Health physics: radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards
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Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
[2016]
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| Online-Zugang: | Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 769 Seiten Illustrationen, Digramme (teilweise farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9783527411832 9783527694358 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Bevelacqua, Joseph John |d 1949- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)134145585 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Health physics |b radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards |c Joseph John Bevelacqua |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE XXI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXV
A NOTE ON UNITS XVII
PART I OVERVIEW OF HEALTH PHYSICS: RADIATION-GENERATING DEVICES,
CHARACTERISTICS, AND HAZARDS 1
1 INTRODUCTION TO TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY HEALTH PHYSICS 3
1.1 OVERVIEW OF TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY HEALTH PHYSICS 3
1.2 HEALTH PHYSICS ISSUES, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES 3
1.3 FORECAST OF POSSIBLE FUTURE ISSUES 6
REFERENCES 12
PART II NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE ISSUES 15
2 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE 17
2.1 OVERVIEW 17
2.2 BASIC FUEL CYCLE OPTIONS 18
2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE 18
2.3.1 URANIUM FUEL CYCLE 19
2.3.1.1 URANIUM ORE AND CHEMICAL PROCESSING 19
2.3.1.2 OVERVIEW OF EXISTING ENRICHMENT TECHNOLOGIES 20
2.3.1.3 NUCLEAR FUEL 24
2.3.1.4 REACTOR POWER PRODUCTION 24
2.3.1.5 SPENT FUEL 25
2.3.1.6 FUEL REPROCESSING 25
2.3.1.7 RADIOACTIVE WASTE 29
2.3.2 THORIUM FUEL CYCLE 31
2.4 TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS 31
2.4.1 ADVANCED URANIUM ENRICHMENT TECHNOLOGIES 32
2.4.1.1 ADVANCED CENTRIFUGE TECHNOLOGY 32
2.4.1.2 LASER ISOTOPE SEPARATION 33
2.4.2 POWER REACTORS 40
2.4.2.1 GENERATION III REACTORS 40
2.4.2.2 GENERATION IV REACTORS 45
2.4.2.5 SMALL MODULAR REACTORS 61
2A2.4 HEALTH PHYSICS HAZARDS 64
2.5 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION 75
2.5.1 ADVANCED CENTRIFUGE AND LASER ENRICHMENT 75
2.5.1.1 ADVANCED CENTRIFUGE 76
2.5.1.2 LASER ENRICHMENT 76
2.5.2 REACTOR PLUTONIUM PRODUCTION 77
2.5.3 FUEL REPROCESSING 78
2.5.4 NUCLEAR FORENSICS 80
2.5.5 NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS 81
2.6 TWENTIETH-CENTURY WASTE DISPOSAL OPTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 81
2.6.1 BOREHOLES 81
2.6.2 DEEP INJECTION 82
2.6.3 ROCK MELTING 82
2.6.4 SUBSEABED DISPOSAL 83
2.6.5 DISPOSAL AT SEA 83
2.6.6 DISPOSAL IN ICE SHEETS 83
2.6.7 DISPOSAL IN SPACE 84
2.6.8 SURFACE STORAGE AND SHALLOW LAND BURIAL 84
2.6.9 GEOLOGIC DISPOSAL 85
2.6.10 HIGH-LEVEL WASTE DISPOSAL RESOLUTION 86
2.7 TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY FUEL CYCLE OPTIONS 86
2.7.1 ADVANCED FUEL REPROCESSING 86
2.7.2 PARTITIONING AND TRANSMUTATION 88
2.7.2.1 PM A BURNING IN GENERATION IV REACTORS 89
2.7.2.2
ACCELERATOR DESTRUCTION OF ACTINIDES AND FISSION PRODUCTS 89
2.7.23 GAMMA-RAY FREE ELECTRON LASERS 91
2.7.3 NEUTRON REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS FUEL CYCLE OPTIONS 91
2.7.4 PAT HEALTH PHYSICS CONSIDERATIONS 92
2.7.4.1 CRITICALITY SAFETY 93
2.7A.2 LIMITING RADIONUCLIDES 93
REFERENCES 103
PART III ACCIDENTS AND NUCLEAR EVENTS 109
3 NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES 111
3.1 OVERVIEW 111
3.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 111
3.2.1 FISSION PRODUCT BARRIERS UE 2
3.2.1.1 FISSION PRODUCT RELEASES 113
3.2.1.2 FISSION PRODUCT DEPOSITION 114
3.2.2 ACCIDENT ASSUMPTIONS 114
3.2.3 DESIGN BASIS ASSUMPTIONS 115
3.2.3.1 FISSION PRODUCT INVENTORY 115
3.2.3.2 RELEASE FRACTIONS 116
3.2.3.3 TIMING OF RELEASE PHASES 116
5.23A RADIONUCLIDE COMPOSITION 117
3.233 CHEMICAL FORM 117
3.2.4 DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENTS 117
3.2.4.1 SPENT FUEL POOL ACCIDENTS 121
3.2.4.2 DRY FUEL STORAGE ACCIDENTS 122
3.2.5 BEYOND DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENTS 124
3.2.6 OTHER EVENTS 129
3.2.7 PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT 129
3.2.8 INES EVENT CLASSIFICATION SCALE 130
3.3 MAJOR REACTOR ACCIDENTS 131
3.3.1 THREE MILE ISLAND 132
3.3.1.1 TMI-2 ACCIDENT SEQUENCE 132
3.3.1.2 FISSION PRODUCT RELEASES 132
3.3.1.3 ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EVENT 133
3.3.2 CHERNOBYL 133
3.3.2.1 ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EVENT 135
3.3.3 FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI 135
3.3.3.1 REACTOR ACCIDENT 137
3.3.3.2 SPENT FUEL POOLS INVENTORY 139
3.3.3.3 SPENT FUEL POOLS IMPACTS 142
3.3.3.4 ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EVENT 142
3.4 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PROGRAMS 142
3.4.1 EMERGENCY CLASSIFICATION 143
3.4.1.1 UNUSUAL EVENT 144
3.4.1.2 ALERT 145
3.4.1.3 SITE AREA EMERGENCY 145
3.4.1.4 GENERAL EMERGENCY 145
3.4.2 PROTECTIVE ACTION GUIDES 146
3.4.3 PROTECTIVE ACTIONS 146
3.4.4 PROTECTIVE ACTION RECOMMENDATION CONSIDERATIONS 148
3.4.4.1 EVACUATION CRITERIA 148
3.4.4.2 SHELTERING CRITERIA 149
3.4.4.3 ADMINISTRATION OF PROPHYLACTIC AGENTS 149
3.4.5 EMERGENCY PLANNING ZONES 150
3.4.6 IAEA EVACUATION ZONE ISSUES 150
3.4.7 REENTRY CRITERIA 150
3.4.8 PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EVACUATION 151
3.5 ACCIDENT PHASES 151
3.6 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS EFFECTIVENESS 152
3.6.1 CRITERIA FOR SAFE USE OF FOOD, WATER, AND LAND FOLLOWING A RELEASE
OF
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 153
3.6.2 STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT 154
3.6.2.1 STAKEHOLDER GROUPS 154
3.6.2.2 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE DECISION PROCESS 155
3.6.3 DOSE RECONSTRUCTION 156
3.6.3.1 ESSENTIAL STEPS AND FOUNDATION ELEMENTS 156
3.6.3.2 RADIATION DOSE ESTIMATION 157
3.6.3.3 EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY 159
3.6.3.4 CATEGORIES OF DOSE RECONSTRUCTION 159
3.6.4 REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED AREAS 160
3.6.5 MARSSIM 162
3.7 REPROCESSING WASTE TANKS 162
3.7.1 HANFORD WASTE TANK FACILITY BACKGROUND 163
3.7.2 DOMINANT WASTE TANK ISOTOPES AND UNIT-LITER DOSES 163
3.7.3 DOSE CALCULATION METHODS 164
3.7.4 DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENTS 165
3.7.4.1 FLAMMABLE GAS ACCIDENTS 166
3.7.4.2 TANK FAILURE DUE TO EXCESSIVE LOADS 166
3.7A3 MIXING OF INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS 166
3.7.4.4 WASTE TRANSFER LEAK 166
3.7.4.5 UNPLANNED EXCAVATION/DRILLING 166
3.7.4.6 NATURAL EVENTS 167
3.7.4.7 AIRCRAFT CRASHES INTO THE WASTE TANK 167
3.7.5 BEYOND DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENTS 167
3.7.6 ACCIDENT ANALYSIS CONSERVATISM 167
3.8 WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PLANT ACCIDENT 169
REFERENCES 180
4
NUCLEAR TERRORIST EVENTS INCLUDING INDS AND RDDS 187
4.1 OVERVIEW 187
4.2 NUCLEAR WEAPONS TYPES 188
4.2.1 FISSION WEAPONS 188
4.2.2 BOOSTED FISSION WEAPONS 189
4.2.3 FUSION WEAPONS 189
4.2.4 CLANDESTINE DEVICES 190
4.3 NUCLEAR EVENT TYPES 190
4.3.1 NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND IMPROVISED NUCLEAR DEVICES 191
4.3.1.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS 192
4.3.1.2 INITIAL NUCLEAR RADIATION 196
4.3.1.3 DELAYED NUCLEAR RADIATION AND FALLOUT 198
4.3.1.4 IMPLICATIONS OF IND SIZE 202
4.3.1.5 MEDICAL RESPONSE ACTIVITIES 203
4.3.1.6 HOTSPOT 203
4.3.2 RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSAL DEVICES 204
4.3.3 RADIATION EXPOSURE DEVICES 209
4.3.4 DELIBERATE CONTAMINATION OF FOOD, WATER, OR OTHER
CONSUMABLES 209
4.3.5 DISPERSAL OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS FROM FIXED RADIOLOGICAL OR
NUCLEAR FACILITIES OR MATERIALS IN TRANSIT 210
4.3.6 HEALTH PHYSICS RESPONSE AND MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF A TERRORIST
EVENT 210
4.4 ACCIDENT ASSUMPTIONS 211
4.4.1 ACCIDENT PHASES 211
4.4.2 EMERGENCY PLANNING ZONES 212
4.4.3 PROTECTIVE ACTION RECOMMENDATIONS 213
4.4.4 EMERGENCY RESPONSE ACTIONS 218
4.4.4.1 LIGHT DAMAGE ZONE 220
4.4.4.2 MODERATE DAMAGE ZONE 220
4.4A3 SEVERE DAMAGE ZONE 220
4A4.4 PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAMS AND INITIAL ACTIONS 221
4.4A5 SUBSEQUENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE ACTIONS 222
4.4.5 PREPLANNED EVACUATION ZONES 223
4.4.6 REENTRY AND RECOVERY CONSIDERATIONS 224
4.4.7 VOLUNTEERS 225
4.5 RADIATION PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS 226
4.5.1 NUCLIDES OF INTEREST 227
4.5.2 EXTERNAL DOSE CONSIDERATIONS 228
4.5.3 INTERNAL DOSE CONSIDERATIONS 228
4.5.3.1 MANAGEMENT OF CONTAMINATED INDIVIDUALS 228
4.5.3.2 INTERNAL DOSE DETERMINATION 229
4.5.4 EMERGENCY SCREENING OF CONTAMINATED INDIVIDUALS 237
4.5.4.1 EXTERNAL CONTAMINATION 237
4.5A2 INTERNAL CONTAMINATION 238
4.6 MASS CASUALTY CONSIDERATIONS 240
4.7 STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT 240
4.8 CONTAMINATION REMEDIATION 241
REFERENCES 253
PART IV NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 259
5 NUCLEAR MEDICINE 261
5.1 OVERVIEW 261
5.2 GENERAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE CATEGORIES 262
5.2.1 ESTABLISHED IMAGING APPROACHES 262
5.2.1.1 X-RAY IMAGING RADIOGRAPHY AND FLUOROSCOPY 262
5.2.1.2 DIAGNOSTIC RADIONUCLIDE ADMINISTRATION 264
5.2.1.3 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 266
5.2.2 ESTABLISHED THERAPY APPLICATIONS 267
5.2.2.1 THERAPEUTIC RADIONUCLIDE ADMINISTRATION 267
5.2.2.2 EXTERNAL BEAM THERAPY 268
5.2.2.3 BRACHYTHERAPY 268
5.2.2.4 RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY 272
5.2.3 TARGETED DELIVERY OF DOSE 272
5.2.3.1 LOW-ENERGY BRACHYTHERAPY 273
5.2.3.2 IMAGE-GUIDED RADIATION THERAPY 273
5.2.3.3 INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY 273
5.2.3.4 STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY AND STEREOTACTIC BODY RADIOTHERAPY 274
5.2.4 SOURCE SECURITY 275
5.3 SIDE EFFECTS FROM RADIATION THERAPY 275
5.3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 276
5.3.2 SECOND PRIMARY CANCERS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 276
5.3.3 FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 277
5.4 EMERGING THERAPY APPROACHES 277
5.4.1 FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS CONSIDERATIONS 277
5.4.2 DOSE DELIVERY METHODS 278
5.4.3 RBE CONSIDERATIONS 281
5.4.4 MULTIMODAL THERAPY OPTIONS 281
5.4.5 TRACKING DOSE PROFILES 282
5.5 EVOLVING, EMERGING, AND NEW THERAPY APPROACHES 282
5.5.1 EXTERNAL BEAM PROTON THERAPY 283
5.5.2 EXTERNAL BEAM HEAVY ION THERAPY 284
5.5.3 EXTERNAL PION AND MUON BEAMS 290
5.5.4 EXTERNAL BEAM ANTIMATTER THERAPY 293
5.5.5 ALPHA RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 294
5.5.6 NEUTRON THERAPY 295
5.5.7 RADIONUCLIDE VASCULAR THERAPY 297
5.5.7.1 TUMOR VASCULATURE 297
5.5.7.2 CURRENT RADIOLOGICAL EFFORTS 297
5.5.7.3 THEORETICAL APPROACH 298
5.5.7.4 OTHER CANDIDATE MICROSPHERES 299
5.6 NANOTECHNOLOGY 304
5.6.1 PRINCIPLES OF NANOMEDICINE 304
5.6.2 GENERAL NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED THERAPY TECHNIQUES 305
5.6.2.1 NANOTECHNOLOGY RADIATION THERAPY 305
5.6.2.2 NANOMACHINES 306
5.6.2.3 MAGNETIC FLUID HYPERTHERMIA THERAPY 306
5.6.3 SPECIFIC NANOPARTICLE APPLICATIONS 307
5.6.3.1 NANOPARTICLES LOADED WITH RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 307
5.6.3.2 INTERNAL RADIATION-GENERATING DEVICES 308
5.6.3.3 HYBRID MEDICAL IMAGING 324
5.6.3.4 CHERENKOV LUMINESCENCE IMAGING 326
5.6.3.5 PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY 327
5.6.3.6 LOW-COHERENCE INTERFEROMETRY 327
5.6.3.7 NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETRIC VIBRATIONAL IMAGING 327
5.6.3.S OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 328
5.6.3.9 PERSONAL GENOMICS 329
5.6.3.10 SECOND-GENERATION NANOTECHNOLOGY 329
5.7 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 330
REFERENCES 338
6 PUBLIC RADIATION EXPOSURES AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES 345
6.1 OVERVIEW 345
6.2 PUBLIC RADIATION EXPOSURES AND ASSOCIATED EFFECTS 345
6.2.1 UBIQUITOUS BACKGROUND RADIATION 346
6.2.1.1 COSMOGENIC RADIONUCLIDES 347
6.2.1.2 PRIMORDIAL RADIONUCLIDES 347
6.2.1.3 RADON 347
6.2.1.4 ANTHROPOGENIC RADIONUCLIDES 347
6.2.1.5 RADIATION FROM SPACE 348
6.2.1.6 SOLAR-INDUCED DISRUPTIONS AND RADIATION EFFECTS 348
6.2.2 MEDICAL EXPOSURE 355
6.2.2.1 TRENDS IN CT MEDICAL EXPOSURE 356
6.2.2.2 MAMMOGRAPHY DOSES 356
6.2.23 DOSE FROM EMERGING TECHNIQUES 356
6.2.3 CONSUMER PRODUCTS AND ACTIVITIES 357
6.2.3.1 SOURCE CONTROL 359
6.2.4 INDUSTRIAL, SECURITY, MEDICAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES 365
6.2.4.1 NUCLEAR POWER OPERATIONS 365
6.2A.2 AIRPORT SCANNERS 365
6.2.5 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 367
6.2.5.1 DEFINITION OF RADIATION WORKERS 368
6.2.5.2 AIRCREW RADIATION EXPOSURES 368
6.2.5.3 MORTICIANS AND MEDICAL EXAMINERS 369
6.3 SUMMARY OF DOSES TO THE US POPULATION 370
6.4 PUBLIC DOSE LIMITS 370
6.5 RISK COMMUNICATION 371
6.5.1 TMI-2 ACCIDENT 373
6.5.1.1 ENHANCED COMMUNICATIONS ORGANIZATION 375
6.5.1.2 OFF-SITE MONITORING NETWORK 375
6.5.2 CHERNOBYL 375
6.5.3 FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI 376
6.6 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN NUCLEAR LICENSING 377
6.6.1 EMERGENCY RESPONSE 378
6.6.2 STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT 378
6.6.2.1 INCORPORATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN A NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN 379
6.6.2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR REGULATION LEGISLATION 379
6.6.2.3 DECISIONS TO BUILD A MAJOR NUCLEAR FACILITY 330
6.6.2A EMERGENCY PLANNING DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION 380
6.6.2.5 FACILITY RELEASES OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL 380
6.6.2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION OF LEGACY SITES 381
6.6.2.7 NUCLEAR FACILITY DECONTAMINATION AND DECOMMISSIONING 382
6.6.2.B RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT 382
6.6.2.9 TRANSPORTATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 382
6.6.2.10 SECURITY OF NUCLEAR SITES AND SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL 383
6.6.3 CANADIAN PROCESS FOR LICENSING A HIGH-LEVEL WASTE FACILITY 384
6.6.4 US REACTOR LICENSING PROCESS 385
6.7 LITIGATION 386
6.8 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 386
6.8.1 REFERENCE ANIMALS AND PLANTS 387
6.8.2 DERIVATION OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES 388
6.9 UNRESOLVED ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR REACTOR ACCIDENTS 389
6.9.1 RADIATION RISK 389
6.9.2 RADIATION UNITS USED TO QUANTIFY RADIATION DOSE 389
6.9.3 INTERNAL DOSE ASSESSMENT 390
6.9.4 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE 390
6.9.5 EMERGENCY MEDICAL RESPONSE 391
6.9.6 INTERNATIONAL EMERGENCY CRITERIA 392
6.9.6.1 PROTECTING RESCUERS AND VOLUNTEERS 392
6.9.6.2 PUBLIC EVACUATIONS 393
6.9.6.3 DE-ESCALATING FROM AN EMERGENCY CLASSIFICATION 394
6.9.6.4 REENTRY INTO EVACUATED AREAS 394
6.9.6.5 EMERGENCY PUBLIC DOSE LIMITS 395
6.9.6.6 EMERGENCY DOSE LIMITS FOR CHILDREN AND FETUSES 396
6.9.6.7 PUBLIC DOSIMETRY AND DOSE MONITORING 396
6.9.6.S ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION 396
6.9.6.9 PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 398
6.9.6.10 PUBLIC AND MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS 398
REFERENCES 409
PART V REGULATORY ISSUES, LIMITATIONS, AND CHALLENGES 415
7 REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS 417
7.1 OVERVIEW 417
7.2 TWENTIETH-CENTURY REGULATORY CHALLENGES 418
7.2.1 CONTAINMENT FISSION PRODUCT BARRIER 418
7.2.2 EMERGENCY CORE COOLING SYSTEM CONTENTION 419
7.2.3 LYONS HIGH-LEVEL WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY 419
7.2.4 TRANSITION FROM AEC TO NRC 420
7.2.5 BROWNS FERRY FIRE 420
7.2.6 REACTOR SAFETY STUDY 421
7.2.7 TMI-2 ACCIDENT 421
7.2.8 SALEM AT WS EVENTS 423
7.2.9 CHERNOBYL 424
7.2.10 TOWERS PERRIN REPORT 424
7.2.11 MILLSTONE SAFETY ALLEGATIONS 425
7.3 TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY REGULATORY CHALLENGES 426
7.3.1 11 SEPTEMBER 2001 ATTACKS 426
7.3.2 DAVIS-BESSE REACTOR VESSEL HEAD EROSION 427
7.3.3 YUCCA MOUNTAIN HIGH-LEVEL WASTE REPOSITORY 428
7.3.4 FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI ACCIDENT 428
7.3.4.1 NRC REVIEW 429
7.3.4.2 JAPANESE DIET COMMISSION REVIEW 430
7.3.4.3 FLEX STRATEGY 431
7.3.5 WASTE DISPOSAL 431
7.4 PROACTIVE VICE REACTIVE PHILOSOPHY 432
7.5 ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT 433
7.5.1 DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENTS 433
7.5.2 BEYOND DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENTS 434
7.6 LICENSING PROCESS AND TECHNICAL BASIS 435
7.6.1 STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT 435
171 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 436
7.7.1 BENEFITS OF STANDARDIZATION FOR NUCLEAR SAFETY 437
7.7.2 BENEFITS OF STANDARDIZATION FOR REGULATORS 438
7.7.3 BENEFITS FOR THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY 439
7.7A FUTURE DIRECTIONS 439
7.8 ACCIDENTS AFFECTING MULTIPLE NATIONS 439
7.8.1 TMI-2 440
7.8.2 CHERNOBYL-4 442
7.8.3 FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI 444
7.8.3.1 PROTECTIVE ACTIONS 445
7.5.3.2 RELEASES OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL 447
7.9 EMERGENCY RESPONSE 448
7.10 EMERGING ISSUES 451
7.10.1 PUBLIC DOSE LIMIT CONSIDERATIONS 451
7.10.1.1 NORMAL CONDITIONS 452
7.10.1.2 EMERGENCY CONDITIONS 453
7.10.2 RADIATION WORKER DOSE LIMITS 455
7.10.2.1 NORMAL OPERATIONS 456
7.10.2.2 PLANNED SPECIAL EXPOSURES 456
7.10.2.3 EMERGENCY OPERATIONS 457
7.10.3 FUTURE DOSE LIMITS 458
7.10.3.1 LNT HYPOTHESIS 458
7.10.3.2 CHALLENGES TO THE LNT HYPOTHESIS 459
7.10.3.3 NEW REGULATORY OPTIONS 460
7.10.4 REACTOR AGING 462
7.10.5 TRITIUM LEAKAGE 463
7.10.6 REACTOR SAFETY 465
7.10.7 NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT 465
7.10.8 CLIMATE CHANGE 467
7.10.8.1 GREENHOUSE GASES 468
7.10.8.2 OXYGEN ISOTOPES 469
7.11 US REGULATORY IMPROVEMENTS 471
7.11.1 US REGULATORY ENHANCEMENTS 472
7.11.1.1 STATE-OF-THE-ART REACTOR CONSEQUENCE ANALYSES 472
7.11.1.2 RISK-INFORMED REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 473
7.11.2 NUCLEAR REGULATORY OPTIONS 474
7.11.2.1 GENERAL OPTIONS 474
7.11.2.2 SPECIFIC OPTIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 476
7.11.2.3 OUTLOOK 478
7.12 FUTURE POWER REACTOR DIRECTIONS AND CHALLENGES 478
REFERENCES 490
PART VI SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 497
SOLUTIONS 499
PART VII APPENDICES 661
A SELECTED DATA ON RADIONUCLIDES OF HEALTH PHYSICS INTEREST 663
A.L INTRODUCTION 663
A.2 ALPHA DECAY 663
A.3 BETA DECAY 663
A.4 GAMMA EMISSION 668
A.5 INTERNAL CONVERSION 668
A.6 ELECTRON CAPTURE 668
A.7 POSITRON EMISSION 668
A. 8 SPONTANEOUS FISSION 668
REFERENCES 669
B PRODUCTION EQUATIONS IN HEALTH PHYSICS 671
B. L INTRODUCTION 671
B.2 THEORY 671
B.3 EXAMPLES OF PRODUCTION EQUATIONS 674
B.3.1 ACTIVATION 674
B.3.2 DEMINERALIZER ACTIVITY 675
B.3.3 SURFACE DEPOSITION 675
B.3.4 RELEASE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL INTO A ROOM 676
B.4 ALTERNATIVE DERIVATION OF THE PRODUCTION EQUATION 676
B. 5 CONCLUSIONS 677
REFERENCES 677
C KEY HEALTH PHYSICS RELATIONSHIPS 679
C. L INTRODUCTION 679
C.2 NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY 679
C.3 KEY RELATIONSHIPS 682
C.3.1 ACTIVATION 682
C.3.2 ACTIVITY 682
C.3.3 ATTENUATION 683
C.3.4 DUTY FACTOR 683
C.3.5 EXTERNAL DOSIMETRY 683
C.3.6 INTERNAL DOSIMETRY 684
C.3.7 DISPERSION RELATIONSHIPS 684
C.3.8 ELECTROMAGNETIC RELATIONSHIPS 684
C.3.9 MECHANICS RELATIONSHIPS 686
C. 3.10 RELATIONSHIPS 687
7.3.11 PRODUCTION EQUATIONS 687
(7.3.12 QUANTUM MECHANICS 687
REFERENCES 688
D INTERNAL DOSIMETRY 689
D. L INTRODUCTION 689
D.2 OVERVIEW OF INTERNAL DOSIMETRY MODELS 689
D.3 MIRD METHODOLOGY 691
D.4 ICRP METHODOLOGY 693
D.5 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 693
D.6 ICRP 26/30 AND ICRP 60/66/30 TERMINOLOGY 696
D.7 ICRP 26 AND ICRP 60 RECOMMENDATIONS 697
D.7.1 CALCULATION OF INTERNAL DOSE EQUIVALENTS USING
ICRP 26/30 698
D.7.2 CALCULATION OF EQUIVALENT AND EFFECTIVE DOSES USING ICRP
60/66/30 699
D.8 ICRP 103/66/100 METHODOLOGY 701
D.8.1 RADIATION EFFECTS, TISSUE WEIGHTING FACTORS, AND RADIATION
WEIGHTING FACTORS 701
D.8.2 SEX AVERAGING 702
D.8.3 ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL DOSE 703
D.9 HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT MODEL (HRTM) 704
D.9.1 ABSORPTION 705
D.9.2 PARTICLE SIZES 705
D.9.3 ADDITIONAL MODEL DETAILS 706
D.10 HUMAN ALIMENTARY TRACT MODEL (HATM) 706
D.10.1 ABSORPTION TO BLOOD 707
D.10.2 DOSE CALCULATIONS 710
D. 10.3 MODEL DEPENDENCE 710
REFERENCES 710
E HEALTH PHYSICS-RELATED COMPUTER CODES 713
E. L OVERVIEW 713
E.2 CODE DESCRIPTIONS 713
E.2.1 CAP-88 (HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/RADIATION/ASSESSMENT/
CAP88/INDEX.HTML) 713
E.2.2 COMPASS (HTTP://ORISE.ORAU.GOV/ENVIRONMENTAL-ASSESSMENTS-
HEALTH-PHYSICS/RESOURCES/MARSSIM.ASPX) 714
E.2.3 COMPLY (HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/RADIATION/ASSESSMENT/
COMPLY.HTML#DOWNLOAD) 714
E.2.4 DCAL (HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/RADIATION/ASSESSMENT/
DCAL.HTML#DOWNLOAD) 714
E.2.5 DWUCK/CHUCK/MERCURY (HTTPS://RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/PSR/
PSR5/PSR-546.HTML) 715
E.2.6 EGS CODE SYSTEM (HTTP://RCWWW.KEK.JP/RESEARCH/
EGS/EGS5.HTML) 7IS
E.2.7 ENDE (HTTP://WWW.NNDC.BNL.GOV/EXFOR3/ENDF00.HTM) 7IS
E.2.8 FLUKA (HTTP://WWW.FLUKA.ORG/) 716
E.2.9 GENII-LIN (HTTP://WWW-RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/CCC/CCC7/
CCC-728.HTML) 716
E.2.10 HOTSPOT (HTTP://WWW-RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/MIS/MISO/
MIS-009.HTML) 716
E.2.1I IDD - SAM (WWW.BEVELACQUARESOURCES.COM) 716
E.2.12 IMBA (WWW.HPA-RADIATIONSERVICES.ORG.UK/SERVICES/IMBA) 717
E.2.13 ISO-PC (HTTPS://RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/CCC/CCC6/CCC-636.HTML) 717
E.2.14 JENDL (HTTP://WWWNDC.TOKAI-SC.JAEA.GO.JP/JENDL/JENDL.HTML) 717
E.2.13 LISE++ (HTTP://LISE.NSCL.MSU.EDU/LISE.HTML) 718
E.2.16 MACCS2 (HTTP://WWW.NRC.GOV/ABOUT-NRC/REGULATORY/RESEARCH/
COMP-CODES.HTML) 718
E.2.17 MARS (HTTP://WWW-AP.FNAL.GOV/MARS/) 718
E.2.18 MCNP (HTTP://MCNP-GREEN.LANL.GOV/INDEX.HTML) 718
E.2.19 MCNPX (HTTP://MCNPX.LANL.GOV/) 719
E.2.20 MICROSHIELD(HTTP://WWW.RADIATIONSOFTWARE.COM/
MSHIELD.HTML) 719
E.2.21 MICROSKYSHINE(HTTP://WWW.RADIATIONSOFTWARE.COM/
MSKYSHINE.HTML) 719
E.2.22 MIDAS (HTTP://WWW.ABSCONSULTING.COM/MIDAS.CFM) 719
E.2.23 MULTIBIODOSE (HTTP://WWW.MULTIBIODOSE.EU/
SOFTWARE.HTML) 720
E.2.24 OLINDA/EXM (HTTP://OLINDA.VUEINNOVATIONS.COM/OLINDA) 720
E.2.25 PRESTO (HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/RADIATION/ASSESSMENT/
PRESTO.HTML) 720
E.2.26 RADTRAD (HTTP://WWW-RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/CCC/CCC8/
CCC-800.HTML) 720
E.2.27 RASCAL (HTTP://WWW-RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/CCC/CCC7/
CCC-783.HTML) 721
E.2.28 RESRAD (HTTP://WEB.EAD.ANL.GOV/RESRAD/HOME2/) 721
E.2.29 SCALE 5 (HTTP://WWW-RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/CCC/
CCC7/CCC-725.HTML) 721
E.2.30 SKYSHINE-KSU (HTTP://WWW-RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/CCC/
CCC6ZCCC-646.HTML) 722
E.2.31 SPAR (HTTP://WWW-RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/CCC/
CCC2/CCC-228.HTML) 722
E.2.32 TRACE (HTTP://WWW-RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/PSR/
PSR4/PSR-481 .HTML) 722
E.2.33 VARSKIN (HTTP://WWW-RSICC.ORNL.GOV/CODES/CCC/
CCC7/CCC-781 .HTML) 723
E.2.34 VSM (HTTP://WWW.DOSEINFO-RADAR.COM/RADARSOFT.HTML) 723
E.2.35 VSP (HTTP://VSP.PNNL.GOV/) 723
E.3 CODE UTILIZATION 723
E. 4 CODE DOCUMENTATION 724
REFERENCES 724
F SYSTEMATICS OF CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER 727
F. L INTRODUCTION 727
F.2 OVERVIEW OF EXTERNAL RADIATION SOURCES 727
F.2.1 CANCER THERAPY 727
F.2.2 ACCELERATOR TRANSMUTATION OF HIGH-LEVEL WASTE 728
F.2.3 SPACE TOURISM 729
E.3 TISSUE-ABSORBED DOSE FROM A HEAVY ION OR PROTON BEAM 730
E. 4 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL REACTION CROSS-SECTION 730
F. 5 CALCULATIONS CONSIDERATIONS 731
REFERENCES 731
G ANGULAR ABSORBED DOSE DEPENDENCE OF HEAVY ION INTERACTIONS 733
G. L INTRODUCTION 733
G.2 BASIC THEORY 733
G.3 DIFFERENTIAL SCATTERING CROSS-SECTION 734
G. 4 MODEL CALCULATIONS 735
REFERENCES 735
H BASIS FOR RADIATION PROTECTION REGULATIONS 737
H. L OVERVIEW 737
H.2 RISK 737
H.3 BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY 739
H.4 DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS 740
H.5 RISK MODELS 741
H.6 BEIR VII UNCERTAINTIES 742
H.7 DOUBLING DOSE 743
H.8 PROBABILITY OF CAUSATION 743
H.9 ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM
ACT 745
H.10 FUTURE DOSE LIMITS 746
H.10.1 LNT HYPOTHESIS 746
H. 10.1.1 ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING THE LNT HYPOTHESIS 747
H. 10.1.2 ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE LNT HYPOTHESIS 747
H.10.2 THRESHOLD DOSE LIMITS 748
H.10.3 RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS 749
H .LL FUTURE REGULATIONS 749
REFERENCES 749
INDEX 753
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bevelacqua, Joseph John 1949- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)134145585 |
| author_facet | Bevelacqua, Joseph John 1949- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bevelacqua, Joseph John 1949- |
| author_variant | j j b jj jjb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043490065 |
| classification_rvk | UN 7900 XC 3800 YR 1600 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)951627334 (DE-599)DNB1075926386 |
| dewey-full | 530 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 530 - Physics |
| dewey-raw | 530 |
| dewey-search | 530 |
| dewey-sort | 3530 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Physik Medizin |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043490065 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:27:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527411832 9783527694358 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028906618 |
| oclc_num | 951627334 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-11 |
| physical | XXVIII, 769 Seiten Illustrationen, Digramme (teilweise farbig) |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bevelacqua, Joseph John 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)134145585 aut Health physics radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards Joseph John Bevelacqua Weinheim Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA [2016] © 2016 XXVIII, 769 Seiten Illustrationen, Digramme (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nuklearmedizin (DE-588)4042770-5 gnd rswk-swf Medizinische Physik (DE-588)4130758-6 gnd rswk-swf Kernbrennstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4030315-9 gnd rswk-swf Kerntechnischer Unfall (DE-588)4120559-5 gnd rswk-swf Strahlenschutz (DE-588)4057826-4 gnd rswk-swf Bildgebende Verfahren i. d. Biomedizin Biophysik Biomedical Imaging Biomedical Engineering Biophysics Medizin Medical Science Physics Physik Radiology & Imaging Medical & Health Physics Biomedizintechnik Radiologie u. Bildgebende Verfahren Physik in Medizin u. Gesundheitswesen Medizinische Physik Strahlenschutz (DE-588)4057826-4 s Kernbrennstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4030315-9 s Kerntechnischer Unfall (DE-588)4120559-5 s Nuklearmedizin (DE-588)4042770-5 s Medizinische Physik (DE-588)4130758-6 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-527-69434-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, MOBI 978-3-527-69432-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-527-69433-4 http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/ISBN978-3-527-41183-2/ Verlag DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028906618&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bevelacqua, Joseph John 1949- Health physics radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards Nuklearmedizin (DE-588)4042770-5 gnd Medizinische Physik (DE-588)4130758-6 gnd Kernbrennstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4030315-9 gnd Kerntechnischer Unfall (DE-588)4120559-5 gnd Strahlenschutz (DE-588)4057826-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4042770-5 (DE-588)4130758-6 (DE-588)4030315-9 (DE-588)4120559-5 (DE-588)4057826-4 |
| title | Health physics radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards |
| title_auth | Health physics radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards |
| title_exact_search | Health physics radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards |
| title_full | Health physics radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards Joseph John Bevelacqua |
| title_fullStr | Health physics radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards Joseph John Bevelacqua |
| title_full_unstemmed | Health physics radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards Joseph John Bevelacqua |
| title_short | Health physics |
| title_sort | health physics radiation generating devices characteristics and hazards |
| title_sub | radiation-generating devices, characteristics, and hazards |
| topic | Nuklearmedizin (DE-588)4042770-5 gnd Medizinische Physik (DE-588)4130758-6 gnd Kernbrennstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4030315-9 gnd Kerntechnischer Unfall (DE-588)4120559-5 gnd Strahlenschutz (DE-588)4057826-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nuklearmedizin Medizinische Physik Kernbrennstoffkreislauf Kerntechnischer Unfall Strahlenschutz |
| url | http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/ISBN978-3-527-41183-2/ http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028906618&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bevelacquajosephjohn healthphysicsradiationgeneratingdevicescharacteristicsandhazards |