Foundations of earth science:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
[Boston]
Pearson
[2017]
|
| Ausgabe: | Eighth edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | MasteringGeology
Always learning |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxxi, 534 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 0134184815 9780134184814 0134240766 9780134240763 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Foundations of earth science |c Frederick K. Lutgens, Edward J. Tarbuck ; illustrated by Dennis Tasa |
| 250 | |a Eighth edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a [Boston] |b Pearson |c [2017] | |
| 300 | |a xxxi, 534 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176040455569408 |
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| adam_text | BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE 2
UNIT I
EARTH MATERIALS 22
MATTER AND MINERALS 22
2 ROCKS: MATERIALS OF THE SOLID EARTH 44
UNIT II
SCULPTING EARTH S
SURFACE 76
3 LANDSCAPES FASHIONED BY WATER 76
4 GLACIAL AND ARID LANDSCAPES 114
UNIT III
FORCES WITHIN 142
5 PLATE TECTONICS: A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
UNFOLDS 142
6 RESTLESS EARTH: EARTHQUAKES AND MOUNTAIN
BUILDING 172
7 VOLCANOES AND OTHER IGNEOUS ACTIVITY 210
UNIT IV
DECIPHERING EARTH S
HISTORY 248
8 GEOLOGIC TIME 248
UNIT VI
EARTH S DYNAMIC
ATMOSPHERE 328
HEATING THE ATMOSPHERE 328
MOISTURE, CLOUDS, AND PRECIPITATION 360
THE ATMOSPHERE IN MOTION 394
WEATHER PATTERNS AND SEVERE WEATHER 416
UNIT VII
EARTH S PLACE IN THE
UNIVERSE 444
THE NATURE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 444
BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM 482
APPENDIX A
METRIC AND ENGLISH UNITS COMPARED 504
APPENDIX B
RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND DEW-POINT TABLES 505
APPENDIX C
STELLAR PROPERTIES 507
GLOSSARY 510
INDEX 521
UNITV
THE GLOBAL OCEAN 272
9 OCEANS: THE LAST FRONTIER 272
10 THE RESTLESS OCEAN 298
CONTENTS
PREFACE XXI
WALKTHROUGH XXIV
INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE 2
1.1 WHAT IS EARTH SCIENCE 4
GEOLOGY 4
OCEANOGRAPHY 4
METEOROLOGY 5
ASTRONOMY 5
SCALES OF SPACE AND TIME IN EARTH SCIENCE 6
1.2 EARTH S SPHERES 8
HYDROSPHERE 8
ATMOSPHERE 9
BIOSPHERE 10
GEOSPHERE 11
1.3 EARTH AS A SYSTEM 12
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE 13
THE EARTH SYSTEM 13
THE PARTS ARE LINKED 13
TIME AND SPACE SCALES 13
ENERGY FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM 14
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH SYSTEM 14
1.4 RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 14
RESOURCES 15
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 16
1.5 THE NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY 17
HYPOTHESIS 17
THEORY 18
SCIENTIFIC METHODS 18
EARTH MATERIALS 22
MATTER AND MINERALS 22
1.1 MINERALS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS 24
DEFINING A MINERAL 24
WHAT IS A ROCK? 25
1.2 ATOMS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF MINERALS 26
PROPERTIES OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS
ELEMENTS: DEFINED BY THEIR NUMBER OF PROTONS
1.3 WHY ATOMS BOND 28
THE OCTET RULE AND CHEMICAL BONDS 28
IONIC BONDS: ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED 28
COVALENT BONDS: ELECTRON SHARING 29
METALLIC BONDS: ELECTRONS FREE TO MOVE 29
1.4 PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 30
OPTICAL PROPERTIES 30
LUSTER 30
COLOR 30
STREAK 30
ABILITY TO TRANSMIT LIGHT 30
CRYSTAL SHAPE, OR HABIT 31
MINERAL STRENGTH 31
HARDNESS 31
CLEAVAGE 32
FRACTURE 32
TENACITY 32
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY 33
OTHER PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 33
26
26
1.5 MINERAL GROUPS 34
SILICATE MINERALS 35
COMMON LIGHT SILICATE MINERALS 35
COMMON DARK SILICATE MINERALS 37
IMPORTANT NONSILICATE MINERALS 38
ROCKS: MATERIALS OF THE SOLID EARTH 44
2.1 EARTH AS A SYSTEM: THE ROCK CYCLE 46
THE BASIC CYCLE 46
ALTERNATIVE PATHS 46
2.2 IGNEOUS ROCKS: FORMED BY FIRE 48
FROM MAGMA TO CRYSTALLINE ROCK 48
IGNEOUS COMPOSITIONS 49
GRANITIC (FELSIC) VERSUS BASALTIC (MAFIC)
COMPOSITIONS 49
OTHER COMPOSITIONAL GROUPS 50
WHAT CAN IGNEOUS TEXTURES TELL US? 50
FINE-GRAINED TEXTURE 51
COARSE-GRAINED TEXTURE 51
PORPHYRITIC TEXTURE 51
VESICULAR TEXTURE 51
GLASSY TEXTURE 51
PYROCLASTIC (FRAGMENTAL) TEXTURE 51
COMMON IGNEOUS ROCKS 53
GRANITIC (FELSIC) ROCKS 53
ANDESITIC (INTERMEDIATE) ROCKS 54
BASALTIC (MAFIC) ROCKS 54
HOW DIFFERENT IGNEOUS ROCKS FORM 54
BOWEN S REACTION SERIES 54
MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION 55
2.3 WEATHERING OF ROCKS TO FORM SEDIMENT 56
MECHANICAL WEATHERING 56
FROST WEDGING 56
SALT CRYSTAL GROWTH 57
SHEETING 57
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 58
CHEMICAL WEATHERING 58
WATER AND CARBONIC ACID 58
PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING 59
2.4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: COMPACTED AND CEMENTED
SEDIMENT 60
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 61
DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 61
CHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS 62
COAL*AN ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK 64
LITHIFICATION OF SEDIMENT 65
FEATURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 66
2.5 METAMORPHIC ROCKS: NEW ROCK FROM OLD 66
WHAT DRIVES METAMORPHISM? 68
HEAT AS A METAMORPHIC AGENT 68
CONFINING PRESSURE AND DIFFERENTIAL STRESS AS
METAMORPHIC AGENTS 68
CHEMICALLY ACTIVE FLUIDS AS METAMORPHIC
AGENTS 69
METAMORPHIC TEXTURES 69
FOLIATION 69
XTURES 70
COMMON METAMORPHIC ROCKS 70
FOLIATED ROCKS 70
NONFOLIATED ROCKS 71
NAMING METAMORPHIC ROCKS 72
SCULPTING EARTH S
SURFACE 76
LANDSCAPES FASHIONED BY WATER 76
3.1 EARTH S EXTERNAL PROCESSES 78
3.2 MASS WASTING: THE WORK OF GRAVITY 78
MASS WASTING AND LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT 79
THE ROLE OF MASS WASTING 79
SLOPES CHANGE THROUGH TIME 80
CONTROLS AND TRIGGERS OF MASS WASTING 80
THE ROLE OF WATER 80
OVERSTEEPENED SLOPES 81
REMOVAL OF VEGETATION 81
EARTHQUAKES AS TRIGGERS 81
LANDSLIDES WITHOUT TRIGGERS? 81
3.3 THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 81
EARTH S WATER 81
WATER S PATHS 82
STORAGE IN GLACIERS 82
WATER BALANCE 82
.3.4 RUNNING WATER 83
DRAINAGE BASINS 83
RIVER SYSTEMS 84
3.5 STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS 84
FACTORS AFFECTING FLOW VELOCITY 84
GRADIENT 85
CHANNEL SHAPE, SIZE, AND ROUGHNESS 85
DISCHARGE 85
CHANGES FROM UPSTREAM TO DOWNSTREAM 86
3.6 THE WORK OF RUNNING WATER 87
STREAM EROSION 87
TRANSPORTATION OF SEDIMENT BY STREAMS 88
DISSOLVED LOAD 88
SUSPENDED LOAD 88
BED LOAD 88
CAPACITY AND COMPETENCE 88
DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT BY STREAMS 89
3.7 STREAM CHANNELS 89
BEDROCK CHANNELS 89
ALLUVIAL CHANNELS 89
MEANDERING CHANNELS 89
BRAIDED CHANNELS 90
3.8 SHAPING STREAM VALLEYS 92
BASE LEVEL AND STREAM EROSION 92
VALLEY DEEPENING 92
VALLEY WIDENING 93
INCISED MEANDERS AND STREAM TERRACES 93
3.9 DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS 94
DELTAS 94
NATURAL LEVEES 95
3.10 FLOODS AND FLOOD CONTROL 96
CAUSES OF FLOODS 96
FLOOD CONTROL 97
ARTIFICIAL LEVEES 97
FLOOD-CONTROL DAMS 97
CHANNELIZATION 97
A NONSTRUCTURAL APPROACH 98
3.11 GROUNDWATER: WATER BENEATH THE SURFACE 98
THE IMPORTANCE OF GROUNDWATER 98
GROUNDWATER S GEOLOGIC ROLES 99
DISTRIBUTION OF GROUNDWATER 99
UNDERGROUND ZONES 99
WATER TABLE 99
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE STORAGE AND MOVEMENT
OF GROUNDWATER 100
POROSITY 100
PERMEABILITY 100
AQUITARDS AND AQUIFERS 100
GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT 100
3.12 SPRINGS, WELLS, AND ARTESIAN SYSTEMS 101
SPRINGS 101
WELLS 101
ARTESIAN SYSTEMS 102
3.13 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF GROUNDWATER 103
TREATING GROUNDWATER AS A NONRENEWABLE
RESOURCE 103
LAND SUBSIDENCE CAUSED BY GROUNDWATER
WITHDRAWAL 104
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 105
3.14 THE GEOLOGIC WORK OF GROUNDWATER 106
CAVERNS 106
KARST TOPOGRAPHY 107
SINKHOLES 108
TOWER KARST LANDSCAPES 109
GLACIAL AND ARID LANDSCAPES 114
4.1 GLACIERS AND THE EARTH SYSTEM 116
VALLEY (ALPINE) GLACIERS 116
ICE SHEETS 116
ICE AGE ICE SHEETS 117
GREENLAND AND ANTARCTICA 117
ICE SHELVES 118
OTHER TYPES OF GLACIERS 118
4.2 HOW GLACIERS MOVE 119
OBSERVING AND MEASURING MOVEMENT 119
BUDGET OF A GLACIER: ACCUMULATION VERSUS
WASTAGE 120
GLACIAL ZONES 120
GLACIAL BUDGET 120
GLACIERS IN RETREAT: UNBALANCED GLACIAL BUDGETS 120
4.3 GLACIAL EROSION 121
HOW GLACIERS ERODE 121
LANDFORMS CREATED BY GLACIAL EROSION 122
GLACIATED VALLEYS 122
CIRQUES 122
ARETES AND HORNS 123
FIORDS 124
4.4 GLACIAL DEPOSITS 124
TYPES OF GLACIAL DRIFT 124
MORAINES, OUTWASH PLAINS, AND KETTLES 125
LATERAL AND MEDIAL MORAINES 125
END MORAINES AND GROUND MORAINES 126
OUTWASH PLAINS AND VALLEY TRAINS 127
KETTLES 127
DRUMLINS, ESKERS, AND KAMES 127
DRUMLINS 127
ESKERS AND KAMES 127
4.5 OTHER EFFECTS OF ICE AGE GLACIERS 128
4.6 EXTENT OF ICE AGE GLACIATION 130
4.7 DESERTS 131
DISTRIBUTION AND CAUSES OF DRY LANDS 131
THE ROLE OF WATER IN ARID CLIMATES 132
4.8 BASIN AND RANGE: THE EVOLUTION OF A MOUNTAINOUS
DESERT LANDSCAPE 133
4.9 THE WORK OF WIND 135
WIND EROSION 135
DEFLATION, BLOWOUTS, AND DESERT PAVEMENT 135
WIND ABRASION 136
WIND DEPOSITS 137
LOESS 137
SAND DUNES 137
FORCES
WITHIN
142
I
PLATE TECTONICS: A SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION UNFOLDS 142
5.1 FROM CONTINENTAL DRIFT TO PLATE TECTONICS 144
5.2 CONTINENTAL DRIFT: AN IDEA BEFORE ITS TIME 145
EVIDENCE: THE CONTINENTAL JIGSAW PUZZLE 145
EVIDENCE: FOSSILS MATCHING ACROSS THE SEAS 146
MESOSAURUS 146
GLOSSOPTERIS 146
EVIDENCE: ROCK TYPES AND GEOLOGIC FEATURES 147
EVIDENCE: ANCIENT CLIMATES 147
THE GREAT DEBATE 148
5.3 THE THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS 149
RIGID LITHOSPHERE OVERLIES WEAK ASTHENOSPHERE 149
EARTH S MAJOR PLATES 150
PLATE MOVEMENT 150
5.4 DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES AND SEAFLOOR
SPREADING 151
OCEANIC RIDGES AND SEAFLOOR SPREADING 152
CONTINENTAL RIFTING 153
5.5 CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES AND SUBDUCTION 154
OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE 155
OCEANIC-OCEANIC CONVERGENCE 156
CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE 157
5.6 TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES 158
5.7 HOW DO PLATES AND PLATE BOUNDARIES CHANGE? 160
THE BREAKUP OF PANGAEA 160
PLATE TECTONICS IN THE FUTURE 161
5.8 TESTING THE PLATE TECTONICS MODEL 162
EVIDENCE: OCEAN DRILLING 162
EVIDENCE: MANTLE PLUMES AND HOT SPOTS 163
EVIDENCE: PALEOMAGNETISM 164
APPARENT POLAR WANDERING 164
MAGNETIC REVERSALS AND SEAFLOOR SPREADING 165
5.9 WHAT DRIVES PLATE MOTIONS? 167
FORCES THAT DRIVE PLATE MOTION 167
MODELS OF PLATE-MANTLE CONVECTION 167
WHOLE-MANTLE CONVECTION 168
LAYER CAKE MODEL 168
RESTLESS EARTH: EARTHQUAKES AND
MOUNTAIN BUILDING 172
6.1 WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE? 174
DISCOVERING THE CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES 174
FAULTS AND LARGE EARTHQUAKES 176
CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES 176
TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARIES 176
FAULT RUPTURE AND PROPAGATION 176
6.2 SEISMOLOGY: THE STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE WAVES 177
INSTRUMENTS THAT RECORD EARTHQUAKES 178
SEISMIC WAVES 178
BODY WAVES 178
SURFACE WAVES 178
COMPARING THE SPEED AND SIZE OF SEISMIC WAVES 179
6.3 WHERE DO MOST EARTHQUAKES OCCUR? 180
EARTHQUAKES ASSOCIATED WITH PLATE BOUNDARIES 180
DAMAGING EARTHQUAKES EAST OF THE ROCKIES 180
LOCATING THE SOURCE OF AN EARTHQUAKE 181
6.4 DETERMINING THE SIZE OF AN EARTHQUAKE 183
INTENSITY SCALES 183
MAGNITUDE SCALES 184
RICHTER MAGNITUDE 184
MOMENT MAGNITUDE 185
6.5 EARTHQUAKE DESTRUCTION 186
DESTRUCTION FROM SEISMIC VIBRATIONS 186
AMPLIFICATION OF SEISMIC WAVES 187
LIQUEFACTION 187
LANDSLIDES AND GROUND SUBSIDENCE 188
FIRE 188
TSUNAMIS 188
TSUNAMI DAMAGE FROM THE 2004 INDONESIA
EARTHQUAKE 189
JAPAN TSUNAMI 189
TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM 190
6.6 EARTH S INTERIOR 191
PROBING EARTH S INTERIOR: SEEING SEISMIC WAVES 191
EARTH S LAYERED STRUCTURE 191
EARTH S CRUST 192
EARTH S MANTLE 192
INNER AND OUTER CORE 193
6.7 ROCK DEFORMATION 193
WHY ROCKS DEFORM 193
TYPES OF ROCK DEFORMATION 194
6.8 FOLDS: STRUCTURES FORMED BY DUCTILE
DEFORMATION 194
ANTICLINES AND SYNCLINES 194
DOMES AND BASINS 194
MONOCLINES .195
6.9 FAULTS AND JOINTS: STRUCTURES FORMED BY BRITTLE
DEFORMATION 196
DIP-SLIP FAULTS 196
NORMAL FAULTS 197
FAULT-BLOCK MOUNTAINS 197
REVERSE AND THRUST FAULTS 197
STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS 198
JOINTS 198
6.10 MOUNTAIN BUILDING 199
6.11 SUBDUCTION AND MOUNTAIN BUILDING 200
ISLAND ARC-TYPE MOUNTAIN BUILDING 200
ANDEAN-TYPE MOUNTAIN BUILDING 200
SIERRA NEVADA AND COAST RANGES 201
6.12 COLLISIONAL MOUNTAIN BELTS 201
CORDILLERAN-TYPE MOUNTAIN BUILDING 201
THE NATURE OF TERRANES 201
ACCRETION AND OROGENESIS 202
THE NORTH AMERICAN CORDILLERA 202
ALPINE-TYPE MOUNTAIN BUILDING: CONTINENTAL
COLLISIONS 202
THE HIMALAYAS 203
THE APPALACHIANS 203
VOLCANOES AND OTHER
IGNEOUS ACTIVITY 210
7.1 MOUNT ST. HELENS VERSUS KILAUEA 212
7.2 THE NATURE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 213
MAGMA: SOURCE MATERIAL FOR VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS 213
COMPOSITION OF MAGMA 213
WHERE IS MAGMA GENERATED? 214
QUIESCENT VERSUS EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS 214
FACTORS AFFECTING VISCOSITY 214
ROLE OF GASES 214
QUIESCENT HAWAIIAN-TYPE ERUPTIONS 215
HOW EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS ARE TRIGGERED 215
7.3 MATERIALS EXTRUDED DURING AN ERUPTION 217
LAVA FLOWS 217
AA AND PAHOEHOE FLOWS 217
PILLOW LAVAS 218
GASES 218
PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS 219
7.4 ANATOMY OF A VOLCANO 220
7.5 SHIELD VOLCANOES 221
MAUNA LOA: EARTH S LARGEST SHIELD VOLCANO 221
KILAUEA: HAWAII S MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO 223
7.6 CINDER CONES 223
PARICUTIN: LIFE OF A GARDEN-VARIETY CINDER
CONE 225
7.7 COMPOSITE VOLCANOES 225
7.8 VOLCANIC HAZARDS 226
PYROCLASTIC FLOW: A DEADLY FORCE OF NATURE 227
DRIVEN BY GRAVITY 227
THE DESTRUCTION OF ST. PIERRE 227
LAHARS: MUDFLOWS ON ACTIVE AND INACTIVE
CONES 228
OTHER VOLCANIC HAZARDS 228
VOLCANO-RELATED TSUNAMIS 228
VOLCANIC ASH AND AVIATION 228
VOLCANIC GASES AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH 228
EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ASH AND GASES ON WEATHER
AND CLIMATE 229
7.9 OTHER VOLCANIC LANDFORMS 229
CALDERAS 229
CRATER LAKE-TYPE CALDERAS 230
HAWAIIAN-TYPE CALDERAS 230
YELLOWSTONE-TYPE CALDERAS 230
FISSURE ERUPTIONS AND BASALT PLATEAUS 231
VOLCANIC NECKS 233
7.10 INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ACTIVITY 233
NATURE OF INTRUSIVE BODIES 233
TABULAR INTRUSIVE BODIES: DIKES AND SILLS 233
DIKES AND SILLS 233
COLUMNAR JOINTING 234
MASSIVE PLUTONS: BATHOLITHS, STOCKS, AND
LACCOLITHS 235
BATHOLITHS AND STOCKS 235
LACCOLITHS 236
7.11 ORIGIN OF MAGMA 236
PARTIAL MELTING 236
GENERATING MAGMA FROM SOLID ROCK 236
DECREASE IN PRESSURE: DECOMPRESSION MELTING 237
ADDITION OF WATER 237
TEMPERATURE INCREASE; MELTING CRUSTAL ROCKS 238
7.12 PLATE TECTONICS AND VOLCANISM 238
VOLCANISM AT DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES 239
VOLCANISM AT CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES 239
INTRAPLATE VOLCANISM 242
DECIPHERING EARTH S
HISTORY 248
8
GEOLOGIC TIME 248
8.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF GEOLOGY 250
CATASTROPHISM 250
THE BIRTH OF MODERN GEOLOGY 250
GEOLOGY TODAY 251
8.2 CREATING A TIME SCALE*RELATIVE DATING
PRINCIPLES 251
NUMERICAL AND RELATIVE DATES 252
NUMERICAL DATES 252
RELATIVE DATES 252
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION 252
PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY 253
PRINCIPLE OF LATERAL CONTINUITY 253
PRINCIPLE OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIPS 253
PRINCIPLE OF INCLUSIONS 254
UNCONFORMITIES 254
ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY 254
DISCONFORMITY 255
NONCONFORMITY 256
UNCONFORMITIES IN THE GRAND CANYON 256
APPLYING RELATIVE DATING PRINCIPLES 257
8.3 FOSSILS: EVIDENCE OF PAST LIFE 258
TYPES OF FOSSILS 258
PERMINERALIZATION 258
MOLDS AND CASTS 258
CARBONIZATION AND IMPRESSIONS 258
AMBER 259
TRACE FOSSILS 259
CONDITIONS FAVORING PRESERVATION 259
8.4 CORRELATION OF ROCK LAYERS 259
CORRELATION WITHIN LIMITED AREAS 259
FOSSILS AND CORRELATION 259
PRINCIPLE OF FOSSIL SUCCESSION 261
INDEX FOSSILS AND FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGES 261
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS 261
8.5 DETERMINING NUMERICAL DATES WITH
RADIOACTIVITY 262
REVIEWING BASIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE 262
RADIOACTIVITY 262
COMMON EXAMPLES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY 262
RADIOMETRIC DATING 263
HALF-LIFE 263
USING VARIOUS ISOTOPES 264
A COMPLEX PROCESS 264
EARTH S OLDEST ROCKS 264
DATING WITH CARBON-14 264
8.6 THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 265
STRUCTURE OF THE TIME SCALE 265
PRECAMBRIAN TIME 266
TERMINOLOGY AND THE GEOLOGIC TIME
SCALE 267
8.7 DETERMINING NUMERICAL DATES FOR
SEDIMENTARY STRATA 267
THE GLOBAL
OCEAN 272
OCEANS: THE LAST FRONTIER 272
9.1 THE VAST WORLD OCEAN 274
GEOGRAPHY OF THE OCEANS 274
COMPARING THE OCEANS TO THE CONTINENTS 275
9.2 COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER 275
SALINITY 275
SOURCES OF SEA SALTS 276
PROCESSES AFFECTING SEAWATER SALINITY 276
9.3 VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY
WITH DEPTH 278
TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS 278
DENSITY VARIATIONS 278
FACTORS AFFECTING SEAWATER DENSITY 279
DENSITY VARIATION WITH DEPTH 279
OCEAN LAYERING 279
9.4 AN EMERGING PICTURE OF THE OCEAN FLOOR 280
MAPPING THE SEAFLOOR 280
MODERN BATHYMETRIC TECHNIQUES 280
MAPPING THE OCEAN FLOOR FROM SPACE 282
PROVINCES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR 284
9.5 CONTINENTAL MARGINS 285
PASSIVE CONTINENTAL MARGINS 285
CONTINENTAL SHELF 285
CONTINENTAL SLOPE 286
CONTINENTAL RISE 286
SUBMARINE CANYONS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS 286
ACTIVE CONTINENTAL MARGINS 287
9.6 FEATURES OF DEEP-OCEAN BASINS 288
DEEP-OCEAN TRENCHES 288
ABYSSAL PLAINS 288
VOLCANIC STRUCTURES ON THE OCEAN FLOOR 288
SEAMOUNTS AND VOLCANIC ISLANDS 288
GUYOTS 289
OCEANIC PLATEAUS 289
9.7 THE OCEANIC RIDGE SYSTEM 289
ANATOMY OF THE OCEANIC RIDGE SYSTEM 289
WHY IS THE OCEANIC RIDGE ELEVATED? 290
9.8 SEAFLOOR SEDIMENTS 291
TYPES OF SEAFLOOR SEDIMENTS 291
TERRIGENOUS SEDIMENT 291
BIOGENOUS SEDIMENT 291
HYDROGENOUS SEDIMENT 292
SEAFLOOR SEDIMENT*A STOREHOUSE OF CLIMATE DATA 292
10
THE RESTLESS OCEAN 298
10.1 THE OCEAN S SURFACE CIRCULATION 300
THE PATTERN OF OCEAN CURRENTS 300
CORIOLIS EFFECT 300
NORTH PACIFIC CURRENTS 300
NORTH ATLANTIC CURRENTS 300
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE CURRENTS 301
INDIAN OCEAN CURRENTS 301
OCEAN CURRENTS INFLUENCE CLIMATE 302
THE EFFECT OF WARM CURRENTS 302
COLD CURRENTS CHILL THE AIR 302
COLD CURRENTS INCREASE ARIDITY 302
10.2 UPWELLING AND DEEP-OCEAN CIRCULATION 303
COASTAL UPWELLING 303
DEEP-OCEAN CIRCULATION 303
10.3 THE SHORELINE 305
A DYNAMIC INTERFACE 305
OCEAN WAVES 306
WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 306
CIRCULAR ORBITAL MOTION 306
WAVES IN THE SURF ZONE 307
10.4 BEACHES AND SHORELINE PROCESSES 308
WAVE EROSION 308
SAND MOVEMENT ON THE BEACH 309
MOVEMENT PERPENDICULAR TO THE SHORELINE 310
WAVE REFRACTION 310
LONGSHORE TRANSPORT 310
10.5 SHORELINE FEATURES 311
EROSIONAL FEATURES 311
WAVE-CUT CLIFFS, WAVE-CUT PLATFORMS, AND MARINE
TERRACES 311
SEA ARCHES AND SEA STACKS 312
DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES 312
SPITS, BARS, AND TOMBOLOS 313
BARRIER ISLANDS 313
THE EVOLVING SHORE 314
10.6 CONTRASTING AMERICA S COASTS 315
COASTAL CLASSIFICATION 315
EMERGENT COASTS 315
SUBMERGE/IT COASTS 315
ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS 316
PACIFIC COAST 316
10.7 STABILIZING THE SHORE 317
HARD STABILIZATION 318
GROINS 318
BREAKWATERS AND SEAWALLS 318
ALTERNATIVES TO HARD STABILIZATION 319
BEACH NOURISHMENT 319
CHANGING LAND USE 320
10.8 TIDES 320
CAUSES OF TIDES 320
MONTHLY TIDAL CYCLE 321
TIDAL PATTERNS 322
TIDAL CURRENTS 322
EARTH S DYNAMIC
ATMOSPHERE
11
HEATING THE ATMOSPHERE 328
11.1 FOCUS ON THE ATMOSPHERE 330
WEATHER IN THE UNITED STATES 330
WEATHER AND CLIMATE 330
11.2 COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE 332
MAJOR COMPONENTS 332
CARBON DIOXIDE (C0
2
) 332
VARIABLE COMPONENTS 332
WATER VAPOR 332
AEROSOLS 332
OZONE 333
11.3 VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE 334
PRESSURE CHANGES 334
TEMPERATURE CHANGES 334
TROPOSPHERE 334
STRATOSPHERE 335
MESOSPHERE 335
THERMOSPHERE 335
11.4 EARTH-SUN RELATIONSHIPS 336
EARTH S MOTIONS 336
WHAT CAUSES THE SEASONS? 337
EARTH S ORIENTATION 338
SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES 338
11.5 ENERGY, HEAT, AND TEMPERATURE 340
MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER: CONDUCTION 341
MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER: CONVECTION 341
MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER: RADIATION 341
SOLAR RADIATION 342
LAWS OF RADIATION 342
11.6 HEATING THE ATMOSPHERE 343
WHAT HAPPENS TO INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION? 343
REFLECTION AND SCATTERING 344
ECTION AND EARTH S ALBEDO 344
SCATTERING 344
ABSORPTION 344
HEATING THE ATMOSPHERE: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT 345
11.7 HUMAN IMPACT ON GLOBAL CLIMATE 346
RISING C0
2
LEVELS 346
THE ATMOSPHERE S RESPONSE 346
SOME POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES 347
11.8 FOR THE RECORD: AIR TEMPERATURE DATA 348
11.9 WHY TEMPERATURES VARY: THE CONTROLS OF
TEMPERATURE 350
DIFFERENTIAL HEATING OF LAND AND WATER 350
ALTITUDE 351
GEOGRAPHIC POSITION 352
CLOUD COVER AND ALBEDO 352
WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE 353
12
MOISTURE, CLOUDS, AND
PRECIPITATION 360
12.1 WATER S CHANGES OF STATE 362
ICE, LIQUID WATER, AND WATER VAPOR 362
LATENT HEAT 363
EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION 363
SUBLIMATION AND DEPOSITION 364
12.2 HUMIDITY: WATER VAPOR IN THE AIR 364
SATURATION 364
MIXING RATIO 365
RELATIVE HUMIDITY 365
HOW CHANGES IN MOISTURE AFFECT RELATIVE
HUMIDITY 365
HOW CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AFFECT RELATIVE
HUMIDITY 366
DEW-POINT TEMPERATURE 366
HOW IS HUMIDITY MEASURED? 367
PSYCHROMETERS 367
HYGROMETERS 368
12.3 ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE CHANGES AND CLOUD
FORMATION 369
ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE CHANGES 369
ADIABATIC COOLING AND CONDENSATION 369
DRY ADIABATIC RATE 369
WET ADIABATIC RATE 369
12.4 PROCESSES THAT LIFT AIR 370
OROGRAPHIC LIFTING 370
FRONTAL LIFTING 371
CONVERGENCE 371
LOCALIZED CONVECTIVE LIFTING 371
I THE CRITICAL WEATHERMAKER: ATMOSPHERIC
STABILITY 372
TYPES OF STABILITY 372
ABSOLUTE STABILITY 373
ABSOLUTE INSTABILITY 374
CONDITIONAL INSTABILITY 374
STABILITY AND DAILY WEATHER 375
3 CONDENSATION AND CLOUD FORMATION 376
CONDENSATION NUCLEI AND CLOUD FORMATION 376
CLOUD CLASSIFICATION 376
CLOUD FORMS 376
CLOUD HEIGHTS 376
HIGH CLOUDS 377
MIDDLE CLOUDS 377
LOW CLOUDS 377
CLOUDS OF VERTICAL DEVELOPMENT 379
12.7 TYPES OF FOG 379
FOGS CAUSED BY COOLING 379
RADIATION FOG 379
ADVECTION FOG 380
UPSLOPEFOG 381
EVAPORATION FOGS 381
STEAM FOG 381
FRONTAL (PRECIPITATION) FOG 381
WHERE IS FOG MOST COMMON? 381
12.8 HOW PRECIPITATION FORMS 381
PRECIPITATION FROM COLD CLOUDS: THE BERGERON
PROCESS 382
PRECIPITATION FROM WARM CLOUDS: THE COLLISION-
COALESCENCE PROCESS 383
12.9 FORMS OF PRECIPITATION 384
RAIN, DRIZZLE, AND MIST 384
SNOW 384
SLEET AND FREEZING RAIN (GLAZE) 384
HAIL 386
RIME 387
12.10 MEASURING PRECIPITATION 387
MEASURING SNOWFALL 388
PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT BY WEATHER RADAR 388
13
THE ATMOSPHERE
IN MOTION 394
M
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
UNDERSTANDING AIR PRESSURE 396
VISUALIZING AIR PRESSURE 396
MEASURING AIR PRESSURE 397
FACTORS AFFECTING WIND 398
PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE 398
CORIOLIS EFFECT 399
FRICTION WITH EARTH S SURFACE 400
HIGHS AND LOWS 402
CYCLONIC AND ANTICYCLONIC WINDS 402
WEATHER GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT HIGHS
AND LOWS 402
GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE 404
CIRCULATION ON A NONROTATING EARTH 405
IDEALIZED GLOBAL CIRCULATION 405
INFLUENCE OF CONTINENTS 406
THE WESTERLIES 407
LOCAL WINDS 407
LAND AND SEA BREEZES 407
MOUNTAIN AND VALLEY BREEZES 408
CHINOOK AND SANTA ANA WINDS 408
MEASURING WIND 409
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
OF PRECIPITATION 410
14
WEATHER PATTERNS
AND SEVERE WEATHER 416
14.1 AIR MASSES 418
WHAT IS AN AIR MASS? 418
SOURCE REGIONS 419
WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH AIR
MASSES 419
14.2 FRONTS 421
WARM FRONTS 421
COLD FRONTS 422
STATIONARY FRONTS AND OCCLUDED
FRONTS 423
14.3 MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES 424
IDEALIZED WEATHER OF A MIDLATITUDE
CYCLONE 425
THE ROLE OF AIRFLOW ALOFT 426
14.4 THUNDERSTORMS 427
WHAT S IN A NAME? 427
THUNDERSTORM OCCURRENCE 428
STAGES OF THUNDERSTORM
DEVELOPMENT 428
14.5 TORNADOES 430
TORNADO OCCURRENCE AND
DEVELOPMENT 431
GENERAL ATMOSPHERIC
CONDITIONS 432
TORNADO CLIMATOLOGY 432
PROFILE OF A TORNADO 433
TORNADO DESTRUCTION AND LOSS
OF LIFE 433
TORNADO FORECASTING 434
TORNADO WATCHES AND WARNINGS 434
DOPPLER RADAR 435
14.6 HURRICANES 435
PROFILE OF A HURRICANE 436
HURRICANE FORMATION AND
DECAY 437
HURRICANE FORMATION 437
OTHER TROPICAL STORMS 438
HURRICANE DECAY 438
HURRICANE DESTRUCTION 438
STORM SURGE 438
WIND DAMAGE 439
HEAVY RAINS AND INLAND
FLOODING 440
TRACKING HURRICANES 440
EARTH S PLACE IN THE
UNIVERSE 444
15
THE NATURE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 444
15.1 ANCIENT ASTRONOMY 446
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ASTRONOMY 446
PTOLEMY S MODEL 447
15.2 THE BIRTH OF MODERN ASTRONOMY 449
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 449
TYCHO BRAHE 450
JOHANNES KEPLER 450
GALILEO GALILEI 452
SIR ISAAC NEWTON 454
15.3 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW 455
NEBULAR THEORY: FORMATION OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM 455
THE PLANETS: INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND
ATMOSPHERES 456
INTERIORS OF THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS 457
INTERIORS OF THE JOVIAN PLANETS 458
THE ATMOSPHERES OF THE PLANETS 458
PLANETARY IMPACTS 459
15.4 EARTH S MOON: A CHIP OFF THE OLD BLOCK 460
HOW DID THE MOON FORM? 460
THE LUNAR SURFACE 460
HISTORY OF THE LUNAR SURFACE 461
TODAY S LUNAR SURFACE 462
15.5 TERRESTRIAL PLANETS 462
MERCURY: THE INNERMOST PLANET 462
VENUS: THE VEILED PLANET 463
MARS: THE RED PLANET 464
MARTIAN TOPOGRAPHY 465
VOLCANOES ON MARS 466
WIND EROSION ON MARS 466
WATER ON MARS IN THE PAST 466
DOES LIQUID WATER EXIST ON PRESENT-
DAY MARS? 467
CONTENTS
15.6 JOVIAN PLANETS 467
JUPITER: LORD OF THE HEAVENS 467
JUPITER S MOONS 468
469
SATURN: THE ELEGANT PLANET 469
SATURN S MOONS 470
SATURN S RING SYSTEM 470
URANUS AND NEPTUNE: TWINS 471
URANUS: THE SIDEWAYS PLANET 472
URANUS S MOONS 472
URANUS S RINGS 472
NEPTUNE: THE WINDY PLANET 472
NEPTUNE S MOONS 472
NEPTUNE S RINGS 473
15.7 SMALL SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES 473
ASTEROIDS: LEFTOVER PLANETESIMALS 473
ASTEROID STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION 473
EXPLORING ASTEROIDS 474
COMETS: DIRTY SNOWBALLS 474
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF COMETS ATA
THE REALM OF COMETS: THE KUIPER BELT AND
OORT CLOUD 476
METEORS, METEOROIDS, AND METEORITES 476
METEOR SHOWERS 476
METEORITES: VISITORS TO EARTH 477
TYPES OF METEORITES 477
DWARF PLANETS 478
16
BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM 482
16.1 THE UNIVERSE 484
HOW LARGE IS IT? 484
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE
16.2 CLASSIFYING STARS: HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL
DIAGRAMS (H-R DIAGRAMS) 486
16.3 STELLAR EVOLUTION 488
STELLAR BIRTH 488
PROTOSTAR STAGE 488
MAIN-SEQUENCE STAGE 490
RED GIANT STAGE 490
BURNOUT AND DEATH 490
DEATH OF LOW-MASS STARS 490
DEATH OF INTERMEDIATE-MASS (SUN-LIKE)
STARS 490
DEATH OF MASSIVE STARS 491
16.4 STELLAR REMNANTS 492
WHITE DWARFS 492
NEUTRON STARS 493
BLACK HOLES 493
16.5 GALAXIES AND GALACTIC CLUSTERS 495
TYPES OF GALAXIES 495
SPIRAL GALAXIES 495
ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES 496
IRREGULAR GALAXIES 497
GALACTIC CLUSTERS 497
GALACTIC COLLISIONS 498
16.6 THE BIG BANG THEORY 499
EVIDENCE FOR AN EXPANDING UNIVERSE 499
PREDICTIONS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY 500
WHAT IS THE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE? 500
DARK MATTER 501
DARK ENERGY 501
APPENDIX A
METRIC AND ENGLISH UNITS COMPARED 504
APPENDIX B
RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND DEW-POINT TABLES 505
APPENDIX C
STELLAR PROPERTIES 507
GLOSSARY 510
INDEX 521
485
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lutgens, Frederick K. 1945- Tarbuck, Edward J. 1940- |
| author2 | Tasa, Dennis |
| author2_role | ill |
| author2_variant | d t dt |
| author_GND | (DE-588)139215905 (DE-588)139215824 |
| author_facet | Lutgens, Frederick K. 1945- Tarbuck, Edward J. 1940- Tasa, Dennis |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Lutgens, Frederick K. 1945- |
| author_variant | f k l fk fkl e j t ej ejt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043438386 |
| classification_rvk | RB 10050 TG 1000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)954161425 (DE-599)BVBBV043438386 |
| dewey-full | 550 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 550 - Earth sciences |
| dewey-raw | 550 |
| dewey-search | 550 |
| dewey-sort | 3550 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| edition | Eighth edition |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV043438386 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:25:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0134184815 9780134184814 0134240766 9780134240763 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028855942 |
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| owner_facet | DE-824 DE-29 |
| physical | xxxi, 534 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
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| publisher | Pearson |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | MasteringGeology Always learning |
| spelling | Lutgens, Frederick K. 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)139215905 aut Foundations of earth science Frederick K. Lutgens, Edward J. Tarbuck ; illustrated by Dennis Tasa Eighth edition [Boston] Pearson [2017] xxxi, 534 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier MasteringGeology Always learning Geowissenschaften (DE-588)4020288-4 gnd rswk-swf Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd rswk-swf Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Geowissenschaften (DE-588)4020288-4 s DE-604 Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 s Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 s 1\p DE-604 Tarbuck, Edward J. 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)139215824 aut Tasa, Dennis ill SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028855942&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Lutgens, Frederick K. 1945- Tarbuck, Edward J. 1940- Foundations of earth science Geowissenschaften (DE-588)4020288-4 gnd Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020288-4 (DE-588)4038953-4 (DE-588)4020227-6 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Foundations of earth science |
| title_auth | Foundations of earth science |
| title_exact_search | Foundations of earth science |
| title_full | Foundations of earth science Frederick K. Lutgens, Edward J. Tarbuck ; illustrated by Dennis Tasa |
| title_fullStr | Foundations of earth science Frederick K. Lutgens, Edward J. Tarbuck ; illustrated by Dennis Tasa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Foundations of earth science Frederick K. Lutgens, Edward J. Tarbuck ; illustrated by Dennis Tasa |
| title_short | Foundations of earth science |
| title_sort | foundations of earth science |
| topic | Geowissenschaften (DE-588)4020288-4 gnd Meteorologie (DE-588)4038953-4 gnd Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geowissenschaften Meteorologie Geologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028855942&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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