Biomarkers in urologic cancer:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Elsevier
[2016]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Urologic clinics of North America
volume 43, number 1 (February 2016) |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xvii, 150 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780323417181 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Biomarkers in urologic cancer
Autor: Loughlin, Kevin R
Jahr: 2016
Biomarkers in Urologic Cancer
Contents
Foreword: Biomarkers in Urologic Cancer
Samir S. Taneja
xv
Preface: Biomarkers in Urologic Cancer
Kevin R. Loughlin
XVII
The Prostate Health Index: Its Utility in Prostate Cancer Detection
1
Abbey Lepor, William J. Catalona, and Stacy Loeb
The Prostate Health Index is a Food and Drug Administration-approved blood test
combining total, free, and [-2]pro prostate-specific antigen with greater specificity
than free and total prostate-specific antigen for clinically significant prostate cancer.
This article reviews the evidence on the performance of the Prostate Health Index to
predict prostate biopsy outcome, its incorporation into multivariable risk-assessment
tools, and its ability to predict prognosis after conservative management or prostate
cancer treatment.
New Genetic Markers for Prostate Cancer 7
Michael S. Leapman and Peter R. Carroll
Prostate cancer risk stratification based on conventional clinical and pathologic
characteristics alone may misclassify a proportion of men at various stages of the
disease process. Many gene-based assays have emerged in recent years that
seek to improve the predictive accuracy in the prediagnostic and postdiagnostic
settings. Following primary treatment failure, gene expression tests may offer
improved stratification of individuals at risk for disease progression and inform re-
finements in the necessity of additional treatment. Unifying limitations among all
novel gene-based tests include clinical validation derived from historical cohorts
and a dearth of empirical clinical effectiveness data.
Urinary Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer 17
Jeffrey J. Tosoian, Ashley E. Ross, Lori J. Sokoll, Alan W. Partin, and Christian P. Pavlovich
In light of the overdiagnosis and overtreatment associated with widespread
prostate-specific antigen-based screening, controversy persists surrounding the
detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). Given its anatomic proximity to
the prostate, urine has been proposed as a noninvasive substrate for prostatic bio-
markers. With greater understanding of the molecular pathways of carcinogenesis
and significant technological advances, the breadth of potential biomarkers is sub-
stantial. In this review, the authors aim to provide an evidence-based assessment of
current and emerging urinary biomarkers used in the detection and prognostication
of PCa and high-grade PCa, with particular attention on clinically relevant findings.
4-Kallikrein Test and Kallikrein Markers in Prostate Cancer Screening 39
Michelle L. McDonald and J. Kellogg Parsons
A preponderance of clinical evidence supports a significant public health benefit for
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening and early detection of prostate
X
Contents
cancer in appropriately counseled and selected men. Population-based screening
with PSA decreases prostate cancer mortality; however, because of relatively
poor specificity, PSA-based screening may also increase the detection of clinically
insignificant cancers that would otherwise never require treatment. Use of newer
biomarkers that increase the specificity for prostate cancer detection may aid in
risk stratification and the appropriate identification of men for prostate biopsy. The
authors review the 4-kallikrein panel and 4K probability score.
Current Status of Urinary Biomarkers for Detection and Surveillance of Bladder Cancer 47
Aurelie Mbeutcha, llaria Lucca, Romain Mathieu, Yair Lotan, and Shahrokh F. Shariat
The standard of care for detection and surveillance of bladder cancer consists of
cytology and cystoscopy, but both examinations suffer from many limitations,
including issues related to accuracy, invasiveness, and cost. Several noninvasive
methods for detection and surveillance of bladder cancer have been developed
and urine-based biomarkers seem the most promising. This nonsystematic review
critically analyzes the commercially available biomarkers and highlights some up-
coming investigational biomarkers. To date, none of these biomarkers has sufficient
validation to serve as a reliable alternative to cystoscopy.
Emerging Bladder Cancer Biomarkers and Targets of Therapy 63
George J. Netto and Laura J. Tafe.
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by complex networks of
molecular alterations and gene expression. This review summarizes some of the
recent genomic studies that have further advanced the understanding of the path-
ways driving bladder cancer, highlighting several important biomarkers and poten-
tial targeted therapeutic strategies that are now in clinical trials. In addition,
noninvasive techniques to evaluate biomarkers in patients urine and serum for early
detection and surveillance are discussed.
Pharmacogenomics: Biomarker-Directed Therapy for Bladder Cancer 77
Robert T. Jones, Kenneth M. Felsenstein, and Dan Theodorescu
The clinical management of bladder cancer has seen little change over the last three
decades and there is pressing need to identify more effective treatments for
advanced disease. Low clinical use of neoadjuvant therapies stems from historical
limitations in the ability to predict patients most likely to respond to combination che-
motherapies. This article focuses on recent molecular and genetic studies, high-
lighting promising clinical trials and retrospective studies, and discusses emerging
trials that use predictive biomarkers to match patients with therapies to which
they are most likely to respond. The implementation of predictive genomic and mo-
lecular biomarkers will revolutionize urologic oncology and the clinical management
of bladder cancer.
Diagnostic Biomarkers in Eosinophilic Renal Neoplasms 87
Li Yan Khor and Puay Hoon Tan
Incidental small renal masses identified on imaging are increasingly investigated via
needle core or fine needle aspiration biopsies with limited material provided for
rendering a diagnosis. Lesions with a prominent eosinophilic or oncocytic cell pres-
ence showing morphologic overlap between well-known eosinophilic neoplasms are
Contents xi
challenging to diagnose. We review the range of known benign and malignant eosin-
ophilic renal neoplasms and their immunoprofiles to elucidate a useful panel of
stains that may assist the pathologist in making an accurate diagnosis.
Prognostic Biomarkers for Response to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Targeted
Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma 95
Andrew G. Winer, Robert J. Motzer, and A. Ari Hakimi
Improved understanding of renal carcinoma disease biology has led to the discovery
and approval of five novel therapies targeting specific molecules in the vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) biochemical pathway. Biomarker studies attempt-
ing to predict response to VEGF-targeted therapies have largely focused on circu-
lating proteins, tissue-based molecules, and germline polymorphisms. Thus far
studies have yielded conflicting results that require prospective validation; therefore
no definitive biomarker has yet been integrated into the clinician s armamentarium.
However, early analyses featuring genomic biomarkers have generated promising
findings. This article provides an overview of available biomarkers evaluated with
respect to VEGF-targeted therapies in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Prognostic Role of Cell Cycle and Proliferative Markers in Clear Cell Renal
Cell Carcinoma 105
Laura-Maria Krabbe, Vitaly Margulis, and Yair Lotan
The cell cycle is one of the most important regulatory mechanisms of cellular growth
and proliferation. Dysregulation of this pathway is thought to be the first step in carci-
nogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), important for tumor invasion and metasta-
ses. Multiple different parts and regulators of the cell cycle are detectable via assays
like immunohistochemistry and have been studied extensively. This review aims to
provide an overview of current data regarding individual cell cycle and proliferative
markers and their association with clinicopathologic parameters and their impact on
prognosis for patients with RCC. Furthermore, the value of marker combinations is
discussed.
Current Clinical Applications of Testicular Cancer Biomarkers 119
Maria C. Mir, Nicola Pavan, and Mark L. Gonzalgo
Current use of testicular biomarkers for screening, diagnosis, and follow-up is re-
viewed in the context of potential clinical utility of these tests. This information will
be of value to clinicians to determine patient suitability for certain treatments and
will also assist in reviewing current literature regarding potential biomarkers that
may be used for testicular cancer.
MicroRNAs in Testicular Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis 127
Hui Ling, Lisa Krassnig, Marc D. Bullock, and Martin Pichler
Testicular cancer processes a unique and clear miRNA expression signature. This
differentiates testicular cancer from most other cancer types, which are usually
more ambiguous when assigning miRNA patterns. As such, testicular cancer may
represent a unique cancer type in which miRNAs find their use as biomarkers for
cancer diagnosis and prognosis, with a potential to surpass the current available
markers usually with low sensitivity. In this review, we present literature findings
on miRNAs associated with testicular cancer, and discuss their potential diagnostic
xii Contents
and prognostic values, as well as their potential as indicators of drug response in pa-
tients with testicular cancer.
The Emerging Role and Promise of Biomarkers in Penile Cancer 135
Camille Vuichoud, Julia Klap, and Kevin R. Loughlin
Penile cancer is a rare malignancy, which can be a source of devastating psycho-
sexual distress because of its implication on sexual function and self-image. Current
penile staging relies on invasive techniques and is often inaccurate. The authors re-
view the promising biomarkers currently under investigation and their application to
the staging and prognosis of penile cancer. Further development of such biomarkers
provides the potential of improved clinical management of this disease.
Index
145
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