Contract law: text, cases, and materials
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
[2016]
|
| Ausgabe: | Seventh edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xl, 1057 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780198748397 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS
Ta ble of Cases xxii
Table of Statutes xxxvii
Table of Statutory Instruments xli
Table of Treaties, Conventions, Restatements, and European Legislation xlii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1. The Aims of this Book 1
2. The Scope of the Law of Contract 3
3. Transactions 7
4. European Contract Law 8
5. Transnational Contract Law 10
6. Conflicting Policies 11
PART I FORMATION
2 AGREEMENT: OBJECTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE? 19
1. Introduction 19
2. The Objective Theory Illustrated 22
3. The ‘Snapping Up’ Cases 32
4. The Role of Fault 35
3 OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE 44
1. Introduction 44
(a) General Application 46
(b) The Intention of the Parties 50
(c) The Inter-Related Nature of the Rules 51
(d) The Time at which the Contract was Created 51
(e) Offer and Acceptance and the ‘Will Theory’ of Contract 52
2. Has an Offer Been Made? 54
(a) Advertisements 56
(b) Displays of Goods for Sale in a Shop 63
(c) Tenders 70
(d) Auction Sales 76
xiv ) CONTENTS
3. What Constitutes an Acceptance? 81
(a) Must the Acceptance Coincide Exactly with the Terms of the Offer? 81
(b) Must the Acceptance be Communicated to the Offeror? 98
(c) Prescribed Method of Acceptance 102
(d) Can Silence Amount to Acceptance? 103
(e) The Postal Rule 106
(f) Acceptance in Unilateral Contracts 114
(g) Acceptance in Ignorance of an Offer 115
4. Has the Offer Been Withdrawn or Otherwise Terminated? 117
5. Conclusion 123
4 UNCERTAIN AND INCOMPLETE AGREEMENTS 125
1. Introduction 126
2. Cases in Which it Has Been Held that the Agreement is Too Vague
or Uncertain to be Enforced 134
3. Cases in Which the Courts Have Held the Agreement to be Valid
and Binding 137
(a) Make Use of the Criteria or Machinery that Has Been Agreed by the Parties in Order to Resolve the Uncertainty or to Clarify the Word
or Phrase that is Expressed in Vague Terms 137
(b) The Intervention of Statute 142
(c) Severance 142
(d) Implication of Terms 143
4. Conclusion 144
5 CONSIDERATION AND PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL 146
1. Introduction 147
2. Consideration: Its Scope 148
(a) Consideration Must Be Sufficient 149
(b) The Pre-Existing Duty Rule 159
(c) Past Consideration 201
(d) Consideration Must Move From the Promisee 210
(e) Establishing the Necessary Link 210
3. Estoppel: Its Scope 214
(a) Estoppel: A Brief Definition 215
(b) Two Leading Cases 217
(c) The Ingredients of Promissory Estoppel 221
(d) The Different Types of Estoppel 226
(e) Unifying The Estoppels 228
(f) Locating Estoppels 242
4. The Future of Consideration 247
CONTENTS xv
6 FORMALITIES 257
1. Introduction 257
2. The Reasons for Formal Requirements 259
3. Formal Requirements in English Contract Law 261
(a) Formal Requirements Which are Sufficient to Render the
Promise Binding 261
(b) Formal Requirements Which are Necessary in Order to Render a
Contract Binding 263
4. The Future of Formal Requirements 269
7 INTENTION TO CREATE LEGAL RELATIONS 271
L Introduction 271
2. Domestic Agreements 272
(a) The Scope of the Presumption 276
(b) Rebutting the Presumption 278
(c) The Rationale Behind the Presumption 280
(d) The Relationship With Consideration 281
3. Social Agreements 282
4. Commercial Agreements 285
(a) Rebuttal of the Presumption 287
(b) Did the Parties Intend to Contract? 288
5. The Future of the Doctrine of Intention to Create Legal Relations 289
PART II TERMS
8 THE TERMS OF THE CONTRACT 295
1. Introduction 296
2. Two Preliminary Issues 297
3. Terms and Representations 297
(a) Three Illustrative Cases 299
(b) Drawing the Threads Together 309
4. The Parol Evidence Rule 310
9 INCORPORATION OF TERMS 315
L Introduction 316
2. Incorporation By Signature 316
3. Incorporation By Notice 324
4. Incorporation By Course of Dealing and By Custom 333
xvi I CONTENTS
10 IMPLIED TERMS 340
1. Introduction 341
2. Terms Implied By Statute 341
3. Terms Implied From Usage or Custom 346
4. Terms Implied By the Courts 349
(a) Terms Implied in Fact 349
(b) Terms Implied in Law 357
5. Conclusion 371
11 THE INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACTS 374
1. Introduction 375
2. The Evolution From Literalism Towards Contextualism 375
3. Lord Hoffmanns Re-Statement s 377
4. The Scope of Lord Hoffmann’s Principles 378
(a) Revolutions, Discarding the ‘Old Baggage', and the Role of Precedent 378
(b) The Objective Nature of the Test 381
(c) The ‘Factual Matrix' 381
(d) The Exclusionary Rules 382
(e) The Meaning is Not a Matter of Dictionaries 384
(f) Something has Gone Wrong With the Language 384
5. Future Developments? 389
12 BOILERPLATE CLAUSES 391
1. Introduction 391
2. Boilerplate Clauses and Standard Terms 392
3. Boilerplate Clauses: Some Illustrations 397
(a) General Clause 397
(b) Retention of Title Clauses 397
(c) Price Escalation Clauses 398
(d) Interest 398
(e) Force Majeure Clauses 399
(f) Choice of Law Clauses 401
(g) Arbitration Clauses 402
(h) Jurisdiction Clauses 403
(i) Hardship Clauses 404
(j) Entire Agreement Clauses 404
(k) Termination Clauses 405
(l) Assignment 405
(m) Exclusion and Limitation Clauses 406
CONTENTS xvii
13 EXCLUSION CLAUSES 407
1. Introduction 408
2. Interpretation 410
(a) Excluding Liability in Negligence 413
(b) Fundamental Breach 419
(c) Limitation Clauses 421
(d) Indirect or Consequential Loss 421
3. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 423
4. Two Illustrative Cases 444
5. Conclusion: Defence or Definition? 454
UNFAIR TERMS IN CONSUMER CONTRACTS 458
1. Introduction 459
2. Part 2 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 460
3. Enforcement 481
GOOD FAITH 486
L Introduction 486
2. Walford v. Miles 488
3. Good Faith: The Negative View 494
4. Good Faith: The Neutral View 496
5. Good Faith: The Positive View 498
6. Good Faith in the Performance of a Contract? 502
PART III SETTING THE CONTRACT ASIDE
16 MISTAKE 513
1. Introduction 514
2. Mistake: The Difficulties 515
3. Mistakes and Formation 517
(a) Knowledge of a Mistake as to the Terms of the Contract 517
(b) Latent Ambiguity 518
(c) Mistake as to Identity 519
4. Common Mistake 532
5. Mistake in Equity 548
6. Reform? 555
7. Rectification 557
8. Non Est Factum
563
xviii j CONTENTS
17
18
19
0
MISREPRESENTATION 569
L Introduction 570
2. What is a Misrepresentation? 571
(a) Statements of Opinion 574
(b) Statements of Intention and Inducement 576
(c) Statements Made by Conduct 579
3. Duty of Disclosure 582
4. Rescission 587
(a) What is Rescission and When is it Available? 587
(b) Loss of the Right to Rescind 593
5. Damages 598
(a) Section 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 599
(b) Common Law Negligence 608
(c) Deceit § 608
(d) Section 2(2) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 610
(e) Rescission and an ‘Indemnity5 613
6. Exclusion of Liability for Misrepresentation 614
DURESS 617
L Introduction 618
2. Duress of the Person 619
3. Duress of Goods 624
4. Economic Duress 626
5. Conclusion 641
(a) Lack of Consent 642
(b) Illegitimacy 646
UNDUE INFLUENCE 649
L Introduction 650
2. Three-Party Cases 653
3. Two Leading Cases 654
4. The Post-Etridge Cases 669
UNCONSCIONABILITY AND INEQUALITY OF BARGAINING POWER 675
1. Introduction 675
2. Unfairness in the Cases 677
3. The Role of Statutes 681
CONTENTS xix
4. A General Principle? 682
5. The Search for Coherence 684
21 FRUSTRATION AND FORCE MAJEURE 692
L Introduction 693
2. Construction of the Contract 703
3. Foreseeable Events 705
4. Self-Induced Frustration 708
5. Frustrating Events 715
(a) Impossibility 715
(b) Illegality 715
(c) Frustration of Purpose 716
6. The Effects of Frustration 722
7. The Basis of Frustration 736
PART IV REMEDIES FOR BREACH
22 BREACH OF CONTRACT AND TERMINATION 747
L Introduction 748
2. What is a Breach of Contract? 748
3. The Existence of a Right to Terminate 751
(a) Breach of a Condition 752
(b) Breach of a Warranty 767
(c) Breach of an Intermediate Term 768
(d) Making the Choice 774
(e) Termination Clauses 783
(f) The Relevance of Good Faith 788
(g) Some Comparative Reflections 789
4. Election 791
5. Loss of the Right to Terminate 792
6. Anticipatory Breach 794
23 DAMAGES 806
1. Introduction 807
2. Damages: The Different Measures 807
3. The Performance Interest 817
4. The Reliance Interest 840
XX I CONTENTS
5. The Restitution Interest 848
6. Non-Pecuniary Losses 849
7. The Date of Assessment 860
8. Limiting the Protection of the Performance Interest 862
(a) Remoteness 862
(b) Mitigation 889
(c) Contributory Negligence 891
9. Account of Profits 896
10. Punitive Damages 905
11. Agreed Damages Clauses 907
12. Deposits and Part Payments 914
24 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE ' 919
1. What is Specific Performance? 919
2. Specific Performance and the Adequacy of Damages 920
3. The Range of Factors to Which the Courts Will Have Regard 923
(a) Personal Service Contracts 924
(b) Mutuality 926
(c) Undue Hardship 927
4. Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v. Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd 929
5. Injunctions 940
6. Future Directions 941
PART V THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
25 THIRD PARTIES 947
1. Introduction 948
2. Contract Structures 949
3. Third Parties and the Acquisition of Contractual Rights 951
(a) The General Rule at Common Law: Third Parties Have
No Right of Action 952
(b) The Rights of the Promisee 958
(c) The Exceptions to Privity 977
(d) Third Parties, Exclusion Clauses, and Exclusive lurisdiction Clauses 986
(e) The Case For Reform 1000
(f) Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 1007
CONTENTS I xxi
4. Third Parties and the Imposition of Liabilities 1025
5. Conclusion 1029
Additional Chapters on the Online Resource Centre 1033
Incapacity 1033
Illegality 1033
Index 1035 |
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