Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica: = The medieval town Tom 1 Srednovekovnijat grad
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Veliko Tărnovo
Izdatelstvo "Faber"
2015
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 733 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 5 gefaltete Pläne |
| ISBN: | 9786190002925 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica |b = The medieval town |n Tom 1 |p Srednovekovnijat grad |c Dejan Rabovjanov |
| 264 | 1 | |a Veliko Tărnovo |b Izdatelstvo "Faber" |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a 733 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |e 5 gefaltete Pläne | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 546 | |a Text bulgarisch | ||
| 546 | |b Kyrillische Schrift | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1200-1500 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Trapezica-Hügel |g Weliko Tarnowo |0 (DE-588)7552050-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Trapezica-Hügel |g Weliko Tarnowo |0 (DE-588)7552050-3 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1200-1500 |A z |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028879577&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 307.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09023 |g 499 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176076024315904 |
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| adam_text | CT AT P)KAHME
ysofl..............................................................................
I znaea. APXEOJIOTMHECKOTO M3CJIE^BAHE HA KPEIIOCTTA TPAnE3MLl,A -
nOCTIDKEHMB, nEPCIlEKTMBM, ITPOBJIEMM...................................17
II znaea. CTPATMTPAOMfl, nEPMOflM3Aipifl M XPOHOJIOTM5I.................35
II. 1. CrpaTHrpa(J)MH m nepnoflM3ai^Ma..........................................35
IL2. XpoHonorwa.......................................................45
11.2.1. Ahtmhhm MoneTM Ha cpeflHOBeKOBeH oóeKT.......................46
11.2.2. n-bpBM (I) cpeflHOBeKOBeH nepwofl (30Te toa. na XIII b.). flaTnpOBKa Ha CTpoettca
Ha KpenocTHMTe ctop-b^ceHMH Ha Tpane3Mi;a.................................47
11.2.3. BTopn (II) nepwofl Ha oÓMTaBaHe (40Te rofl. Ha XIII - cpeAa Ha XIV b.).51
11.2.4. TpeTM (III) nepnoA na oónTaBaHe - 5kmhhuihmht KBapTan (1350-1400 r.)...55
11.2.5. HeTBBpTM (IV) nepnoA- IIpenpaTíiBaHe Ha oÓMTaBaHeTo m kbchm MirrepBeHAMM... 59
II. 3. 3aioiK)HeHMe...................................................60
III znaea. APXEOJIOTMHECKM CTPYKTYPM 14 APXMTEKTYPA
B KWKHM4I CEKTOP HA CPEAHOBEKOBHMB TPAfl TPAHE3MHA................................63
III. 1. H’ pBM (I) nepnoA - CTpoHTe/iCTBO Ha KpenocTHMTe ctop’baceHMJi..........63
111.2. BTopn (II) nepwoA Ha oÓMTaBaHe - ci 3AaBaHe Ha rpaflCicaTa cpeAa.........66
111.3. TpeTM (III) nepnoA Ha oÓMTaBaHe - c 3AaBaHe Ha xcwima.Hwi KBapTan m pa3HBex
Ha rpaACKMH mcmbot...............................................93
111.4. HeTBT pTM (IV) nepMOfl. „IlepHOA Ha 3aTMXBaiqaTa aKTMBHOCT“..............115
IV znaea. TPAJJOYCTPOMCTBEHO PA3BI4TME HA KWKHATA TEPACA HA
XTjJIMA TPAnE3MHA B KOHTEKCTA HA CPEflHOBEKOBHO TBPHOBO................119
IV. 1. Ci 3AaBaHe Ha cpeAHOBeKOBHaTa rpaACKa cpeAa..............................119
IV.1.1. IIocTpoHBaHeTO Ha KpenocTTa Tpane3Hi;a......................119
IV 1.2. Hanano Ha rpaACKMn mcmbot..................................125
IV.2. IIpoM3BOACTBeHa 30Ha M7IM MaprwHanHa Tepmopiia - KOKHaTa Tepaca
Ha Tpane3MHa npe3 ntpBaTa non. Ha XIV ...........................128
IV.3. XCunMrAHMHT KBapTan Ha KDacHaTa Tepaca Ha Tpane3MHa - pa3u;BeT Ha rpaACKnn
5KMBOT...........................................................131
IV. 4. BH3CTaHOBHBaHe Ha apxMTeKTypHaTa cpeAa - eAHa xwnoTeTMHHa peKOHCTpy kpua... 148
IV.4.1. Oöiijh npwHAMnH Ha BT 3CTaHOBKaTa...........................148
IV.4.2. CrpaAMTe ot KBapTana........................................133
IV. 4.3. KpenocTHMTe CbopTOKeHMB....................................139
Vznaea. HAXOflKMTE OT OBEKTA...........................................161
V. l. HoMBT.........................................................162
V. 1.1. H0MT1T KaTO crpaAa.........................................162
V.l.2. KyxHn m .....................................................166
V.l.3. MeóenMpoBKa m ...............................................176
V.1.4. JIííHHa XMrMeHa.....................................................181
V.2. 3aHaHTM.................................................................182
V.2.1. IIpoM3BOffCTBO M o6pa6oTKa Ha nziaTOBe, HiMBanecTBO.................182
V.2.2. Ko KapcTBO m oöymapcTBO.............................................190
V.2.3. OöpaöoTKa Ha flT pBO................................................190
V.2.4. OöpaöoTKa Ha koct m por.............................................191
V.2.5. OöpaöoTKa Ha Metanvi................................................192
V.3. TtproBMH................................................................193
V.4. 3eMe;a;e;iMe, pwóonoB m flp.............................................196
V.5. ykpaiHeHMH m npeflMera, CBT p3aHM c oöbcktioto..........................198
V.5.1. YnpameHMB...........................................................198
V.5.2. KonneTa.............................................................207
V.5.3. KonaHHH m peMtnHM rapHMTypn.........................................208
V.6. Bi.op bÄeHMe h CHapHxceHMe..............................................216
V.6.1. Hana^aTertHO BtopioKeHHe............................................216
V.6.2. 3amMTHO BtopBaceHMe.................................................226
V.6.3. CHapB»ceHMe Ha kohh m e3,n;ana......................................227
Y.7. IIpeflMeTH, CBT p3aHM c M3noBBflBaHeTO Ha xphctmbhckmh KyjtT............237
V.8. IpaMOTHOCT m nncMeHa KyHTypa............................................240
V. 8.1. 3aKonna/iKn h nacra ot no,n,BT p3MHTa Ha khmth, npe^Mera 3a nncaHe.240
V8.2. Ipa^iMTM, HaflnHCM m noffma3ypHH MOHorpaMM...........................241
V.9. llenara, mtiomöm m noßnenaTBamM ycTpoücTBa............................. 243
V.10. Mrpn h 3a6aBneHHH......................................................246
V.ll. E/ieMeHTM Ha apxureKTypHaTa fleKopaijMH................................248
V.12. ripe^Mera c hcm3bcctho npeflHa3HaneHMe.................................249
V. 13. 3aK7iK)HeHHe..................................................... 251 VI
VI zjiaea. CPEJJHOBEKOBHATA KEPAMMKA...........................................255
VI. 1. OÖMKHOBeHa KepaMMKa...................................................255
VI. 1.1. KyxHeHCKa KepaMMKa - ctflOBe......................................255
VI. 1.2. Tpane3Ha KepaMMKa - CBflOBe.......................................258
VI.1.3. OparMeHTapHMBT KepaMMneH MaTepnan 3a KyxHeHCKaTa
m Tpane3HaTa KepaMMKa...............................................260
VI. 1.3.1. OopMMTe........................................................260
VI.1.3.2. YkpacaTa.........................................................262
VI. 1.4. KepaMMKa c aHroÓHO noKpMTMe.......................................270
VI. 1.5. KepaMMKa cbc cneijMa7[M3HpaHO npeflHa3HaneHMe.....................270
VI.1.6. CbßOBe 3a CBxpaHeHMe...............................................273
VI. 1.7. AM j)opM.........................................................273
VI.2. XyflOiKecTBeHa KepaMMKa...............................................275
VI.2.1. Crpa J)MTO KepaMMKa................................................275
VI. 2.1.1. Crpac])MTO KepaMMKaTa ot nepnofla 30-40Te roß. Ha XIII b....275
VI.2.1.2. Crpa f)MTO KepaMMKaTa ot nepnofla Me^y 40Te rofl. m Kpan Ha XIII b.276
VI.2.1.3. Crpa J)MTO KepaMMKaTa ot n^pBaTa non. na XIV b...............278
VI.2.1.4. CrpatJwTO KepaMMKa ot CMBO-Kac| nBMH cpeflHOBeKOBeH nnacT
(40Te rofl. Ha XIII - cpe#a Ha XIV b.)...........................280
VI.2.1.5. Crpa(J)MTO KepaMMKaTa ot BTopaTa new. Ha XIV b.....280
VI.2.1.6. OopMHTe Ha (|)parMeHTapHHH MaTepwan................285
VI.2.2. PwcyBaHa KepaMMKa......................................287
VI.2.3. BHOCHa i7ia3npaHa KepaMMKa.............................289
VI.3. CrpoMTe/iHa KepaMMKa......................................289
VI.4. 3aKJiK HeHMe..............................................290
3AKJIIOHEHME.....................................................293
IJMTMPAHA JIMTEPATYPA............................................298
KATAHOr HA HAXOflKMTE............................................329
TAEJIMIJM........................................................457
ARCHEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE SOUTHERN SECTION OF TRAPEZITSA VOLUME 1. THE MEDIEVAL TOWN (Summary)........................508
OEPA3M...........................................................513
TAE7IA C HAXOftKM................................................557
TAEJIA C KEPAMMKA................................................641
miAHOBE..........................................................717
nPOOMTIM
724
ARCHEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE
SOUTHERN SECTION OF TRAPEZITSA
VOLUME 1. THE MEDIEVAL TOWN
(Summary)
The current research presents the results of the archeological studies in the Southern
section of the medieval town of Trapezitsa - the second citadel of the Second Bulgarian
Empire capital Tarnovo. They were conducted between the year 2008 and 2013 and covered
one of the most actively inhabited parts of the hill, offering optimal conditions of living (Pic. 1;
Plan 1). That is the slanting Southern slope of the plateau rising ground - the lowest and the
closest to the river Yantra part of the hill. That defined the area usage since the late Chalcolithic
period as life continued with different intensity during the transitional period between the
Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age, the early and the late Bronze Age and especially during the
early Iron Age until the 5th century B. C. The materials and the information about the periods
preceding the Middle Ages are submitted for research to relevant experts and their publication
is due. The cultural layers and archeological structures from the period of the Second Bulgarian
Empire (13111 - 14lh century) which have to a great degree destroyed the earlier ones dominate
though (Plan 2). The revealed medieval remnants and materials derived from them are precisely
the subject of the current research.
The studied cultural layer varies from 0.60 m to 2.85 m and it is the thickest noted down in
the studies of Trapezitsa. The typical for the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire accelerated
monetary circulation lead to a great number of coins (3,030 pieces) getting into archeological
environment (Table 9) which, together with the stratigraphic observations presented the oppor-
tunity for dating of some medieval structures with allowance of up to two decades.
The achievements and problems of the archeological research of the medieval town of Tra-
pezitsa are presented the first chapter. The historical citadel which was area of the first officially
conducted excavations in Bulgaria, carried out right after the country’s liberation in 1879, be-
came a subject of studies that are different in volume and degree of professionalism. Such are
conducted in 1884 and 1900 the ’30s of the 20th century, 1992-1994 and since 2007 till now.
They were constantly accompanied by problems related to the fate and protection of the revealed
monuments, and unfortunately have not yet found their solution. All the scientific researches di-
rectly or indirectly affecting medieval Trapezitsa were also viewed in this part of the monograph.
The second chapter is dedicated to stratigraphy, division into periods and chronology of
the site. The thickness of the cultural layer, the overlapping of several periods of the area usage
and the opportunity for research of the connections between the fortified wall and the develop-
ing within architecture and communication lines makes the observations representative for the
Southern part of fortress Trapezitsa. The observations of the stratigraphic superpositions with
moderate displacement of the area allowed the differentiation of the medieval layers and struc-
tures into four main periods.
The medieval habitation of the Southern part of Trapezitsa began with the construction
of the impressive fortifications facilities (Plan 3; Pic. 2-12). The fortified wall with the adjacent
Archeological Studies in the Southern Section of Trapezitsa Volume 1. The Medieval Town | 509
thick tower, flanking tower and potern were built on cleaned down to the rock from the cultural
layer working platform of about 15 m width. The base was covered within with leveling mounds
(Profiles 3-5) on which laid the structures connected to the construction and functioning of
the wall (Pic. 13-15). The coins from the leveling mounds date the fortress construction back to
’30s - ’40s of the 13th century (Table 1). The medieval cultural layer heaping began after the
building of the wall. It reflects the second (II) period of habitation. The amorphous character of
this layer and its destruction by over hundred pits and by the construction of the later residential
quarter prevents from settling a clear division. The period spread in the time between the “40s
of the 13lh century and the middle of the 14lh century. Two structure outlines differentiated into
two subperiods were traced in the layer related to it.
The first of them (Ila) (Plan 5) includes the two “early buildings”, built in ’40s - ’50s of the
13th century (Pic. 16-18) (Table 3). The potern of the fortified wall was also built in this subpe-
riod. Many excavations were connected to it - graves No. 6-9 and 39 from the found waste pits.
Coins from the latter allowed the differentiation of two chronological groups of pits. No. 26, 59,
69, 70, 72, 74 and 88 were referred to the ’40s - ’50s of the 13th century with their stratigraphic
position also including in this group No. 13, 15, 48, 53, 55, 60, 65, 75-78 and 87. The second
group of pits No. 7, 19, 22, 33, 46, 49-52, 54, 66, 68 and 98 is connected to the second half of
subperiod Ila, concurrent with the reign of Tsar Constantine Asen (1257-1277). The data from
the coins and the stratigraphic observations showed that in subperiod Ila the active habitation
was from the ’40s to the ’80s of the 13th century. In the last two decades of the 13th century an
evident decline led to temporally abandoning of the area, and the two buildings were derelict
and destroyed.
The second structure horizon - subperiod lib, was chronologically connected to the first
half of the 14th century. The area usage was rather extensive” and evidenced by two dug in dwell-
ings, 12 fireplaces, 2 stamped levels, a furnace, two graves (No. 1 and 5) and 46 pits (Plan 6).
The stratigraphic position and the coin data (Table 4) referred the dug in dwellings and pits No.
18, 25, 27, 32, 34, 39, 43, 56, 62, 64, 71, 100 and 102 to the first two to three decades of the 14th
century. Other group of waste pits - No. 17, 30, 35, 38, 40, 58, 67, 73, 79-81, 99, 101 and 103 fall
between the ’30s and ’50s of the same century.
A residential quarter whose existence is referred to the third (III) medieval period was built
in the middle of the 14th century on the Southern terrace of Trapezitsa (Plan 7).
The ten buildings are situated between the fortified wall and one of the main town streets,
divided and connected by two alleys, two little squares and narrow blind passages. The numer-
ous coins (Table 6) date the construction of houses No. 1-6, 8 and 12 in the ’50s of 14th century
and the quarter underwent massive reconstruction in the ’70s of the same century. There are
four waste pits connected to the buildings’ activities, but the refuge was thrown away mainly in
the blind passages between the houses and on the rock wreath in front of the fortified wall. The
residential quarter was left in an organized manner at the very end of the 14th century. Different
interventions can be connected to the following prolonged “period of abating activity” (IV) be-
tween the 15th and the 20th century (Plan 2) (Table 7) - graves No. 2-4, pits No. 1, 61, 63, build-
ing material ditches and treasure-hunter’s excavations.
The studies of the Southern section revealed substantial differences in the development of
the two town pivots of the Bulgarian capital. In contrast to the citadel on the hill Tsarevets the
town of Trapezitsa was not habitated during the late Roman period. With the construction of the
fortified facilities in the ’30s of the 13th century it became the second fortified pivot of Tarnovo.
There are differences in the habitation activity between the two citadels which for Trapezitsa
510 | JlenH Pa6o6MHoe ApxeonoiunecKU npoyneanun e IOmhux ceKmop Ha Tpane3uu,a
ended with the capturing of the town by the Ottoman Turks in 1393 whereas life on Tsarevets
continued without interruption until the ’70s of the 19th century.
The numerous archeological structures which are a product of the dense habitation and
active construction activity in the Southern section of Trapezitsa are presented in Chapter III of
the research. The detailed descriptions are attended by graphic and photo documentation (Plan
2-15; Profiles; Pic. 1-83). Not only does this present the researchers with the necessary data, but
it gives the critical reader the opportunity to verify the author’s conclusions.
The town-planning development of the Southern part of Trapezitsa in the context of me-
dieval Tarnovo is presented in the fourth chapter. To some extent it reflects the entire fortress’s
development, certainly giving an account of life fluctuations in the different parts of the capital’s
citadel.
In contrast to Tsarevets with its late antique legacy the Trapezitsa fortress was built ad fun-
damentum on an “empty spot” through a massive construction project. This coincided or fol-
lowed large reconstruction of the fortified facilities, the street network and the inner building up
of Tsarevets related to the reign of Tsar Ivan Asen II. The perfected planning decisions and the
more impressive construction of Trapezitsa’s fortified facilities imply that the second citadel in
the town of Tarnovo was perhaps built shortly after the reconstruction of Tsarevetz in the more
stable and abundant period during the reign of Tsar Ivan Asen II after the battle by Klokotnitsa
in 1230 and the following territorial expansion of the Bulgarian Empire. Two edifices of massive
construction laid the beginning of the town after the building of the fortified walls in the South-
ern part of Trapezitsa (Plan 5) (Pic. 16-18). They were consistent with the fortified facilities and
largely used the wide areas around them. In this respect the building up does not differ from the
“early period” of Tsarevets (12th - the beginning of the 13th century).
After a brief period of decline in the last two decades of the 13lh century, life was restored in
the beginning of the 14th century. Life restoration coincided with the years of state upsurge dur-
ing the reign of Tsar Teodor Svetoslav (1301-1322). The dug in dwellings, waste pits and other
non-persistent structures present an extensively used urban territory. Regardless of it being a
production area or a marginal periphery, it did not really differed from the unfortified suburbs
of Tarnovo near the banks of the river Yantra.
The conclusive formation of the town environment was connected to the residential quar-
ter constructed in the middle of the 14th century. The construction of new edifices in the “70s of
the same century lead to breaching of the initial building up principles and planning schemes.
The quarter assumed its final appearance which was retained until the life discontinuation in the
end if the 14th century.
The studied in the Southern section part of the quarter reflects the town-planning and the
character of the house construction in the Southern part of Trapezitsa. Between the fortified
wall and the main street connecting the two gates there were formed two large quarters. They
were realized with inturned polycentric scheme where building pivots were grouped around lit-
tle squares and the connected to them alleys. This planning differed substantially from the Tsare-
vets observations and, excluding the Cherven citadel and probably the outer town of Kaliakra, do
not have parallels amongst the other studied centers of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
This process of dense construction coincided with the one observed in Tsarevets where
it also rapidly increased after the middle of the 14th century. The reason for that might be the
natural development of the capital as pivot of the town life as well as the population influx from
the attacked by the Turks Bulgarian territories. Another testimony of the real Ottoman threat
Archeological Studies in the Southern Section of Trapezitsa Volume 1. The Medieval Town | 511
was the registered mud solder repair of the fortified wall dated from the end of the “80s and the
beginning of the ’90s of the 14th century.
With its ex novo construction Trapezitsa was a perfect model of a town in the Second
Bulgarian Empire. All of its characteristics were manifested in Trapezitsa without the impact of
the found antique architecture legacy. In contrast to the Byzantine towns from the same period
(13th - 14th century) where the late antique legacy had influence in many ways, in the Bulgarian
towns it was much more limited. Even in Tsarevets where existed a thriving late antique centre
it was marked only by the usage of spolia. The earlier street network and building up were ne-
glected and even the fortified facilities do not often use the early Byzantine fortification. In fact
most of the towns in the Second Bulgarian Empire reuse only the fortification whereas the inner
building up demonstrated originality.
Although the Bulgarian towns and in particular Trapezitsa in the 14th century reminded the
appearance of the Byzantine ones with their dense building up, utilitarian and rough construc-
tion of residential buildings, amongst which the churches stood out with their architecture, with
irregular street network and the lack of water-mains and sewerage, there were also differences.
The single room dwellings dominated in Bulgaria, combining many functions in one room and
the typical for the Byzantine town edifices with a yard were almost completely absent. The an-
tique legacy, where it was present, was exhausted by the usage of recycled construction material.
In Trapezitsa, Tsarevets and Cherven there is observed a tendency for preliminarily set princi-
ples for the town environment formation with a leading role of the thoroughfare. In the rest of
the Bulgarian towns the building up is rather spontaneous. An undifferentiated co-existence of
different strata of society is also observed in the Bulgarian town, marked less in the formation
and planning of the residential buildings and more in their size. Thus in the studied residential
quarter on the Southern terrace of Trapezitsa there co-existed buildings with area from 20-25
to 100 and 180 sq. m. The typical Tarnovo dwelling though is with a single room with an area of
about 40 sq. m. and its rickety second floor was used as residential while the stone ground floor
combined storage and production functions.
The character of the revealed during the excavations information and the accumulated
residential construction in medieval Bulgaria and the Byzantine world for the period 13th - 14th
century database allowed for the presentation of a hypothetic graphic reconstruction at the end
of the fourth chapter (Pic. 84). It received detailed proof and represents the appearance of the
Southern terrace of the hill in the period after the conclusive formation of the residential quarter
in the ’70s of the 14th century.
The opulent medieval life that took course on the Southern terrace of Trapezitsa between
the ’30s of the 13th century and the 14th century left extremely varied and numerous archeologi-
cal materials. In the fifth chapter and the supplementing Catalogue of finds, Tables No. 10-22
and the table of images are presented over 1800 objects despite the almost complete lack of item
complexes retained in their environment of usage and the buildings’ abandoning and emptying
of their contents. The site features defined the materials’ presentation in large groups according
to their function - the dwelling as a building, kitchen and table, furniture and lighting, personal
hygiene, crafts and trade, agriculture and fishing, decorations and garment objects, armaments
and accoutrements, objects related to the Christian cult, parts of books, graffiti and inscriptions,
seals, lead seals and seal apposition devices, games and entertainment as well as architecture
decoration elements. They all created the image of an opulent town way of life with varied mani-
festations which in its complexity does not yield to the synchronous Byzantine and European
analogues.
512 | Hesw Pa6o8XHoe ApxeonozunecKu npoyneanux e IOxhux cetanop na Tpane3uu,a
The testimonials for the crafts practiced there are not many and those are mainly home pro-
duction and processing of cloths, leather-working, bone and horn processing, metal-working,
including jewellery production. The only certain profession is that of the inhabitant of dwelling
No. 1 from the quarter - master potter. A testimony for that is the production left unused - pot-
tery for church edifice decoration.
Some objects and particularly the two Western European lead cloth seals give some notion
for the trade relations of Trapezitsa. The foreign presence is also testified by the Byzantine ring
with seal of Leontius (Plate 821021) and one Byzantine lead seal which expects confirmation of its
referral to Teodor Komnin after his exile following the battle by Klokotnitsa. (Plate 831699).
The found armament followed the tendency common for the Byzantine and Bulgarian
towns for limited presence of such objects. Surprisingly scanty for a society so impacted by war,
they reflect the typical for Byzantine practice for the country defence to be entrusted to profes-
sionals and not to the citizens themselves. The accoutrements objects are many more - horse-
trappings, horseshoes, spurs, etc. These two groups of finds reflect the eclectic character of the
Second Bulgarian Empire military traditions which in the 13th - 14th century unite the local
Balkan traditions with strong impact from the Northern Black Sea steppes and Western and
Central Europe.
The Christian cult objects are not many and are for personal usage. They were often earlier
and came to Trapezitsa after continuous usage. In contrast to them the testimonials for the writ-
ten culture development - metal book hasps, graffiti and inscriptions are many more. There is no
doubt that blossoming forth was achieved in the second half of the 14th century and literacy was
widely spread among the population of the capital town.
The huge pottery material was researched in the last sixth chapter of the book. The tradi-
tional presentation of the whole forms enriches the pottery information about the Second Bul-
garian Empire with 21 kitchen and 11 table vessels and four objects with special function. The
sgraffito pottery is represented by 15 vessels among which there stands out one dish with female
images from the second half of the 13th century (Plate 92) that fell among the most impressive
monuments from its kind within the range of the Byzantine culture circle.
Fragment pottery is presented along with the whole vessels. The forms and decorations
were traced in the range of the habitation period for the site - 13th - 14th century and some
chronological dependences were taken into consideration which in the future will serve a us-
able ground for the pottery of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The comparatively scanty imports
are presented together with the “home” pottery - amphora fragments and a few pieces of Italian
maiolica and Eastern stoneware.
The author hopes that with the current work he has succeeded to convey the various aspects
of life in the second fortified pivot of the Bulgarian capital Tarnovo in the 13th - 14th century.
It could be expected that the image of the results from the excavations in the Southern section
of Trapezitsa will clarify with the presentation of full catalogue of the numismatic material and
publication of the conducted interdisciplinary researches in the next volume of the series.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rabovjanov, Dejan ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1096835185 |
| author_facet | Rabovjanov, Dejan ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rabovjanov, Dejan ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | d r dr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043462378 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)951246867 (DE-599)BVBBV043462378 |
| era | Geschichte 1200-1500 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1200-1500 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Trapezica-Hügel Weliko Tarnowo (DE-588)7552050-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Trapezica-Hügel Weliko Tarnowo |
| id | DE-604.BV043462378 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:26:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786190002925 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028879577 |
| oclc_num | 951246867 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 733 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 5 gefaltete Pläne |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Izdatelstvo "Faber" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rabovjanov, Dejan ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1096835185 aut Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica = The medieval town Tom 1 Srednovekovnijat grad Dejan Rabovjanov Veliko Tărnovo Izdatelstvo "Faber" 2015 733 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 5 gefaltete Pläne txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text bulgarisch Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 1200-1500 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Trapezica-Hügel Weliko Tarnowo (DE-588)7552050-3 gnd rswk-swf Trapezica-Hügel Weliko Tarnowo (DE-588)7552050-3 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte 1200-1500 z DE-604 (DE-604)BV043462376 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028879577&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028879577&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Rabovjanov, Dejan ca. 20./21. Jh Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica = The medieval town Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)7552050-3 |
| title | Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica = The medieval town |
| title_auth | Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica = The medieval town |
| title_exact_search | Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica = The medieval town |
| title_full | Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica = The medieval town Tom 1 Srednovekovnijat grad Dejan Rabovjanov |
| title_fullStr | Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica = The medieval town Tom 1 Srednovekovnijat grad Dejan Rabovjanov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica = The medieval town Tom 1 Srednovekovnijat grad Dejan Rabovjanov |
| title_short | Archeologičeski proučvanija v Južnija sektor na Trapezica |
| title_sort | archeologiceski proucvanija v juznija sektor na trapezica the medieval town srednovekovnijat grad |
| title_sub | = The medieval town |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Trapezica-Hügel Weliko Tarnowo |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028879577&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028879577&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV043462376 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rabovjanovdejan archeologiceskiproucvanijavjuznijasektornatrapezicathemedievaltowntom1 |