Verfügbarkeit: Microbial biochemistry

Microbial biochemistry:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Cohen, Georges N. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Dordrecht Springer [2016]
Ausgabe:	Fourth edition
Schlagworte:	Mikroorganismus Molekularbiologie Biochemie
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	xxx, 767 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme
ISBN:	9789401775779

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Titel: Microbial biochemistry Autor: Cohen, Georges N Jahr: 2016 Contents 1 Bacterial Growth............................................................................1 The Lag Phase..................................................................................1 The Exponential Phase......................................................................2 Linear Growth..................................................................................2 The Yield of Growth..........................................................................3 Variation of the Growth Rate at Limiting Carbon Source Concentrations..................................................................................5 Continuous Growth: The Chemostat....................................................5 Advantages of the Continuous Exponential Culture..............................7 Diauxic Growth................................................................................8 Quorum Sensing and Quorum Quenching............................................10 Ultra-Small Bacteria in Groundwater..................................................12 Phosphorus Is Needed for Growth......................................................13 Biofilms............................................................................................13 Selected References..........................................................................14 2 The Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria and the Cytoplasmic Membrane......................................................17 The Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria................................17 The Cytoplasmic Membrane..............................................................20 Energy Generation............................................................................22 ATP Synthase....................................................................................23 Subunit Composition of ATP Synthase................................................24 ATP Synthesis in Archaea..................................................................28 Selected References..........................................................................29 3 Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Cell Division......................................33 General Structure..............................................................................33 Annex: Utilisation of Glucosamine and N_Acetylglucosamine as Carbon Sources......................................34 vii viii Contents Assembly of the Peptidoglycan Unit..................................................34 Formation of UDP-MurNAc..........................................................34 Peptide Addition............................................................................35 The Membrane Steps........................................................................38 Assembly of the Murein Sacculus......................................................40 Teichoic Acids..................................................................................41 Penicillin Sensitivity..........................................................................41 Cell Surface Signaling........................................................................41 Cell Division....................................................................................42 Archeal Cell Shape............................................................................48 Rod Shape........................................................................................49 Selected References..........................................................................49 4 Cellular Permeability......................................................................51 Accumulation, Crypticity, and Selective Permeability..........................52 (J-Galactoside Permease......................................................................53 Accumulation in Induced Cells: Kinetics and Specificity......................54 The Induced Synthesis of Galactoside Permease..................................58 Functional Significance of Galactoside Permease. Specific Crypticity............................................................................59 Functional Relationships of Permease: Induction................................60 Genetic Relationships of Galactosidase and Galactoside Permease.... 60 Galactoside Permease as Protein........................................................61 Periplasmic Binding Proteins and ATP Binding Cassettes....................67 Phosphotransferases: The PTS System................................................71 TRAP Transporters............................................................................73 A Few Well-Identified Cases of Specific Cellular Permeability............75 Amino Acid Permeases..................................................................75 Peptide Permeases..........................................................................77 Porins................................................................................................79 Iron and Sodium Uptake and Transport..............................................83 Magnesium Uptake............................................................................86 Ion Channels....................................................................................86 Nanotubes........................................................................................87 Conclusion........................................................................................88 Selected References..........................................................................88 5 Allosteric Enzymes..........................................................................93 Allosteric Inhibition and Activation....................................................97 Polymeric Nature of Allosteric Enzymes. The Model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux......................................................99 An Alternative Model........................................................................104 Probing Allostery Through DNA........................................................105 Conclusion........................................................................................105 Selected References..........................................................................106 Contents ix 6 Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen and Cellulose Synthesis....................................................................107 Glycogen Degradation........................................................................107 Glycolysis........................................................................................107 Hexokinase....................................................................................109 Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase......................................................110 Phosphofructokinase......................................................................110 Regulation of Phosphofructokinase in Bacteria................................Ill Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase................................................112 Triose-Phosphate Isomerase............................................................113 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH)..................113 Phosphoglycerate Kinase................................................................114 Phosphoglyceromutase..................................................................114 Enolase..........................................................................................115 Pyruvate Kinase............................................................................115 Lactate..........................................................................................116 L-Glucose Catabolic Pathway............................................................116 Gluconeogenesis................................................................................117 Fructose Bisphosphatase in Microorganisms....................................117 Glycogen Synthesis............................................................................118 Glycogen Synthase.........................................................118 Control of Glycogen Biosynthesis......................................................119 Branching Enzyme........................................................................120 Cellulose Synthesis............................................................................120 Cellulose Degradation........................................................................121 Selected References..........................................................................122 7 The Pentose Phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff Pathways................123 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway........................................................123 The Enzymes of the Oxidative Phase..................................................123 Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase..............................................123 6-Phosphogluconolactonase............................................................124 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating)....................124 Ribose Phosphate Isomerase..........................................................124 The Enzymes of the Non Oxidative Phase..........................................125 Transketolase................................................................................126 T ransaldolase................................................................................126 Ribulose-5-Phosphate-3-Epimerase................................................126 The Particular Case of Brucella..........................................................126 Regulation of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway....................................128 A Pentose Bisphosphate Pathway for Nucleoside Degradation in Archaea......................................................................128 The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway..........................................................128 Selected References..........................................................................130 x Contents 8 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and the Glyoxylate Bypass................131 The Origin of Acetyl CoA: The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex....................................................................131 Overview of the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle................................133 Origin of the Oxaloacetate..................................................................133 Citrate Synthase............................................................................134 Aconitase (From Citrate to Isocitrate Through m-Aconitate)............137 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)......................................................139 E. coli Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Kinase/Phosphatase......................141 a-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex........................................142 Succinyl CoA Synthetase................................................................142 Succinate Dehydrogenase..............................................................144 Fumarase......................................................................................146 Malate Dehydrogenase..................................................................148 Organization of the Enzymes of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle..............150 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Is a Source of Biosynthetic Precursors..................................................................151 The Anaplerotic Glyoxylic Pathway Bypass........................................151 Selected References..........................................................................154 9 ATP-Generating Processes: Respiration and Fermentation............157 The Biological Oxidation of Organic Metabolites Is the Removal of Electrons................................................................157 Respiration....................................................................................157 Dioxygenases................................................................................161 Hydrogenases and Hydrogen Transfer............................................162 Fermentation..................................................................................163 Formate Hydrogenlyase Complex....................................................163 Acetone-Butanol Fermentation........................................................164 The Stickland Reaction..................................................................164 Ornithine Fermentation..................................................................164 Glycine and Proline Degradation....................................................165 Threonine Degradation..................................................................166 Histidine Degradation....................................................................167 Glutamate Degradation..................................................................168 Lysine Degradation........................................................................168 Arginine Fermentation....................................................................170 Methionine Degradation................................................................171 D-selenocystine and D-cysteine Degradation..................................171 Respiration Versus Fermentation....................................................172 Anaerobic Degradation of Aromatic Compounds............................172 Degradation of Pyrimidines and Purines..........................................173 Radical Species in the Catalytic Pathways of Enzymes from Anaerobes............................................................................173 Selected References..........................................................................174 Contents xi 10 Biosynthesis of Lipids......................................................................179 Biosynthesis of Short Chain Fatty Acids............................................179 Biosynthesis of Long-Chain Fatty Acids............................................180 Synthesis of Acetyl CoA................................................................180 Synthesis of Malonyl CoA..............................................................180 From Malonyl CoA to Palmitate....................................................182 Regulation of Yeast Fatty Acid Synthesis at the Genetic Level............187 Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis in Bacteria....................................188 Biosynthesis of Triglycerides..........................................................189 Biosynthesis of Phosphoglycerides..................................................189 Cyclopropane Fatty Acid Synthase (CFA Synthase)........................191 Lipoproteins......................................................................................192 Selected References..........................................................................193 11 Iron-Sulfur Proteins........................................................................195 Iron-Sulfur Clusters..........................................................................195 2Fe-2S Clusters..............................................................................196 4Fe-4S Clusters..............................................................................196 3Fe-4S Clusters..............................................................................197 Other Fe-S Clusters........................................................................197 Biosynthesis of Fe-S Clusters............................................................197 Iron-Sulfur Proteins..........................................................................199 Selected References..........................................................................201 12 The Archaea....................................................................................203 Origin of the Eukaryotes....................................................................208 Chemical Characteristics of Archaea..................................................208 Archaea: Fossil Record......................................................................213 Origin of Archaea..............................................................................214 Economic Importance of the Archaea..................................................214 Selected References..........................................................................215 13 Methanogens and Methylotrophs....................................................217 Methanogens and Methanogenesis......................................................218 Reduction of CO2..............................................................................219 Formylmethanofuran Dehydrogenase..............................................220 Formylmethanofuran: Tetrahydromethanopterin Formyltransferase..........................................................................222 Methenyltetrahydromethanopterin Cyclohydrolase..........................222 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydromethanopterin Dehydrogenase................223 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydromethanopterin F42o Oxidoreductase......................................................................224 Methylcoenzyme M Methylreductase..............................................224 Simplification of the Methylreductase System....................................226 Structure and Reaction Mechanism of the Methylreductase..................227 xjj Contents Source of the Energy Needed for the Growth of Methanogens..............228 Biosynthesis of Some Cofactors Involved in Methanogenesis..............228 Methanofuran................................................................................2.28 Methanopterin................................................................................229 Coenzyme M................................................................................230 7-Mercaptoheptanoylthreoninephosphate (Coenzyme B)..................231 Biosynthesis of Coenzyme F420......................................................232 Biosynthesis of Factor F430............................................................232 Biosynthesis of Factor III................................................................233 The Aerobic Formation of Methane................................................233 Methylotrophs..................................................................................234 Methanotrophs..............................................................................234 Metabolism of Methyl Compounds..................................................236 Methanol Dehydrogenase (MDH)......................................................237 Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane....................................................237 Methylamine Dehydrogenase..........................................................239 Carbon Assimilation by Methylotrophs............................................240 Carboxydotrophs................................................................................241 Selected References..........................................................................243 14 Enzyme Induction in Catabolic Systems..........................................247 The Specificity of Induction..............................................................247 De Novo Synthesis of p-Galactosidase................................................250 Constitutive Mutants..........................................................................251 Pleiotropy of the Constitutive Mutants................................................252 The Genetic Control and the Cytoplasmic Expression of Inducibility in the Synthesis of fl-galactosidase in E. coli. The Lac Repressor............................................................................253 Operators and Operons......................................................................258 Selected References..........................................................................261 15 Transcription: RNA Polymerase......................................................263 The Synthesis of Messenger RNA. The Bacterial RNA Polymerase..............................................................................264 Termination of Transcription in Prokaryotes........................................271 Messenger RNA Degradation............................................................275 Yeast RNA Polymerases....................................................................275 Archaeal RNA Polymerases..............................................................276 Transcriptional Termination and PolyA Tails......................................277 Selected References..........................................................................278 16 Negative Regulation........................................................................281 Induction Is Correlated with the Synthesis of a Specific Messenger......................................................................281 Isolation of the Lac Repressor............................................................283 Contents xiii The lac Operator Is a DNA Sequence........................ 286 Direct Observation of Transcription Factor Dynamics in a Living Cell................................................................................291 Selected References..........................................................................292 17 Enzyme Repression in Anabolic Pathways......................................293 Description of the Phenomenon..........................................................293 Isolation of Derepressed (Constitutive) Mutants in Biosynthetic Pathways. The Use of Structural Analogues................297 Replacement of Methionine by Selenomethionine in Proteins..............299 Selected References..........................................................................299 18 Positive Regulation..........................................................................301 The Promoter Region........................................................................302 Role of Cyclic AMP and of the CAP Protein in the Binding of RNA Polymerase to the Promoter Region........................................303 The Synthesis and Degradation of Cyclic AMP..................................306 How Does Glucose Exert Its Inhibitory Effect on E. coli p-galactosidase Synthesis?..........................................................307 Coordination of Bacterial Proteome with Metabolism by Cyclic AMP Signaling and Second Messengers..........................307 Cyclic-di-GMP..............................................................................309 Alarmones....................................................................................310 Selected References..........................................................................311 19 The Ribosomes, Translation, Chaperones and Protein Kinases........................................................................313 The Components of E. coli Ribosomes................................................314 The Ribosomes of Eukaryotes and of Archaea....................................316 Post-translational Modifications of Proteins........................................317 Mechanistic Aspects of Translation of Messenger RNA to Protein by Ribosomes....................................................................318 Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthesis........................................................327 Chaperones and Chaperonins..............................................................328 Role of the Genomic Location of the Major Ribosomal Protein Gene Locus............................................................................334 Extraribosomal Functions..................................................................335 Microbial Protein Kinases..................................................................335 Post-transcriptional Modifications of Proteins......................................336 Selected References..........................................................................337 20 The Genetic Code, Transfer RNAs and Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetases....................................................341 The Genetic Code..............................................................................341 Codon Bias........................................................................................347 The Transfer RNAs............................................................................348 xjv Contents Modulation of tRNA Function............................................................356 Selected References..........................................................................358 21 Attenuation......................................................................................361 Regulation of the Trp Operon in Bacillus Subtilis................................366 General Remarks on Regulatory Mechanisms......................................366 Selected References..........................................................................367 22 Regulation by RNAs and Riboswitches............................................369 Mechanisms of Riboswitches..............................................................373 Selected References..........................................................................375 23 The Biological Fixation of Nitrogen................................................377 Control of Nitrogenase Synthesis and Activity....................................382 Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation....................................................384 Selected References..........................................................................385 24 How Biosynthetic Pathways Have Been Established........................387 Use of Isotopes..................................................................................387 Use of Auxotrophic Mutants..............................................................390 Enzymatic Analysis..........................................................................392 Selected References..........................................................................392 25 The Aspartic Acid Family of Amino Acids: Biosynthesis................393 The Biosynthesis of Aspartic Acid and Asparagine..............................393 Asparaginase....................................................................................395 The Biosynthesis of Aspartate Semialdehyde, the Common Intermediate in the Biosynthesis of Lysine, Methionine, Threonine and Isoleucine................................395 Biosynthesis of Lysine from Aspartate Semialdehyde in Bacteria........................................................................................396 The Synthesis of Dipicolinic Acid, a Substance Present in the Spores of Gram-Positive Bacilli................................................399 The Reduction of Aspartate Semialdehyde to Homoserine, the Common Precursor of Methionine and Threonine..........................400 Biosynthesis of Methionine from Homoserine....................................401 S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) Biosynthesis and Its Role in Methylations..............................................................406 Biosynthesis of Threonine from Homoserine......................................410 Biosynthetic Threonine Dehydratase..................................................412 Isoleucine Biosynthesis......................................................................412 Ectoine Biosynthesis..........................................................................413 Selected References..........................................................................416 Contents xv 26 Regulation of the Biosynthesis of the Amino Acids of the Aspartic Acid Family in Enterobacteriaceae..........................419 A Paradigm of Isofunctional and Multifunctional Enzymes and of the Allosteric Equilibrium........................................................419 Two Aspartokinases in E. Coli............................................................420 The Threonine-Sensitive Homoserine Dehydrogenase of E. Coli......................................................................................422 Isolation of a Mutant Lacking the Lysine-Sensitive Aspartokinase and of Revertants Thereof........................................422 Evidence That the Threonine-Sensitive Aspartokinase and Homoserine Dehydrogenase of E. Coli Are Carried by the Same Bifunctional Protein....................................................424 The Binding of Threonine to Aspartokinase I-Homoserine Dehydrogenase 1............................................................................427 The Binding of Pyridine Nucleotides to Aspartokinase I-Homoserine Dehydrogenase 1......................................................428 The Effects of Threonine on Aspartokinase I-Homoserine Dehydrogenase I Are Not Only Due to Direct Interactions................428 The Allosteric Transition of Aspartokinase I-Dehydrogenase 1..........................................................................431 Aspartokinase II-Homoserine Dehydrogenase II..................................434 Aspartokinase HI..............................................................................436 From Homoserine to Methionine....................................................436 From Threonine to Isoleucine........................................................437 Multifunctional Proteins................................................................438 Regulations at the Genetic Level........................................................439 The Threonine Operon....................................................................439 Regulation of the Lysine Regulon at the Genetic Level....................440 Regulation of Methionine Biosynthesis at the Genetic Level............441 The Methionine Repressor..............................................................443 The metR Gene and Its Product......................................................448 Damage Induced by Oxidation of Methionine to Methionine Sulfoxide................................................................449 Methionine Sulfoxide....................................................................450 The Regulation of Isoleucine Synthesis at the Genetic Level............450 Appendix: More on Regulons............................................................450 Selected References..........................................................................452 27 Other Patterns of Regulation of the Synthesis of Amino Acids of the Aspartate Family..........................................455 Concerted Feedback Inhibition of Aspartokinase Activity in Rhodobacter capsulatus (Formerly Rhodopseudomonas capsulata)........................................................................................455 Pseudomonads..................................................................................456 xvj Contents Specific Reversal of a Particular Feedback Inhibition by Other Essential Metabolites. The Case of Rhodospirillum Rubrum................................................................458 Archaea........................................................................................459 The Particular Case of Spore-Forming Bacilli..................................461 Some Other Cases..........................................................................462 Conclusion........................................................................................463 Selected References..........................................................................463 28 Biosynthesis of the Amino Acids of the Glutamic Acid Family and Its Regulation................................................................465 The Biosynthesis of Glutamine..........................................................465 Biosynthesis of Glutamine. Cumulative Feedback Inhibition............465 Biosynthesis of Glutamine. The Covalent Modification of Glutamine Synthetase................................................................467 Glutamine Synthetase Structure......................................................468 Reversible Adenylylation of the Glutamine Synthetase....................471 Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase Activity by Covalent Adenylylation............................................................472 The Regulation of the Synthesis of Glutamine Synthetase Also Involves the Two Forms of PII and UTase/UR........................474 Glutamine Synthetase in Other Microorganisms..............................475 The Biosynthesis of Glutamate..........................................................477 Glutamate Dehydrogenase..............................................................478 Glutamate Synthase........................................................................478 Glutamate Decarboxylase..............................................................479 Biosynthesis of Proline......................................................................480 In Enterobacteriaceae....................................................................480 In Other Genera............................................................................481 Utilization of Proline......................................................................482 Degradation of Hydroxyproline......................................................483 The Biosynthesis of Arginine and Polyamines....................................483 Biosynthesis of Arginine................................................................483 Regulation of Arginine Biosynthesis at the Transcriptional Level............................................................487 The Arginine Repressor..................................................................487 Polyamine Biosynthesis..................................................................488 Urease..........................................................................................492 Utilization of Arginine as Sole Nitrogen Source by B. Subtilis................................................................................493 Urease as a Source of Ammonia........................................................493 Nitric Oxide Synthase in Bacteria......................................................493 The Biosynthesis of Lysine in Yeasts and Molds................................495 The Aminoadipic Acid Pathway......................................................495 Selected References..........................................................................499 Contents xvii 29 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids Derived from Phosphoglyceric Acid and Pyruvic Acid....................................................................503 Biosynthesis of Glycine and Serine....................................................503 Regulation of Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase at the Transcriptional Level............................................................506 Biosynthesis of Cysteine....................................................................506 O-acetylation of Serine..................................................................509 Cysteine Synthesis in Methanogens................................................510 Allosteric Regulation of Cysteine Synthesis....................................511 Regulation of Cysteine Synthesis at the Genetic Level....................512 Biosynthesis of Alanine......................................................................512 Biosynthesis of Valine......................................................................513 Biosynthesis of Leucine....................................................................516 Isoleucine Synthesis from Pyruvate....................................................518 Overproduction of Noncanonical Amino Acids by Escherichia coli............................................................................518 Regulation of Valine, Isoleucine and Leucine Biosynthesis..................519 Selected References..........................................................................520 30 Selenocystelne and Selenoproteins....................................................523 Outlook............................................................................................523 Selenium Binding Protein..................................................................524 Enzymes Containing Selenocysteine..................................................524 Formate Dehydrogenases................................................................524 The Glycine Reductase Complex....................................................525 The Nicotinic Acid Hydroxylase of Clostridium Barkeri..................526 Hydrogenases................................................................................527 Xanthine Dehydrogenase................................................................527 Acetoacetyl CoA Thiolase..............................................................528 D-Proline Reductase from Clostridium sticklandii............................528 Thioredoxin..................................................................................528 Gene Products Involved in Selenocysteine Biosynthesis and Incorporation..........................................................................529 Selenocysteine Synthase................................................................529 Selenophosphate Synthetase............................................................530 Selenocysteine Lyase......................................................................530 Selenocysteyl tRNA......................................................................531 Insertion Sequences (SECIS Elements)............................................532 Selenocysteine and Archaea............................................................533 Biochemical Function of the Selenocysteine Residue in Catalysis....................................................................................533 Selected References..........................................................................534 xviii Contents 31 Biosynthesis of Aromatic Amino Acids and Its Regulation..............535 The Common Pathway (Shikimic Pathway)........................................535 Formation of Shikimic Acid............................................................535 Formation of Chorismic Acid..........................................................539 Physiological Aspects of the Regulation of the Common Pathway................................................................541 Characteristics of the Common Pathway in Several Organisms......................................................................542 Biosynthesis of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine from Chorismic Acid........................................................................544 The tyrR Regulon..........................................................................545 Regulation of the pheA Gene by Attenuation..................................546 Other Organisms. The Arogenate Pathway of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Biosynthesis....................................546 Aspartate as a Presursor of Aromatic Amino Acids..........................547 The Biosynthesis of Tryptophan from Chorismic Acid........................548 Anthranilate Synthase: Anthranilate Phosphoribosyltransferase..............................................................549 Phosphoribosylanthranilate Isomerase: Indoleglycerophosphate Synthase....................................................550 Tryptophan Synthase......................................................................551 Organization of the Tryptophan Genes in Other Organisms..............555 Regulation of Tryptophan Biosynthesis at the Genetic Level. The Tryptophan Repressor..............................................................556 A Unitary Model for Induction and Repression................................558 Isolation of the Trp Repressor........................................................558 Enterochelin (Enterobactin) Biosynthesis............................................560 The Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid..................................560 Aromatic Azoxy Compounds..............................................................562 Selected References..........................................................................562 32 The Biosynthesis of Histidine and Its Regulation............................565 Regulation of Histidine Biosynthesis at the Genetic Level....................569 Synthesis of Diphthamide, a Modified Histidine, by Archaea................574 Selected References..........................................................................575 33 The Biosynthesis of Nucleotides......................................................577 The Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotides........................................577 Synthesis of 5-Phosphoribosyl-1 -Pyrophosphate..............................577 Synthesis of Carbamylphosphate....................................................578 Synthesis of Cytidine and Uridine Triphosphates............................580 Direct Utilization of Pyrimidines and of Their Derivatives................583 Aspartate Transcarbamylase of E. Coli............................................584 The Aspartate Transcarbamylase of Other Organisms..........................590 Regulation of Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis at the Genetic Level......................................................................591 Contents xix Pyrimidine Homeostasis....................................................................592 The Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides..............................................592 Biosynthesis of 5-Amino-4-Imidazole Carboxamide Ribonucleotide..............................................................................592 Synthesis of Inosinic Acid..............................................................595 Synthesis of Guanylic and Adenylic Acids......................................596 Remarks on the Control of Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis..............597 From Nucleoside Monophosphates to Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates....................................................599 Selected References..........................................................................600 34 The Biosynthesis of Deoxyribonucleotides........................................603 The Formation of Deoxyribonucleoside Diphosphates from Ribose Nucleoside Diphosphates................................................603 The Ribosenucleoside Diphosphate (NDP) Reductase System of E. coW..........................................................................................604 Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin Reductase..........................................604 Ribonucleoside Reductase..............................................................607 Regulation of the Activity of Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase..........................................................................................609 dCMP Deaminase and Thymidylate Synthase......................................612 dUTPase..........................................................................................613 The Ribonucleoside Phosphate Reductase of Other Organisms............613 A Ribonucleotide Triphosphate Reductase Reaction in E. coli Grown Under Anaerobic Conditions..................................................615 The Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphates from the Diphosphates......................................................................617 Organization of DNA Precursor Synthesis in Eukaryotic Cells............617 Selected References..........................................................................618 35 Biosynthesis of Some Water-Soluble Vitamins and of Their Coenzyme Forms........................................................621 Biosynthesis of Thiamin and Cocarboxylase........................................621 Control of Thiamin Biosynthesis........................................................624 Biosynthesis of Riboflavin..................................................................626 Biosynthesis of Nicotinamide, NAD+ and NADP+..............................630 Regulation of the Biosynthesis of Nicotinamide and Its Derivatives............................................................................635 NAD+ and the ADP-Ribosylation of Proteins......................................635 Biosynthesis of Para-aminobenzoic Acid, of Folic Acid and Its Derivatives............................................................................636 Biosynthesis of Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine, and of Its Derivatives, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine and Pyridoxal Phosphate....................................................................641 Biosynthesis of Biotin, Biotin C02, and Biocytin................................643 The Biotin Operon and Its Repressor..................................................648 Biosynthesis of Lipoic Acid..............................................................650 xx Contents Biosynthesis of Pantothenate and Coenzyme A....................................653 The Synthesis of Pantothenic Acid..................................................653 The Synthesis of Coenzyme A from Pantothenic Acid......................654 The Acyl Carrier Protein................................................................656 The Biosynthesis of Inositol..............................................................656 The Degradation of Myo-inositol by Bacillus subtilis......................657 Biosynthesis of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone..........................................657 Selected References..........................................................................660 36 Biosynthesis of Carotene, Vitamin A, Sterols, Ubiquinones and Menaquinones................ ............................................663 Synthesis of the Common Precursor....................................................663 The Non-mevalonate Pathway of Isoprenoid Precursor (Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate) Biosynthesis........................................665 Terpenes and Terpenoids....................................................................667 Synthesis of ^-Carotene, Carotenoids and Vitamin A..........................668 Synthesis of the Carotenoids..........................................................668 Synthetic Biology and Carotenoids..................................................672 Regulation of Carotenoid Synthesis................................................672 Synthesis of Vitamin A..................................................................673 Synthesis of Sterols............................................................................673 The Biosynthesis of Ubiquinones and Menaquinones..........................676 Prenylations......................................................................................681 Selected References..........................................................................682 37 Biosynthesis of the Tetrapyrrole Ring System..................................685 Synthesis of Protoporphyrin................................................................685 Synthesis of Heme from Protoporphyrin..............................................691 Heme Biosynthesis in Archaea..........................................................692 Synthesis of Chlorophyll from Protoporphyrin....................................692 Biosynthesis of the Phycobilin Chromophores. Chromatic Adaptation........................................................................................696 Cyanobacteria and Orcadian Clock....................................................699 A Type of Chromatic Adaptation Under Conditions of Sulfur Starvation............................................................................701 Selected References..........................................................................701 38 Biosynthesis of Cobalamins Including Vitamin B12..........................705 Cobinamide Biosynthesis..................................................................709 From GDP-Cobinamide to Cobalamin................................................712 Elucidation of the Anaerobic Pathway for the Corrin Component of Vitamin B12..................................................................................714 Vitamin B12 Dependent Enzymes......................................................714 Dehalogenases and Vitamin B12........................................................715 Adenosylcobalamin as Photoreceptor..................................................716 Adenosylcobalamin Dependent Radical Enzymes............................716 Selected References..........................................................................717 Contents xxi 39 Interactions Between Proteins and DNA..........................................719 DNA-Binding Proteins......................................................................719 Study of the Protein-DNA Complexes................................................722 Some Other Types of DNA-Binding Proteins......................................727 Selected References..........................................................................730 40 Evolution of Biosynthetic Pathways................................................733 Principles of Protein Evolution..........................................................733 Two Theories for the Evolution of Biosynthetic Pathways....................733 The Methionine and Cysteine Biosynthetic Pathways..........................734 The Threonine, Isoleucine, Cysteine and Tryptophan Biosynthetic Pathways..........................................................................................737 The Evolutionary Pathway Leading to the Three Isofunctional Aspartokinases in Escherichia coli......................................................743 The Aspartokinase and Homoserine Dehydrogenase Activities of Microorganisms Other Than Enterobacteriaceae..............................747 Transmembrane Facilitators................................................................750 DNA-Binding Regulator Proteins........................................................751 Selected References..........................................................................751 Index......................................................................................................755
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author	Cohen, Georges N.
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illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T07:27:17Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9789401775779
language	English
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physical	xxx, 767 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme
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spelling	Cohen, Georges N. Verfasser aut Microbial biochemistry Georges N. Cohen Fourth edition Dordrecht Springer [2016] 2016 xxx, 767 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mikroorganismus (DE-588)4039226-0 gnd rswk-swf Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd rswk-swf Mikroorganismus (DE-588)4039226-0 s Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 s DE-604 Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s 1\p DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-94-017-7579-3 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028913378&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Cohen, Georges N. Microbial biochemistry Mikroorganismus (DE-588)4039226-0 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4039226-0 (DE-588)4039983-7 (DE-588)4006777-4
title	Microbial biochemistry
title_auth	Microbial biochemistry
title_exact_search	Microbial biochemistry
title_full	Microbial biochemistry Georges N. Cohen
title_fullStr	Microbial biochemistry Georges N. Cohen
title_full_unstemmed	Microbial biochemistry Georges N. Cohen
title_short	Microbial biochemistry
title_sort	microbial biochemistry
topic	Mikroorganismus (DE-588)4039226-0 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd
topic_facet	Mikroorganismus Molekularbiologie Biochemie
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028913378&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT cohengeorgesn microbialbiochemistry

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