Veliki rat i mali čovek: = "The" Great War and the little man
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| Weitere Verfasser: | |
| Format: | Buch |
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Beograd
Etnografski muzej
2014
|
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 218 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9788678910777 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
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| 001 | BV043484245 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20160408 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 160330s2014 a||| |||| 00||| srp d | ||
| 020 | |a 9788678910777 |9 978-86-7891-077-7 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)958878758 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)OBVAC12201867 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a srp | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a 15.23 |2 Erster Weltkrieg | ||
| 084 | |a 15.70 |2 Balkanstaaten <Geschichte> | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Veliki rat i mali čovek |b = "The" Great War and the little man |c Etnografski muzej u Beogradu ; autori tekstova Vesna Božić-Omčikus [und fünf weitere] ; urednik Mr Miloš Matić |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a "The" Great War and the little man |
| 264 | 1 | |a Beograd |b Etnografski muzej |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a 218 Seiten |b Illustrationen | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Literaturangaben | |
| 546 | |a Text serbisch, Zusammenfassungen der Beiträge in englischer Sprache | ||
| 546 | |b Kyrillische Schrift | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Alltagskultur |0 (DE-588)4122782-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Erster Weltkrieg |0 (DE-588)4079163-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Serbien |0 (DE-588)4054598-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4135467-9 |a Ausstellungskatalog |x Etnografski Mizej u Beogradu |y 2014 |z Beograd |2 gnd-content | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Serbien |0 (DE-588)4054598-2 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Erster Weltkrieg |0 (DE-588)4079163-4 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Alltagskultur |0 (DE-588)4122782-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bižić-Omčikus, Vesna |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Matić, Miloš |4 edt | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Etnografski muzej u Beogradu |0 (DE-588)1022369-1 |4 isb | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028900931&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028900931&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSBWK1 | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 390 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 4971 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 355.009 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 4971 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028900931 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1814880003551133696 |
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| adam_text |
CAflPIAJ
Bema Eumh-ÖMumyc
HYBAPH CPnCKE KYJITYPE Y BEJIHKOM PATY, BE3 OPYJKJA
7
Becna Euncuh-OMumyc
BEJ1HKH PAT H EEOrPATJAHH Y flHEBHHHKHM BEJ1EIIIKAMA
25
MA Jenem Tyu,amuh PAT BEJIHKH, A HAPOflA MAJ10 51
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CPnCKH BOJHHliH Y BEJIHKOM PATY: HAIHH nPEItfi, XPAEPH JYHALiH
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OKYIIAIJHJA CPBHJE1915-1918: PETIPECHBHE MEPE HAß CTAHOBHHI1ITBOM
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151
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CPBHJAY BEJIHKOM PATY 197
218
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
/
VesnaMarjanovic
The Motif of Death and the Great War - An Ethnological Discourse
SUMMARY
Death is determined by the biological cycle but is at the same time a social and cultural phenomenon. The topic The Motif of Death and the Great War - an Ethnological Discourse, was chosen with the intention to contribute to an elucidation of the perception of death in the war setting of Serbia at the beginning and after the end of the Great War from the aspects of ethnology and anthropology. In traditional societies, like Serbian agricultural society in the first decades of the 20th century was, the majority of archaic customs contained the cult of the ancestors and a belief in the afterlife. Unwritten rules applied within such a cultural backdrop, which had to be observed.
This summary of the funerary obsequies relevant to the traditional model of society, namely belief in the power of the ancestors and the consequent symbolic conduct reflected in a series of funerary rites, explains the attitude of the Serbs of the time towards death and the affective state that violent death had inflicted upon many families.
As the cult of the dead and the cult of ancestors dominated all forms of thinking and symbolic behaviour, in this paper death is treated from the moment the loss is marked at the individual and collective levels not only by death itself but also by the observed rites and physical monuments - headstones and rituals for the rest of the souls that perished in the Great War. Death, as the inexorable companion of war, is not treated in the cultural and historical context only as a loss as such, but also in terms of the relations among the living, of the family structure, the comportment of the individual, the broader community and of the Church.
As many had lost their lives far away from their homes, their next of kin, in particular in western Serbia, erected monuments over empty graves, later dubbed krajputasi /roadside tombstones/, so that upon departing the body the soul could rest in peace among its own ancestors. A “dented family” which had lost a son, a brother, husband, father or grandfather in the winds of war is not singled out as a separate topic in the historical, ethnographic and sociological context and the subsequent comprehensive overview of
THE MOTIF OF DEATH AND THE GREAT WAR - AN ETHNOLOGICAL DISCOURSE
193
realistic events and their inevitable consequences during and after the war. It seems that in that historical period the importance was formally marginalized of religious acts and ritualistic practices of the little man and his attitude to religion, the kind of religion scholarly circles called “popular" and in which, no matter how that might be interpreted, ancestors were on an equal footing with God. In order to recover from their losses and spare themselves from punishment by their ancestors, upon the death of their loved ones families strove to observe the valid rules of funerary rites to the extent possible.
All the drama that unfolded in the immediate family when women remained on their own with the children or elderly parents, as refugees or in demolished homes, was mitigated by the customs and the entrenched habit that initiated rites had to be performed to the full. Regarding these rites as important, the living perceived failure to perform them as a kind of impotence and Divine punishment. In other words, it was an emotional state with fear featuring as a powerful agent of submission, reconciliation to the new situation, which in the given circumstances contributed to the constant development of a specific dimension of belief in the nether-world, in supernatural powers and parallel worlds. Thus in the 1920’s, Edmund Schneweiss, a researcher of Serbian culture, but still a foreigner, noted a strong belief among the Serbian Orthodox entity in the soul of the deceased, which wandered for 40 days before departing for the „nether world" upon the performance of the prescribed rites.1
The graves of those who died in wars are located in public places and seldom in village and city cemeteries. Others who died natural or violent deaths were buried observing both popular and official Orthodox religion rules.
According to who erected them, memorials to solders - war veterans in this paper fall into two categories:
a) private/intimate and b) public.
The first group of memorials mostly mark empty graves with a monument stating the name of the soldier, the way in which he died (if known), and often the name of the person who erected the monument. They were erected by the family of the deceased (father, mother, brother, sister, wife, less frequently children). The second group of monuments to those who perished in the Great War are public monuments - memorial charnel houses, military cemeteries, mausoleums, collective monuments in public areas, squares, sites of great battles of national significance or in churchyards.
1 Schneweiss, Edmund (1928) Glavni elementi samrtnih obicaja kod Srba i Hrvata, Glasnik skopskog naucnog drustva, 5, Skoplje, 263-282,275.
194
Vesna Marjanovic
In that context, as explained in this paper, the dead were actually in the service of the living (the deceased - warriors). In a way they took over the organisation of society and helped consolidate the newly-created state of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Cruel as it might seem today, this vast civilisation catastrophe in which death triumphed over life was followed by a period in which not only the wounds of this war calamity were healed but when the heroic deaths transposed into stone monuments greatly contributed to the unification of the living and life’s victory over death.
All ritual practice elements are drawn from the foundations of the social community aligned with the rules of a private code of conduct and the established morals, extracting ritual subjects from their previous stations in society and returning them, internally transformed and externally modified, to new places in the given context of the dead/the living relationship. To wit, traditional folk culture customs practiced in one's lifetime had played special latent and manifest roles in the past. Traditional culture, as Bojan Jovanovic explains, demonstrates all its complexity in social organisation, physical production and mythical and ritual creative endeavour and folk lore.2
As from a distance of a hundred years it is impossible to cover all the details associated with the topic of this paper, i.e. the emotional experience surrounding news of the death of a loved one, it is only possible to assume by a comparative method in which way and form the prescribed rituals were observed and how the traditionally determined „dented family" was ritually restored to purity. Neither during nor after the war was anything written in detail about how families set about performing prescribed rites upon learning of their loss, so that today we have to look to the discourse associated with the culture of memory and remembrance.3
2 JoBaHOBnh, EojaH (1994) Ima^e rpaflHUHje, ímchuk Eiunoipa^cm mcmuuiyma CARY, kh . XLIII, Eeorpaa, cip. 137-150,137.
3 See Asman, Alaida (2011) Duga senka proslosti, Beograd: Biblioteka XX vek.
THE MOTIF OF DEATH AND THE GREAT WAR - AN ETHNOLOGICAL DISCOURSE
195
EomuaMnageHoeuh
YHHBEP3HTET Y HHIIIY, OHJ10300CKH 0AKYJ1TET, OflEJBEltE 3A HCTOPHJY
CPBHJA Y BEJIHKOM PATY
BejiHKH paT je 5ho 3HanajaH floraljaj y hctophjh Cp5nje h cpncKor Hapofla. H no flyniHHH Tpaja-H»a ofl npeKo nerapn roflHHe, Kao h no nocneflHfla-Ma Koje je ocTaBno y BHfly BejiHKHX MaTepnjanHnx pasapasa h yHHMTaBasa a orpoMHHM jLyncKHM «pTBaMa. BennKH paT je y Cpfinjn HMao flBa jacHo H3flBojeHa nepnofla, pa3JiHHHTa n no Tpajasy h no floraljajHMa n OKOJiHocraMa y KojnMa ce HaniJio CTaHOBHuniTBO. ripBH je nepno/i ofl nonexna paTHnx onepannja y aBrycíy 1914. flo noBnaneH-a cpncxe Bojcxe npexo AnSaHnje h IjpHe Tope y jeceH 1915. roflHHe, a flpyra ofl 3aBol)eH,a OKynapHOHe ynpaBe flo KOHaHHor ocno5oí)eH a h npoTepHBasa Tpyna npoTHBHHKa y jeceH 1918. roflHHe.
ATemaT Ha OpaHqa 4 epflHHaHfla, npecronoHacnefl-HHKa AycTpO'YrapcKe, Kojn je H3BpniH0 raBpnno ripHHnnn Ha BnflOBflaH 1914. roflHHe y CapajeBy, 5ho je noBOfl «a fleHTpanHe cnne 3anonHy paT npo-thb cHJia AHTaHTe 3a npeBflaci y cBery. CyceflHa mo-Hapxnja je onTywHna Cp5njy 3a aTemaT h, 36or H e-He HaBOflHe yMemaHOCTH, ynyrana joj yflTHMaTyM.
YflTHMaTyM flBojHe MOHapxnje ypyneH je KpaiteBH-hh CpñnjH 23. jyna. CacTojao ce ofl flecex Tanaxa.
IIoflyHaBCKa MOHapxnja je BJiaflH KpajieBHHe Cp5n-je nocTaBHJia 3axieBe 3a xoje je yHanpefl 3Hana fla he 5hth ofl6HjeHH. HnjeflHa He3aBHCHa flpwaBa He 6h Moma fla npHXBara xaKBe ycnoBe! Y no3aflHHH yjiTHMaiyMa crajana je HeMaw, xoja je CMaTpa/ia fla je flouuio npaBo BpeMe 3a paT. Cpncica Bnafla, Ha nejiy ca npeflceflHHKOM Hhkojiom riauinheM, noxa-3ana je Benmcy fyjieKCHdwiHOCi OHa je npHXBaTHJia CKopo CBe ycflOBe, ochm (flenHMHHHo) neTe h inecTe Taqxe.1
flBa flaHa nocne ynraMaryMa flouuio je flo npexnfla AHnJioMaTCKHX oflHoca H3MeI)y flBe cyceflHe flpxca-Be. Bnafla Cp6nje HapeflHJia je onuiTy Mo5HflH3aqH-jy h npecejiHJia ce y Hnin. Mecen flaHa ofl acemaTa, 28. jyna, AycTpo-Yrapcxa MOHapXHja je, y (jjopMH oBhhhot TenerpaMa, oSjaBHna paT Cp5njn. flo 4. aB-rycTa y paTy cy ce Harnne OpaHnycxa, Pycnja, Be-nnxa EpHTaHHja, Benraja h Cp5nja npoTHB Aycrpo-Yrapcxe h HeManKe. HajBehH flOTaflauisH cyxo5 y cBeTy caBpeMeHHHH cy Ha3HBann BenHKH h Cbctckh pan Y paTy je ynecTBOBano 36 flpwaBa, BHUie ofl 70
1 Bownaa MjrafleHOBHh, CpSujayBemiKOM pawy, Eeorpaa 2008, 14,22-23
CPBHJA Y BEJIHKOM PATY
197
MHJiHOHa JLyflHje 5hjio non opywjeM, a Hacipaflano je npeKO 10 mhjihoh3.2
Y Tony aBiyaa ycnociaBJBeHH cy (jipoHTOBH Ha eBponcKOM paTHiHTy. IlpBe 5op6e oflHrpane cy ce Ha EajimcKOM paraiiny, HanaflOM Aycipo-Yrap-CKe Ha Cp5njy Ha rpaHHHHHM peicaMa flpHHH, CaBH h flyHaBy. HanaflOM HeManKe Ha OpaHqycKy, nocne BejiHKe 5HTKe Ha pepn MapHH, $opMHpaH je 3anafl-hh (J)poHT (ofl IIlBajpapcKe flo Eenraje), Ha KojeM ce HacTaBno pobobckh paT. AycTpo-YrapcKa h He-ManKa Hanane cy 3ajeflH0 Ha PycHjy h $opMHpane HCTOHHH $pOHT. üpOflOpOM PyCHje Ha TepHTOpHjy HeMaMKe (IlpycKe) h nopa30M H eHHX Tpyna, KOfl TaHeH6epra h Ma3ypci HX je3epa, hctohhh (j)pOHT ce CTa6HJiH30Bao ofl PyMyHHje flo EanranKor Mopa h HacTaBno y cjiopMH poBOBCKor paia.3
Kpan. Ileiap I Kapal)opl)eBHh ce 1914. roflHHe no-Byxao ca npeaona CpEnje. Ha neny flpncaBe floiuao je H eroB MnaljH chh, npHHfl AnexcaHflap Kapa-IjopljeBHh, Kojn je y paiy 5ho BpxoBHH KoMaHflaHT cpncice BojcKe. HanejiHUK BpxoBHe KOMaHfle 5ho je BojBOfla PafloMHp llyTHHK. PberoB 33MeHHK je 6ho reHepan )KHBojHH Mnuinh. KoMaHflaHTH TpH cpn-ci«e apMHje 5hjih cy: IlpBe apMHje reHepaji Ileiap EojoBHh, flpyre apMHje reHepan Ciena CrenaHOBHh h Tpehe apMHje reHepan IlaBne JypHiiiHfr IllTypM. KoMaHflaHT YwHHKe BojcKe 5ho je reHepan Mnnoin Eo^aHOBHh. Cpncxa Bojcna je, 3ajeflHO ca TpynaMa
0fl5paHe Eeorpafla, Opojana 400.000 BojHHKa. FbeH npoTHBHHK Ha 5ojHOM non y HMao je y 5pojHOM ca-ciaBy oko 700.000 BojHHKa, noflen,eHHX y TpH apMHje. KoMaHflaHT thx Tpyna, H33BaHHX EanxaHCKa BojcKa, 5ho je reHepan Ocxap (J)oh IIohopeK.4
2 B. MjiafleHOBHh, nae. gem, 14 _
3 Hero, 15-16 4 Hero, 21
198
Eomu,a Miagenoeuh
O/JEPAHA OTAIJEHHE
AycTpoyrapcKa BojcKa KpeHyjia je y Hanaq Ha Kpa-JbeBHHy CpSHjy 12. aBrycia 1914. roflHHe. DiaBHO-KOMaflyjytiH aycTpoyrapcKe BojcKe o6ehao je qapy I paHi{y Jo3ecJ)y qa he flo aeroBor poíjeHfíaHa, 18. aBryaa, Tpyne Koje npepoflH yMapumpam y cpn-CKy npecTOHHLjy. ÍIpaBap Hanaqa 6ho je ManBa n lloqepHHa. Tpeha cpncKa apMHja noBJianHJia ce npeq jaKHM CHaraMa HenpujaTejta. Y noMoh cy eraran BojHHqn flpyre apMHje reHepana Cieñe Ciena-HOBuha. Ohh cy y ycHJLeHOM Maprny aoihjih no cena TeKepHm, y noflHowjy njiaHHHe flep. Ty je h sano-nena 5nTKa. HajBehe 6op5e BotjeHe oq 16. qo 18. aBrycTa. CpncKa BojcKa je nopa3HJia nporaBHHKa h npoTepajia ra npeKo flpHHe. TeHepaji CienaHOBHh ío6ho je 38or cjajHe no6efle hhh BojBOfle.5 flpyra sanan qapcKo-KpajteBCKHX Tpyna Ha Cp6njy yene-AHo je y cenTeMhpy. HajBehe Onrae BoljeHe cy Ha FyneBy h ManKOBOM KaMeHy. flBOMecenHH nepnoq paioBaraa, Kojn je 3aBpmeH HOBeM6pa 1914. roflH-He, no3HaT je non hmchom flpHHCKa 5«™. Y no-3Hy jecen yenennoje TpehH Hanaq Ha CpSnjy, Tpyne ITeie h Illecie aycTpoyrapcKe apMHje HanpeqoBajie cy H3 npaBqa Cpe5peHHqe, %6oBHje h ManBe. flo
3. neqeMSpa qapcKO-KpajteBCKe Tpyne yuuie cy y BajteBO, JIa3apeBaq, OSpeHOBaq, JlajKOBaq, Kocje-pnh, üo)Kery h Eeorpaq. Y kphthhhom TpeHyTKy, KOMaHfly Han IlpBOM cpncKOM apMHjoM npey3eo je
3 E. Mjia^eHOBHh, me. geno, 24-25
Ha nmm 3axTCB reHepaji Mmiinh, yMecTO pafteHor reHepana EojoBHha. TeHepan MmuHh je Hapenno m ce 4 P0HT CKpara 3a oko 40 KHJioMeiapa, na ce BojcKa oflMopH, nperpynHuie h H3BpuiH nporaBynap H3 npaBqa íopiter MnjiaHOBqa. flo 16. fleqeM6pa HenpnjaTejiCKe CHare cy npoiepaHe ca TepHTopnje Cp6nje a cpncica npecTOHHqa je ooioSoljeHa. 35or nooefle y 5nqH Roja je Ha3BaHa KonyfiapcKa, reHe-pan ^HBojHH MhuihÍi ao8ho je hhh BojBOfle.3 6
Y npBoj (j)a3H paia, cpncica BojcKa je npy KHJia jai oraop HaflMohHOM HenpHjaiej y. Y KpaTKOM nepH-ofly, oq aBiycia j\o qeqeMSpa, H3 HenpHjaiejicKor opoja H35aneHO je 273.804 Sopaqa, oq Kojux cy 7.592 5hjih o^HqnpH. TIpH tom je h caMa «Mana orpoMHe ry6HTKe. On oko 250.000 HaSojrax Sopapa y npBoj paraoj roflmm H3ry6HJia je naK 163.557, on Kojux cy 2.110 6hjih o^Hipapn.7
Y TOKy Jieia h jeceHH, no noBJiaqeifcy BojcKe, Ha nofl-pynjy MaqBe, Janpa, üocaBHHe, floflpHM h Ko/iy-6ape, He3amraheHH phbhjih, weHe, sepa h crapqn, flojKHBenu cy CTpaxoBHTe penpeca/inje. flapcKO-KpajbeBCKH conpara yfiHJiH cy, CHJiOBara h Man-TperapanH oko 4.000 ciaHOBHHKa 3anaflHe CpñHje. CBeflonaHCTBa o paraHM 3JionnHHMa npHKynHHH cy opraHH BJiacra KpajteBHHe Cp5nje h HeKOJiHKO ca-BpeMeHHKa crpaHaqa, oq Kojnx je HajBa^HHjn pok-Top ApnH5ajifl Paje H3 IIlBajqapcKe.8
6 Hcto, 25
1 Hcüiopuja cpücKoi napoga, kh . VI/2, Eeorpafl 1994, 2,72
8 E. MjicmeHOBHh, nae. geno, 25
CPEHJA y BEJ1HKOM PATY
199
nocjie noöep Ha KojiyöapH, Kap je cpnci« BojcKa 3anjieHHP MHoro paTHor MaTepnja/ia h 3apoÖHJia BeJiHKH öpoj HenpnjaTeMKHx BojHHKa, y Cpönjy je crama TaK03BaHa öep Bam, npeHOCHJiaq neraßor THtJiyca. UeHTap enHpMHje neraßor ratjjyca 5ho je rpap-öoPHqa Ba/teßo. 3a cy3ÖHjaH e enHPMHje HajßehH 3Haqaj HMao je pap pp JlypßHra XHpui(j)eji-pa, flopeHTa 3a öaKTepHOJiorajy Ha MepHpHHCKOM (JiaKyjiTeTy y IjHpHxy. EnppeMHja je caBJiapaHa 3a-XBajbyjyhH noMohn MeljyHapopHHX opraHH3apHja y jiyflCTBy h MaiepHjajiy.9
KpajteBHHa Cpönja je KpajeM 1914. ropHHe ÖHJia y H3y3erao TeuiKOM ckohomckom nojiowajy. Y po-TapaniHiHM paTHHM onepappjaMa, ochm JLypcm, orpoMHa cy ÖHJia h MaTepHjajma crpapaBba. CraHOB-hhihtbo je öhjio H3Jio)KeHO orpoMHHM HecrauiHpa-Ma, npe cßera y ikhbothhm MMHpHHqaMa, a noTOM y CTOLJH sa Byqy h npHnjiop’cHpoBHHaMa, HOBqy h paflHoj cHa3H. OÖJiacra Ha 3anapy h ceßepy ppwaße y KojHMa cy BoljeHe 5op6e h Kypa je npoiima Henpn-jaiejBCKa Bojcica ÖHJie cy pa3opeHe h nonaMHe, a cTaHOBHHiiiTBO je yönjaHO HJiH je cnac noTpaiKHJio y öeKCTBy. Y CpÖHjn je np« Kpajy 1914. h Ha no-neTKy 1915. ropHHe y norayHocTH npecTajia CBaxa Bpda npHBpepHe aKTHBHocra. Cxopo cbh cnocoö-HH MyiHKapPH, ÖHJIH Cy y BOjHOj CPyiKÖH HJIH MpTBH. PeKBH3HUHja BOJioBa h KOH a 3a BojHe noipeöe je poparao yraqajia Ha TeniKo aaite y nojbonpHBpe-PH. rio noBJiaqeiiy qapcKO-KpajbeBCKHX pHBH3Hja H3 IloppHita, Maqße h üocaBHHe, ociajia je caMO ony-
11 Hcto, 26
CTomeHa TepHTopHja.10 Oßa cyMopHa cjiHKa nyao-uiH noöypHPa je aMepHPKor HOBHHapa IJoHa Php pa Cp6njy c noqeTKa 1915. ropHHe pojkhbh h ommie Kao „3eMJby cMpra.“11
H3mep nojeflHHHX rpapoßa, nopymeHHX y onepa-qpjaMa, ocTaBMo je jai yrncaK Ha CTpaHqe, Kojn cy oÖHJia3HJiH CpÖHjy. To ce noceÖHO ophochjio Ha Hlaöaq h Eeorpap. Cpncxa npeaoHHqa je MHoro cipapana y öopöaMa BoljeHHM 1914. ropHHe. C oö-3HpoM p je ÖHJia rpaHHHHH rpap h p cy je op Mo-HapxHje pejmne pexe CaBa h flyHaB, ÖHJia je CTa/iHo Ha Mera apimeppje HenpnjaiejLCKe BojcKe. Crora je jkhbot y rpapy öho nop Ocüihhm pH3HKOM. BejiH-KH öpoj daHOBHHKa je Hanycrao Eeorpap h orauiao y rpapoBe Kojn cy öhjih BaH öopöeHor pjcTBa.12
CBaKopeBHH tkhbot y pjiy Cpönje Kojn HHje öho oöyxßaheH paraHM pejcTBHMa, ophocho H3a jiHHHje (jjpoHTa, öho je Bpjio pHaMHqaH h nyH. IJoh Php je oriHcao Hhui, cpncKy paTHy npecTOHHqy pfBonH-CHHX öoja: „Obo je öho pemap rpapa. Buna cy pa HJiH TpH pecTopaHa h CMppHBe Ka^aHe, oipqaHH xoTe/i ‘OpnjeHT’, HeH3Öe KHa aMepnqKa npopaBHH-qa pHnena h, Metjy je^raHHM MajiHM papirapaMa, H3HeHap H3P03H Kojn ÖJiHCTajy op cKynopeHor HaiŒTa h eKCTpaßaraHTHHx tkchckhx uieumpa. Flo npoMHHpHMa ce rypa^o mhoiptbo npoöpaHor CBeia: UnraHH, ocHpoMameHH cejtaqH, waHpapMH c Be-
10 E. MjiafleHOBHh, flopoguua y CpSuju y IIpeoM ceemcKOM pmy, Beorpafl 2006,18
" Poh Phn, PaiB y Cpöuju Í9Í5, PetHH e 1975
12 E. MaaaeHOBHh, Cpöuja y Bcjiukom paiüy, 37
200
Eomu,a Mmgenoeuh
JIHKHM CaÔMMa, y flpBeHHM H IIJiaBHM VHH^OpMa-Ma, nope3HHUH OfleBeHH Kao reHepajm, Taxolje ca caôibRMa, ejieraHTHH o^mjHpH oxnheHH opflenbeM, BojHHitH y npjiaBHM flpoH«uHMa, Hory yBHjeHHx y Kpne - xpoMH bojhhph, BojHHijH xojH nocphy Ha niTaKaMa, 6e3 pyxy, 6e3 Hory, oTnyimeHH H3 npe-TpnaHHX ÔOJIHHpa H joui MOflpH H KJiepaBH Ofl th-4)yca - h cByfla ayapnjcKH 3apo5MHHpH. fleôeiM JeBpejH - BojHH JiH^epaHTH - hacxajiH cy c üojihth-HapHMa-flOKOJiHHapHMa 3a ôecnpexopHHM xa^aH-ckhm cTOJioBHMa. MuHOBHHue MHHHCTapcTBa, xceHe h jtyôaBHHLie o^Hipipa, oTMeHe flaMe, rypaae cy ce ca ceuaHKaMa y ühxobhm Ha5paHHM BecejiHM cyx-H aMa h qapanaMa xchbhx 6oja. Bflafla je H3 Eeorpa-fla H36erna y Hhih, h nnaHHHCKo ceno ofl flBafleceT XH/iafla CTaHOBHHKa nocTajio je rpafl ofl cto flBafleceT XHJBaaa - He panyHajyïiH OHe xojH cy noMp-jih.“13 KparyjeBap je 6ho ceflHune cpncxe BpxoBHe KOMaHfle. Ty ce Pha yno3Hao ca flp BojncjiaBOM M. JoBaHOBHheM. To no3HaHCTBO je ocTaBHJio jax yra-caK Ha AMepHKaHpa h oh je OBaKO nopiperacao Jo-BaHOBHha: „IJohcoh je caB 6ho npo)KeT eBponcKOM KyJiTypoM, eBponcKOM ejieraHflHjoM, hhhh3Mûm, MOflepHH3MOM; ajiH axo ÔHde 3arpe5ajiH no noBp-uihhh, HaHuuiH 6ncie yHyrpa Ha Cp5HHa, Ha CHa- KHy, MyweBHy Bpcry jepe MJiafle pace He Taxo fla-jiexo on iuiaHHHCKor cejtaxa, flyôoxo naîpHOTCKor h flyBoxo He3aBHCHor. Mhoto cpncKHx ‘HHTejiexiy-aflaija' je HanHK Ha Beorpafl'Kpo3 xojH cy joui npe TpH roflHHe cejBapH TepajiH cBoja uixpnnaBa bojiob-
13 Hcto, 39-40
cxa xojia Hexa/iflpMHcaHHM yjiHuaMa xpo3 flyôoxo ÔJiaTO, H3Mel)y npn3eMHHx xyha, xao uito cy OHe y Hniny - a Kojn cafla 3Hfla 3rpafle, npaBH iporeape h 3aBOflH npH3ope h nopoxe riapH3a h Bena. Ohh ce 3aHoce MOflepHOM yMeTHonihy, MOflepHOM My3H-kom, TaHroM h (j)OKCTpoTOM. Ohh HCMeBajy necMe H oflehy cejbaKa.“14
Ilocfle Kojiyôapcxe ÔHTxe, Cp5nja je floÔHJia pena-thbho flyr nepHOfl 3aTHmja, oko fleBeT MeceqH. Y obom BpeMeHy yxa3ajia ce npHjmxa fla ce y H3Be-CHoj Mepn onopaBH ofl orpoMHHX pa-THHX Hanopa noflHeraxy flpyroj nonoBHHH 1914. roflHHe, fla npn-KynH HcppnMHy CHary h o5hobh je 3a HOBe ÔHTxe h HcxyuieH a xoja cy nexana y ôyflytiHocTH. Y tom npeflaxy flonuio je flo 5hthot nopacîa Mopana koa BojHHKa h Hapofla.
FIoceôaH je y obom nepHOfly 6ho oahoc cpncKHx BflacTH, h BojHHX h flHBHJiHnx, npeMa 3apoôjieHHM HenpujaîejtcKHM BojHHpHMa. To je KaTapHHa Kna-pa UlTypneHerep Ha3Bajia „cpncxo MHnocptje“ h Taxo y flBe penn caréna oflHoc xojH je 3H3Hho ao-CTojaHCTBeH CT3B npeMa 3apo6fl eHOM npoTHBHHKy h nouiTOBafte neroBe jihhhocth. üpHMeTHfla je fla ce npoTHBHHHKa CTpaHa HHje Taxo noHauiana h fla je cpncxe 3apo6jteHHxe yrnaBHOM yônjana, noHexafl h Ha BpJio oxpyraH HannH. H IJoh Pha je 3a5ejie)XHo fla je y cpncxoj paraoj npecTOHHUH BHfleo mhouitbo aycrpHjcxHx 3apo6n eHHxa y yHH(j)opMaMa xojH cy ce cnoôoflHO xpeîajiH, 5e3 HXaxBe crpa)xe. lloBpe-
14 B. Mjia^eHOBHh, Cpôuja y BenuKOM pamy, 40
CPBHJAY BEJIHKOM PATY
201
MeHO je BHÎjao h aycrpHjcKe o^mjHpe y „nyHoj“ yHH(j)opMH h ca onacaHOM caÖJLOM.
Y npBHX fleßeT Meceqn 1915. roflHHe y CpÖHjH hh-je öhjio 5op5eHHX onepaqnja, ajiH Taj M«p HHKa-Ko Hnje öho cnoKojaH. Bojiecra, enHfleMiije, cMpT - y3HMajiH cy jkhbotc h paiteHHX BojHHKa h cra-HOBHHUITBa. CpnCKH JieiQpH, MeflHflHHCKO ocoöjte, floöpoBOJiHe öojiHHHapKe, y3 noMoh crpamix - eH-rjiecKHX, pycKHx, ^pamjycKHX, uikotckhx, aMepnn-KHX, KaHaflCKHX - MeflHflHHCKHX MHCHja, flaH H Hofr cy ce SopHJie 3a cnac jßyflCKHx wHBOTa. YcjieflHJio je ycneuiHO npeceqaite ennfleMHje neraßor TH^yca. CaHHTeTCKe MHCHje h JieKape-cneqnjajiHCTe cjia-jie cy opraHH30B3HO CHJie caße3HHqe h HeyTpajiHe 3eMJte, h noceÖHo LjpßeHH xpcT h pa3Ha xyMaHH-TapHa h floöpoTBopHa flpyniTBa. Hecra je to ÖHBajio h 3acjiyroM nojeflHHHX jihhhocth xao hito cy JieflH rieqeT, rpotjwqa TpyöeqKH, rocnolja XapTBHr, mh-chc CroöepT. CMaipa ce fla je y Cp5njH öhjio oko
2.000 cTpaHHX MepqHHCKHX Jinqa. EnHfleMHja je BejiHKe pa3Mepe floÖHJia Beh y flpyroj üo/iobhhh fle-qeMÖpa 1914. Kafla je öhjio flocra oöojiejinx jbyflH, a BpxyHaq je flocmnia y (jieÖpyapy h Mapiy cjieqehe roflHHe. HeMoryhe je pehn kojihko je t3hho öhjio oöojiejinx h yMpjiHX. npemocTaBJta ce fla je öhjio oko 400.000 öojiecHHX, fla je yMpjio oko 100.000 qHBHJiHor CTaHOBHHUiTBa, 30.000-35.000 BojHHKa h oko 30.000 paTHHX 3apoöjbeHHKa.15
15 Hciuopuja cpücKoi napoga, 79
Y BpeMeHy oflMopa H3BpmeHa je HOBa MOÖHJiH3aqH-ja. OrpoMHH ryÖHiiH y jtyflCTBy, ycjiefl Hera cy mho-re jeflHHHqe ÖHJie naK h flecemoBaHe, HajiarajiH cy npHKynjiaita hobhx BojHHX oöße3HHKa. Ho npojieha 1915. MOÖHJiHcaHojejoin oko 707.000 JtyflH, iuto je HHHHJio jeflHy mecTHHy ofl yKynHor öpoja aaHOB-HHKa Taflaimte Cpönje.16
Hobh Hanafl 3flpyweHHx apMHja IjeHTpajiHHX CHJia ycneflHO je 6. OKTOöpa 1915. OrpoMHa BojHa CHJia Hanajia je Cpönjy -11 HeMaHKHX h nerapH ayapo-yrapcKe flHBH3Hje, 10 jiaHflimypMCKHX öpnrafla h jeflHa h no KOH HHKa flHBH3Hja. Y paT ce yicjbyHHJia h ByrapcKa. EbeHa BojcKa Hanajia je HdOHHy rpaHH-qy Cpönje. YnpKOC KHJiaBor ornopa cpncKe BojcKe, Tpyne HeMaHKe h Ayopo-YrapcKe cy Beh 9. okto-öpa yiiiJie y cpncicy npecroHHqy, a flBa flam KacHHje HeMaHKa apMHja je yivtapuiHpana y CMeqepeBO.17
CpncKa BojcKa noBJiaHHJia ce tokom OKTOöpa h ho-BeMÖpa npeMa jyry. nonemiM HOBeMÖpa, Tpyne LjeHTpajiHHX CHJia ocBojHJie cy BehH fleo qeHTpajme Cpönje h yuiJie y TopifcH MHJiaHOBaq, ManaK, Bajte-Bo, Kparyjeßaq, Kpymeßaq, y^nqe, a y flpyroj nojio-BHHH Meceqa cTaBHJie nofl CBojy BJiacT h TpH jyjKHa oKpyra, npnnojeHa CpönjH no 3aBpuieTKy IlpBor öajiKaHCKorpaTa. npoqeityjyhH HOBOHacTajiy cHTy-aqnjy, BpxoBHa KOMaHfla cpncKe BojcKe je 25. ho-BeMÖpa HapeflHJia fla ce BojcKa noByne npeKO IJpHe
16 1)OKO TpHiiKOBHfi, CpucKa pauma gpOMa 1914-1915, Eeorpafl 2001, 20
17 E. MjianeHOBHh, flopoguu,a, 19
202
Eojtcuna Mjiagcnoeuh
Ibpe h ceßepHe ÄJi5aHHje Ha oöany JappaHCKor mo-pa, Ha JiHHHjn flpaq-CKapap.18
Y opöpaHH Eeorpapa cpncKH bojhhhh cy npywajiH XepojCKH omop ÖpojHHjHM HenpHjaiejBCKHM Tpy-naMa, HaHeBiHH hm BejiHKe ryÖHTKe. beppMapiiia;i AyrycT $oh MaKeH3eH je cBoje nourroBaite npeMa npOTHBHHHKHM BOjHHpHMa HCKa3aO H IK)flH3aH eM cnoMeHHKa. V nponehe 1916. ropHHe, Ha Bpxy Ko-rnymaKa, y HenocpepHoj 5jih3hhh HeManKor Boj-Hor rpobjta, nociaBJbeHa je KaMeHa nnpaMnpa, nop KojoM cy caxpafteHH nocMpTHH oaapH cpncKHX BojHHKa H3rHHyjiHX Ha obom ceKTopy y opbpaHH Eeorpapa. Ha nnpaMHpH je pBoje3HnaH Hamnc: "Hier ruhen serbische Helden - Oßpe nonHBajy cpncKH jyHapH”.19
Uhbhjiho CTaHOBHHiHTBo je opMax KpeHyno y 6«Ka-HHjy, noBnanehH ce y yHyipaimtocT ppwaBe. Jom cy ÖHJia CBewa cehama Ha 3JioqHHe Koje cy nonHHHJiH HenpnjaiejBCKH BojHHpH y npeixopHoj ropHHH, Te cy ce papnje opjiynHJiH Ha bexcTBO Hero pa caneKa-jy oxynaTope. Ha peceraHe XHJtapa pHBHJia ca pe-pOM, Kojy cy noTOBapHM y Kojia h hochph y pyxa-Ma, Byxyhn h Hocehn oho mTO cy Morn« noHera, HmJiH cy npeMa jyry, He 3HajyhH rpe he öhth Kpaj BHXOBor nyroBaH a. flparama JlanneBHh, jepaH op npBaxa cpncxe CopHjanpeMOKpaTCKe napraje, ko-jn je H35erjiHHKe cme paHe npoBopno y JaropHHH, onncao je CBoje pacnojioxceite y TpeHyrKy Kapa cy
18 ^CT0
15 E. MJiafleHOBHh, Cpöuja y Bcmukom paüiy, 46
HenpnjaTejicKe neie ywjie y rpap: Jo je öho Haj-tokh TpeHyraK y MOMe jKHBOTy, Oöy3eo Me je ro-pax 5oji, cy3e cy caMe noTexne Ha ohh. Cpymnjia Me je CBecx o TOMe pa op Tor TpeHyrKa npeciaje Haina caMOdajiHOCT h c/iobopa, pa noaajeMo OKynnpaHH POÖOBH.“* 15 20
20 Pparnma PaimeBHh, OKyuauuja, Eeorpan 1921,35.
CPEHJA y BEJIHKOM PATY
203
y H3EErjlHIHTBy
CpnCKH BOjHHflH Ha Heiiy ca BpXOBHOM XOMaHflOM, KpajieBCKa nopoflnpa, mhhhctph BJiafle Cp5nje h HeKH nocjiaHHpH HapoflHe cKynuiTHHe, noByxjiH cy ce y no3Hy jeceH 1915. h 3HMy 1916. roflHHe npeKO AnBaHnje h UpHe Tope, a noTOM cy caBe3HHHXHM 5poflOBHMa npeBe3eHH Ha ocTpBo Kp$. Ynopeflo ce Kpeiajia ce h Maca H36erJiHiia, y HaflH fla he BojcpH noHOBo nohH 3a pyKOM, fla Kao npeixoflHe roflHHe, H35apH HenpHjaTejtcKe Tpyne npeKO rpaHHpe. To ce HHje flecHJio h KOJioHe H36eraHpa Huuie cy CBe salte, xa jyry. H hxobh ixhbothh nyreBH cy boahjih xa OpaHpycKoj, UlBajqapcKoj, rpnxoj, ceBepHoj Ac^pn-PH, CjeflHueHHM ÁMepHHKHM flpixaBaMa. Mel)y h h-Ma je BeJiHKH 6poj npHnaflao HHTenexTyanHoj, no-JIHTHHKoj H npHBpeflHOj eJIHTH CpnCKOr flpyilITBa.21
üpeflceflHHK cjipaHHycxe BJiafle Apncrafl EpnjaH h Haqe/iHHK ^paHpycxe BpxoBHe xoMaHfle Mapmaji )Ko4 p cHawHo cy ce 3ay3eiiH fla ce canyBajy oaa-UH cpncxe Bojcxe, jep je to Hanarana „xyMaHa fly-whoct“. OpaHpycxa BJiafla je 28. jaHyapa 1916. ro-flHHe oflJiyHHJia fla H eHa MopHapnpa opoxw CBe flpyre TpaHcnopie, aok H3 AnBaHnje He 5yfle npe6a-neHa cpncxa Bojcxa. Ofl Tafla cy caBe3HHnxn 5poflo-BH - íf)paHUyCKH, eHTJieCKH H HTPHjaHCKH, noneira ca y5p3aHHM npeB030M. flo 15. 4 e5pyapa npeBe3e-ho je Ha rpnxo octpbo Kp$ 135.000 jtyflH. Maiepn-
21 B. MnafleHOBHh, CpSuja y Boiukom patay, 49
204
jajiHe TpomKOBe onpeMaita h H3flpxcaBaH,a cpncxe Bojcxe npey3ejie cy OpaHpycxa h Beraxa EpHiaHH-
ja.22
npBH flaHH Ha Kptjjy Shjih cy 3a Cp5e yxcacHH. Ofl H3HeMorjiocTH cy jeflBa xoflajin. Hncy cbmh ce5n MorflH noMohH, CBe je 3aBHCHJio ofl flpyrax. Floce-5aH npoSneM npeflCTaBJtana je xnuia xoja je naflana 5e3 npecTaHxa. CMpT je y3HMana CBoj flaHax. 3a flBa Mecepa, ofl jaHyapa flo MapTa yMpjio je 4.847 jty-flH. Mano ocTpBO Bhao xofl Kp j)a 6hjio je opraHH-30BaH0 xao BojiHHpa, ann je craqajeM oxohhocth, npeTBopeHo y „octpbo CMpra“, a Mope oxo H era y „nnaBy rpoBHHqy“. Oxo 5.400 yMpjmx BojHHxa cny-uueHO jey Mope, 6e3 MoryhHOCTH caxpaHe. HcTHHa, BpeMe Jienn CBe. H Ha Kp$y je nocreneHO, y3 noMoh CyHpa, nexapa h peflOBHOM ncxpaHOM, HacTynno onopaBax cpncxe Bojcxe. npBO 4 H3hhxh, a noTOM naraHo h ncnxnHXH onopaBax.23
Ynopeflo ca onopaBXOM cpncxnx BojHHxa BpuieHo je h (j)opMHpaH e BojHHxjeflHHHfla. ílpBHX flaHa anpn-Jia Bojcxa je 5njia cnpeMHa fla H3al)e Ha (jipoHT. üpe-B03 cpncxe Bojcxe Ha ConyHCXH $poHT, y opraHH-3aqnjn (jjpaHuycxnx noMopcxHX cHara, noneo je 12. anpnna a 3aBpmeH 6e3 ry6niaxa xpajeM Maja 1916. roflHHe.24 ílpenopofl cpncxe Bojcxe h H eHa nojaBa Ha (fipoHTy «Masaje bcjihkh nojiHTHnxn h Mopaimn 3Hanaj. 3anoHHH,aH e 5op5n Ha ConyHcxoM (j)poHTy
22 B. MíiafleHOBHh, CpSuja y BenuKOM paüiy, 50
23 Hcto, 50-51
24 Hcto, 51
Eomufi Mjiagenoeuh
1916. roflHHe öhjio je Be3aHo 3a yjia3aic PyMyHHje y paT Ha crpaHH CHJia ÄHTaHTe. Taqa je öhjio nnaHH-paHO qa PyMyHHja HanaflHe AycTpo-Yrapcicy h qa ce HCTOBpeMeHO npeqy3Me o j)aH3HBa xoq CojiyHa. Me-IjyTHM, Byrapn cy npo3pejiH HaMepe h 17. aBiycTa H3BpniHJiH jan Hanafl’HHMe cy oraonene BHineMe-ceHHe öopöe ca npoMeHJtHBHM ycnexoM. Kompao-(j)aH3HBa je omonena 14. cemeMÖpa. DiaBHH yqap H3Bejie cy jeqHHHqe npBe cpnci e apMHje, Koje cy y ipoflHeBHHM öopöaMa, necio npca y npca, nopa3Hne Eyrape h HaTepane hx Ha noBnaneite. Oße Öopöe cy y BojHoj HCTopnjH no3HaTe Kao ömxa xoq TopHHne-Ba. Y HCTo BpeMe Boqnne cy ce öopöe Ha njiaHHHH Hnqe h Ha KajMaxqanaHy. Onepaqnje cy Tpajana 12 qaHa. riocneflBer flaHa cemeMÔpa flpHHCxa ah-BH3Hja je y chhobhtom jypnrny h y3 Bennxe ryÖHTKe ocBojHJia KajMamjiaH. THMe je mana Ha Tepmo-pnjy cBoje ApJKaBe. Taxo cy CTBopeHH ycjioBH 3a ho-By ÖHTKy Koja je Ha3BaHa ÖHTKa y nyxy LjpHe pexe. Tpajana je oa npBHx AaHa oKToöpa ao 21. qeqeMÖpa 1916. roAHHe. OqnHxoBano jyje cranHO HanpeqoBa-H e CpnCKHX AHBH3Hja H jaK OTnop HeMaHKHX h Öy-rapcKHX Tpyna. Y TOKy obhx öopön 19. HOBeMÖpa pycKa nemaAHja h cpncxa xoitHqa yume cy y Bhtoji. CpeAHHOM qeqeMÖpa ycneq 3aMopa, a BHiue H3 öoja-3HH qa HeMpH H3 nopajKene PyMyHHje He npeöaqe Tpyne Ha CojiyHCKH (jipoHT, caße3HHqH cy oqnynHnH Aa cTaHy ca o j)aH3HBHHM qejcTBHMa h Aa ce yrBpne Ha AOCTHrHyTHM nono)KajHMa. ílpeinno ce Ha poBOB-CKy Bojny, Koja he ce boahth HapeAHe ABe roAHHe.25
25 B. MjiafleHOBHh, Cpöujay BenuKOM pamy, 52-53
YAap ca ConyHCXor 4 poma caBe3HHAH cy nonenn TeMejtHO Aa npnnpeMajy oa jyHa 1918. roAHHe. Ho-BH rjiaBHOKOMaHAyjyhH, reHepan OpaHiue q’Ecne-pe, npHXBaTHO je npeAJior cpncKe BpxoBHe xoMam Ae 3a omiiTy o j)aH3HBy h npoöoj Ha cexTopy cpn-CKor (JjpoHTa. Ha JiHHHjn (jjpoma IJempanHe CHJie HMane cy oko 626.000 BojHHKa, 1.400 Tonoßa h 80 aBHOHa. HacnpaM je öhjio 185.000 (jjpaHqycxHX,
140.000 cpncKHX, 135.000 rpnnx, 120.000 öpmaH-CKHX h 42.000 HTajiHjaHCKHX BojHHKa. Tonoßa je öhjio 1.800 h 200 aBHOHa, yxynHO 625.000 n yqH, y3 npeMoh y apTHJiepqjH h aBHOHHMa.26
Y HapeAÖH reHepana fl’Ecnepea aajano je Aa ap-THJLepHjcKa npnnpeMa Ha qenoM tjipoHTy now
14. cemeMÖpa, nemaAHjcKH HanaA CpÖa xpeHe 15. cemeMÖpa, a OpaHqy3a 24. cemeMÖpa. Cpncxa BpxoBHa KOMaHAa, cßecHa TpeHyTKa, HapeAHJia je: „Cbh KOMaHAaHTH, KOMaHAHpH h BojHHijH ipeöa Aa öyqy HonieHH HAejoM; oa öp3HHe npoqHpaita 33bh-ch qeo ycnex 0(j)aH3HBe /./ Tpeöa Apcxo npoqHpa-TH, öe3 noHHHKa, ao KpajitHX rpaHHqa MoryhHocTH n yqcxe h xoitcxe CHare /./. Ca HenoKOJieöJLHBOM BOJLOM h HaAOM y Bora, jyHaqn, Hanpeq y OiayÖH-Hy!“27 Y 30py 14. cemeMÖpa omonena je yparamxa BaTpa H3 CBHX CaBe3HHHKHX Tonoßa Ha (JjpOHTy oa OxpHACKor je3epa ao Erejcxor Mopa. Ta aprajie-pHjcxa npHnpeMa, xao h AejcTBa aBHjaqHje, Tpajana cy qeo qaH h Hoh, a 15. cemeMÖpa y 5.30 nacoBa noneo je nemaAHjcKH Hanaq cpncxe Æpyre apMH-
26 Hcto, 56-57
27 Hcto, 57
CPBHJA Y BEJIHKOM PATY
205
je. EyrapcKH omop 6ho je jaK, mccthmhhho je flo-jia3HJio flo öopÖH Ha öajoHeT. CHa^HHM flejcTBHMa IUyMaflHjcKe, Thmopkc h JyrocjioBeHCKe flHBH3nje npoöpjeH je rnaBHH fleo (j)poHTa BeiepHHK-floöpo nofl e. Y TOKy Hohn 15/16. cemeMÖpa flyHaBCKa h flpHHCKa flHBH3nja 3ay3ejie cy Ba^aH nojmaj Coko. Pe3yjiTaT ÖopÖH nocjie TpH flaHa: y HenpHjaTeibcKOM (J)poHTy HanpaB^eHa je 6pema rnnpoKa 30 a flyÖoxa 15 KHJioMeTapa. Obo je nocTHrayro y caflejcTBy ca (J)paHflyCKOM TeiHKOM apTHfl.epHjOM, aBHjaflHjOM h (j)paHflyCKOM 122. flHBH3HjOM.28
Y HapeflHHM flaHHMa o5e cpncKe apMHje HaaaBH-jie cy ca noTHCKHBameM HenpHjaiejLa, a KpajftH Hcxofl 5hjio je OBJiaflaBame aojihhom Bapflapa. Ha OBOM ycnexy reHepan fl’Ecnepe Hecmao je cpncKoj BpxoBHoj KOMaHflH. KoMaHfla je yi a30M ofl 26. cen-TeMÖpa npoMOBHcajia reHepana nexpa EojoBHha y HHH BOjBOfle.29
Byrapcxa je y Hohn 29/30.cenieM6pa noraHcana KanHTyjiapHjy h aaBJteHa nos KOHTpojiy cHJia Ah-TaHTe. KanHTyjiapnja Byrapcxe noroflHJia je ipyne UeHTpajiHHX CHJia, ajiH ce OHe jom HHcy npeflaßa-ne. PaT ce npoflywHo jom 40 flaHa. KoMaHfla cpncKe BojcKe je 3aKJiyqHJia fla HeManKoj h ayapoyrapcKoj BOjCflH He CMe A03B0J1HTH CTa5HJlH30BaH e Ha JIHHH-jH neh-KocoBCKa MHTpoBHpa-KypmyMJiHja-HHiii. Cîora je Beh 2. OKTOÖpa npßa apMHja KOfl Bpaaa noTymia ay-cTpoyrapcxy fleBery flHBH3Hjy h eHep-
28 B. MjiaaeHOBHh, Cpöuja y Boiukom patuy, 57
29 Hcto
thhho KpeHyna Ha ceßep. He HexajyhH caBe3HHH-ice jeflHHHfle, npßa apMHja ce npefl Hhihom Hampa ycaMjieHa. DiaBHOKOMaHflyjyhH je 3Öor Tora caße-TOBao cnopnje HacTyname cpncKHX CHara.30
CpncKa BpxoBHa KoMaHfla HHje nocjiymajia rnaBHO-KOMaHflyjyher Beh ce cjioTKHJia ca BojBOflOM EojoBH-heM fla npefly3Me T3b. HHimcy onepapnjy. Bojßofla BojoBHh oflJiHHHO je BOflHO ÖHTKy h H3ÖapHO HenpH-jaTejia H3 npoKynjta h Hnrna 12. OKTOÖpa. Oßaj yc-nex HMao je noBOJtHe nocneflHpe Ha flajte Boheme paia, jep je npeceaeHa KOMyHHKappja ca TypcKOM, Koja je yöp30 KanHTyjiHpajia. nocjie TpoflHeBHor ofl-Mopa, Ha HHCHcrapame Bojßofle BojoBHha, npßa apMHja npofly)KHJia je Ha ceßep. y chjiobhtom Haciyny OHa je 17. OKTOÖpa ooioöoflHJia AaeKCHHap h Kpy-meßafl h roHehH npoTHBHHKa flomaa flo oöaaa CaBe h flyHaßa. flaHa 1. HOBeMÖpa Bojßofla neiap BojoBHh je Ha nejiy flyHaBCKe flHBH3Hje ymao y Beorpafl.31
HeMa cyMfte fla cy cpncKe apMHje, noMorHyre caße-3HHHKHM TpynaMa ca Co/iyHCKor (jipoHTa h BofjeHe H3y3eTHO enoeoÖHHM 0(j)HflHpHMat 3HaaaHKH H Öp30 ocaoöoflHae Cpönjy. He CMe ce 3aöopaBHTH fla je to-Me flonpHHejio h cTâHOBHHPiTBO, a noceÖHO Meran-flH, KojH ce HHKafl HHCy CaCBHM CMHpHJIH. Béera 0 npoöojy (JjpoHTa, HaflHpamy Ha ceßep, ocjioöa^amy nojeflHHHX rpaflOBa, öhjih cy hobh noflcrapajH 3a Ta-KBa flejcTBa.32
30 Hcto, 57-58
31 Hcto, 58
32 B. MnafleHOBHh, Cpöuja y BejiUKOM paüty, 58
206
Bomw M-nagenoeuh
y flpyroj nojioBHHH OKToSpa 1918. roflHHe, aok je npBa apMHja Haciynajia ofl Hnma Ha ceBep, cpncKa flpyra apMHja ocjioBoflHJia je PauiKy oSnacr, Kpa-JbeBO, HanaK, YwHije h 3. HOBeM5pa H35HJia Ha 3a-naflHy rpaHHiry CpSnje - floBpyH h BapflHime. Tpe-her HOBeM5pa KanHTyjiHpajia je AycTpo-YrapcKa. flo Tor flaHa cpncKa BojcKa je ocjioBoflHJia CpBnjy h Hajia3HJia ce Ha rpamrafflM peicaMa - flpHHH, CaBH h flyHaBy.33
33 Hcto, 59
y OKynHPAHOJcpbhjh
no oflCTynaity BojcKe y no3Hy jeceH 1915. roflHHe, Cp5nja je Tpn roflHHe orna nofl aycrpoyrapcKOM, 5yrapcKOM h flejiHMHHHO HeMamcoM OKynapjoM. noflejia cpncKe TepHTopuje yTBptjeHa je Co j)HjcKHM yroBopoM ofl 6.cenieM5pa 1915. roflHHe, a npep-3HpaHa noce5HHM yroBopoM o fleMapKapoHoj jih-HHjn, noTnHcaHHM l.anpHJia 1916. roflHHe H3Mel)y BpxoBHHX KOMaHflH AycTpo-YrapcKe h ByrapcKe. JlHHHja pa3rpaHHMeH.a mima je TaKo fla cy En5a-caH, TjaKOBHiia h KocoBCKa Mhtpobhp, AneiccaH-flpoBaq, KpymeBaq h flecHa o5ajia BeflHKe MopaBe oaajiH Ha aycTpoyrapcKoj crpaHH, a npH3peH h npHüiTHHa, npOKynjte h JieBa oSajia BejiHice MopaBe Ha 5yrapcKoj cTpaHH. Eyrapn cy Ha oKynHpaHOM noflpynjy o5pa30Bap «Be ynpaBHe jepHHpe: Boj-HO-HHcneKijHjcKy oBjiacT MopaBa, ca cepniTeM y HHiny h BojHO-HHcneKijHjcKy o5nacT MaKeflOHHja, ca cepuueM y CKomiy. MopaBCKa BojHO-HHcneK-pjcKa oBjiacT HMaaa je ceflaM oxpyra - nnpoTCKH, 3ajenapcKH, HeroTHHCKH, nowapeBaHKH, TiynpHj-ckh, Hhuikh h BpaitCKH. BojHO-HHcneKpjcKa o5-jiacT MaKeflOHHja oByxBaiajia je TepHTopnjy Kojy je cpncxa BojcKa ocrioBoflHJia ofl Typaxa y üpBOM Ba^xaHCKOM paiy, oahocho BehH fleo flaHauiH er Ko-coBa h MeToxnje h flaHaime BHBiue JyrocnoBeHCKe PenySjMKe MaKeflOHHje. AycrpoyrapcKOM oxyna-PHohom 30H0M ynpaBJtao je BojHO-reHepanHH ry-BepHMaH, ca ceflHiiiTeM y Beorpafly. TyBepHMaH ce cacTojao ofl fleBeT „crapHx“ (IllaSa^KH, Eeorpafl-
CPBHIA y BEJIHKOM PATY
207
cxh, BajieBCKH, CMeflepeBCKH, KparyjeBanxH, Top-üOMHJiaHOBa™, TiynpHjcKH, Yjkhhkh, HanaHCXH h KpymeBaHKH) h Tpn „HOBa“ oKpyra (Kocobckomh-TpoBaqKH, HoBona3apcKH h npHjenojLCKH). HeMan-Ka je Ha uiHpeM noppyqjy y3 Mopaßcxo-Bappapcxy pojiHHy opraHH30Bana EianHy 30Hy ca pempOM y Cxoroty, o6e36eflHBüiH TaKO KOHTpojiy Hap bsikhom cao5pahajHHpoM.34
OxynapnoHa BJiacT je papn oppjxaßafta pepa h mh-pa y ocBojeHoj oöjiacra nponncajia MHore Ka3HeHe Mepe, KojHMa je 3a5pan.eH0 CBe hito je hochjio, hjih caMO nopcehajio Ha cpncKO oöejiejxje. Cpön cy npn-MeHOM cHJie 5 hjih npHHyljeHH Ha noiPTOBaH.e HOBor nopenca. CpncKH rpatjaHH KaxuuBaHH cy npßeH-CTBeHO dora pa 5h ce noxa3ajia cHJia h cypoBOd oxynapnoHe ynpaße, a Tex noTOM 3Öor pa3HHX npe-CTyna Koje cy 3anaa h ynHHHJiH. Ohh rpaljaHH xojn cy npeKpniHJiH nponHce BojHHX BJiacra npepaßaHH cy y HaflJie KHOCT nojiHpHjn, BojHHM BJiacTHMa h cy-flOBHMa. CMpraa Ka3Ha H3pHpaHa je cypcxHM npe-cypaMa h noceÖHHM HapepöaMa HajBHUiHX BPacra, a H3BpmaBaHa BemafteM hjih apeji.aH.eM, noHexap H jaBHO.
HoopHHapH CMaipajy pa je cpncKO ppyuiTBO nop OKynapnjoM öhjio y peMorpaijjcxoM norpepy jepaH ocaxaheH opraHH3aM, y KOMe cy penpopyxTHBHO HajcnocoÖHHjn MymxappH hhhhjih Tex Majiy rpyny
34 ÄHflpej MHipoBHh, CTBapane HeMawe OKynaipwHe 30He
h aycTpoyrapcKe oKynapnoHe ynpaBe y CpönjH (jecen 1915 - npojiehe 1916), Hcmopujcm vwchuk, 1977,1-2,7-37; A, MmpoBüh, Cpöuja y üpeoM ceeiücKOM patay, Beorpafl 1984
jtypp. 35or HenpHpopHO Haoajie BejiHKe öpojnaHe Hecpa3Mepe y xopno jxeHa, 5hjih cy nopeMeheHH oflHOCH H3Me^y noJioBa. ÄeHcxa nonyjiapnja hhhh-jia je Tapa 60 opero ciaHOBHHiHTBa, a y ropHHaMa Koje cy npoxoflHJie pary je 106 Mymxapapa poJia-3HJI0 Ha 100 jxeHa. OßaKBa 5pojnaHa npeMoh xeHa poBejia je po pyöoKor ppyniTBeHor nopeMehaja, KojH je oTeacaßao 3acHHBaH e nopopnpe. ryÖHTax cßaxor nerar, Mojxpa h neTBpTor oaHOBHHKa Cp5nje HMao je He caMO TpeHyTHe, Beh h TpajHe noepepnpe. Y pa-Ty cy norHHynH hjih noMpJiH penpopyKTHBHO Haj-cnocoÖHHjH MymKappH, y nyHoj jxHBOTHoj ch33h. Hjhxob HeoaHaK CMan HO je penpopyKTHBHy cHary cpncKor ppyniTBa, Koja he ce oppa3HTH Hapowo no 3aBpmeTKy BejiHxorpaTa.35
Y CpÔHjH OKynapHOHa BJiao je Tpn ropHHe npHMe-HOM Bpjio öpyrajiHHX cpepoaßa noKymajia pa cjio-MH naipH0TH3aM h HapHOHajiHa ocehaita cpncKor Hapopa, CnpoBopehH nojiHTHKy peHapH0HajiH3apH-je h eKOHOMCKe excnjioaTapnje BPao je cbhm paeno-jiojkhbhm cpepoBHMa CHJie ypapHJia Ha T3b. o5hh-Hor, Majior qoBexa, Hapajyhn ce pa he ra npHMeHOM CHJie h penpecajiHja npoMeHHTH. OxynnpaHH Hapop je npyjxao oraop. 36or Tora cy 3a BpeMe oxynapn-je y CpÖHjH nooojapa Ha hctom reorpa^cxoM npo-oopy pBa cynpoToaBJbeHa ppyniTBa. CpncxH Hapop je HMao CBoj jacHO H3rpat)eH CHoeM BpepHOcra, xo-ra ce npHppjxaßao h nop oxynapnoHOM BJiamhy. CBe npOMeHe xoje je oxynapHOHa BJiao H3BpuiHJia 5h-
35 A. MmpoBHh, yciuamme 5opöe y Cpöuju 1916-1918, Eeorpaß 1987,56
208
EoMuu,a MnagcHoeuh
jie cy Bpjio 6p30 no 3aBpmeTKy paia 3a5opaBJteHe, He ocTaBHBüiH Tpara Ha uaM pa3Boj cpncKor qpy-UITBa.36
Y npHBpeflHOM noraefly Cp6nja je 5nua noinyHo fleBacrapaHa. CaBpeMeHnqH cy y CBojHM 3anncn-Ma ocTaBHJiH ywacHe cjiHKe Tporopunter pafla opraHa oKynaqnoHe BJiacra. IloroTOBy cy cTpaxo-BHTe nocJiepqe ocraue y KpajeBHMa o6yxBaheHHM TonjiHHKHM ycTaHKOM. )KHTeM cena cy no 3aBp-rneTKy paia ociajiH 6e3 CTOKe, 3eMJBopaflHHHKHX cnpaBa, ajiaia h MauiHHa, HaMeuiTaja h noKyhcTBa. BejiHKH 5poj xyha 5ho je nopymeH, ca pa3rpal)e-hhm flBopHniTHMa, nopyuieHHM CTajaMa, BajaTHMa h ca yHHUiTeHHM BohftaqHMa h SaunaMa. ry6nqH y JByflCTBy y Haj6ojiHM ropHaMa xcnBOTa, Kojn cy npeflCTaBJtajiH HajBpepnjy papy CHary, 8htho cy yTHpajiH Ha CMafteae npoflyKraBHocra pafla h yon-une Ha npHBpeflHy CHary cpncxor cena. J|ok je «o-npHHoc cena y npeflparaoj CpSnjH, y yxynHOM Ha-UHOHauHOM floxoTKy npoqeftHBaH Ha 17.000.000 (JjpaHiiycKHX (jjpaHaxa, nocjie paia cnao je Ha caMO
6.500.000 flHHapa. Ha MnpOBHoj KOH^epeHqnjn y napH3y 1919. ropHe Harna fleneraunja je noTpa-«HBana Kao rnieiy HaHeTy noJBonpHBpep 50,41 % ofl pejioKynHe parae uneie. /jo HauoKHafle, Maxap h cHMñojiHHHe, HHKafla HHje flornno. Ceocxa nopop-ua je ÓHJia npenynrreHa caMa ce6n, oahocho cBe bh-me noMoírn ceocxe 3ajepnqe. Crara cy ce 3a BpeMe oKynapje h no ocjio5ol)eH y, y BpeMeHy eKOHOMCKe
36 B. MnafleHOBHh, Ypag y ayciupoyíapcKoj OKyuamonoj 3ohu y
CpSuju og 1916. go 1918 ¡ogune, Eeorpafl 2000,60
o6hobc cena, nopopye nouene BpahaTH hckhm o5-jiHUHMa HapoflHHX oSnuaja yApy«eHor paqa, Kojn cy Beh 6hjih y (j)a3H HeciajaH a - no3ajMnpa h cnpe-ra, y MaH oj Mepu Mo5a.37
Y rpaflOBHMa je BefiHHa ciaHOBHHKa ociaua 6e3 no-cJia h MoryhHOCTH fla 3apap 3a jkhbot. npnBpepo oflejtefte BojHO-reHepajiHor ryBepHMaHa npey3euo je Hafl30p Hau npHBpepnM whbotom y rpaucKHM HacejMMa h ycKJial)HBajio ra ca noipeSaMa flBojHe MOHapxHje. IjeJioKynHa npnBpefla KpajbeBHHe Cp-6nje Swjiaje KOHpeHTpHcaHa y rpaflCKHM HaceiMMa, ca H3y3eTK0M nojtonpHBpeue. OicynapoHa BJiacr je npefly3HMaHieM pa3HHX Mepa Texcnjia fla npnBpeflHa 5oraTCTBa CpSnje ncKopncra y uito Behoj Mepn 3a CBoje noTpeSe. 3a BpeMe OKynaunje floumo je p pe-HOBHpaH a h OTBapafta caMO ohhx (JjaSpHKa h noro-Ha, pjn cy npoH3BOflH 5hjih HeonxoflHH Tpacnuny flBojHe MOHapxHje. rpaHe nprapefle 3a Koje ce 3a-HHMana OKynaunoHa BJiacT 6nne cy nojionpnBpefla, 33HaTCTB0 h npexpaM6eHa HHflycTpnja. Papan cy yrjiaBHOM noroHH npexpaM6eHe nHqycrpnje, y ko-jHMa cy papa CHara 5hjih paran 3apo5jbeHnqn, no noTpeSn BojHnun, Bpno perao aHra)KOBaHH cy n p-bhjih. y H3BecHoj Mepn o6HOB/LeHa je TproBHHa (y BHfly upxcaBHe, MOHonojicxe n TproBHHe Ha uphom Tp)KHUIiy) H 3aH3TCTB0, 3aBHCHO Ofl KynoBHe Mohn jioxaiTHor daHOBHHUiTBa n Bpcie po5a n cnpoBH-Ha Koje cy 5nue HeonxoAHe 3a H3paay npon3Boua. y npBoj n upyroj roflHHH oKynaqnje ycnoaaBM-Ha je opraHH3aqnja npnBpene Ha hobhm ocHOBaMa.
37 B. M^aíieHOBHh, flopoguua, 70-71
CPBHJA Y BEJ1HKOM PATY
209
AycTpo-Yrapcxa je, npuMeftyjyhH HeManxy qoxTpHHy o eKcnnoaiaiiHjH oxyroipaHHX 3eMaji a, ocHHBajia pa3-He npHBpeflHe HHcraTyqHje. Taxo je H3rpaqKiia CBoje-BpcTaH npHBpeflHH CHCTeM, KojH je oMoryhaBao anco-JiyTHy eKOHOMCKy excroioaTaqHjy Cpônje. BawHy yjio-ry y J)yHxqHOHHcaiiy HOBor „npHBpeqHor cHCTeMa“ HMao je HayHHH xomhtct 3a paTHy npHBpeqy, oŒOBaH npH PaTHOM MHHHCTapcîBy y Eeny 1916. roqHHe. Y qpyroj h Tpehoj roqHHH oxynaqnje aycrpujcKH h Ma-Ijapcxn KanHTaji 5ho je 3aHHTepecoBaH 3a (J)HHaHCHpa-H,e pa3HHX npHBpeflHHx nooioBa, ca HaMepoM npnxy-ruiaita HOBqaHHx cpeqcîaBa h nocreneHor npe/iacKa Ha HopMajiHO 5aHKapcKO h |)HHaHCHjcKo nocjioBafte. ÛBa nqeja noHHKJia je y BojHHM h npHBpeqHHM xpyro-BHMa, Kojn cy noTnyHo BepoBann qa he no 3aBpmeTKy paia oKynnpaHe oojiac™ ociara y oKBHpy ÆBojHe mo-HapxHje.38
Y OKynHpaHoj CpôwjH 6ho je H3rpal)eH cBojeBpcHH uikohckh CHCTeM. Haxo je oq cïpaHe aycTpoyrapcKe BJiacTH HcmqaHO qa je nocTojehH uikojickh chctcm 6ho „nneMeHHTa HaMepa Harne njieMeHHTe MoHapxH-je", He MO)KeMO ce OTera yTHCKy qa je iuKOJioBaH e 6h-jio HeuiTO HaMeTHyro, crpaHO qyxy h HaBHKaMa cpncxe qeqe. Tjaqn cy yHHJin JiaTHHHqy, a h hxobo HaqHOHari-ho nHCMo hHpHJiHqa ôhjto je 3a5paH)eH0, nporpaMH H3 HCTOpHje, CpnCKOT je3HKa H KH,H KeBHOCTH HHcy ÔHJIH HaqHOHajiHH, Beh oflHapo^yjyhn, qHcqHiuiHHcxe Mepe BeoMa ouiTpe. Hcîa oqeHa oqHOŒ ce h Ha uixojicxh CHCTeM Kojn je nocTojao y Byrapcxoj oxynaqHOHoj 30-
HH.39
38 B. MjiafleHOBHh, Tpag, 108-109
39 Hcto, 146
KyjnypHH ikhbot cTaHOBHHKa Cpônje 5ho je napa-JiHcaH ca saBoljeiteM oKynaqHOHe ynpaBe. CBe ihto je y xyjiiypH cpncKor Hapoqa ôhjio HaqnoHajiHo oôojeHO npeqcTaBJbano je onacHOCT 3a oKynaqHOHy BJiacT, „BejiHKocpncKy“ nqejy xoja je ynepeHa npo-thb JlBojHe MOHapxnje. 3ara je 3a6paHOM cpncKor nncMa hnpHHHqe, cpncxe KHiHre, niTaMne, na Max h qejioBa cpncxe HaqHOHajrae HOimte (majxane), aycTpoyrapcKa BJiacT BepoBarao HaMepaBana qa CTBopn Hexy HOBy Kyjnypy, cacTaBjieHy oq eneMe-HaTa cBoje xyjiType h KyqType OKynnpaHHx, xoja 5h ÔHJia 6e3onacHa 3a AycTpo-YrapcKy. Iloq yqa-poM Hapeq5n Haïune cy ce cpncxe XH Hre uiTaMnaHe hHpHqnqoM, HOBHHe h naconncH, unaMnapHje, H3-qaBanxa npeqy3eha h hnpHqHqa. CBe cpncxe hobh-He cy 3a6paH eHe, hmobhh3 H3qaBanxHX npeqy3eha KOH J)HCKOBaHa, a H3qaBanH HHTepHHpaHH. TyBepH-MaH je H3qao Hapeqôy qa ce nepnoqHHHO oôjaBJty-jy cnncKOBH 3a6paH)eHHX xitHra, HOBHHa, niTaMne, 4)OTorpa(j)Hja h qHTorpatjiHja, paqn npHjaBJLHBaita h npHKynjBafta 3a5paiteHHX uiTaMnaHHX cTBapn. IlponHcaHH cy h hobh ycjioBH 3a OTBapaae urraM-napnja. H3BecHO BpeMe paqH/ia je caMO XHnnxapa BojHO-reHepanHor ryBepHMaHa y Beorpaqy, xoja je HaôaBJtajia XH Hre, HOBHHe h naconnce H3 Aycrpo-YrapcKe. Tex y 1917. roqHHH uiTaMnaHe cy Hexe XHiHre cpncxHx nncaqa y ji3thhhhhom H3qaity. 3a BpeMe oxynaqqje H3Jia3HJie cy caMO „Eeorpaqcxe HOBHHe", a Taxolje cy ce yB03HJie h qpyre hobhhc H3 flBojHe MOHapxnje. OxynaqHOHa BJiacT 3anjieHHJia je pa3He xymypHe h yMeTHHnxe BpeqHocra H3 xyq-TypHe ôauiTHHe cpncxor Hapoqa. Y paTHHM onepa-
2X0
Eomiu,a Mnagenoeuh
UHjaMa crpapjie cy MHore HHCTHTyquje xyjnype.40
BojHa BJiacT je y OKyiwpaHoj oöjiacra Cp6nje pa3-BHJia CBojeßpcTaH chctcm 3flpaBCTBeHe 3auiTme KojuM je öhjio o6yxßaheHO qejioxynHO CTaHOBHH-niTBO. 3a BpeMe paia je, ycnefl noropinaHHX ycjio-Ba »HBOTa, floiujio flo nojaße pa3HHx öojiecTH, Koje cy flo5«jajie h oöjihx eiwfleMHje, na je oxynaqHOHa BJiacT ÖHJia npncHMHa fla paflH onyBaita 3flpaB/ba CBojnx BojHHKa h nnHOBHHKa o5hobh paa 3flpaB-CTBeHHX yaaHOBa: 5ojiHHqa, aMÖyjiaHTH, caHHTeia h anoTeKa y OHoj Mepn kojihko je Moma fla (})HHaH-cnpa. Uhbhjih h BojHHqH JieneHH cy y 5ojiHHqaMa h aMÖyjiaHTaMa. HeflocTaTax HOBqa ycjiOBHO je Mann öpoj 3flpaBCTBeHHX ycTaHOBa. npnnaflHHqH rpyna flßojHe MOHapxnje JieneHH cy Becnnarao Kao h ch-poMauiHH flHBHJiH. 3a BehnHy OKynnpaHor craHOB-HHUiTBa Jieneite je 5hjio cxyno, 6e3 oÖ3Hpa fla jih ce paflHJio o öojihhhkom hjih aMÖyjiamHOM Jieneay. JlexapH cy öhjih BojHH (H3 Aycrpo-Yrapcxe) h qn-bhjihh (yrnaBHOM cpncxn nexapn) nofl kohtpojiom BojHHX. HeflociaiaK HOBqa yuioBHO je HeflOBOJiaH öpoj MeflqqHHCKor ocoöjta, neKapa h MeflHqHHcxHx cecTapa. HeflOBOJtaH öpoj anoTexa h ttnxoBa noina CHaöfleBeHOCT n HeflOBOJtaH öpoj MeflqqHHCKor oco-ÖJta yraqanH cy Ha to fla ce 3a BpeMe oxynaqnje öo-JiecTH HHcy Mome cy3ÖHTH. Be3 o53«pa He Hexe no-CTHrHyie pe3yjnaTe y npeßeHTHBH, OBaxaB chctcm 3flpaBCTBeHe 3aUITHTe 5HO je HeflOBOJLHO $HHaHCH-paH h HeflOBOJiHO pa3BHjeH fla y noTnyHocra cy3ÖH-je pa3He öojiecTH Koje cy 3a BpeMe paia y3ejie Maxa.
40 B. MjiajieHOBHh, fpag, 162
Ilpe 5h ce momo pehn fla je to 5ho caMO noxyinaj y6jiajxaBaH a flpaMaranHe 3flpaBCTBeHe CHTyaqHje.41
OKynaqnoHa BJiacT je paflH CTaÖHJiH30BaH a npHJiH-xa 3a5paHHJia pafl cbhx nocTojefiHX cpncwix nap-raja. Ob3kbom opyxoM, MetjyTHM, y CyillTHHH HH-una HHje npoMefteHO. OxynnpaHO CTaHOBHHiiiTBO h flajbe je öhjio HeHaxjioiteHO BojHoj BJiacTH h chjiom 3axoHa npHHyfjeHo fla 5yfle JiojajiHO, a nojiHTHnxo pacnojiojKeite h CTafte y oxynKpaHoj o5jiacTH flo-5po je oflCJiHKaHO peHHMa „xoniMapHa CBaxoflHeB-HHqa“. BJiacT HHje yxa3ana noBepette hh öhbiiihm cpncKHM no-jiHTHHapHMa H3 oöpeHOBHheBCKor ne-pHOfla HH ayCTpO$HJICKHM nOJIHTHHapHMa, OflHO-cho mm cy öhjih HaMefteHH Öe3HanajHH nocjioBH y JioxajiHoj ynpaBH. fleo nocjioBHHX JLyflH Taxolje je noflpxcaßao no/iHTHxy BojHe BJiacTH. Be3 oÖ3Hpa Ha to hito je oxynaTop ouitphm xa3HaMa npHCHJba-Bao CTaHOBHHUiTBO Ha nouiTOBafte pefla h MHpa h JiojajiaH oflHOc npeMa qapcxo-xpa/teBCXoj BJiacTH, CpÖH y rpaflOBHMa HacTaBHJiH cy ca CBojHM TpaflH-qnoHajiHHM npHHan eM y xa^aHaMa. Boflehn mothb cbhx thx npnna h pa3roBopa 5hjih cy xoHanHa no6e-fla cpncxe h caße3HHHxe Bojcxe h npoTepHBaite Tpy-na UempajiHHX CHJia H3 Cpönje. Tewax cßaxoflHeB-hh jxhbot oflBJianHO je naxuty JtyflH ofl nojinraxe, ajiH cy h flaue HacTaBHJiH ca Bep5anHOM „5op5oM“ npoTHB oxynaTopa. HHTejiexTyajiqn cy BepoBajiH y xoHanHy no5efly cpncxe Bojcxe nax h y TpeHyqHMa HajßehHX HcxymeHia. TaxBHM „BoI)eH eM nojiHTH-xe“, noxa3ajiH cy fla oxynaqnja, öe3 oÖ3Hpa xojihxo
41 B. MflajieHOBHh, fyag, 177
CPBHJA Y BEJIHKOM PATT
211
öpyTajiHa ÖHJia, He MO»e 3a KpaTKO BpeMe fla H3-5pHuie H3 cßecTH jeflHor Hapofla MHcao o c;io6oflH h He3aBHCHoj flpHcaBH. Bojhoj ynpaBH HHje nouuio 3a pyKOM fla y6eflH cpncKe rpal)aHe fla je 5op6a 3a ca-MOdajiHy flpwaBy 5ho jeflaH yronHjcKH h y3ajiyflaH nocao.42
Y oKynnpaHoj CpönjH Haj5pojHnje cy ÖHJie *eHe, noTOM fleqa h CTapnjH MyuiKapqH. Be3 oÖ3npa Ha to, OKynaTOp ce crajmo cycpeiao ca jtyflHMa, HHjH cy SpojHH nocTynqH öhjih npoTKera poflojby6jbeM. Cßoj naipHOTH3aM ct3hobhhhh cy HcnojbaBajm y MHOTHM CHTHHqaMa yTKaHHM y flHeBHH tkhbot, y pa3roBopHMa ca cyceflHMa h npHjaiejiHMa, y Ha-HHHy oöjiaqeita. npaietiH CBaKOflHeBHo noHarna-H e CTaHOBHHUiTBa, OKynaqHOHa BnacT je Monia fla 3aKJbyHH fla ce „6e3ycji0BH0 Hafla“ fla he He3aBHCHa KpajbeBHHa Cpöwja noHOBO nocTojara. OKynaqH-jy cy flOÄHB^aßaJiH caMO icao TpeHyTHO, npoM3Ho erarte.43
)KeHe, HajöpojHHjn fleo CTaHOBHHUiTBa, cßojHM no-HamaiteM HCKa3HBajie cy 3a6pHHyrocT 35or HeH3-BecHe cyflÖHHe cpncne BojcKe y Kojoj cy ce öopHJin HjHxobh oneBH, 5paha, chhobh, MyweBH, a TaKolje h cTpax H HecHiypHOCT y Be3H HiHXOBe flajbe cyflßHHe. Ha iuieha weHa najia je oÖaße3a oqyßarta nopoflH-qe H Kyhe. OHe y BpeMe BejiHKor paia HHcy ÖHJie eMaHflHnoßaHe h no/iHTHHKH aHraxtoBaHe. Mhoth-Ma cy y paty norHHyjin HajöflH KH h HjHxobo flyrneß-
42 Hcto, 191-192
43 E. MjiafleHOBHh, fpag, 206
ho pacnojiOÄerte Haj6ofl e je npeflcraBJbajia qpHa 6oja. To je cMeiajio oxynarapy. Y jeflHOM H3Beima-jy HanHcaHO je fla CKopo cße fleßojKe h weHe Hoce qpHHHy, „h to He jeflHHo 3Öor »anocra 3a cßojHM poîjaflHMa Kojn cy norHHyjin hjih yMpjm ofl 5ojie-CTH, Hero h 3Öor «anocTH 3a H3iyöJteHOM aioöoflOM cbot Hapofla h CBoje 3eMJte“.44 He caMO cnoHTaHo, y KyhHHM pa3T0B0pHMa, Beh h Ha jaBHHM MecTHMa, »eHe cy Heere HCKa3HBajie cßoja oceharta, noHexafl h npefl BojHHflHMa IjeHTpajiHHx cHJia. OKynaTop je to y BehnHH cjiyqajeßa cxßaTao Kao nojiHTH3HpaH e ynpaBJieHo npoTHB Aynpo-YrapcKe. ßemaBa^o ce fla je xceHaMa cyljeHo 3Öor kphthhkhx H3jaBa, Koje cy ofl crpaHe BojHe BJiacTH TpeTHpaHe Kao Bep5ajiHH flejiHKT h oimpo KaxotaBaHe, ofl 3aTBopcKe flo Ka3He HHTepHHpaita.45
OKynaqHOHa BJiacT je ÖHJia CBecHa fla CpÖH Hucy nopa^eHH h nopefl noßpeMeHor fletJ)eTH3Ma h oqa-jaH a, Kojn cy o6y3HMajm Hapofl. FIojiobhhom Map-Ta 1916. roflHHe nocjiaT je y Eeq H3BeniTaj: „npe-Ma CBHM o6aBeuiTeH HMa /./ 3a6jiyfla je mhcjihth fla cpncKH Hapofl CMaTpa fla je noTnyHO qoöetjeH h TpajHo noKopeH. Oh ce, cacBHM cynporao, jom yßex Hafla fla he My Hexo noMohH ca cTpaHe. OflaKJie 6h My 0Ba noMoh Monia CTHhH, Ha to Cp6HH He flaje oflroBop. ripocTO ce h flajte Hafla. H to ca cnrypHo-mhy“.46 Hafla y KOHantry noöefly flaßana je ochobhh
44 ApxHB Cpönje, BojHO-reHepajiHH ryBepHMaH, VII1/1, Res. Nr.1006.
45 E. MBafleHOBHh, rpag, 207.
46 Haus- Hof und Staatsarchiv, Politische Abteilung, K. 977, izvestaj Nr. A-B/P, Beograd, 18. mart 1916.
212
Eomua Mjiagmeuh
TOH y CBaKOflHeBHOM ÄHBOTy cpncKor Hapofla, Kao h Bepa y xoHanHy no5efly. Be3 o63Hpa Ha opax ofl hh-TepHapnje, oposita y Taoqe, pa3HHx BpcTa Man-TpeTHpafta oq CTpaHe oxynaqHOHe B/iacTH, craHOB-HHiiH CpÖHje cy CBaxoflHeBHHM noHamaiteM, Hann-HOM oöjmeita, MeljycoÖHHM oöpahaitHMa, jacHO cTaBJBajiH flo 3HaH.a qa cy jom yßex y paiy, oBora ny-Ta BepöajiHOM h ncnxojioinKOM. ripenpHnaBane cy ce BecTH, an« necro h rnacHHe y Koje ce BepoBaao h Koje cy Bpahajie tojihko noTpeoHy ncHXHHxy CHary. TjiaBHH MOTHB xojn je üOKpeTao Jtyae Ha pafl 5ho je cTpax ofl raaflH. OxynaquoHa BJiacT je, aoHomeiieM pa3HHX nponnca, cTBopHJia MHore aflMHHHopaTHB-He TeuiKohe 3a HaöaBxy aobojehhx KOJinnnHa xpaHe. 36or Tora je ;khbot oÖHHHor HOBexa 3a BpeMe oxy-naqnje 5ho 6op6a 3a onyBase rone er3HcreHijHje. V Toj ôopÔH ce noHexafl 3a6opaBJBajio h Ha „BHine qn-jieße“, oflHOCHO naTpHOTH33M h OTayÖHHy. Y oxyna-qnjH ce pa3BHo h jeflaH hobh oöjihk EHBjxeita, xojH je HcHflopa Cexy/inh Ha3Bajia „qp;xaH e“, a noq h om noflpa3yMeBana nacHBHH omop oxynaqHOHoj BJia-CTH y cBaxoj npHJIHPH.47
EIlHJIOr
Y BenHKOM paiy JByqcxH ryöHqn cy 6hjih orpoMHH, xao h MaTepHjajiHa uiTeTa. Cpöwja je y MHp xpeHy-Jia ca 500.000 parae CHpoqaqn, tchikhm paraHM HHBa/iHflHMa HecnocoÖHHM 3a caMOCTajiaH jkhbot h npHBpe^HBafte. üpHBpefla h exoHOMHja ÖHJie cy yHHuiTeHe. Cpncxn Hapoq je ruiarao npecxyny qeHy y öopÖH 3a cBojy cjioöoqy, an« h cjio6oqy flpyrnx. Cpönja HHje ÖHJia cnpeMHa 3a paT, y H,eMy je noq-Hejia Ternxe ryÖHTxe h h3 H era je H3auuia, Haxo xao noöeflHHK, ocaxaheHa JtyqcxH, MaTepHjanHO h mo-pajiHO. fteHO cTaHOBHHHiTBO HHje HMajio CHare qa H3rpaflH HOBy Cpöwjy, HHiteHHqa je xojy MHora, na h HCTopmapH, nomyHo 3aHeMapyjy.
Ha 3aBpmeTxy paia HecTajia je KpajxeBHHa Cpönja! Hoßa flpjxaßa noTpajaaa je, y3 HexoJiHxo npoMeHa HMeHa, qol941.roflHHe.48
47 E. M/iafleHOBHÏi, rpag, 225-226 48 E. MwHOBHh, Cpöuja y BmKOMpaiüy, 138
CPEHJA Y BEJIHKOM PATY
213
CI1HCAK H3B0PA H JIHTEPATYPE
APXHBCKA mU
Heoöjaejbenu U3 eopu:
1. ApxHB CpÖHje - Eeorpaq
2. BojHO-reHepajiHH ryßepHMaH
3. Haus-hof und Staatsarchiv -Wien
4. Ministarstvo Inostranih Poslova
MEMOAPCKATPAfiA
1. JlanqeBnh flpanuiia, Onyüapuja, BeorpaA 1921.
2. Pha IJoh, Paiü y Cpöuju 1915, lleime 1975.
JIHTEPATYPA
1. Hcüiopuja cpücKoi mpoga, kh . VI/1, BeorpaA 1994,2.
2. MHTpoBHh AHApej, CiBapaite He.MaMKe oicynaqHOHe 30He h aycipoyrapcKe oicynaqHOHe ynpaße y Cp5njn (jeceH 1915 — npojiehe 1916), Hciuopujcm Mchuk, 1977,1-2, 7-37.
3. Hera, CpöujayüpeoM ceeiüCKOM pawy, BeorpaA 1984.
4. Hcth, ycmmuKe öopöey Cpöuju 1916-1918, BeorpaA 1987.
5. MjiaAeHOBHh EoHCHqa, Tpag y aycüipoyiapcKoj OKyüapuonoj 30Hu y Cpöuju og 1916. go 1918. iogme, Beorpaq 2000.
6. Hera, ilopogupa y Cpöuju y llpeoM ceeüicKOM pamy, BeorpaA 2006.
7. Hera, Cpöuja y Bcjiukom paüiy, BeorpaA 2008.
8. T)Oko TpnnKOBHh, Cpücna pama gpma 1914-1915, BeorpaA 2001.
214
Eomw MmgeHoeuh
BozicaMMenovic
Serbia in the Great War SUMMARY
The Great War was of momentous significance in the history of Serbia and the Serbian people, both in terms of its duration of over four years and in terms of its consequences, vast physical devastation and destruction and an immense toll in human lives. This war of global proportions had two distinct periods in Serbia, differing in duration and developments and the circumstances in which the population found itself. The first is the period from the start of the war operations in August 1914 up to the retreat of the Serbian army across Albania and Montenegro in the fall of 1915, and the second is the period from the imposition of the occupation rule until the final liberation and expulsion of enemy troops in the fall of 1918.
After the Battle of Kolubara, Serbia had a relatively long period of respite, about nine months. It gave it an opportunity to recover somewhat from the enormous war efforts sustained in the second half of 1914, to muster up its exhausted strength and restore it for the new battles and challenges ahead. The joint armies of the Central Powers attacked again on 6 October 1915. An awesome military force attacked Serbia - 11 German and four Austro-Hungarian divisions, 10 Landsturm brigades and one and a half cavalry divisions. Bulgaria also entered the war. Its army attacked the eastern border of Serbia. Despite the tenacious resistance of the Serbian army, German and Austro-Hungarian troops entered the Serbian capital and then marched into Smederevo.
In October and November the Serbian army undertook a series of retreats southward. In early November, troops of the Central Powers took most of central Serbia and entered Gomji Milanovac, Cacak, Valjevo, Kragujevac, Krusevac and Uzice, and in the second half of the month they also placed under their control three southern districts ceded to Serbia after the end of the first Balkan War. Assessing the new situation, the Supreme Command of the Serbian Army ordered on 25 November that the army retreat across Montenegro and northern Albania to the Adriatic coast, to the Durres -Shkoder (Skadar) line. Troops with the Supreme Command at the helm, the royal family, ministers in the Serbian government and a number of deputies to the National Assembly retreated in late autumn of 1915 and winter of 1916 across Albania and Montenegro and were then transferred to the island of Corfu aboard allied vessels. By 15 February 135,000 men had
SERBIA IN THE GREAT WAR
215
been transferred to this Greek island. The expenses for the equipping and upkeep of the Serbian army were defrayed by France and Great Britain. A huge column of refugees moved along with them. Their life paths led them to France, Switzerland, Greece, Northern Africa and the United States of America. A large number of them belonged to the intellectual, political and industrial elite of Serbian society.
In June 1918, the Allies began thorough preparations for a strike from the Salonika front. The new commander-in-chief, General Franchet d’ Esperey, accepted the proposal of the Serbian Supreme Command for a general offensive and breakthrough in the Serbian front sector. General d' Esperey ordered that artillery preparation throughout the front start on 14 September, the Serbian infantry attack on 15 September and that of the French on 24 September. At dawn on 14 September allied field guns opened withering fire on the front from Ohrid Lake to the Aegean Sea. Preparations as well as aerial bombardment lasted all day and night, and at 0530 hours on 15 September the infantry attack of the Serbian Second Army began. Forceful actions of the [umadija, Timok and Yugoslav Divisions breached the main part of the Vetemik - Dobro Polje front. The result of the battles after three days was a breach into the enemy front 30 kilometres wide and 15 kilometres deep. In the days that followed, both Serbian Armies continued to push back the enemy, eventually taking control of the Vardar River valley. In the night between 29 and 30 September Bulgaria formally capitulated and was placed under the control of the Entente Powers. Bulgaria's capitulation affected the central Powers, but still they would not surrender. The war went on for another 40 days.
The Command of the Serbian Army concluded that the German and Austro-Hungarian armies must not be permitted to stabilise on the Pec-Kosovska Mitrovica- Kursumlija-Nis line. Without waiting for the allied units, the First Army found itself isolated outside Nis. The Serbian Supreme Command allowed Field Marshal Bojovic to launch the so-called Nis operation. The liberation of Nis very favourably impacted the further course of the war, as communication with Turkey had been severed and it soon capitulated. After a three-day rest, the First Army proceeded northward. In a forceful onslaught, chasing the adversary, it emerged on the banks of the Sava and the Danube. On 1 November, Field Marshal Petar Bojovic entered the Serbian capital Belgrade at the helm of the Danube Division. The Second Army liberated the Raska district, Kraljevo, Cacak, and Uzice and on 3 November came out on the western border of Serbia - Dobrun and Vardiste. On the 3rd of November Austria-Hungary capitulated. By that day the Serbian army had liberated Serbia and emerged on the border rivers - the Drina, the Sava and the Danube.
Upon the retreat of the army in late autumn of 1915, Serbia was under Austro-Hungarian, Bulgarian and partially German occupation for three years. The division of the Serbian territory was agreed by the Treaty of Sofia of 6 September 1915 and specified by a separate agreement on the line of demarcation, signed on 1
216
Bozica Mladenoxic
4 A
April 1916 by the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian High Commands. The line of demarcation left Elbasan, Dakovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Aleksandrovac, Krusevac and the right bank of the Velika Morava on the Austro-Hungarian side, and Prizren, Pristina, Prokuplje and the left bank of the Velika Morava on the Bulgarian side.
In order to maintain law and order in territory under their control, the occupying authorities prescribed many punitive measures and the people were coerced to observe the new order. Serbian citizens were punished primarily in order to demonstrate the might and brutality of the occupational administration and less on account of various offences that they really committed. Violators of the regulations of the military authorities would be turned over to the jurisdiction of the police, the military authorities and the court. Capital punishment was meted out by court judgements or special orders of the highest authorities and was executed by hanging or by firing squad, sometimes publicly.
By applying very brutal means the occupying administration attempted over three years to break the patriotism and national feelings of the Serbian people. Implementing a policy of denationalisation and economic exploitation, the administration hit with all available forcible means the so-called little, ordinary man, hoping that by resorting to force and reprisals it would succeed in changing him. Most often targeted were women, and then also children and elderly men. Try as they might, the occupiers constantly came across people manifesting their patriotism by their acts. The inhabitants displayed their patriotism in little things in their daily life, in talking with their neighbours and friends, in the way they dressed. Observing the everyday conduct of the population, the occupying authorities could conclude that they “unconditionally hoped" that the independent Kingdom of Serbia would rise again and saw the state of occupation as only transitory. Both the Austro-Hungarian and the Bulgarian occupying authorities were aware that the Serbian people had not been defeated, despite occasional instances of defeatism and despair. Hope and faith in ultimate victory set the tone in the everyday life of the Serbian people. Despite their fear from being interned, taken hostage, being subjected to all kinds of mistreatment, by their everyday behaviour the inhabitants of Serbia proved that they were still at war, a verbal and psychological one. News was reported, but very often also rumours spread which were believed and which restored the so much needed mental strength. The life of the ordinary man during the occupation was a struggle for survival. In that struggle the “loftier aims" of patriotism and the fatherland were sometimes lost sight of. A new way of life also developed which Isidora Sekulic called „holding on“, meaning offering passive resistance to the occupying powers in all instances.
SERBIA IN THE GREAT WAR
2\1 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bižić-Omčikus, Vesna |
| author2 | Matić, Miloš |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | m m mm |
| author_facet | Bižić-Omčikus, Vesna Matić, Miloš |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bižić-Omčikus, Vesna |
| author_variant | v b o vbo |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043484245 |
| contents | Literaturangaben |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)958878758 (DE-599)OBVAC12201867 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135467-9 Ausstellungskatalog Etnografski Mizej u Beogradu 2014 Beograd gnd-content (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Ausstellungskatalog Etnografski Mizej u Beogradu 2014 Beograd Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Serbien |
| id | DE-604.BV043484245 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-05T11:00:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1022369-1 |
| isbn | 9788678910777 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028900931 |
| oclc_num | 958878758 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 218 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Etnografski muzej |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Veliki rat i mali čovek = "The" Great War and the little man Etnografski muzej u Beogradu ; autori tekstova Vesna Božić-Omčikus [und fünf weitere] ; urednik Mr Miloš Matić "The" Great War and the little man Beograd Etnografski muzej 2014 218 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Text serbisch, Zusammenfassungen der Beiträge in englischer Sprache Kyrillische Schrift Alltagskultur (DE-588)4122782-7 gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135467-9 Ausstellungskatalog Etnografski Mizej u Beogradu 2014 Beograd gnd-content (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s Alltagskultur (DE-588)4122782-7 s DE-604 Bižić-Omčikus, Vesna aut Matić, Miloš edt Etnografski muzej u Beogradu (DE-588)1022369-1 isb Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028900931&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028900931&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Bižić-Omčikus, Vesna Veliki rat i mali čovek = "The" Great War and the little man Literaturangaben Alltagskultur (DE-588)4122782-7 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4122782-7 (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4054598-2 (DE-588)4135467-9 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Veliki rat i mali čovek = "The" Great War and the little man |
| title_alt | "The" Great War and the little man |
| title_auth | Veliki rat i mali čovek = "The" Great War and the little man |
| title_exact_search | Veliki rat i mali čovek = "The" Great War and the little man |
| title_full | Veliki rat i mali čovek = "The" Great War and the little man Etnografski muzej u Beogradu ; autori tekstova Vesna Božić-Omčikus [und fünf weitere] ; urednik Mr Miloš Matić |
| title_fullStr | Veliki rat i mali čovek = "The" Great War and the little man Etnografski muzej u Beogradu ; autori tekstova Vesna Božić-Omčikus [und fünf weitere] ; urednik Mr Miloš Matić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Veliki rat i mali čovek = "The" Great War and the little man Etnografski muzej u Beogradu ; autori tekstova Vesna Božić-Omčikus [und fünf weitere] ; urednik Mr Miloš Matić |
| title_short | Veliki rat i mali čovek |
| title_sort | veliki rat i mali covek the great war and the little man |
| title_sub | = "The" Great War and the little man |
| topic | Alltagskultur (DE-588)4122782-7 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Alltagskultur Erster Weltkrieg Serbien Ausstellungskatalog Etnografski Mizej u Beogradu 2014 Beograd Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028900931&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028900931&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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