The regulation of international trade: Volume 1 GATT
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England
MIT Press
[2016]
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| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxx, 613 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780262029841 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was
created alongside other towering achievements of the
post-World War II era, including the United Nations, the
World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund.
GATT, the first successful agreement to generate multi-
lateral trade liberalization, became the principal
institution to administer international trade for the next
six decades. In this book, Petros Mavroidis offers detailed
examination of the GATT regime for international trade,
discussing the negotiating record, policy background,
economic rationale, and case law.
Mavroidis offers a substantive first chapter that provides
a detailed historical background to GATT that stretches
from the 1927 World Economic Conference through
Bretton Woods and the Atlantic Charter. Each of the
following chapters examines the disciplines agreed to,
their negotiating record, their economic rationale, and
subsequent practice. Mavroidis focuses on cases that
have influenced the prevailing understanding of the norm,
as well as on literature that has contributed to its
interpretation, and the final outcome. In particular, he
examines quantitative restrictions and tariffs; the most
favored nation clause (MFN), the cornerstone of the
GATT edifice; preferential trade agreements and special
treatment for products originating in developing countries;
domestic instruments; and exceptions to the obligations
assumed under GATT. This book s companion volume
examines World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements
regulating trade in goods.
Contents
Preface xxv
Introduction xxvii
1 From GATT to the WTO 1
1.1 Establishing a Multilateral Trade Order 1
1.1.1 From Drudgery to Excitement 1
1.1.2 Attempts to Liberalize Trade at the Multilateral Level 2
1.1.2.1 The 1927 World Economic Conference: Not Suitable 2
LI.2.2 The 1933 World Economic Conference: Prewar Pilots 4
1.1.2.3 World Trade before Bretton Woods 6
1.1.3 Bretton Woods and Trade 7
1.1.4 Follow-up to Bretton Woods 7
1.1.4.1 Hull and Nondiscriminatory Trade 7
1.1.4.2 The Other Side of the Pond: Meade and the International Commercial Union 9
1.1.4.3 Bilateral Attempts to Tame Imperial Preferences: Keynes Enraged 10
1.1.4.4 The A tlantic Charter 11
1.1.5 Onto the World Scene 12
1.1.5.1 From the Atlantic Charter to the “Suggested Charter ” 12
1.1.5.2 US Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 14
1.1.5.3 The List of Invitees 14
1.1.5.4 “We Need to Act before the Vested Interests Get Their Vests On” 15
1.1.6 The Negotiation of GATT 16
1.1.7 Entry into Force 18
1.1.8 Property Rights on GATT 19
1.1.9 The People Who Made GATT Happen 20
Contents
1.2 Why GATT? 20
1.2.1 What Did Negotiators Have in Mind? 20
1.2.2 Economic Theory 23
1.2.2.1 Gains from Liberalization 23
1.2.2.2 No Gain without Pain: The Case for Trade Agreements 26
1.2.3 Economics Meets the Negotiating Record 34
1.3 The (Trans-)Formative Years: GATT in the GATT Era 36
1.3.1 Flexibility Required: Grandfathering and the Existing Legislation Clause 36
1.3.2 The GATT Recipe for Trade Liberalization 37
1.3.2.1 Tariffs and ... Supporting Act 40
1.3.2.2 Embedded Liberalism 41
1.3.3 Becoming an Institution 42
1.3.3.1 Goodbye, ITO 42
1.3.3.2 Functional Institutionalism a la GATT 43
1.3.4 The GATT Rounds of Trade Liberalization 49
1.3.4.1 Bringing Tariffs Down 49
1.3.4.2 Adding to the Legislative Framework 52
1.3.5 The Transformations of GATT 57
1.3.6 A Brief Appraisal of the GATT Record 57
1.3.7 A Few Good Men 59
1.3.8 A Gentlemen’s Club 60
1.4 Regulation of Trade in Goods in the WTO Era 60
1.4.1 The “Old” and the “New” GATT: GATT 1947, GATT 1994 61
1.4.2 The Relationship between GATT and the Other Annex 1A Agreements 63
1.4.3 The Plurilateral Agreements 64
1.4.4 Single Undertaking Versus “Clubs” 65
1.4.5 The Protocols of Accession 67
1.4.6 The WTO Organs Administering Agreements on Trade in Goods 69
2 Quantitative Restrictions 73
2.1 The Legal Discipline and Its Rationale 73
2.1.1 The Legal Discipline 73
Contents
ix
2.1.2 The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 73
2.1.3 Discussion 73
2.1.3.1 Negotiating History 73
2.1.3.2 The Economics of QRs 75
2.2 Coverage of the Legal Discipline 76
2.2.1 General Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions 76
2.2.2 Quotas 78
2.2.3 Import and Export Licenses 79
2.2.3.1 Import Licensing 79
2.2.3.2 Export Licensing 81
2.2.4 Other Measures 82
2.2.4.1 De Facto Export Quotas 82
2.2.4.2 Minimum Import Prices 83
2.2.4.3 Minimum Export Prices 84
2.2.4.4 Trade Balancing Condition 84
2.2.4.5 Local Content 84
2.2.4.6 Irrevocable Capital Contribution (Investment) 85
2.2.4.7 Prohibition to Repatriate Profits 85
2.2.4.8 Trading Rights in China 85
2.2.5 Measures Not Covered 86
2.2.5.1 Customs Duties and Charges 87
2.2.5.2 Export Taxes 87
2.2.5.3 Production Quotas 89
2.2.5.4 Tariff Quotas 90
2.2.5.5 Trade in Textiles 91
2.2.6 Attributing QRs to WTO Members 91
2.2.6.1 No Need to Coerce 91
2.2.6.2 Export Cartels 92
2.2.7 Standard of Review 94
2.2.7.1 The Issue 94
2.2.7.2 The Origin of the Problem 95
2.2.7.3 Breaking with the Past? 96
2.2.8 The Relationship with Article III of GATT 99
2.2.9 The Relationship with Article VIII of GATT 100
X
Contents
2.3 Exceptions 100
2.3.1 Critical Shortages 100
2.3.1.1 Essential Products 101
2.3.1.2 Foodstuff or “Other Products 101
2.3.1.3 Temporarily Applied 102
2.3.1.4 Burden of Proof 102
2.3.2 Standards for Classification, Grading, or Marketing of Commodities 104
2.3.2.1 Key Terms 104
2.3.2.2 Burden of Proof 104
2.3.3 QRs Necessary for Enforcing Governmental Measures 105
2.3.3.1 The Test 105
2.3.3.2 The Rationale 105
2.3.3.3 What Is a Governmental Measure? 106
2.3.3.4 Product Coverage 108
2.3.3.5 Restrictions on Like or Substitutable Domestic Goods 108
2.3.3.6 Temporary Surplus 110
2.3.3.1 Compensation 111
2.3.3.8 Public Notice 111
2.3.3.9 Burden of Proof 111
2.3.4 Balance of Payments (Articles XII and XVIII of GATT) 111
2.3.4.1 The Rationale 111
2.3.4.2 Procedural and Institutional Issues 112
2.3.4.3 A Typology of Measures Adopted 113
2.3.4.4 Invocations 114
2.3.4.5 Dispute Settlement and Internal and External Institutional Balance 115
2.3.4.6 Burden of Proof 120
2.3.5 Exchange Restrictions 121
2.3.5.1 Global Coherence 121
2.3.5.2 Currency Manipulations 122
2.3.5.3 Dispute Settlement 124
2.3.5.4 Burden of Proof 125
2.3.6 Infant Industry Protection 125
2.3.6.1 The Rationale 125
2.3.6.2 Dispute Settlement 125
2.3.6.3 Burden of Proof 126
Contents
xi
2.3.7 General Exceptions (Article XX of GATT) 126
2.3.8 National Security (Article XXI of GATT) 126
2.3.9 Safeguards (Article XIX of GATT) 126
2.3.10 Can QRs Be Permissible in Order to Avoid Dumping? 126
2.4 Applying QRs 127
2.4.1 Nondiscrimination, in Principle 127
2.4.2 Nondiscrimination, in Practice 128
2A.2.1 Global Quotas 128
2.4.2.2 Origin-Specific Quotas: Historical Shares 128
2.4.2.3 Licenses/Permits without Quotas 129
2.4.3 Discriminatory QRs 130
2.4.4 Import Licensing in the WTO Era 130
2.5 Institutional Issues 130
2.5.1 The Committee on Market Access 130
2.5.2 Transparency 130
2.6 Concluding Remarks 131
3 Tariffs 133
3.1 The Legal Discipline and Its Rationale 133
3.1.1 The Legal Discipline 133
3.1.2 The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 133
3.1.3 Discussion 134
3.1.3.1 The First Tariff Negotiations 134
3.1.3.2 The Economics of Tariffs 135
3.1.3.3 The Rationale for Tariffs 135
3.1.3.4 Tariff Ceilings and Rigid Tariffs 136
3.2 Expressing Goods in a Common Language 136
3.2.1 The Harmonized System 137
3.2.1.1 The Need for Common Language 137
3.2.1.2 The History of Goods Classification 138
3.2.1.3 What Does the HS Do? 138
xii
Contents
3.2.1.4 How Common Is Common Language? 142
3.2.1.5 Dispute Settlement Regarding Classification 143
3.3 The Types of Duties Bound 145
3.3.1 Reciprocity 145
3.3.2 OCDs and ODCs: Different Yes, but How? 148
3.3.3 What Is an Ordinary Customs Duty? 148
3.3.4 What Is an Other Duty or Charge? 150
3.3.5 Terms, Conditions, and Qualifications 151
3.3.6 Consolidating Nontariff Barriers 152
3.4 The Forum for Tariff Concessions 152
3.4.1 The “Usual” Forum for Binding Duties: Trade Rounds 153
3.4.1.1 Trade Rounds, a Public Good 153
3.4.1.2 Request—Offer 154
3.4.1.3 Linear Reductions 155
3.4.1.4 Harmonized Formula 155
3.4.1.5 Tiered Cuts 155
3.4.1.6 Terms of Trade and Tariff-Cutting Techniques 155
3.4.2 Sectoral Agreements 156
3.4.2.1 Distinguishing Sectoral from Critical Mass Agreements 156
3.4.2.2 The Identity of Sectoral Agreements 157
3.4.3 The Information Technology Agreement (ITA) 158
3.4.3.1 Why Critical Mass? 158
3.4.3.2 The Negotiation 159
3.4.3.3 Dispute Settlement 159
3.4.3.4 ITA land II 161
3.4.4 The Pharma Agreement 162
3.4.5 Coalitions 162
3.4.6 Unilateral Action 163
3.5 The Schedules of Concession 164
3.5.1 Certification, Rectification, and Modification of Schedules 164
3.5.1.1 A Centralized Process 164
3.5.1.2 Certification Does Not Confer Legality ¡65
3.5.1.3 Uncertified Actions 167
Contents
xiii
3.5.2 The Content and Legal Value of Schedules of Concessions 169
3.5.3 Defining the Tariff Value: Customs Valuation 170
3.6 Safeguarding the Value of Tariff Concessions 171
3.6.1 Change in the Method of Determining Dutiable Value 171
3.6.2 Import Monopolies 171
3.6.3 Disputes Regarding the Proper Classification of Goods 173
3.6.4 Reduction in Par Values 173
3.7 Renegotiation of Tariff Protection 174
3.7.1 Maintaining the Level of Concessions 175
3.7.2 The Participants 176
3.7.2.1 INR Holders ¡77
3.7.2.2 PSI Countries 178
3.7.2.3 SI Countries 180
3.7.3 The Various Procedures for Renegotiating Tariff Protection 181
3.7.4 Agreement on the Amount of Compensation 182
3.7.5 Failure to Agree on the Amount of Compensation 183
3.7.5.1 Procedures Where No Prior Approval Is Required 183
3.7.5.2 Procedures Where Prior Approval Is Required 186
3.8 Charges Exempted from Article II of GATT 187
3.8.1 Internal Taxes and Charges 187
3.8.2 Antidumping and Countervailing Duties 188
3.8.3 Fees and Charges for Services Rendered 188
3.8.3.1 Preparatory Work 188
3.8.3.2 Relationship with Article II of GATT 189
3.8.3.3 Measures Covered 189
3.8.3.4 Standard of Review 190
3.8.4 Import Surcharges for BoP Reasons 190
3.8.5 Safeguards 190
3.9 Withdrawal from GATT/WTG 191
3.9.1 Withdrawing from the WTO 191
3.9.2 The GATT Solution 191
xiv
Contents
3.9.3 GATT Practice 192
3.10 Exceptions 193
3.11 Institutions 194
3.12 Concluding Remarks 194
4 Most Favored Nation 195
4.1 The Legal Discipline and Its Rationale 195
4.1.1 The Legal Discipline 195
4.1.2 The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 195
4.1.3 Discussion 196
4.1.3.1 The Historic Dimension of MFN 196
4.1.3.2 MFN at the GATT Negotiating Table 196
4.1.3.3 MFN at the GATT Negotiating Table: The Economics of MFN 197
4.1.3.4 MFN and Preferential Trade 199
4.2 Coverage of the Legal Discipline 200
4.2.1 De Jure versus De Facto Discrimination 200
4.2.2 Measures Covered: Any “Advantage,” “Favor,” Etc. 201
4.2.2.1 Customs Duties and Charges of Any Kind 202
4.2.2.2 Methods for Calculating the Level of Duties and Charges 203
4.2.2.3 Rules and Formalities 203
4.2.2.4 Internal Measures 204
4.3 Exemptions 204
4.3.1 Grandfathering Imperial Preferences 204
4.3.2 Other Historical Preferences 205
4.3.3 Imperial and Historical Preferences Today 205
4.4 The WTO “Club” Must Receive the Best Treatment 206
4.4.1 WTO Members versus the Rest of the World 206
4.4.2 As Membership Increases, So Does the Impact of MFN 206
4.5 Favors/Advantages Must Be Accorded Immediately and
Unconditionally 206
4.5.1
Immediately 207
Contents
XV
4.5.2 Unconditionally 207
4.5.2.1 The US Attitude toward Conditional and Unconditional MFN 207
4.5.2.2 Unconditionally” in Case Law 209
4.6 Defining Origin 214
4.6.1 The Pre-GATT Years 216
4.6.2 The GATT Regime 217
4.6.2.1 Article VIII of GATT 217
4.6.2.2 Marks of Origin 217
4.6.2.3 False Origin: A Deceptive Practice 220
4.6.2.4 Efforts to Harmonize 220
4.6.3 The WTO Regime 223
4.6.3.1 An Agreement to Disagree 224
4.6.3.2 MFN In, Preferential Rules of Origin Out 225
4.6.4 Preferential Rules of Origin 227
4.6.4.1 Out of HWP, Out of WTO? 22 7
4.6.4.2 Empirical Studies Reveal a Mess 228
4.6.4.3 Cumulation 229
4.6.4.4 Complying with Complicated Rides 230
4.6.4.5 Utilization Rate 231
4.6.4.6 Rules of Origin for LDCs 232
4.6.4.7 If No Negotiations, Then What? 232
4.6.5 The Rise of Global Value Chains (GVCs) 233
4.7 Like Products 235
4.7.1 Like Products and Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policies 235
4.7.2 Tariff Classification: The Dominant Criterion 235
4.8 Exceptions 238
4.8.1 Special and Differential Treatment 238
4.8.2 PTAs 238
4.8.3 General Exceptions 238
4.8.4 National Security 238
4.8.5 Waivers 238
4.8.6 Nonapplication 239
4.9 Concluding Remarks 239
xvi
Contents
5 Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries 241
5.1 The Legal Discipline and Its Rationale 241
5.1.1 The Legal Discipline 241
5.1.2 The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 241
5.1.3 Discussion 242
5.1.3.1 MFN between Unequal Partners 242
5.1.3.2 The Background: Gottfried Haberler versus Singer/Prebisch 243
5.1.3.3 Import Substitution 245
5.2 Toward Special and Differential Treatment 246
5.2.1 Striving for a Two-Tier GATT 246
5.2.2 The Content of Part IV 246
5.2.2.1 Principles and Objectives 247
5.2.2.2 Commitments 247
5.2.2.3 Joint Action 248
5.3 The Enabling Clause Enters the Frame 248
5.3.1 An Atypical Birth 248
5.3.2 The Main Features of the Enabling Clause 249
5.3.3 The Legal Nature of the Enabling Clause 250
5.3.4 Donors and Beneficiaries 250
5.3.4.1 No Obligation to Donate 250
5.3.4.2 Self-Selection of Beneficiaries 250
5.3.4.3 Graduation 253
5.3.5 GSP Schemes 253
5.3.5.1 The Basic Obligation 253
5.3.5.2 Preferences Requiring a Waiver 254
5.3.5.3 Preferences for LDCs 254
5.3.5.4 Preferences for Developing Countries 262
5.3.5.5 Additional Preferences for Developing Countries 262
5.3.5.6 Excluding Beneficiaries 265
5.3.5.7 Evaluating the GSP Schemes: Is the Candle Worth the Flame? 266
5.3.6 South-South Preferences 271
5.3.6.1 Tariff Preferences 271
5.3.6.2 PTAs between Developing Countries 271
Contents
xvii
5.4 Special and Differential Treatment Other Than GSP 273
5.4.1 Typology 273
5.4.2 Transparency Mechanism for Preferential Trade Advantages 274
5.5 The Wider Picture: Trade and Development 276
5.5.1 Early Years 276
5.5.2 TheDDA 277
5.5.2.1 The Mandate (and Its Caveats) 277
5.5.2.2 Capacity Building 278
5.5.2.3 Cooperation with Other Institutions 278
5.5.2.4 Action for LDCs 279
5.5.3 Aid for Trade: Integrated, Not Simply Involved 282
5.5.3.1 The Jewel of the DDA 282
5.5.3.2 Capacity Building in Aid for Trade 283
5.5.3.3 Infrastructure 283
5.5.3.4 Increased Productivity 283
5.5.3.5 Adjustment Assistance 283
5.5.3.6 The WTO s Involvement 284
5.5.3.7 Aid for Trade: Early Evaluations 284
5.5.4 Trade, Poverty, and Inequality 285
5.5.4.1 Why the Question? 285
5.5.4.2 Trade and Poverty 286
5.5.4.3 Trade and Inequality 286
5.6 Institutions 287
5.7 Concluding Remarks 288
6 Preferential Trade Agreements 291
6.1 The Legal Discipline and Its Rationale 291
6.1.1 The Legal Discipline 291
6.1.2 The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 291
6.1.2.1 Frontier Traffic 292
6.1.2.2 Preexisting Arrangements 293
6.1.2.3 Development Tool 293
6.1.2.4 Insurance Policy 293
6.1.2.5 US-Canada Rapprochement 293
xviii
Contents
6.1.3 Discussion 294
6.1.3.1 PTAs and MFN 294
6.1.3.2 FTAs, CUs, and Beyond 294
6.2 Why Go Preferential? 295
6.3 The LegaJ Requirements for GATT-Consistent PTAs 299
6.3.1 An Exception to MFN 300
6.3.2 Notification Requirements 300
6.3.2.1 Who Notifies? 300
6.3.2.2 Notify Whom? 302
6.3.2.3 Notify What? 302
6.3.2.4 Notify When? 302
6.3.3 Internal Requirement: Eliminate Duties with Respect to Substantially
All Trade 304
6.3.3.1 Same Requirement for FTAs and CUs 304
6.3.3.2 Substantially All Trade (SAT) 304
6.3.3.3 Duties and Other Restrictive Regulations of Commerce 305
6.3.4 External Requirement: No New Protection 307
6.3.4.1 External Requirement That FTAs Must Meet 307
6.3.4.2 External Requirement That CUs Must Meet 308
6.3.5 The Nature of Review 311
6.3.5.1 A Merger Authority, in Principle 311
6.3.5.2 A Switch in Focus: The Transparency Mechanism 312
6.4 Litigating PTAs 313
6.4.1 Litigation in the GATT Era 313
6.4.2 Litigation in the WTO Era 315
6.4.2.1 Institutional Balance: Things Have Changed? 315
6.4.2.2 The Ambit of Judicial Review 317
6.4.3 Why So Little Litigation? 319
6.4.3.1 The Original Sin 319
6.4.3.2 Other Plausible Explanations 320
6.4.4 Is De Facto Tolerance of PTAs an Issue? 322
6.5 Institutions 333
6.6
Concluding Remarks 333
Contents
xix
7 Domestic Policies/National Treatment 335
7.1 The Legal Discipline and Its Rationale 335
7.1.1 The Legal Discipline 335
7.1.2 The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 336
7.1.3 Discussion 337
7.1.3.1 The Impact of the PPA 337
7.1.3.2 NT, Concession Erosion, and Uncertainty 337
7.1.3.3 Contract Incompleteness iJS
7.1.3.4 Reciprocity 340
7.1.3.5 Shallow Integration and Deep Integration 340
7.2 Measures Coming under the Purview of Article III of GATT 341
7.2.1 Local Content Requirements 341
7.2.2 All Other Measures Affecting Trade 342
7.3 Measures Exempted 343
7.3.1 Government Procurement 343
7.3.2 Subsidies 346
7.3.3 Film Quotas 346
7.3.3.1 Negotiating History 346
7.3.3.2 Film Quotas in the WTO World 347
7.3.3.3 Distinguishing GATT from GATS: A Line in the Sand? 349
7.3.3.4 GATS before GATT 351
7.3.4 Income Taxes, Social Security, and Payroll Taxes 353
7.3.4.1 The WP on BTA 353
7.3.4.2 The Outcome 356
7.3.4.3 The Legal Value of the Report 358
7.3.5 Investment Protection 358
7.3.6 Goods in Transit 359
7.4 The Scope of National Treatment 361
7.4.1 Dc Jure, De Facto Discrimination 361
7.4.2 Duties Bound and Unbound 362
7.4.3 Domestic Measures Enforced at the Border 363
7.4.4 Jurisdictional Issues 364
XX
Contents
7.5 Direct Taxes on Products 365
7.5.1 DCS Products 366
7.5.1.1 Why Include DCS Products ? 3 66
7.5.1.2 Defining DCS Products 368
7.5.1.3 From Extant to Latent Demand 370
7.5.1.4 Applied So As to ASATAP 371
7.5.2 Like Products 376
7.5.2.1 Like Products: The Definition 376
7.5.2.2 Taxation in Excess 379
7.6 Other Measures Affecting Trade 380
7.6.1 Laws, Regulations, or Requirements 381
7.6.2 Affecting Sale, Offering for Sale 382
7.6.3 Like Products in Article III.4 of GATT 382
7.6.4 Less Favorable Treatment (LFT) 385
7.6.4.1 LFT Means No Protectionism 385
7.6.4.2 De Jure and De Facto LFT 385
7.6.4.3 Trouble in Korea 386
7.6.4.4 Sultans of Swing I (Dominican Republic-Import and Sale of Cigarettes) 389
7.6.4.5 Sultans of Swing II (EC-Seal Products) 390
7.6.4.6 Swinging in Echternach 391
7.7 Exceptions 392
7.8 Institutions 392
7.9 Concluding Remarks 392
7.9.1 Nondiscrimination and Efficiency 392
7.9.2 Asymmetric Information and Its Discontents 393
7.9.3 In Search of a Smoking Gun 395
7.9.3.1 Origin Neutrality 397
7.9.3.2 Use of the First-Best Instrument 397
7.9.3.3 Scientific Evidence 397
7.9.3.4 Necessity 397
7.9.3.5 Who Bears Adjustment Costs? 397
7.9.3.6 Consistency 397
7.9.3.7 International Standards 397
Contents
8 State Trading Enterprises 399
8.1 The Legal Discipline and Its Rationale 399
8.1.1 The Legal Discipline 399
8.1.2 The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 399
8.1.3 Discussion 400
8.1.3.1 Negotiating Record 400
8.1.3.2 Subsequent Practice 402
8.2 Defining STEs 402
8.2.1 The Law 403
8.2.2 Practice 404
8.3 The Obligations Assumed 405
8.3.1 Nondiscrimination 406
8.3.2 Commercial Considerations 406
8.3.3 Adequate Opportunities to Compete 410
8.3.4 Exceptions 411
8.4 Transparency 411
8.5 Institutions 412
8.6 Concluding Remarks 412
9 Exceptions and Deviations from Obligations Assumed under GATT 413
9.1 Exceptions and Deviations 413
9.2 General Exceptions 414
9.2.1 The Legal Discipline and Its Rationale 414
9.2.2 Elements Common to All Listed Exceptions 417
9.2.2.1 Two-Tier Test 421
9.2.2.2 Burden of Proof 422
9.2.2.3 Means Are Justiciable, not Ends 422
9.2.2.4 Pursuing Multiple Means and Ends (What Is a Measure ?) 423
9.2.3 Public Morals 427
9.2.3.1 The Scope of Public Morals 427
9.2.3.2 Necessary to Protect Public Morals 430
Contents
9.2.4 Humans, Animals, Plant Life, and Health 430
9.2.4.1 The Scope of the Provision 430
9.2.4.2 Necessity 430
9.2.5 Imports and Exports of Gold and Silver 441
9.2.6 Compliance with Laws Not Inconsistent with GATT 442
9.2.6.1 The Scope of the Provision 442
9.2.6.2 The Test for Compliance 443
9.2.7 Prison Labor 443
9.2.8 National Treasures 444
9.2.9 Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources 444
9.2.9.1 Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources 445
9.2.9.2 Jurisdiction 446
9.2.9.3 Exhaustible Natural Resources 447
9.2.9.4 Exhaustible Natural Resources and Endangered Species 450
9.2.9.5 Conservation Policies 450
9.2.9.6 Relating To 451
9.2.9.7 Proximate and Ultimate Cause 453
9.2.Ç.8 In Conjunction with Domestic Consumption or Production 454
9.2.9.9 The Incidence of the Level of Development 456
9.2.10 Intergovernmental Commodity Agreements (ICAs) 456
9.2.10.1 The Function of Intergovernmental Commodity Agreements 456
9.2.10.2 ECOSOC Resolution 30(IV) 457
9.2.11 Government Stabilization Plans 458
9.2.12 Products in General or Local Short Supply 459
9.2.13 Complying with the Chapeau 460
9.2.13.1 Application, Not Substantive Consistency 460
9.2.13.2 Application? Not Substantive Consistency? 461
9.2.13.3 Arbitrary Discrimination, Unjustifiable Discrimination, Disguised Restriction 462
9.2.13.4 No Effects Test Required 468
9.2.14 Article XX of GATT and Protocols of Accession 469
9.2.14.1 The Test 469
9.2.14.2 Cases Where the Defense Is Available 471
9.2.14.3 Cases Where the Defense Is Unavailable 471
Contents
xxiii
9.2.15 Article XX of GATT and Annex 1A Agreements 473
9.2.15.1 Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) 474
9.2.15.2 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) 474
9.2.15.3 Agriculture (AG) 474
9.2.15.4 Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) 475
9.2.15.5 Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) 475
9.2.15.6 Customs Valuation (CV) 477
9.2.15.7 Preshipment Inspection (PSI) 477
9.2.15.8 Rules of Origin (ROO) 477
9.2.15.9 Import Licensing Agreement (ILA) 477
9.2.15.10 Antidumping (AD) 477
9.2.15.11 Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) 478
9.2.15.12 Safeguards (SG) 479
9.3 National Security 479
9.3.1 Balancing Trade Openness and Essential Interests 479
9.3.2 National Security in a Divided World 480
9.3.3 Practice 481
9.4 Waivers 487
9.4.1 A Transitional Arrangement 487
9.4.2 Waivers Are Justiciable 489
9.4.3 Waivers in Force 490
9.5 Nonapplication 493
9.5.1 The GATT Regime and Its Rationale 493
9.5.2 Nonapplication in the WTO 494
9.5.3 List of Instances of Nonapplication 495
9.6 Concluding Remarks 496
Notes 499
References 567
Index 591
|
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| author | Mavroidis, Petros C. 1959- |
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| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043435163 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:25:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780262029841 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028852803 |
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| physical | xxx, 613 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | MIT Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mavroidis, Petros C. 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)128796472 aut The regulation of international trade Volume 1 GATT Petros C. Mavroidis Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England MIT Press [2016] xxx, 613 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 gnd rswk-swf Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 gnd rswk-swf Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 s Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 s Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 s DE-604 Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 s GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 u (DE-604)BV043435137 1 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028852803&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028852803&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Mavroidis, Petros C. 1959- The regulation of international trade GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 gnd Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 gnd Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 gnd Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4424856-8 (DE-588)4137393-5 (DE-588)4065365-1 (DE-588)4027461-5 (DE-588)4027429-9 |
| title | The regulation of international trade |
| title_auth | The regulation of international trade |
| title_exact_search | The regulation of international trade |
| title_full | The regulation of international trade Volume 1 GATT Petros C. Mavroidis |
| title_fullStr | The regulation of international trade Volume 1 GATT Petros C. Mavroidis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The regulation of international trade Volume 1 GATT Petros C. Mavroidis |
| title_short | The regulation of international trade |
| title_sort | the regulation of international trade gatt |
| topic | GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 gnd Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 gnd Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 gnd Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | GATT 1994 1994 April 15 Außenhandelsrecht Welthandel Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht Internationales Handelsrecht |
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