Eesti Rahvaväe vene sõdurid Vabadussõjas 1918-1920:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Estonian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
[Kiviõli]
[Ida-Viru Noorteakadeemia]
2014
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Register // Personenregister |
| Beschreibung: | 188 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9789949337248 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Eesti Rahvaváe vene sódurid Vabadussójas 1918—1920
SISUKORD
Eessóna.5
Historiograafia ja allikad.7
1. Eesti Rahvaváe komplekteerimisest ja rahvuslikust balansist.11
1.1. Vabatahtlik mobilisatsioon.11
1.2. Sundmobilisatsiooni lábiviimine Vabadussója algetapil.13
1.3. Sundmobilisatsioon párast 1919. a jaanuari vastupealetungi.15
1.4. Vene elanikkond Eestis ja mobilisatsioon.17
2. Balahhovits ja balahhovlased.25
2.1. Partisanide kindrali sünd. 25
2.2. Valge ataman.27
2.3. Balahhovits ja Pihkva vabariik.32
2.4. Eesti váes.39
2.5. Valgevene sójaváe juht ja Poola kindral.46
3. Mobilisatsioon Petserimaal ja 7. jalaváepolgu “vene” pataljon.51
3.1. Sójategevusest Petserimaal 1919. akevadtalvel.51
3.2. Mobilisatsioon Petserimaal.55
3.3. Meetmed váejooksikute vastu Petserimaal.60
3.4. 7. polgu „vene“ ehk Panikovitsi pataljon.64
4. Katsanova üksikpataljon.73
4.1. Katsanova küla vabastamine punastest.73
4.2. Katsanova vabatahtliku pataljoni tekkimine.75
4.3. Ühises vóitluses vaenlase vasta.79
4.4. Katsanovlased 2. kütipolgus.81
4.5. Eesti Rahvaváe Katsanova üksikpataljon.87
4.6. Katsanova kerge válipatarei.93
4.7. Katsanova pataljon Tartu rahulepingu sólmimise ajal.94
4.8. Isikkoosseisu moraal.98
5. Vene allüksustest Eesti Rahvaváes.103
6. Vene rahvusest Eesti ohvitserid Vabadussójas.117
6.1. Ohvitserid Katsanova pataljonis.118
6.2. Vabadusristi kavalerist Eesti riigi reeturiks.124
6.3. Venelased Eesti suurtükiváes.129
6.4. Venelased Eesti soomusvágedes.132
6.5. Eesti sójaváe ridades.139
7. Lóppsóna.143
8. Pe3ioMe.147
9. Summary.165
10. Kasutatud allikad.181
11. Isikunimede register.184
12. Autorist.188
3
Summary
SUMMARY
RUSSIAN SOLDIERS OF THE ESTONIAN ARMY
IN THE ESTONIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1918-1920
The Russian ethnic minority and mobilization into the Estonian Army
The events of 1918-1920 in Estonia should be viewed in the context of the situa-
tion in Russia and Germany. On the one hand, Germany’s defeat in the World War
I and the October Revolution put an end to the German occupation in the Baltic
states. On the other hand, the revolution and a civil war in Russia brought about
the chaos and turmoil also for the so-called nationalistic borderlands of the former
empire. The withdrawal of the German army to Liepaja (Libau), to be sent back to the
Vaterland, invited the troops of the Red Army to launch an offence in their footsteps.
On November 28,1918, the Reds attacked the positions of the German and Estonian
troops near Narva - the event now regarded as the beginning of the Estonian War
of Independence. The goal of Soviet Russia was to establish Soviet rule within the
former Russian Empire and to export the revolution into Europe. Interestingly, the
German occupation conserved the process of „revolutionary fermentation“ in the
Estonian society which in turn had a positive impact to the formation of the armed
forces of Estonia in late 1918 and early 1919. At the beginning of the mobilization
into the Estonian Peoples Army some serious problems occurred, but during the war
recruiting to the army was developed to a thoughtful and controlled process.
To protect the young Republic of Estonia, the Provisional Government declared
the creation of the Estonian Peoples Army on November 12, 1918. The voluntary
mobilization for officers, doctors and military officials was announced on November
21. As in the beginning of hostilities only 800 volunteers were mobilized - clearly
not enough to staff the army personnel -, a decision was made to declare a forced
mobilization. By December 15, the forced mobilization had resulted in 9073 men
recruited, including 1 238 volunteers, and by January 5, 1919 - more than 15 343
soldiers had been recruited, 2 300 of which were volunteers. Thus, despite difficult
circumstances, by the start of Estonian army’s counter-offensive at the beginning of
January the Provisional Government had achieved remarkable success in mobiliza-
tion from the controlled territories. In May 1919 the Estonian army already consisted
of 40 000 soldiers and by the end of the war - about 76 000 soldiers and officers. Thus,
by the end of 1919, the Estonian army had become a major military power in the
Baltic region.
According to the census in 1897, the Russian population in the Governorate of
Estonia was 20 899, of which 11 618 people were living in towns. During the World
War I, the number of Russians reached about 100 000 people in 1917, mainly due to
the servicemen, industrial workers and war refugees. Before the arrival of the German
165
Eesti Rahvavae vene sodurid Vabadussojas 1918—1920
army in February 1918, substantial number of them left Estonia. After the issue of the
Estonian Declaration of Independence on February 24, 1918, all, who had lived here
before 1914, were accounted as Estonian citizens. After the War of Independence, a
census of 1922 identified 91 109 Russians living in Estonia, which constituted 8.2%
percent of the total population.
Thus, the number of local Russians, who can roughly be described as Estonian Russians,
was relatively small. They mostly lived in the rural areas by the Lake Peipus (Peipsi),
also in the eastern borderlands behind Narva and in Pechory (Petseri) District. The
urban Russian communities existed in Tallinn (Reval), Narva and to some extent in
Tartu (Dorpat). The nationality of the Pechory District, as well as of the areas beyond
the Narva River, was not determined at the beginning of the War of Independence.
Already in summer 1917, Estonian activists of Pechory District filed a written peti-
tion to the Estonian Provincial Assembly for inclusion of the district into Estonia.
However, the local Russians and Setos (Finno-Ugric people of the Orthodox faith,
now considered as an ethnic group of the Estonian nation) mostly preferred their
district to remain part of Russia. Also, Russian people by the Lake Peipus initially did
not see themselves as Estonians. In April 1917, in Mustvee, the administrative centre
of the Peipus region, a meeting was arranged by the chiefs of the local Russian villages
and the representatives of the various companies and organizations to discuss the
possibilities to protect the national interests, to create a national autonomy and even
the idea of joining the Petrograd Province.
Among the townspeople, the Great-Russian chauvinist moods prevailed. The circles
of the intelligentsia and the recent emigrants mostly held monarchist views, did
not participate in the political life of Estonia and in the elections to the Constituent
Assembly. Their hopes were primarily associated with the restoration of the “united
and indivisible Russia” in its former borders. The only Estonian Russians to express
some interest to participate in the local political life were the members of a left-liberal
party of Constitutional Democrats (Cadets), who created a Russian Committee
in Tallinn in 1918. The representative of that committee, assistant attorney Alexei
Sorokin was nominated as the official representative of the Russian minority in the
rights of the Russian National Minister. In March 1919, the Russian Practical Peoples
Party was formed in Tallinn, in which the influential roles were played by the former
deputy of the IV State Duma, Duke Serafim Mansyrev, and Nikolay Ivanov, a former
vice-prosecutor, who had close relations with one of the leaders of the White move-
ment in Northwest of Russia, Stanislav Bulak-Balachowicz. The party demanded the
White movement to recognize the independence of Estonia, but did not receive wide
support among Russians. In the elections to the Estonian Constituent Assembly, the
party was represented in a local Russian list of candidates, winning 5965 votes (1%)
and one seat.
166
Summary
By the resolution from January 3,1919, the Provisional Government obliged the citi-
zens of Russia, who had arrived in Estonia after 1914, either to join the Northern
Corps of the Russian White Army or to leave Estonia. By May 1919, more than 200
Russian emigrants were mobilized to the Northern Corps. Generally, the Corps was
mainly assembled of the Red Army prisoners. The commander-in-chief of the Esto-
nian armed forces, Major General Johan Laidoner forbade mobilizing the Estonian
citizens of Russian nationality into the Northern Corps.
On the basis of an agreement between the Estonian government and the Russian
Major General Wilhelm Hennings from December 18,1918, a Russian voluntary self-
defence unit was formed in Tallinn. It carried out patrolling in the city and was later
reorganized as the logistics division of the Northern Corps.
On December 22, 1918, an agreement on the creation of another military unit was
signed by the Provisional Government and Lieutenant Colonel Karl-Johan Baden-
dick of the White Army. The new unit, the 1st Revel Russian Officers Partisan Squad
consisted of 400 volunteers - Russian emigrants having ended up in Tallinn during
the events of the Russian revolution. Before leaving to the front on February 9, the
squad participated in a military parade on the Peter Square (now Freedom Square)
in Tallinn, receiving greetings by Major General Laidoner. It is noteworthy that the
members of the squad had the chevrons with both Russian and Estonian national
colours on the sleeve of their greatcoats. Later, the 1st Revel Rifle Regiment of the
Northwestern Army was formed on the basis of that unit.
In the mobilization of the Estonian army, nationality was not taken into account;
conditional citizenship, family and financial situation were considered instead.
During the spring of 1919, the number of Russians in the Estonian Nations Army was
marginal. Some Russian officers came over to the Estonian army after the capture of
the city of Pskov, but their number was not great. The vast majority of them continued
to serve in the Northwestern Army of the Russian Whites, and only a few remained
in the Estonian army. After the transfer of the military operations to the territory of
Pechory District, the mobilization was initiated in the western part of the district,
namely in Panikovich Parish, where a whole battalion of soldiers was drafted in the
summer of 1919. However, the Russian peasants of Pechory District did not have a
positive attitude towards the military service in the Estonian army. The soldiers of
Russian origin saw Estonians as foreigners, did not know the goals of the war, and
therefore were often poorly motivated. In addition to this, the overall war weariness
and the uncertain nationality of Pechory District had a negative effect. A significantly
better battle efficiency was shown by the volunteers and the conscripts from Kachanov
Parish of Ostrov District because they had experienced the Red Terror and fought
throughout the War of Independence within their own parish and for their homes.
167
Eesti Rahvavae vene sodurid Vabadussojas 1918—1920
“Father” Bulak-Balachowicz and his “sons”
The battalion of Stanislav Bulak-Balachowicz (Polish: Stanislaw Bulak-Balachowicz)
became an interesting phenomenon in the Estonian military history. The future
partisan general was born in Vitebsk Province (nowadays Belarus) into the family
of a cook and a maid. In his youth he studied in a Polish high school in St. Peters-
burg, followed by agronomy studies. Later, he was managing the estate of Count
Plater-Sieberg in Petrograd Province. At the beginning of the World War, Balacho-
wicz joined the 53rd Volhynia Infantry Regiment as a volunteer and was later trans-
ferred to the 2nd Emperor Alexander Ills Courland Life-Lancer Regiment. For
personal bravery in the combat Balachowicz was promoted to 2nd lieutenant, and
in 1915 he joined the Lieutenant Leonid Punins special cavalry (partisan) unit that
operated on the Northern Front. His bravery and initiative in the battlefield earned
him the respect of his colleagues and subordinates. The service in the Punins unit
substantially boosted Balachowiczs becoming a partisan Ataman and so-called
father (batya) - a status that favourably distinguished him from the other officers in
the Russian Civil War.
After the Bolshevik coup in October 1917, Balachowicz with a part of the former
Punins unit joined the Reds and formed 1st Luga Partisan Cavalry Regiment. In
October 1918, Balachowicz with his regiment, rearranged as the 3rd Petrograd Cavalry
Regiment, moved to the side of the Whites, joining the Northern Corps. As a part
of the White troops, Balachowiczs regiment defended Pskov and then retreated to
Estonia. According to an agreement between the Northern Corps and the Provisional
Government of Estonia from December 6, 1918, the local White troops went under
the control of the Estonian military command. So, from December 10, the Balachow-
iczs unit acted against the Reds in Dorpat District (since 1920 - Tartu County), being
then sent through Viljandi (Fellin) to Rapla (Rappel) for rearrangement.
During the reorganization of the Northern Corps, Balachowicz befriended with
a Russian politician Nikolay Ivanov and accepted his view of the urgent need to
recognize the independence of Estonia. The reactionary White generals took this
negatively, causing Balachowicz to get into conflict with them. One of the antago-
nists of Balachowicz became Lieutenant General Aleksandr Rodzyanko, the future
commander of the Northwestern Army.
In the second half of January, 1919, Balachowicz’s partisan unit fought against the
Reds in Fellin District (Viljandi County) and in February by the Lake Peipus, near
Mehikoorma. The unit carried out bold attacks to the opposite shore of the lake
and almost always returned with rich spoils and prisoners. At the beginning of May
1919, during the offensive of the Northern Corps, the Balachowiczs unit took Gdov,
and on May 31 he was handed over control of Pskov by the Estonian army. Bala-
168
Summary
chowicz rose rapidly in the military ranks and was promoted to major general on
July 20, 1919.
The emergence of the Russian units in the Estonian army was mostly associated with
the creation of the so-called Peoples Army of the Pskov Republic, initiated by the
so-called Estonian-Russian group. One of the organizers of that group was Colonel
Viktor Puskar, the head of the 2nd Division of the Estonian army, who intervened
in the emerging intrigues among the leaders of the Northwestern Army Puskar
hoped to affect the relations within the White Army to bring Bulak-Balachowicz to
leadership. An interim solution in achieving that goal would have been the creation
of Pskov Republic - a buffer state between Estonia and Soviet Russia - to allow the
“pro-democracy forces” headed by Balachowicz to “re-establish Russia by parts” To
do this, Puskar initiated the formation of the units of the Pskov National Company
inside the Estonian 2nd Division. However, these plans of creating a buffer state
collapsed in August 1919 when Pskov was taken by the units of the Red Army.
Because of his intrigues in the Northwestern Army, the reactionary leaders of the
army attempted to arrest Balachowicz, who at the time served as the commander of
the 2nd Corps. However, Balachowicz managed to escape to Estonia and assemble
his remaining loyal soldiers in Vastseliina (Neuhausen). Of them he formed a new
unit to carry out his plans of taking power in the Northwestern Army in case of its
military setbacks. The circumstances did not support the realization of the Balacho-
wiczs adventurous plan and instead his battalion took part in the offensive actions
of the Estonian 2nd Division towards Pskov in late autumn of 1919. In those fights
the Balachowiczs men almost always acted at the forefront, performing their tasks
excellently. The battalion consisted of four companies and was commanded by
Lieutenant Colonel Sergey Pavlovskiy. In addition, it had commandos of scouts,
machine gunners, workers and communications. Altogether, there were 30 officers
and 743 soldiers in the battalion in November 1919. The battalion consisting mainly
of Russians proved to be effective in the offensive operations against the Reds.
During the peace negotiations between Soviet Russia and Estonia in Tartu from late
1919 to early 1920 Balachowicz signed a contract with the Polish military repre-
sentative in Riga, Captain Alexander Myszkowski, about the transition of his unit
to the Polish army. The Bulak-Balachowiczs unit was transferred to Brest, where it
was reformed. In June 1920, the Balachowiczs unit, as the allied Belorussian troops,
acted together with the Polish troops in Polesia. In October, with the assistance of
the Boris Savinkovs Committee and the Belarus National Commitee, Balachowicz
formed the Voluntary Peoples Army consisting of three divisions. After the conclu-
sion of the preliminary peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Poland, the Polish
government ordered the Balachowiczs unit either to disarm or to leave the territory
of Poland. Thereupon, Balachowicz with 20,000 soldiers made a desperate attempt
169
Eesti Rahvavae vene sodurid Vabadussojas 1918—1920
to invade Belarus in order to establish Peoples Republic of Belarus there. His troops
managed to take a city of Mazyr and hold it for some time, but under pressure from
the superior forces of the Red Army they retreated to the territory of Poland and
were disarmed.
After the war, Poland recognized Balachowiczs rank of Major General. The Polish
authorities allocated him a villa where he employed his former soldiers. In 1926,
Balachowicz participated in the coup of the Polish military leader Marshal Jozef
Pilsudski, who held a high opinion of him. Balachowicz later acted as a publicist and
participated in the Spanish Civil War on the side of Francisco Franco. In May 1940
Balachowicz was killed in occupied Warsaw, when confronted with a German patrol.
In the context of the Russian Civil War, Balachowicz was a suitable figure. With an
adventurous nature, he was an expert on partisan warfare and a popular commander
among his soldiers. Called “the ataman of the peasant and partisan groups”, he liked
to present himself as a protector of the ordinary peasants interests, and lovingly
referred to his soldiers as “sons”. After the Estonian War of Independence, Balacho-
wicz played a significant role in the Belarusian national movement.
The Kachanov Single Battalion
The formation of the Kachanov Single Battalion of the Russians willing to fight
against the Reds under the Estonian flag was a unique development in the Estonian
military history. The partisans of Kachanov acted together with the Estonian Sakala
Partisan Battalion since June 1919. In the same month, at the village of Laura, Pechory
District, the temporary location of the Sakala partisans, the battalion commander
Staff Captain Otto Oidermann, together with the partisans of Kachanov, drew up
a battle plan to free Kachanov Parish of Ostrovo District from a Reds’ unit acting
there. Despite the directive of Major General Laidoner not to go beyond the ethnic
boundaries of Estonia, Oidermann apparently obtained the consent from his chief,
Colonel Puskar, and decided to support the Kachanov partisans. To participate in
the operation, a company of hunters was formed in the battalion under the leader-
ship of 2nd Lieutenant August Laatsarus and Ensign Jaan Vastisson. On June 6, the
parish centre Kachanov was freed from the Reds, who, however, found out of the
attack and were able to leave on time. The local residents joyfully greeted their libera-
tors; the soldiers and officers were treated with food and home-brew.
Joining the heavy fighting against the regular units of the Red Army, the partisans
of Kachanov needed weapons and ammunition, which they later received from the
Sakala partisans. From June 22-27,1919, the Sakala Partisan Battalion handed over
100 Arisaka rifles, two heavy machine guns Colt with cartridge belts and 40,000
rifle cartridges to the partisans of Kachanov. Thus began the combat alliance of
170
Summary
the two units, which successfully continued until September 1919. By July 1919,
during the fighting of local importance, Sakala battalion in close cooperation with
the Kachanov partisan unit took control of the entire Kachanov Parish.
On July 18, the 2nd Division of the Estonian army launched an offensive in the
directions of Porkhov and Ostrov. By an order of the divisions commander, the
Ostrov Group was formed of the parts of the Estonian Peoples Army and North-
western Army. The Sakala Partisan Battalion, combating in cooperation with the
Kachanov unit, was given a mission to support the group with a subsidiary strike
towards Laura and Ostrov. During the subsequent offensive, the Russian company
under the command of 2nd Lieutenant Nikolai Guryanov fought remarkably well,
conducting several raids behind enemy lines.
On August 15, the 15th Army of Reds launched an offensive along the entire front.
Breakthrough from the defence of the Estonian 7th Infantry Regiment by the Lake
Usitovskoe (Belaya Struga) accelerated the fall of Pskov, which was taken by the
Reds on August 29th. The partisans of Sakala and Kachanov, while locating at the
junction of the 2nd and 3rd divisions, came under attack by Reds in August 18-19.
The Reds had an overwhelming superiority in manpower (1:6). While retreating
under the pressure of the Bolsheviks, the partisans suffered losses. During August,
the Kachanov unit lost at least 30 people dead and wounded. Also a number of
settlements were abandoned, including the parish centre Kachanov. On August 21,
the Kachanov unit with the Sakala battalion set up defensive positions 9 km south-
east of Laura.
Fighting in Kachanov Parish demonstrated that the partisan units were capable of
a successful resistance to a superior enemy over several months. This was facili-
tated by the cooperation between the Kachanov partisans and the Sakala battalion,
also by good knowledge of the area, skilled use of partisan tactics, soldiers’ high
morale and enemy’s lack of motivation. But withdrawal to the new defensive posi-
tions in August 1919 changed these circumstances: by abandoning their homes,
the Kachanov men lost the material and moral support of the local population,
increasing their dependence on the logistical support of the Estonians.
In July 1919, based on the partisan groups of Kachanov and Palkino, as well as on the
men who had changed sides from the Reds to the White Army, the formation of the
2nd Rifle Regiment was started at the Pskov front. Commission into the regiment
was carried out in July 1919 of the officers who came to the registration in Pskov.
The formation of the regiment was led by the inspection department of the Colonel
Bulak-Balachowicz’s peasant and partisan unit’s headquarters. Although the regi-
ment was subordinate to the 4th Division of the 2nd Corps of the Northwestern
Army, the logistics was organized by the Estonian 2nd Division. By conducting
171
Eesti Rahvavae vene sódurid Vabadussójas 1918—1920
the extensive mobilization in Pskov Province, forming additional military units of
the so-called Peoples Army of Pskov was planned. However, all this would have
been attainable only in a case of operational success in the directions of Ostrov and
Porkhov, but in August, because of the surrender of Pskov to the Reds and the loss
of initiative, it proved impossible. The idea of the “Pskov Republic” also became
irrelevant. Therefore, Colonel Puskar initiated the formation of the 1st Kachanov
Regiment from the volunteers of the 2nd Rifle Regiment. Initially, Colonel A. Cibul-
skis, the former commander of the 2nd Rifle Regiment, began to form this new unit,
but already on September 12, Colonel Puskar replaced him with Lieutenant Tonis
Koern, who was appointed as an acting temporary commander of the regiment,
with a task to continue its formation. Puskar s move was affected by the altered
political and military situation in the zone of the 2nd Division and Colonel Cibul-
skis’ decision to go over to the Northwestern Army. Puskar also informed Laidoner
of Cibulskis’ plan, and the commander-in-chief allowed the Russian servicemen
from the Kachanov regiment and the Panikovich Battalion (formed of the Russians
from Pechory District and subordinated to the 7th Infantry Regiment) to decide
on their own about accompanying Colonel Cibulskis and joining the Northwestern
Army. A survey conducted by the unit commanders among the lower ranks indi-
cated that only a small number of men were wishing to continue their service with
the Whites. On September 12, Colonel Cibulskis with 15 officers and 125 soldiers
departed to Narva, at the disposal of a general on duty of the Northwestern Army.
Cibulskis departure with a group of soldiers from the Kachanov regiment led the
Estonian military leaders to a decision to change the structure and status of the unit.
On September 17, Major General Laidoner ordered the formation of the Kachanov
Single Battalion of Russians from the area of responsibility of the 2nd Division, who
wanted to fight against the Bolsheviks in the Estonian army. As we saw, Colonel
Puskar had already developed an idea and taken an initiative to establish the
Russian regiment. Lieutenant Tonis Koern, as its acting temporary commander, at
first continued Cibulskis work on the formation of the unit. He found the condi-
tions for the formation to be very difficult because the parts of the formed battalion
were on the front and directly in the combat positions. During the formation, the
regimental headquarters were also close to the front line - at a village of Zamoshye
in the western part of Kachanov Parish.
The commandos' commanders were instructed to proceed immediately with the
formation of the companies. The infantry companies of the regiments 1st Battalion
were formed on the basis of the former Kachanov partisan unit that consisted mainly
of the peasants from Kachanov Parish. An exception was the 4th Company that was
put together of the volunteers from a partisan unit of Palkino. On September 16,197
partisans of Palkino along with their commander (and the only officer), Lieutenant
Grigoriy Yakovlev, were enrolled in the Kachanov Regiment. The 2nd Battalion was
172
Summary
formed of the peasants of Kachanov Parish who were mobilized in September 1919,
including a number of Latvians. As of October 1, at least 68 Latvians (7% of the total
personnel) were listed in the Kachanov Single Battalion.
On September 22,1919, a Russian company led by 2nd Lieutenant Guryanov arrived
to the Sakala Partisan Battalion, to the formation of the regiment. The company also
included Captain Nikolai Kustov, Lieutenant Vasily Lyubomirski and Ensign Eduard
Sarri. By an order of Colonel Puskar, a company of Russian soldiers from the 7th
Infantry Regiment was subordinated to the Kachanov Regiment, as well as a group
of Russian soldiers transferred from the 6th Regiment. Only 1/8 of the personnel of
the regiment consisted of former soldiers of the Red Army. In addition, a Russian
company of the 7th Infantry Regiment was sent to the formation of the battalion.
In accordance with an order of the commander-in-chief, since October, the
Kachanov Regiment was reorganized to a single battalion, and Captain Artur
Saueselg was appointed as its commander. He took the job on October 2, replacing
Lieutenant Koern. By October 28, all the units were incorporated into the sepa-
rate battalion. There were 5 companies in the Kachanov Single Battalion, also a
field chancery, rear company, convalescent company, machine gun company,
communications commando, infantry and cavalry scouts, and medical aid station.
On October 12/13, in all, 1068 persons were enlisted in the battalion, of which 21
were officers. 951 of them were on the front with the units of the battalion and in
the headquarters. From the outset, the weapons and ammunition of the Kachanov
battalion was provided by the Estonians. The main weapons were a rifle Arisaka
Type 38, a trophy rifle Mosin and machine guns Colt and Maxim. At the end of
October, the Kachanov men had received Estonian uniforms and in November they
were paid their first salary in Estonian marks.
On September 20, 1919, the regular units of the Red Army launched an offen-
sive along the front of the Estonian 2nd Division. The offensive was insufficiently
devised and prepared, so all attempts to break through failed. However, the enemy’s
activeness largely hindered the formation of the battalion. Just on September 21,
near village Babino, the 6th company lead by 2nd Lieutenant Mikhail Kazmin
repelled four Reds’ attacks, who tried to evade the company’s position on the right,
cutting off its connection with other units. At noon of the next day, September 22,
the enemy attacked the positions of the Kachanov Battalion all along the front. The
Reds managed to take the villages of Vommorski, Babino and Batvino and to gain
a foothold there. The fighting for those villages lasted until 8:00 pm, after which the
Kachanov unit gathered some enhanced intelligence. On September 24, a group
of hunters led by 2nd Lieutenant Guryanov made a vigorous counterattack and
managed to drive the enemy from its positions, regaining the control of the villages.
173
Eesti Rahvavde vene sodurid Vabadussojas 19IS—1920
On September 25, deputy commander of the 2nd Division Colonel Siegfried
Pinding, located in Petseri, issued a secret operation order No. 41, according to
which the Irboska (Izborsk) Army Group under Captain Oidermann consisting of
Sakala, Kachanov and Panikovich Battalions was formed. The Group was assigned
a task to hold the defence from the Lake Velje to the junction with the 3rd Divi-
sion in the south. The Kachanov battalion, called in the operation order as “the
Russian Regiment”, was to take the defence position on the right wing of the Group,
from Glybochino to the River Gnilna. From late September to early October 1919,
the 2nd Division was reorganized due to the planned offensive. In accordance with
the order of the commander-in-chief from October 7, just before the offensive, the
Kachanov Single Battalion had to carry out reconnaissance in their area with 2-3
companies and then launch an attack towards Ostrov in conjunction with the Bala-
chowiczs partisan group. While performing the task of exploration of the enemys
forces, the infantry scouts company of the Kachanov battalion attacked the forti-
fied positions of the Reds at the village of Volodkino. The initial attempt to take the
village failed, and by bringing reinforcements the Reds forced the Kachanov troops
to retreat.
The next day, during the newly-started offensive, the Kachanov battalion took the
villages of Golubova and Aksyonova with the battle. In the battle near Golubova,
the Bulak-Balachowiczs Battalion in close cooperation with the Kachanov battalion
destroyed the 476th Rifle Regiment of the Red Army. During the day, trying to
keep the pace of the attack and to repulse the counterattacks of the Reds, all the
battalions reserves were sent into the battle. On the first day of the offensive, in
the battle at the Kudrovo estate in Kachanov Parish, 2nd Lieutenant Otryganev,
a acting temporary commander of the 2nd company, and four soldiers of the 1st
company got wounded. On the third day, the commando of infantry scouts made
a bold attack on the village of Velikiye Suki, during which the commander of the
scouts of Latvian origin, Rudolf Amberg, was killed. Since October 15, 1919, when
fighting with the overwhelming Reds began, the Kachanov battalion lost 22 men in
a single week.
On October 29, an offensive was launched by the 3rd Division of the Estonian army,
with the goal to push the Reds to the east and to conquer Ostrov and Pytalovo.
Located at the junction of the 2nd and 3rd divisions, the Kachanov battalion
was assigned a task to support the neighbours on the right flank on carrying out
enhanced reconnaissance. From November 1 to 2, the units of the Estonian 3rd
Division managed to liberate the native villages of the Kachanov men - Aksy-
onova and Bystrova Gora. On the same day the units of the Kachanov battalion
also advanced, while continuing their offensive towards Moshkovo. Only due to the
termination of the offensive by the 3rd Division, the battalion had to withdraw on
its initial positions.
174
Summary
Desertion was not a rare phenomenon. For instance, on November 9, near the
village of Davydova Gora, a group of soldiers from the Red Army’s 171st Rifle Regi-
ment came over, being enlisted in the Kachanov battalion later.
Similarly to the Kachanov Single Battalion, according to the order of the commander-
in-chief of September 17,1919, the formation of the Kachanov Single Battery began.
The battery was formed by the establishment of a light battery of the artillery regi-
ment only of those Russians who wanted to fight against Bolsheviks under Estonian
command. Appropriately skilled personnel were chosen from the Kachanov and
Panikovich Battalions. The formation was conducted in Laura. Four artillery guns,
equipment, and ammunition required by the establishment had to be taken over
from the 3rd Mobile Artillery Park; the infantry equipment, arms and horses had to
be delivered by the Kachanov battalion. By the way, two light guns and 12 artillery
horses that were transferred to the battery were acquired on the night of October 14,
when the battalion fought the Reds for Aksyonova and Golubava.
The time for the formation was limited: by an order of Colonel Puskar, the battery
was supposed to go to the front on October 17. Lieutenant Sobolev, the former
tsarist officer, was appointed as a battery commander. However, until early
November, the commander duties were temporarily fulfilled by Ensign Alek-
sander Kostin, who had been transferred from the 2nd Division in October. The
Kachanov battery was subordinate to the 2nd Artillery Regiment of the Estonian
army, although it performed operational tasks in cooperation with the Kachanov
battalion. On December 30, 1919, the battery was composed of 4 officers, 1 official
and 130 soldiers.
Since October 17,1919, to a truce on January 3,1920, the battery was on the fighting
positions. Due to the positional character of operations at the front of the 2nd Divi-
sion in the fall of 1919, fire power of the battery was used only occasionally.
In January 1920, a fight against typhus began in the Kachanov battalion. The disease
was brought by the former soldiers of the Northwestern Army, who arrived to this
military unit after disbanding of the White Army. The battalion doctor had to find
out the number of typhoid cases in the neighbouring villages; the senior physician
of the 2nd Division Hans Silbermann ordered the battalions medical personnel to
organize regular bathing, disinfection of the uniforms and ironing the linen. It was
also required to check the soldiers’ accommodation conditions (they were allowed
to sleep only on plank beds, not on the floor), and strictly limit contacts with the
population of nearby villages.
Desertion was quite common in the Kachanov Single Battalion, as most of the
personnel was mobilized, not volunteering. During the period from September 1
to December 31,1919, as many as 88 cases of desertion and unauthorized absences
175
Eesti Rahvavde vene sodurid Vabadussojas 1918—1920
were recorded in the battalion. The problem, arisen from the relatively weak disci-
pline and lack of motivation due to war fatigue, increased after the conclusion of the
Tartu Peace Treaty on February 2,1920.
The Kachanov battalion greeted the peace treaty while stationed in Pechory District.
In February and March the battalion was in Panikovich, but in April it was trans-
ferred to Laura, where the demobilization and disbandment of the battalion started.
The lower ranks of the battalion, as well as of other parts of the Estonian army, were
freed from service, depending on their years of service and age.
In April 1920, transfer to reserve began for the battalion officers who wanted to
resign or were not fit for peacetime service. In May, at the village Ulanovo, a liqui-
dation commission was formed under the leadership of Captain Armand Reinhold
Espenberg. The Commission had to finish the paperwork of the Kachanov battalion
by June 1, 1920.
After the War of Independence, Kachanov Parish became part of the Republic of
Latvia, belonging to Jaunlatgale (Abrene) County; so, most of the demobilized
Kachanov men went to Latvia. Many former members of the battalion also settled
in Petseri County, now officially a part of Estonia. Some men continued to serve in
the armed forces of Estonia or Latvia. The third group went to Soviet Russia. There
were those who went to Russia on their own. The others were sent out because
the commander of the 2nd Division had forbidden to demobilize to Estonia those
soldiers from the Kachanov battalion, who originated from the interior provinces
of Russia (including former Pskov Governorate), except the newly formed counties
of Petseri and Jaunlatgale. On May 26,1920, a group of 188 demobilized soldiers of
the battalion were sent to Soviet Russia.
It is difficult to overestimate the military and political value of the Kachanov
battalion. Initiated on a voluntary basis and then formed into a single battalion, the
unit not only successfully resisted to the enemy, but also participated in offensive
operations, and independently conducted combat reconnaissance. 16 of the battal-
ions men, including one officer were awarded the Cross of Liberty for their achieve-
ments in battle - a high award from the Republic of Estonia. The uniqueness of the
Kachanov battalion, first of all, lies in the fact that ordinary Russian peasants in
Estonian military uniform and with Japanese rifles battled for liberating their native
land from the Reds. As a curious fact, however, by the results of the Peace of Riga,
made between the Soviet Russia and Latvia on August 11,1920, the Kachanov Parish
was given to a third party - Latvia. Therefore, most of the partisans became Latvian
citizens. However, there were also many peasants from other parishes serving in
the battalion. A large number of volunteers came to the battalion from the Palkino
partisan unit. After the war, Palkino region went to Soviet Russia. Because of this,
176
Summary
many former Kachanov partisans crossed the Soviet border to return home. Due
to the amnesty, proclaimed by the Soviet authorities to the ordinary soldiers who
served with the “Whites”, no reprisals followed against them initially.
The „Russian battalion” of the 7th Infantry Regiment
and other Russian units of the Estonian Army
After the Estonian army had seized Pechory District (since 1920: Petseri County)
from March to April 1919, the mobilization was carried out on its territory.
According to the temporary constitution of Estonia, adopted on June 4, 1919, the
town of Petseri (Pechory) together with the parishes of Irboska (Izborsk), Pank-
javitsa (Panikovich) and Jarvesuu (Slobotka) were considered parts of Estonian
Republic. Therefore, carrying out mobilization to Estonian army from that area was
accounted lawful. In May 1919, call-up of men with several birth years was started
in the Panikovich Parish, in which a local commandants office was opened.
At the end of August 1919, the Panikovich Battalion, formed from the drafted peas-
ants of Pechory District, was brought under the 7th Estonian Infantry Regiment
as its 3rd battalion. The unit was continually referred to as “the Russian battalion”.
Lacking motivation, the men of Pechory District, mostly from Panikovich Parish,
but also from other parishes, were reluctant to fight on the front. There were cases
of insubordination and desertion was relatively common. Despite the harsh meas-
ures by the commandant of the Pechory District, Captain Georgiy Razmesov, the
cases of desertion and draft evasion by the local residents failed to stop completely,
but merely reduced in numbers. Even so, the 3rd Battalion had a lot of successful
military operations on its account. For instance, during the offensive to Pskov and
Ostrov in October 1919, in the battle for the border villages of Gon and Turok, the
battalion seized four machine guns and 100 rifles from the enemy. 150 prisoners
were also taken. Colonel Pinding, the commander of Irboska Army Group, brought
forth the courage of the battalion in his written circular.
The Russian units were also formed in the Armoured Train Division and in the 5th
and 6th Infantry Regiment of the Estonian army. In accordance with the order of
Colonel Pinding from August 6, 1919, about forming the companies of “Peoples
Army of Pskov”, the 5th Infantry Regiment started to carry out the mobilization of
peasants in the parishes of Prudy, Sidorovo and Logozovskaya, Pskov region. In the
company formed under the 1st battalion of the regiment, there were 109 soldiers
under command of the Estonian 2nd Lieutenant Johannes Jogi. Since April 1919,
the 6th regiment incorporated a Russian company of 99 soldiers, manned generally
with the Russian inhabitants of Tallinn. As a part of the regiment, the company took
part in the operations against the Reds in Northern Latvia, also participating in the
conflict with the Landeswehr and fighting the Reds near Porkhov, Pskov region.
177
Eesti Rahvavae vene sódurid Vabadussójas 1918—1920
In May 1919, as a part of the Baltic Battalion of the Estonian army, which consisted
of the Baltic Germans and was subjected to operational authority of the North-
western Army for the period of offensive to Petrograd, a Russian company was
established from deserters and volunteers. In June 1919, this company with a serial
number 3 received its ordeal near Maloye Kikerino. During the fighting for Kras-
noye Selo in October, at least 85 soldiers were registered in the Russian company.
After the battles for Narva and on the arrival of the Baltic Battalion to Estonia, the
company was dissolved.
The 2nd Engineer Squad of the 2nd Division included a number of natives of the
Pechory District. Relatively many Russians were serving in the Ingrian Battalion
and the Navy of the Estonian armed forces.
Under the circumstances of military defeat and collapse of the Northwestern Army
in the winter of 1919-20, many white soldiers came over to the Estonian army,
causing the number of Russian soldiers in Estonian troops to increase significantly.
After the conclusion of the Tartu Peace Treaty, many of them were dismissed from
service as foreign citizens. Major General Johan Laidoner was still in a very cate-
gorical position when he opposed „spoiling” the Estonian national army with the
soldiers of the Northwestern Army. On the other side, according to the Tartu Peace
Treaty, it was not allowed to take the soldiers of the Northwestern Army into Esto-
nian military service, if they were not citizens of Estonia or had entered the Esto-
nian Peoples Army after November 22, 1919. Yet the number of Russians in the
Estonian army increased significantly due to the mass transition from the North-
western Army. And this was despite the fact that the Russian companies, formed
in the Estonian 1st Division, were rather quickly disbanded, and their personnel
received the status of war refugees.
About the Russian officers of the Estonian army
The staff of Estonian officers of Russian origin was quite colourful. The officers
serving in the Kachanov battalion were mostly not very effective in their service.
There were also some suspicious persons among them. So, after the War of Inde-
pendence, a group of officers led by 2nd Lieutenant Guryanov decided to cooperate
with the Soviet intelligence. But there were also some very valuable and reliable indi-
viduals among the Russian officers, including the laureates of the Cross of Liberty:
Colonel Georg Feofanov, Lieutenant Colonel Konstantin Troitsky, Captain Peeter
Feofanov, Captain Georgiy Razumov and several others.
During the War of Independence, the Estonian officer corps mainly consisted
of junior officers of the former tsarist army - native Estonians as well as those
of Russian decent. The senior officers of Russian ethnicity mostly preferred to
178
Summary
continue their service in the White Army, probably hoping to promote their career.
Only after the Whites’ defeat they began to opt for Estonian citizenship and join
the Estonian army.
Colonel Georgiy Feofanov was born in Pärnu in 1876. Having graduated the
Moscow Military School, he underwent the Russo-Japanese War and the World
War I as an artillery officer. In the War of Independence he was the commander of
the 2nd Artillery Regiment of Estonian army. Being in army since 1897 and having
taken part in three wars, he was awarded 10 military awards and two monetary
prizes. Feofanov rose to the rank of colonel and was a skilled artillery specialist of
Estonian army, remaining in active military service until the end of 1928.
Coming from Tallinn, Vladimir Smirnov began to serve in the Engineer Battalion,
but during most of the War of Independence, after promotion to captain, he held
an office of the Head of Prisoner-of-War Camps at the headquarters of the Defence
League (Kaitseliit).
During the War of Independence, 2nd Lieutenant Yermolay Bezzubov, originating
from the Peipsi region, served in the Armoured Train Division as a machine guns
specialist. Like many other officers, Bezzubov had also served in the World War
I. In autumn 1917, he defended the island of Saaremaa from the invasion of the
German troops and was captured and being held prisoner for more than a year. In
the War of Independence he served on the Estonian armoured train No. 6, fighting
against the Reds at the station Pikksaare, then Baltic Landeswehr at Ropazi (Roden-
pois), Northern Latvia and finally the Reds again near Porkhov.
Alexander Sobolev was born in a family of a Russian official in Latvia. He gradu-
ated from the Riga Alexander School (basic school) and then studied in the Faculty
of Law of Tartu University. However, he did not complete these studies, entering
the Vladimir Military School instead. During the World War I, Sobolev served in
the artillery. During the Russian Civil War, he turned up in the Red Army, but as
a sincere hater of the Bolshevism, he used the first opportunity and came over to
the side of Estonian army in 1919, continuing his service in the Kachanov battalion
consisting of Russians. As the commander of the artillery battery of the battalion,
he took part in fighting against bolshevism and for the independence of Estonia.
After the war, Sobolev served in the artillery, being promoted to major.
During the Russian turmoil, a Russian Konstantin Troitskiy also entered the Red
Army, and in the spring of 1919 he used an opportunity to go over to the Estonians.
In the Estonian army, he served on the famous armoured train “Captain Irv”, and
then in the rank of lieutenant colonel in various positions in the Armoured Trains
Division. For his bravery in the War of Independence, the Estonian government
awarded him the Cross of Liberty, also giving him an ownership of a farm and a
179
Eesti Rahvavae vene sódurid Vabadussójas 1918—1920
monetary prize of 40 000 marks.
After the defeat of the Northwestern Army, the White officers of Estonian, Baltic
and also Russian origin began to voluntarily transfer to the Estonian army. For
example, on December 1, 1919, Captain Iosif Alexander-Yakunovich, a former
White officer of Belarusian origin, was appointed on an Armoured Train No. 5
and served in the Estonian army to the mid-1950s. Another Belarusian, Lieu-
tenant Commander Mikhail Ananich came over to the Estonian army from the
Red Army’s Baltic Fleet and served as a senior mechanical engineer of the whole
Estonian Navy during the War of Independence.
Russian officers were included in many units and formations of the Estonian army.
Their names can be seen among the officers of the Scout Regiment, Sakala Partisan
Battalion, Kuperjanov Partisan Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Artillery
Battery and other units.
In all, it can be said that the use of the Russian national units in Estonian army in
the years of War of Independence was a unique phenomenon in the Estonian mili-
tary history and deserves attention. The number of officers of the Russian origin
was small, but there were some brave and exemplary military figures among them.
180
Eesti Rahvaväe vene södurid Vabadussöjas 1918—1920
ISIKUNIMEDE REGISTER
Allaioonitud lehekülgedel on vastavat isikut kujutatud fotol.
Aalberg, Adolf 135
Aaltonen, Alfred 29
Adamowicz, Wiaczeslaw 47
Ahman, Eduard 70
Aivazov (Aivasov, Aivasjänts), Jossif (Joosep)
55, 56, 77, 78,82, 86, 89, 119
Akkermann, lipnik 57, 58, 60
Albert, vallasekretär 75
Aleksandrov, Jakov 109,110
Aleksandrov-Jakunovits, Josep 142
Aleksejev (AleksejefF), Mihhail (Mikko) 109
Aleksejev, Fjodor 112
Amberg, Rudolf 78, 87, 89,101, 174
Ananits, Mihhail 141
Anderson, Johannes 67
Andrejev, Konstantin 115
Antipov, Aleksei 109,109, 110
Arhipov, Fjodor 94
Arhipov, Stepan 102
Arsenjev, Jevgeni 35, 36, 38
Artemjev, Ivan 94, 95
Avdejev, lipnik 66
Badendick, Karl-Johan 22
Bagajev, lipnik 81, 86
Balbatov, Fjodor 138
Barrob, Jakov 78, 86, 89,119
Barteldt, Erich 119
Barth, Gerhard 111
Bazilevski, Ivan 109,109,110,110
Batarin, Georgi 67,141
Beljakov, Pjotr 114
Berg, Aleksander 102
Bermondt-Avalov, Pavel 44
Bezzubov, Jermolai 137,137,138
Blum, Leonhard 78, 86, 89,96,119
Boltov, Ivan 107
Borgelin, Richard Gustav 9, 33, 34
Borissov, Aleksandr 22
Borissov, Fjodor 102, 115
Borodin, Nikolai 115
Borotinsky, Nikolai 109,109,110
Bredov, Nikolai 47
Brilt, vallavanem 75
Bulak-Balahhovits, Jozef 25,26,26, 31» 44,
47, 50
Bulak-Balahhovits, Stanislav 7,9, 19,20, 24»
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 41, 42, 45, 49, 82,
100, 110, 120, 143, 144
Bulkin, Stepan 66
Butkovski, Sergei 141
Danilov, Sergei 78, 89,121,121
Darsky, rittmeister 47
Davödov, Kuzma 82
Demidov, Peeter 102
Denikin, Anton 25
Dmitrijev, Ivan 58
Dobrovolski, Georgi 93, 123,124
Dutsinski, Nikolai 139,139
Erst, Aleksandr 102
Espenberg, Armand Reinhold 97
Evald, Ludvig 78, 89,119
Fedotov, Vassili 102
Feodorov, Jefim 66, 82
Feofanov, Georg 129,129, 130, 145
Feofanov, Peeter 10,105,107,132,133,133,
134,135, 145
Filimonov, Vladimir 141
Fjodorov, Aleksei 83, 86
Fjodorov, Konstantin 96
Fjodorov, Nikolai 139
Fortunatov, kornett 43
Franco, Francisco 49
Frolov, Pjotr 1Q9, 110
Gamsejev, Aleksander 108
Garozs, Otto 119
Garsnek, kapten 60, 112
Georgijev, Ivan 123
Gerassimov, lipnik 103
Gerassimov, Nikolai 100
Glück, Elmar 65, 68
Golubev, Aleksandr 115
Gorski, alamkapten 44
Gough, Hubert de la Poer 38
Graf, Robert 107
Grintsuk, Dmitri 139
184
Isikunimede register
Gurjanov, Nikolai 8, 55, 77, 77, 78, 85, 89,
102, 124, 125, 125, 126, 127, 145
Hagmann, Konstantin Axel 136
Haritonov, Nikolai 110
Hellat, Aleksander 23
Hennings, Wilhelm 21, 22
Holland, Johannes 54, 75
Hudzinski, Boris 110
lives, Andreas 65, 68
lives, Richard 44
Ivanits-Ivanidze, leitnant 82
Ivanov, Aleksei 112
Ivanov, Fjodor 115
Ivanov, Frol 110
Ivanov, Kozma 94
Ivanov, Nikolai 20, 28, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45
Jakovlev, Georgi 85, 86, 123
Jalak, Gustav 119
Jalak, Johannes 78, 89
Jaroslavtsev, Mihhail 48
Jatsinets, Stanislav 131
Jefimov, Arseni 17
Jefimov, Peeter 68
Jegorov, K. 100
Jekimov, Aleksander 141
Jersov, Konstantin 140,141
Jezovitov, Konstantin 9, 45, 46
Johanson, Mihhail 93
Judenits, Nikolai 34, 38, 40
Jogi, Johannes 103
Jürgenson, Artur 44
Kallion, Aleksander 64, 65, 65, 66
Kalugin, B. 92
Kazmin, Mihhail 66, 78, 86, 89, 100, 125,127,
127
Kirpikova, Vera 22
Klimov, Kostja 110
Koern, Tönis 80, 82, 83, 83 85, 87, 89, 100,
119
Kofkin, Boris 112
Komarov, Ivan 102
Kolguskin, Avenir 67, 97,121, 122
Kolobov, Fjodor 67, 79, 81, 86, 87, 89, 120
Koltsak, Aleksandr 34
Kolövanski, Samuel 78, 128
Korkov, M. 92
Kostin, Aleksander 93
Koskin, Sergei 105, 136
Krajowski, Franciszek 47, 48
Krampis, Augusts 85
Krause, allohvitser 74, 75
Kubbo, Eduard 99
Kudrjavtsev, arst 112
Kudrjavtsev, Sergei 44, 82
Kukk, Aleksander 48
Kunnos, Gustav 120
Kunnus, Paul 60, 61, 65, 67,70
Kurko, Kaarlo 46
Kurusev, Ivan 107
Kurvits, Hans 52, 79
Kustov, Nikolai 65, 66, 85, 124
Kuzmin, Nikifor 94
Kuzmin, Semjon 83
Kuznetsov, Jegor 61
Kuznetsov, Semjon 108
Laatsarus, August 10, 56, 74, 75, 75
Labenski, Boris 141
Laidoner, Johan 16, 21, 22, 22, 23, 28, 30, 33,
33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 45, 51, 64, 67,
82, 83, 115, 119
Lapkin, Ivan 66
Laretei, Heinrich 135
Lavrentjev, Jegor 102
Lbosin, leitnant 44
Leznevski, N. 142
Let, G. 142
Levitski, Aleksandr 141
Limberg, Ernst 28
Linno, lipnik 28
Ljubomirski, Vassili 68, 82, 85, 98, 123
Lobatsev, Pavel 66
Luht, Heinrich 52
Lukjanov, Fjodor 112
Luskov, Aleksandr 141
Lvov, alamkapten 110
Maksimov, alamleitnant 42
Maksimov, Mihhail 80
Malahov, Fjodor 131. 132
Malevits, Aleksandr 141
Mankevits, lipnik 101
Mannerheim, Karl Gustav Emil 34
Manssörev, Serafim 20
Margulies, Manuil 9, 32
Maslov, Fedor 107
185
Eesti Rahvaväe vene södurid Vabadussöjas 1918—1920
Matt, alamkapten 65
Matvejev, A. 47
Matvejev, Jakov 55
Meierovics, Zigfrids Anna 45
Melder, Ludvig 95
Mensikov, leitnant 124
Mesukovski, Vladimir 88
Metsönov, Ivan 107
Migrelski, Jevgeni 44
Mihhailov I, lipnik 44
Mihhailov II, lipnik 44
Mikker, Aleksander 103
Mikocz, Medard 48
Mitrofanov, alamkapten 44
Mohov, Semjon 102
Molodtsov, Ivan 109
Morozov, Dmitri 100
Murasev-Petrov, Varfolomei 141
Muravejski, alamkapten 66
Musits, Aleksander 138,138
Mutt, Viktor 36, 36
Myszkowski, Aleksander 46
Naglovski, lipnik 112
Nastopka, Stasys 39
Neimann, Vladimir 141
Nikitin, lipnik 81, 83, 86
Nikolajev, Ivan 95
Nikolajev, Viktor 141
Nimrich, Aleksander 107,108
Nykanen, Boris 46
Oidermann, Otto 56,60, 74, 75, 76, 77
Omeljanovits, Andrei 141
Orlov, Nikolai 83
Orlov, Sergei 92, 93
Ososov, Dmitri 141
Ozols, Voldemars 36
Otröganjev, Aleksandr 67, 81,101, 120
Otsasson, A. 46
Pahhomov, Fjodor 55, 77, 125, 127, 128,128
Parts, Karl 33, 34 36, 38, 136
Patakov, Andrei 1Ü, 112
Pavlinov, Nikolai 141
Pavlov, alamlipnik 42
Pavlov, Aleksandr 110
Pavlov, Dmitri 102
Pavlov, Kuzma 94
Pavlov, V 142
Pavlovski, Sergei 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48
Pekkanen, Emil 46, 110
Petrov, Boris 141
Petrov, Konstantin 93
Petrov, Vassili 83, 86, 100
Piir, Rudolf 103
Pikat, Ferdinand 103
Pilsudski, Jozef 44,49, 50, 144
Pinding, Siegfrid 33, 36, 37, 38, 70, 88, 91,
100, 103,103
Pinka, Friedrich 53
Platon, piiskop 5
Platonov, alamleitnant 85
Podgornov, lipnik 67
Podrätsik, Karl 105,107
Podsibakin, Fjodor 114, 114
Poikovski, Samuel 128
Polonski, Nikolai 131
Poska, Jaan 19
Povoroznikov, Vladimir 76, 77, 78, 85, 89,118
Protin, Fjodor 139
Punin, Leonid 9, 26, 50
Puskar, Viktor 7, 30, 32, 33, 33 34» 36, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 43, 46, 56, 72, 76, 82, 83, 141,
143
Pats, Konstantin 13
Pütt, Mihkel 65, 68
Raskolnikov, Fjodor 113
Razmessov, Georgi 52, 55, 58, 59, 61, 62, 140,
144
Razumov, Georgi 130, 130,145
Reek, Nikolai 130,133
Reinov, Konstantin 107
Ritso, alamkapten 64
Ritt, Leonhard 54
Rodzjanko, Aleksandr 9, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39
Rogusin, lipnik 112
Rossi, lipnik 65
Rydz-Smigly, Edward 46
Sabelin, Boriss 138
Sablotski, Boris 120, 122,122
Sarri, Eduard (Andrei) 85
Sazonov, Jakov 102
Saueselg (Sauselg), Artur 39,87, 78, 88 89,
95,96, 100, 101
Savinkov, Boriss 47,48, 50
186
Isikunimede register
Sawi, Vitali 140
Semjonov, Ivan 80
Semjonov, leitnant 44
Semjonov, Matti 110
Semjonov, Pavel 80
Senatorskis, Andrius 135
Sepp, alamleitnant 96, 97
Serdiv, lipnik 42
Sergejev, Aleksei 102
Sergej ev, Pjotr 95
Sergej ev, Vassili 80
Sidorov, Ilja 22
Sidorov, Pjotr 57
Silbermann, Hans 95
Sirotkin, Konstantin 115
Skorobogatov, Aleksandr 78, 89, 98, 122, 123
Smirnov, Grigori 112
Smirnov, Roman 115
Smirnov, Vladimir 140, 140
Smironin, Emil 46
Smorodin, Aleksei 102
Snellmann, Aarne 53
Sobatskin, Pjotr (Peeter) 67, 81, 122
Sobolev, Aleksander 93, 130, 131, 131
Sokolov, Anatoli 139
Sokolov, Vladimir 112, 112
Sokolovski, leitnant 44
Somov, kommunist 27
Somov, staabirittmeister 42,44
Soo, Karl Mihkel 134
Soots, Jaan 30, 34
Sorokin, Aleksei 20
Sprivulis, Aleksandrs 80
Stanislavski, alamkapten 44
Stepanov, Aleksandr 78, 80, 85, 89, 100, 121
Stepanov, Gavril 102
Stepanov, Ivan 66
Stojakin, polkovnik 36, 39, 82
Strandman, Otto 37
Strasch, Mooses 23
Sütt, Richard 91
Sestakov, kornett 42, 44
Stsepotjev, Boris 141
Zahharov, Tihhon 111
Zavjalov, Pjotr 115
Zelenski, Mihhail 105
Zutters, Janis 85
Zukauskas, Silvestras 39
Zukov, komissar 73
Zuravljov (Schuravlöff), Aleksandr 66
Tallo, Karl 107
Tarassov, Nikolai 66
Terentjev, Pavel 110
Tiesenhausen, Roman 111
Trankmann, Nikolai 139
Trei, Gustav 44
Trofimov, Pavel 110
Troitski, Aleksandr 85, 142
Troitski, Konstantin 135, 135, 136, 137, 145
Troitski, Nikolai 65, 66, 67, 124
Trotski, Lev 26
Tsibulski (Cibulskis), Anton 82, 83, 84, 89, 99
Tsvetkov, Dmitri 110
Tsvetkov, N. 142
Tsvetkov, Pavel 110
Tsögankov, Leonid 139
Tsernov, Gavril 112
Tsuhnov, Mihhail 139
Tulubjev, lipnik 42
Tönisson, Aleksander 40
Unt, Johan 28
Unt, Mart 136
Ustal, lipnik 115
Ustav, Boriss 52
Valk, lipnik 65, 72
Vassiljev, Fjodor 110
Vassiljev, Ivan 61, 86
Vassiljev, Mihhail 110
Vastisson, Jaan 74, 75, 75, 77, 90
Vedernikov, Nikolai 141
Veever, Jaan 102
Venediktov, Ivan 94
Wetzer, Martin 51
Vink, Aleksander 65, 68
Winnig, August 11
Visnevski, Kirill 125
Vlassov, Pavel 142
Volkov, lipnik 112
Voronin, Fjodor 97
Voronin, Konstantin 121
187 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kopõtin, Igor 1982- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1104513218 |
| author_facet | Kopõtin, Igor 1982- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kopõtin, Igor 1982- |
| author_variant | i k ik |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043516445 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)952565596 (DE-599)GBV815693699 |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1920 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1920 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Estland |
| id | DE-604.BV043516445 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-12T14:02:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789949337248 |
| language | Estonian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028932488 |
| oclc_num | 952565596 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 188 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | [Ida-Viru Noorteakadeemia] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kopõtin, Igor 1982- Verfasser (DE-588)1104513218 aut Eesti Rahvaväe vene sõdurid Vabadussõjas 1918-1920 Igor Kopõtin [Kiviõli] [Ida-Viru Noorteakadeemia] 2014 188 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Geschichte 1918-1920 gnd rswk-swf Russischer Soldat (DE-588)4204164-8 gnd rswk-swf Estnischer Freiheitskrieg (DE-588)4343991-3 gnd rswk-swf Armee (DE-588)4143024-4 gnd rswk-swf Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 gnd rswk-swf Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 g Armee (DE-588)4143024-4 s Russischer Soldat (DE-588)4204164-8 s Estnischer Freiheitskrieg (DE-588)4343991-3 s Geschichte 1918-1920 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028932488&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028932488&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028932488&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister |
| spellingShingle | Kopõtin, Igor 1982- Eesti Rahvaväe vene sõdurid Vabadussõjas 1918-1920 Russischer Soldat (DE-588)4204164-8 gnd Estnischer Freiheitskrieg (DE-588)4343991-3 gnd Armee (DE-588)4143024-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4204164-8 (DE-588)4343991-3 (DE-588)4143024-4 (DE-588)4015587-0 |
| title | Eesti Rahvaväe vene sõdurid Vabadussõjas 1918-1920 |
| title_auth | Eesti Rahvaväe vene sõdurid Vabadussõjas 1918-1920 |
| title_exact_search | Eesti Rahvaväe vene sõdurid Vabadussõjas 1918-1920 |
| title_full | Eesti Rahvaväe vene sõdurid Vabadussõjas 1918-1920 Igor Kopõtin |
| title_fullStr | Eesti Rahvaväe vene sõdurid Vabadussõjas 1918-1920 Igor Kopõtin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eesti Rahvaväe vene sõdurid Vabadussõjas 1918-1920 Igor Kopõtin |
| title_short | Eesti Rahvaväe vene sõdurid Vabadussõjas 1918-1920 |
| title_sort | eesti rahvavae vene sodurid vabadussojas 1918 1920 |
| topic | Russischer Soldat (DE-588)4204164-8 gnd Estnischer Freiheitskrieg (DE-588)4343991-3 gnd Armee (DE-588)4143024-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Russischer Soldat Estnischer Freiheitskrieg Armee Estland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028932488&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028932488&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028932488&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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