17,18
aurignacien 17,19-22,40, 53,56,64-65, 68,
72,127-128,166-167,198,222, 241,243,
278,310,312,316
avifauna 102
Bayer, Joseph 28,46-47,281
belokur horsky 102,219
bëlokur rousnÿ 102,219
Binford, Lewis 178,204,227, 232
bizon 33, 111, 191,206,214,221,223,224,
314.316
bobr 106,117,223
Bohmers, Assien 5,11,28,32-37, 34,59,90,
132.316
bohunicien 17-19,22
Bordes, Francois 240
borovice 73,80,90-91,93-94,117,121
bottleneck - „hrdlo láhve" 357
briza 90-91,93-94,116,121
buk 90,93,117
Bulhary 79, 91,104,120,216,254
centrifugální efekt 187,198
collumelová fauna 79
corral 221
Capek, Vaclav 29,102
církamodrá 102,219
Dania, Emanuel a Josef 29,36,150,331,
342
Demck, Jaromir 11,81,86-87,89,162
demografie 13,16,123,180,190-192,200,
239,359
dendrochronologie 59,90,149
détské zóny 204
Diváky 123
DNA - deoxyribonukleová kyselina 57,292,
354-358
Dohnalová, Alena 11,93,95
domestikace 51,277,290-292,295
drticíkámen 216-217
304
8 8 i S1 f ÎI
dub 90-91,93-94,117,216,254,273
Dzeravä skala 105,123,360
efekt, barierovy 187
- centrifugälni 187,198
egalitarismus 179,231
emirien 17,18
entezopatie 14
epigravettien 17,65,180,222, 339, 360,
362-363
etnoarcheologie 44,177-178,198
evoluce 9,13,23,57,181, 206-207,215,239,
277,292,295,341,354,359
experiment 46,50,173-176,189,209,213,
216,218,237,246,262, 273, 275, 277,329
exkrement 113,115
exploatacni oblast 123,128,241-242
Franz, Leonhard 46
Freising, Hans a Joseph 27,28,281
fytolity 84,94, 98,116
Gebauer, Vilem 37,41,47
Geertz, Clifford 10
Geissenklösterle 298
Germonpre, Mietje 214, 292
genetika 292,331,354
glacial 16,53-56,79,89, 90,94,99,104,
110,117,120,122,149,184,191, 219,
360-361
glaciälni maximum 17,63,81, 84-85, 90,
357-363
Gönnersdorf 178,362
gravettien 17,20-23,40, 42,45,55-57,59,
63-66, 68, 69-72, 84,98,127,140,151-153,
158,161,164,166-168,171-172,180-181,
189-190,198,206,210, 212, 219,229,232,
241,243,248,251,262,264,279,292,300,
307, 309,324,339,352,358-362
Grubgraben 65,298,360
haploskupina 17,356-358
Havlicek, Pavel 10, 77, 78-80,162-163,254
Hertod z Todtenfeldu, J. 25
Himmler, Heinrich 32-33,316
Hladilovä, Sarka 11,254,257
Homo denisoviensis 13,355
Homoerectus 13,331
Homo floresiensis 13
Homo neanderthalensis 14,355
Homo sapiens 10,11,13-14,18,35,116,173,
192,198, 331,355
Horacek, Ivan 11,105,105,122
hrabos 84,104-105
Hromadova, Bibiana 248
hrot 18-19, 64-65, 68-69, 72,135,141,152,
158,163,167,170,172,182, 207, 210, 212,
239-240,248, 250,260
hyena 108,298,359,361
hypoplasie 353
Chantové 279,297
chatelperronien 17,19
Childe, Gordon 277-279,285,293
chronologie 17,53-54,64-66,125,149,152,
200
IBI - interbirth interval 195
inbreeding 192
indiâni 89,180, 207,210, 220-221,229,
231-232,269, 293,310, 356
interglacial 54-56,80, 84, 98
interpleniglaciâl 55-56,63,90,131,140,269,
361
Inuité 177,190,195,220,231,235,285,293,356
Issa 185,194,280
Isturitz 298,308
Ismus desori 254, 256,258
izotopovâ analyza 11,214,215,220,224
JanganaPe 118-119,186-187,196-202,
269-270,275,298
395
Dolní -J ë s ! « b i e 8 - FaMí#y
Jefimenko, P. P. 37,227
jelen (evropsky, obrovsky) 48,80,110,117,
206.214.220, 222,223
Jelinek, Jan 38,39,239,335,338,347
Jezerany 123
jilm 80,91,94
jump-site 221,223
Jiittner, Karl 27,35
„Kalendarveku" 29,53-56, 63-64,77, 82, 84,
86,139-140,149
kalous pustovka 102,104
kanibalismus 197,207,340
Kapova jeskyne 300
Keith, sir Arthur 30,331
keramika 31,38,45,49,50,79,151,158,178,
235,277-279,281-283,286-288,290,308,
312,314,316
Klima, Bohuslav 36,38,39,40,47-48,54,68,
84,131-132,134,152,154,163,165-166, 191,
230,240,250,277,293,326,332,334,339
Klentnice 28,74,171-172
Knies, Jan 26,29,102,129
komplexni lovci-sberaci 24,40,44,128,180,
231
Kostenki 17,125,187,232,358,361
kostenkovske noze 250
Kovanda, Jin 77,79,86,98
kozorofec 110,180,206,220,223,316
kozesina 123,183,192,196,202-203,210,
212.220, 232, 251,260,272-273,275,279,
286,297,309,312-313,326
krajinnytyp(A-D) 128
Krause, Johannes 355,356
Krems 19,51,54,56,63,90,234,340,361
krkavecvelky 102,219
kryogenni jevy 86-88,162
kriStal 243,244
Kriz, Martin 26-27,177,182,184,189
kun 80,111-112,117,139,160,162,165-166,
206,214, 222-223,300,362
kûze 15,113,176,183,185,193,204,206, 212,
219,220,224,235,252,259,269,271-275,
279,285,293,300,354
labuí zpëvnà 102,219
Leroi-Gourhan, André 126,177,241,251
lesostep 16,20,94,110-111,117,269
lesotundra 120,198,204,220,269-270
lev 107,162,214,220,222-223,271,274,282,
300,308-313,317,359,361
LGM - last glacial maximum 17,81-82,84,
85,357,359,361
lipa 91,93-95,98,121
liska (obecná, polární) 106,156,159,220-223,
271,302,314,335-336,341-344,346
Lozek, Vojen 36,54,80,98,99,100,122
luminiscence 63
magdalénien 17, 20,128,178,180,212,
219-220,222,243,260,265,292,309,310,
314,316,351,357,360,362-363
malakozoologie 77,99
Malÿ, Jiri 331,351
mamut 26-27,30-31,38,40,45,48-49,51,
56,69,73, 79-81,92-93,100,106,113-115,
116,121,125,126,128,133-141,144,
149-155,158-163,165-172,180-182,
187,190, 205-207,210-212,214,221-223,
224-231, 234,238,259,262,274,281-283,
292-294,300,308-309,313,317-318,332,
339-342,344,349,359,361-362
mamutovina 38,46-47,135,156,158,167,
210,212,224,245,262-266,269,278,298,
300,302-307,308-310,314,316,318-328,
336,343
Marshack, Alexander 47,293
Masaryk, Tomás G. 29,32,171
Maska, Karel J. 26,27,31,226
medvëd (hnëdÿ, jeskynni) 107-108,123,133,
220,222,223,232,271,282-283,302,308,
312-314
396
i e i s i f í I
mekkysi 27,54,66,80,82,84,86,98-100,102,
104,117,120,149,167,170,180,184, 254,
258, 302,345
Mezin 180,187,227,292,362
mezolit 48, 85,100,180,220,236,238,277,
286,334,357, 358
Meziric 180,187,294,298,362
migrace 13,15,16,18,20,22,30,113,116,
180,182,192-196,201, 207, 219, 220, 357,
361
Mikulov 25,33-35,38,45, 52,133,152,166,
172, 254,331-332,351, 356
Milovice 9,26,28,40,44,45, 62,68,79,80,
82, 84,90, 93, 99-102,105,126,134,163,
165-172,187, 223-225, 229, 236, 241, 243,
250, 259, 361
mikrolity 69,141,147,158,162,167,170,210,
213, 250,251
mikroregion 125,171,201
MIS - marine isotope stage 17, 53,55-56,68,
79, 83-84, 86-87,104,116, 359,361
Mittnik, Alissa 355,356
modrin 73,90-91,94,117,121
Moravany nadVahom 33, 36,90,360,361
Moravsky kras 26,108,110, 111, 314,360,361
Musil, Rudolf 41,116, 222, 291, 292, 347
nadoby 235,254,277,279,281,341, 351
Nenci 185-186,188,193,197-198,204, 229,
269, 274, 298
neolit, neoliticka revoluce 40,85,277,281,
357-358
nosorozec 80,112,133,206,214,222-224,
282, 300, 308, 316, 359, 361
Novak, Jan 90
Novak, Martin 11,87,130
nuz typu Kostenki viz kostenkovske noze
obojzivelnici 101
obsidian 243
odstepovac 250
oheñ, ohnistë 38,49,60,63,66, 68,88-90,
93-98,104,125,130,132-133,135-138,
140-151,154-155,157-158,161-162,167,
169-170,177,181-182,184-185,187-192,
195-196, 202,216, 218,223, 229, 234-235,
238,252, 279, 281-283,308,330,340,342,
345-346, 348,351
Ohñová zemë 198, 200,259
Oliva, Martin 28,29,35,40,166,167
olse 73,91,93,94,117
Opravil, Emanuel 90,269
orelmorsky 102
orobinec 216,218
ostrakodi 79
ozdoby 15,18-20,152,156,161,167,
180-181,183-184,197, 219, 252,255, 264,
276, 279, 285, 291,300-306, 310,313, 322,
326,328, 340,342,344-345
Pâabo, Svante 355
paleoantropologie 9,28,35,140,173,331,
335, 339,355
paleoetnologie 9,30,31,42,44-45,173,177,
179, 275-276
paleopedologie 83
palynologie 90-93,165
paradentoza 354
paralela 10,122,173,177,184,205,294
pavlovien 17,21,39,64,66,68,69,71,89,
106,111,123,128,132,141,153,158,161,
162,167,180-181,184,197-198, 206, 212,
220,222, 224,227, 231, 243,248, 250-251,
253,260,262,265,271, 292,304,310,312,
328,360,362
pazourek 27,50,141,165,167,241-244,250
Pekàrna 31,132,362
permafrost 57,86-87,89, 91,104,116-117,
232,339
pes 290-292
Petrbok, Jaroslav 98
Petrkovice 31,39,65,230,360,361
397
lili í Üstiili€8 - PáMlOf
Piette, Édouard 290
Pincevent 177-178
pizmoñ 111,214,221
pohlavní dimorfismus 14,20,285
Pokorny, Miloslav 290
Pokorny, Petr 83,94,120,218
Polanská, Michaela 248, 251
porcelanit 243
postolka obecná 102,104
Pouzdrany 74-75, 78, 123, 254
Pryor, Alexander 110,214
Predmostí 17,23,25,26-28,31,33,35,39,
46, 50-51, 56,108, 110-111,132,134,141,
190-192, 214, 224, 226, 229, 240, 251, 259,
262, 264, 290, 292, 294, 301-302, 304, 309,
317, 331, 339, 354, 356,360-361
púvodní spolecnost hojnosti - original
affluent society 179
radiokarbonová data 54,57-63, 66,68-71,
79, 88,132,140,153,161,162,170,200, 232,
234
- metoda 53,57, 59, 63
radiolarit 141,167,171, 242-243, 244,250
remontáz 130,142,154,164,245, 247,249
revoluce 277,331,357
rituál 283, 293, 295, 297, 298,300, 308,
311-312, 328, 330, 332, 340, 351, 353, 362
rohovec 68, 80,123,128,141,161,166,241,
243-244, 252
ropucha zelená 101
rosomák 108,162,221-223,231-232, 271, 314
Rybníckovi, Eliska a Kamil 91,120
ryby 100,106,128,171,180,183,193,198,
202, 206, 212, 214, 218-219, 231, 269, 309
rydlo 69,141, 152,162,167, 248-249, 251
rys 108, 220, 222-223, 271
Sázelová, Sandra 11, 99,175
sezonalita 116,192,308
Shreeve, James 9-10, 42
Schul 13
Schwoy, F. J. 25, 26,162
Schirmeisen, Karl 27,47
sidelni archéologie 123,178,361
- areal 125,171,243,360-361
- celek 38,40,124,125-126,133,136-137,
140-145,148,151-159,163-164,174-175,
191,238, 341, 346,348,351
- struktury, evidentni 124,130, 133-134,
153,160,164,177,185,189-192,198, 200,
204, 359, 362
-latentni 187
silicit 241-244
skokan 101
sob 48,74,80,108-111,139,158,159,160,
162,169,180,183,185,193,197,198,
200-201, 203-204, 206, 214,220-224, 231,
265, 267, 271, 273-275, 279, 282, 290, 292,
297, 300, 314-315, 362
sokol stëhovavy 102,104
Smolikovâ, Libuse 77,78-79,83-84,162,166
smrk 73, 90-91, 93-94,117,121,343
Solutré 222-224
sovice snëzni 102,104,310
spongolit 241, 243-244
spras 26-27, 40, 44,49, 50, 54-56, 63, 64, 66,
69, 73, 75, 77, 79-80, 81-89, 91, 93, 98-99,
104,120,127, 129,131,133,137, 139-142,
144,149-154,161-163,165-166, 168-171,
182, 219, 226, 251, 282,333-334, 341, 344,
348,353
srnec 110,206
Starun 112
steatopygie 32
Steenstrup, Japetus 27,226-227
step 14,16, 20,22,73,91, 93,101-102,105,
110-111,116-117,121-122,173, 187,206,
215, 221-222, 224, 242, 269, 302, 331, 357,
361-362
Stranska skala 18,116,167,222,240,243,244,
360,361
398
Ra i ® I í I fe
I «* a ï 11
stratigrafie 33, 36,45,54,56-57, 59, 64, 66-69,
73-74,104,130,132,139-140,150,152,161,
166,184, 198, 346
Suk, Vojtéch 30
supbélohlavy 102,219
Svobodné Dvory 229
Svobodová Svitavská, Helena 93,333
symbol, Symbolismus 18-20,65, 69,131,178,
181-182,188,195-196, 239,252,259, 262,
293, 295, 297, 298-302, 304, 308-313, 318,
322, 325, 328, 340, 345, 362
Szombathy, Joseph 29
saman, samanismus 48,131,173,181,243,
295-296, 301-302,308,331,340
skrabadlo 141,158,162,167, 248,251, 275
Skrdla, Petr 28,152,248
termoluminiscence 63
tetíívek obecny 102,219
textil 51,183, 277,285-289,304
totem, totemismus 300,310
traseologie 130,251,259-260
tundra 68,102,105,106,111,116-121,165,
188, 198, 200, 204,215,220, 269, 310, 361
Trois Frères 310
uluzzien 19-20
üvoz - Hohlweg 27,29,36,98,131,132,135,
332
Valoch, Karel 41,189,286
Vedrovice 123
Velké Pavlovice 123,223
Vlcek, Emanuel 41,284,334-335,339, 348,
353,354
vlk 51,106-108,113,139,156,159-162,183,
214, 220-223, 271, 290-292, 302, 313, 331,
336, 342-344
Wankel, Jindrich 26-28, 31,48,226
Willendorf 19,22,56, 58, 360,361
willendorf-kostënkien 17, 64, 68, 69,250,
360
Zajeci 79,81,241,254, 273
zajic 106-108,139,181,183, 206, 212, 219,
222-223, 231,271,273, 309
Zebera, Karel 28, 36,129,132
399 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Svoboda, Jiří A. 1953- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1055750983 |
| author_facet | Svoboda, Jiří A. 1953- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Svoboda, Jiří A. 1953- |
| author_variant | j a s ja jas |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043540719 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)951181106 (DE-599)BVBBV043540719 |
| edition | Vydání první |
| era | Geschichte 30000 v.Chr. - 20000. v.Chr. gnd Vor- und Frühgeschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 30000 v.Chr. - 20000. v.Chr. Vor- und Frühgeschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd Dolní Věstonice (DE-588)4234748-8 gnd Südmähren (DE-588)4078038-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Böhmische Länder Dolní Věstonice Südmähren |
| id | DE-604.BV043540719 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-03T00:34:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788020025500 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028956194 |
| oclc_num | 951181106 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 399 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Academia |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Svoboda, Jiří A. 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)1055750983 aut Dolní Věstonice - Pavlov Jiří A. Svoboda Vydání první Praha Academia 2016 399 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung auf Englisch Geschichte 30000 v.Chr. - 20000. v.Chr. gnd rswk-swf Vor- und Frühgeschichte gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 gnd rswk-swf Mammutjäger (DE-588)4776530-6 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd rswk-swf Dolní Věstonice (DE-588)4234748-8 gnd rswk-swf Südmähren (DE-588)4078038-7 gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 g Südmähren (DE-588)4078038-7 g Dolní Věstonice (DE-588)4234748-8 g Mammutjäger (DE-588)4776530-6 s Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Vor- und Frühgeschichte z Geschichte 30000 v.Chr. - 20000. v.Chr. z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028956194&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028956194&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028956194&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028956194&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Svoboda, Jiří A. 1953- Dolní Věstonice - Pavlov Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 gnd Mammutjäger (DE-588)4776530-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4318315-3 (DE-588)4776530-6 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4069573-6 (DE-588)4234748-8 (DE-588)4078038-7 |
| title | Dolní Věstonice - Pavlov |
| title_auth | Dolní Věstonice - Pavlov |
| title_exact_search | Dolní Věstonice - Pavlov |
| title_full | Dolní Věstonice - Pavlov Jiří A. Svoboda |
| title_fullStr | Dolní Věstonice - Pavlov Jiří A. Svoboda |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dolní Věstonice - Pavlov Jiří A. Svoboda |
| title_short | Dolní Věstonice - Pavlov |
| title_sort | dolni vestonice pavlov |
| topic | Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 gnd Mammutjäger (DE-588)4776530-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ausgrabung Archäologische Stätte Mammutjäger Funde Böhmische Länder Dolní Věstonice Südmähren |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028956194&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028956194&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028956194&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028956194&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT svobodajiria dolnivestonicepavlov |