Starinata v bălgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15-19 vek:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Fondacija" Nacionalna i meždunarodna sigurnost"
2016
|
| Ausgabe: | Părvo izdanie |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache mit dem Titel: The antiquity in the Bulgarian space in 15-19 c. |
| Beschreibung: | 247 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9786197143058 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
THE ANTIQUITY IN THE BULGARIAN SPACE
IN 15-19 C.
Magdalena Stamenova
Summary
This work is an attempt to present some known and published data
about the antiquity (mostly understood as archaeological heritage) in the
Bulgarian space according to the works of local and foreign authors in the
period 15-19 c. In general, these are the chronological limits of one of
the darkest periods of Bulgarian history - the time of Ottoman rule. The
Ottoman conquerors destroyed the mediaeval independent state at the end
of 14 and beginning of 15 c.; their rule was hostile to the Bulgarians, who
lived for centuries under the real threat of physical destruction and as-
similation of their cultural identity.
The space limits of the present research include the Bulgarian space,
seen as territories (in general - the regions Mizia, Thrace, Macedonia),
inhabited by compact masses of Bulgarian population in the time of the
Ottoman rule (15-19 c.). In the specialized historical publications, the
ideas about the Bulgarian space are presented as influenced by factors,
like the level of geographic knowledge in Europe and the civilization
standards of the epoch.
The understanding for “antiquity” is presented in the context of the
philosophical trends that influenced the shaping of historical science and
the level of archaeological research in Europe in that period. Unpreten-
tious to be comprehensive and thorough, the present study aims to re-
veal a part of the evolution of ideas, which reflected over the early deve-
lopment of archaeological research in the Bulgarian lands, according to
works of foreign and local authors from 15 to 19 c.
Here are presented some published travel notes and historical wri-
tings by 57 local and 115 foreign authors, who describe antiquities in
the Bulgarian space. According to the studies up to now, the travel notes
are very popular in Bulgaria and are seen as valuable historical source
as early as the end of 19 c. on the background of relatively poor home
written sources of that time. Even today, the travel notes are among the
most accessible literature sources for the whole period of the Ottoman
238
rule on the Balkan Peninsula. In the five parts of this study the travel
notes and historical writings are resented according to the nationality of
their authors, in chronological order and in the context of the political
and cultural conditions, in which they are written. The present work looks
over also some preserved and known in 15—19 c. elements of the Bulga-
rian mediaeval culture (like images of court of arms, coins, ruler’s grant
charters, books, archaeological remains, etc.), understood as symbols of
the old state system. The study attempts to present the changes in their
characteristics in the course of time and their possible contribution to the
survival of Bulgarian self-consciousness and later - to the establishment
of Bulgarian nation.
This work consists of introduction, 5 chapters, in which consecutively
are looked over the data about the antiquity and images of its elements
from 15 to 19 c. in the Bulgarian lands, conclusion, used literature of
290 titles - 273 in Bulgarian and 17 in foreign languages, as well as 40
electronic sources.
The introduction part of the study attempts to define the understanding
for antiquity and preserving of its remains in the Bulgarian lands (or the
Bulgarian space). Without doubt this understanding is a result of a long
process of shaping and can be followed not only in the time of Bulga-
rian independent historical development, but also in the periods without
independent Bulgarian state. In the last case, the development of the ideas
of antiquity and its protection seem to have crucial importance for the
preserving of Bulgarian cultural identity.
This research aims to show a connection between the ideas for pro-
tection of antiquity remains and the understanding of national security.
According to presented data, the ideas for gathering and protection of
antiquity remains seem to help the Bulgarians in ethno-cultural, and in
(future) political aspect in the struggle for national and cultural self-de-
termination: they could be also put among the basic elements in the future
model for protection of the security in Bulgaria in general. It could be
stated, that the importance of the ideas for protection of antiquity remains
for Bulgarians is revealed in a rather intuitional sense (especially in the
early ages — 15—17 c.). I believe, that later (mainly in the Bulgarian Re-
vival period — 18—19 c.) these ideas contribute to a greater degree to the
239
establishment of the basis of understanding for national self-definition.
Such national self-definition needs proof, as well as proper defense of
certain historical rights, which are based on the research and protection
of antiquity remains.
In such context the study presents the understanding, that the ideas
for antiquity protection are in the basis of the cultural identity in general,
which in turn needs to be preserved and particularly - by protection of
remains of the past. What is more, the protection of the antiquity remains
contributed to the shaping of historical thinking of Bulgarians for centu-
ries. In this sense, the cultural archaeological heritage is understood as
important part of the cultural identity, which preservation is also in the
basis of understanding of the security in general.
An obvious fact in the European history is that probably there is no
better way to secure the people, their cultural identity and national pros-
perity, but the state system as a governing form. When in historical times
a real state is missing, it could be seen, that some functions of antiquity
protection fulfill to a certain degree, so called “replacing” institutions.
Among them first in importance is the East Orthodox Christian Church.
The initial systematic attempts for antiquity protection (also as an ele-
ment of the shaping of understanding of security) can be traced in the
Ottoman period, when there is no official state support, but such activi-
ties are seen, based on the hope of future resurrection of the Bulgarian
state. At that time the Christian Church seems to be an important factor
for preserving the cultural identity of Bulgarians. What the Church has
done in the sphere of antiquity protection is followed generally by the na-
tional Bulgarian state later. During the time of Ottoman rule could be seen
examples for intentional “use” of the past - a symbol and proof for sus-
tainable state tradition (there are data about that even from the period of
the Mediaeval Bulgarian State). So, the efforts of our predecessors from
the Ottoman period are pointed at the protection of antiquity remains, the
memory of the past as one of the last secure “saving anchors” for national
survival and pledge for future development.
In this way, the present work makes an attempt to look at some known
data about the early history of the archaeological research in the Bulga-
rian lands in 15-19 c., when in my view, are put the foundations of this
240
activity. I also hope, that this approach could offer a different look about
the understanding for the antiquity protection and its connection to the
national security in the process of confirming our national identity nowa-
days.
In the first charter, dedicated to 15 c., the understanding for antiquity
is looked according to the philosophic ideas in Europe, dominated by
the raising of humanism. This philosophy shows interest in the cultural
heritage of the ancient periods, which remains are situated mostly in the
past Christian lands, now conquered and ruled by the Ottomans. These re-
mains became an object of collecting for rich people and scholars, mainly
from West Europe. Concerning the study from the archaeological point of
view, there are no data about such practice not only in the Balkans, but in
the Renaissance Europe as well. What is more - data about archaeologi-
cally oriented approach in studying of antiquity remains are found mainly
in the works of foreign authors. Often the authors mention examples of
the mediaeval literature („books“, „writings“) - they are among the re-
mains of past, which are easy to transfer and, without any doubt, are signs
of cultural identity. They are in the basis of the processes for cultural
survival of Bulgarians - in 15 c. on such base begins its shaping, firstly in
a way of intuitive understanding, rather than in a deliberate way of study.
There are mentioned also archaeological sites like „town“, „sanctuary“
and their elements - „church“, „fortress“, „fortress walls“, „king palace“,
etc., which could be connected (even not in a direct way) to the symbols
of the past state institution. Among them can be noticed also preserved
images of past — court of arms, ruler s grant charters, coins, etc. At that
time the interest in antiquity has mainly literature characteristics (related
in general to the gathering and preserving of book samples). From that
point of view in the future will appear the necessity for identification of
the real objects and sites, events, mentioned in the historical sources. That
is why, at that time, in the Bulgarian lands and in Europe could be defined
a type of „proto-archaeology“ according to present understanding. Any-
way, the first steps in this direction are made both by the representatives
of intellectually tempted Europeans and Bulgarians under the Ottoman
rule. In the presented works can be seen interest both from Bulgarians
and foreigners to the past remains on the Balkans, including Bulgarian
241
lands. Data about the antiquity remains are constantly present and shape
still living memories about strong states in the near past. On the basis
of such presented and interpreted data, I think, that at that time are seen
also signs about the understanding of the relation between the protection
of the antiquity and the understanding of security among the Bulgarians.
The second chapter follows the evolution of understanding of antiquity
and its protection in 16 c. Here is necessary to stress on the considerable
differences in the development, already seen on the east and on the west
regions of the Old Continent. The Bulgarian lands are defined already as a
„contactzone” between the Christianity and Islam. In free Europe conti-
nues the spreading of ideas of humanism, under which influence is crea-
ted also a secular historical concept (with political and national accent).
The interest to the past in Europe appear to raise, including the archaeo-
logical study of its remains, which additionally is pushed by the further
development of industrial revolution and active construction works.
The survival of the Bulgarians under the Ottoman yoke closes them
into their personal space, religion, tradition, folklore culture. Bulgarian
people continue to look for salvation in the Christian belief, in the church
and religious life, as well as in the preserving the memoiy about the glo-
rious moments of Bulgarian history. Data about antiquity remains present
mainly the hook production of 16 c., when the Bulgarian lands already
lose their influence of important cultural centre. There are data about the
increasing of the number of monasteries and Christian temples in the set-
tlements, which leads to the increasing of book production, dominated
by the liturgical literature. Most of the descriptions of the traces from
the past culture are dedicated to old hooks. There are also data about old
coins, about images of Bulgarian court of arms, different archaeologi-
cal remains, etc. There are also data about the historical knowledge of
Bulgarians at that time. But in Bulgarian lands there are no data about ar-
chaeological research practices among the native people. As a whole, the
presented data reveal that in the early ages of Ottoman domination, like
the 16th c., Bulgarians realize the importance of the antiquity and continue
to “use" data, related to the past with the aim to support their own cultural
and ethnic survival. It could be stated, that what our predecessors have
done in the sphere of antiquity protection, supports the shaping of the
242
feeling of security among the Bulgarians - an important circumstance,
which helps their „resistance” power in the conditions of continuing hos-
tile foreign domination.
The third part looks at the time of the beginning of systematic ex-
ploration of the Bulgarian past, which could be traced in 17 c. - the last
mediaeval period in Bulgarian history. At that time in Europe the deve-
lopment of natural and historical sciences are influenced by the erudite
school (the Benedictine monks, Jesuit societies, etc.), which representa-
tives have done a giant work in collecting, systematization and publishing
of mediaeval manuscripts. In 17 c. the influence of erudite school can
be seen also in the Bulgarian lands, where their works probably came,
translated in Russian language. At that time in Europe already began the
archaeological research of the antiquity, but in the Bulgarian lands there
are no data about such practice. The interest in the past reveals again in
the preserving of old books and producing of liturgical literature, compi-
lation of mixed miscellanies, etc. The known images of Bulgarian court
of arms from 17 c. show a specific development, probably, based on the
hope to preserve the memories about the past state system, but also ai-
ming its future resurrection. Probably in this context are mentioned also
some mediaeval grand charters of Bulgarian rulers. There are known
also separate descriptions of antiquities in the Bulgarian space, which
could be seen as a basis of later accurate identification of archaeological
objects and cultural values.
The fourth part of this work looks at some entirely new phenomena in
the Bulgarian history, including the research and protection of antiquity,
appeared in 18 c. This is the time of beginning of the Early Bulgarian
Renaissance - the time, when the Bulgarian people began its transfor-
mation into a nation, in this complex process, the Bulgarians look at the
gathering and preserving of antique values as a basis for establishing of
their culture in the epoch of the „New time‘\ The interest in the anti-
quity and its cultural importance increases, together with the relatively
systematic attempts for their exploration by local and foreign researchers.
The European humanitarian sciences are shaped under the influence of
elaborate complex of ideas and among them — the rationalism of the En-
lightenment. The archaeology begins to shape its main characteristics as
243
a specific branch of the historical sciences. Most of the known written
data describe remains of different immovable values in the Bulgarian
space - like secular and religious buildings and some architectural de-
tails. The authors prefer to describe old Christian churches. Among all
other antiquities, the Christian temple and the old Slavic book clearly
personify the crucial difference between the enslaved and the conque-
rors. They symbolize the hope for the Bulgarians in order to protect their
national identity: this could be seen as a basis of their self-confidence to
win a cultural and political self-definition in the intensive development
of Renaissance processes. Among the movable cultural values often are
mentioned antique statues, inscriptions, medals, jewels, etc. In 18 c. the
,,non-written“ remains of the past culture (i. e. - movable archaeological
artifacts) are understood mainly as objects, which are valued mostly for
their monetary and material price, rather than for the historical informa-
tion, w'hich they carry. Apart from the Christian architectural and written
monuments, the European authors share the general impression that local
people do not recognize the antiquity remains as their own historical and
cultural heritage.
In the fifth part is presented the last period of slave existence for Bul-
garians -19 c.- a time for upsurge of the young Bulgarian nation, which
establishment ends about 1860s-1870s. In the European reality, the ge-
neral shaping of the historical science is influenced by the ideas of the
scientific determinism and the doctrine of evolution/positivism, revealed
in the theory of physical and cultural unity of man, wTiich philosophic
interpretation is done by A. Bastian and T. Huxley. The archaeology is
included in the general system of sciences as an independent branch of
scientific knowledge with its own definition system, based mainly on
time characteristic in the explanation of cultural development. Especially
important for the Bulgarians during that period, are the ideas of histori-
cal romantism and criticism, which came in the Bulgarian lands mainly
through the works of Russian and German philosophic schools. It is nec-
essary to note, that around the middle of 19 c. is seen the raising of inter-
est in the remains of the Bulgarian past. Predominantly popular are the
remains from the mediaeval period, when the Bulgarian state was on the
top of its political and cultural strength. That is why the mediaeval epoch
244
is especially interesting for the Bulgarians in the Revival period, when are
built the basics of the national cause for self-definition.
Apart from the old literature and author s historical writings (and
their copies), the authors continue to mention symbols of (already inten-
tionally looked) state system like ruler s grant charters (most of them are
discovered for the science exactly from 19 c.), old (mainly — mediaeval
Bulgarian) coins, etc. What is more — the images of Bulgarian court of
arms with variants of lion figures continue to present in a sustainable way
in the public space of Bulgarians in 19 c. As it was mentioned above, they
are preserved (in the works of local and foreign authors) from the first
decades of 15 c. and are transferred until the resurrection of the Third
Bulgarian State in the end of 1870-s. Later, their variants (in particu-
lar - with images of a lion figure, standing on its hind legs) pass over
to the modem Bulgarian heraldry in the creation of the official court of
arms of the Third Bulgarian State from the Liberation till nowadays. Even
before that, the image of a lion is seen among the symbols of the orga-
nized armed struggle of Bulgarians for national self-definition (figures
of a standing lion decorate rebel and revolutionary flags and unifonns,
stamps of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee from 1870-s,
etc.). That is why 1 believe, that in 19 c. the opportunities for the Bulga-
rian liberation movement are looked in the propitious political situations
in Europe and the Balkans, but they are also based on a long process of
more or less intentional searching and protecting of the remains of the
Bulgarian past. At that time the „use“ of the past increases its importance,
and (as show the given examples) the attention is drawn on the remains
of city and town antiquities. The authors (mainly Bulgarians) stress on the
understanding of a “Christian city A which include mediaeval Bulgarian
cities and towns in general. Probably, the contrast between the mediaeval
Bulgarian town and the Muslim town is looked and stressed deliberately
in the Renaissance epoch in order to underline the „advantages“ of the
Christian city, from where is expected to begin the development of the
modem Bulgarian culture in the future.
The concluding part attempts to generalize the presented data: it can be
concluded, that among the antiquities in the Bulgarian space in the whole
period 15—19 c., the authors give absolute preference to the mediaeval
245
books and manuscripts (necessary for the religious Christian service,
translations, etc.) or original historical works, passionals of Bulgarian
saints, etc. In a faultless way our predecessors recognise the old Bulgar-
ian literature as immanent to the self-definition and saving for Bulgarian
people during the Ottoman period. At that time the historical knowledge
is quite popular among the Bulgarians - it is indicative that with the ap-
pearance of historical writings attend the processes of national establish-
ment. Among the archaeological monuments, our predecessors mainly
pay attention to mediaeval objects and finds, as well as to all historical
proofs for the Bulgarian state system. In contrary, the foreign authors pay
more attention to the archaeological heritage, especially - to the antique/
ancient objects.
There is no doubt that as a result of the historical events and after the
survival in the multinational Ottoman empire (hostile to our predeces-
sors), the Bulgarian state continues to develop in 21sl c., - a bearer of
ancient, powerful at its time culture, in the (understood as friendly) multi-
national and multicultural society of European Union. For instance, there
is no doubt that the alphabet - the Cyrillic and the literature, written on it,
are important elements of Bulgarian cultural heritage and present. That is
why I think, that the contribution of Bulgarians from the Ottoman period
is particularly important - due to their efforts an important transition is
made, when are gathered and preserved cultural remains from the free
Bulgarian mediaeval epoch. This also could be seen as an important con-
tribution in the shaping of the fundament for the establishment of modem
Bulgarian cultural identity and present state system.
On the basis of all what was presented in this work, it seems that the
evidences of antiquity, understood at that time (and today) as a part of
the cultural heritage, including the archaeological one, are on the front
places in the scale of eternal values of the society. The necessity of its
protection also is crucial without any doubt. In the Ottoman period this
necessity is realized by our predecessors and generally they did not make
any compromises in this sphere. In this sense, the presented data about
the protection of antiquity in 15-19 c. can be looked into the context of
the defense of security of the nation in the Bulgarian lands. The author is
aware that these are mainly non-direct and to a greater degree subjective
246
data - they allow to judge more to the result, rather than to the specifics
of this activity. Such approach inevitably has its weaknesses, which pre-
determine the compilation character of the present work. Apart from that,
when is missing directly observed object for research, from the sphere of
the scientific analysis could be entered into the sphere of hypotheses and
assumptions. That is why is hardly to state, that only the presented histori-
cal sources and preserved written data could give detailed and compre-
hensive conclusions about the antiquity protection in the Ottoman period
in the Bulgarian space. But I suppose, that the given examples from that
time show activities, related to the nation’s consolidation (like the protec-
tion of the Christian East Orthodox belief of the Bulgarians and the old
Bulgarian literature), as a basis for preserving of the identity of every
people by protection of its national interests. It can be stated, that in a
general sense these interests present among the national interests, defined
in the today’s Strategy for national security of Republic of Bulgaria with
outlook to the year 2020.
The present work aimed to show that our predecessors manage to cope
successfully with many historical challenges in the Ottoman period and
not without the “help” of the antiquity. It is the turn and responsibility
of the present generation to preserve and develop the Bulgarian national
identity for the future, where inevitably presents the adequate protection
of Bulgarian cultural heritage. Of course, whether and what was managed
to do, will judge the next generations. The important thing is to continue
trying, for which, relating to the presented topic, worthy examples have
given by our predecessors from 15-19 c. I am also convinced, that the
study of their experience could be helpful in the contemporary develop-
ment in a world of globalization - a time of cultural diversity, but also a
time of aggressive cultural (including based on religious belief) opposi-
tion with growing fierceness.
247
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238 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Stamenova, Magdalena 19XX- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1028372108 |
| author_facet | Stamenova, Magdalena 19XX- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Stamenova, Magdalena 19XX- |
| author_variant | m s ms |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043462432 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)951535461 (DE-599)BVBBV043462432 |
| edition | Părvo izdanie |
| era | Geschichte 1400-1878 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1400-1878 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV043462432 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:11:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786197143058 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028879628 |
| oclc_num | 951535461 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 247 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Fondacija" Nacionalna i meždunarodna sigurnost" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Stamenova, Magdalena 19XX- Verfasser (DE-588)1028372108 aut Starinata v bălgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15-19 vek Magdalena Stamenova Părvo izdanie Sofija Fondacija" Nacionalna i meždunarodna sigurnost" 2016 247 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache mit dem Titel: The antiquity in the Bulgarian space in 15-19 c. Text bulgarisch Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 1400-1878 gnd rswk-swf Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Antike (DE-588)4068754-5 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Antike (DE-588)4068754-5 s Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 s Geschichte 1400-1878 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028879628&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028879628&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stamenova, Magdalena 19XX- Starinata v bălgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15-19 vek Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Antike (DE-588)4068754-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4049716-1 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4068754-5 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Starinata v bălgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15-19 vek |
| title_auth | Starinata v bălgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15-19 vek |
| title_exact_search | Starinata v bălgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15-19 vek |
| title_full | Starinata v bălgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15-19 vek Magdalena Stamenova |
| title_fullStr | Starinata v bălgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15-19 vek Magdalena Stamenova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Starinata v bălgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15-19 vek Magdalena Stamenova |
| title_short | Starinata v bălgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15-19 vek |
| title_sort | starinata v balgarskoto prostranstvo prez 15 19 vek |
| topic | Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Antike (DE-588)4068754-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rezeption Archäologie Antike Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028879628&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028879628&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stamenovamagdalena starinatavbalgarskotoprostranstvoprez1519vek |