There and back again - the crossroads II: proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014
Gespeichert in:
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| Weitere Verfasser: | , , |
| Format: | Tagungsbericht Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Prague
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts
2015
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 555 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9788073085759 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a There and back again - the crossroads II |b proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 |c edited by Jana Mynářová, Pavel Onderka and Peter Pavúk |
| 264 | 1 | |a Prague |b Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a 555 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1999-1 v.Chr. |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 651 | 7 | |a Ägypten |g Altertum |0 (DE-588)4068430-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)1071861417 |a Konferenzschrift |2 gnd-content | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PREFACE
3
CONTRIBUTORS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
15
SECTION I. METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES
DIANE H. CLINE - ERIC H. CLINE
TEXT MESSAGES, TABLETS, AND SOCIAL NETWORKS:
THE "SMALL WORLD" OF THE AMARNA LETTERS
17
ABSTRACT: IN THIS PAPER, WE DESENBE AND ANALYZE THE SOCIAL NETWORK THAT
CONNECTED THE ( MH-
DURING THE 14* CENTURY BCE,
BY
CONEENTRATMG ON THE AREH.VE TOUND AT AN,^^^
THEN- CONTENTS, HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED AND ANALYZED BY NUMEROUS SCHOLARS
OVER THE VE,RS WE
THESE LETTERS TO EXPLORE THE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS.
IT BECOMES DEIR FROM I"
NETWORK ANALYSIS OF THE LETTERS THAT THE BRONZE AGE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN ^! ^ W^I
BY ACTUAL YDEMONSTRATMG THE APPLICABILITY OF SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR
UNDERSTAND,,^ LET
WORK AND THE SUB-COMMUNITIES WITHIN ,F, BASED UPON MEASURING THE
CLOSENESS OF ,* -I ,R ,
USING SOCIAL NETWORK CONCEPTS LIKE CENTRALITV MEASURES, CLIQUES, AND ELU
E^S T ^
SCHOLARS WITH A .NEANS BY WHICH TO SEE UNFAMILIAR DATA M' A NC,V AND
FCT, !T '^
KN/UVNLS: AMARNA LETTERS; SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS; SMALL WORLD; LATE
BRONZE A-E
PEARCE PAUL CREASMAN
TIMBERS OF TIME: REVEALING INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
AND ENVIRONMENT IN ANTIQUITY
45
ABSTRACT: IN EGYPT, AS ELSEWHERE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD, TIMBER WAS
V1
LU. D F ,R L
DURABILITY BY THE PREDYNASHE PERIOD, THE EGYPTIANS FOUND TH* ^ ^^ F * **
DUCNG EITHER AN INSUFFICIENT QUANTITY OR AN INSUFFICIENT QUALITY OF H T
'
PR
'
THUS SUPPLEMENTED THEIR SUPPLY FROM THE RESOURCES OF NIL
P P
"
B
TH)
*
D
MADE POSS.BLE EGYPT'S R,SE AS I NAVAL POWER, FACHT ^^^^ ^ '"^
T
*^''
THE NEAR EAST), AND PROVIDED O CRITICAL RESOURCE IN PREM ! "
DS
(ES
^*
LLV
CENT TRADE ,N TIMBER HAS THE POTENT,, TO ^^^^TF' ^ ^ **
GATIONS IN EGYPT HAVE RECOVERED GREAT QUANTITIES OF THIS \NAJ^ T * *
MW
*
L
'
L
~
AS STATUARY, FURNITURE, COFFINS, BEAMS FROM BU,LD
LN
.
S
!^ V T?' ^
N
'
ULV0
MD IM
P
RT
^
:
TYPES. HUNDREDS OF TONNES OF WOOD ARE HOUSE DT ,
P
' *"* "^
TH
R
B
'
WT
STORAGE MAGA.NES IN EGYPT AND ABROAD. T , ^, ^ 3 ^^ ^
I
"-
H
^'8-L
TION OF DENDROCHRONOLOGY. WHILE PROVIDING IHS ,1 "
L
MEU)US
PPRTUNIHES FOR THE APPLICA-
SONAL RESOLUTION) FOR PAST EVENT AND P ^" ^ ^ "T ^"^ **** ^
WITH
SEA
"
CONTRIBUTION, US UTILITY IS NOT L.M.TED TO^TI*, JRF R" "F "^^
FET K
^""
PERSPECTIVE THEY PNNIDE FOR THE CN-IRONM NT"Z H
UM
T/
R
^ ^
VALUAWC
^ ^
ECONOMIC ONES. FOLLOWING A DISCUSSION C, ON
H
*/";'*'ENT INTERACTIONS, ESPECIALLY
TIMBER MARKET, THIS PAPE* INTRX,DUCEV E^Z , 'T '^
IM
P
LICADONS
FOR TH
^ "^TOD
NOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPEC N E
T
, "'^7 ' " "" **
1
^'^
TO PIWIDE T
-
W
"
T . J. CAN CS TO, ANCIENT EGYPT AND ITS INTERCONNECTED WORLD.
KNRUVRDS: WOOD; CHRONOLOGY; EC MOM
Y;
TRADE; INTERCONNECTIONS
ELISE MORERO - REMAIN PREVALET
TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFER OF LUXURY CRAFTSMANSHIP BETWEEN CRETE
AND THE ORIENT DURING THE BRONZE AGE 59
AB^LNUI: THE 2"'
1
MILLENNIUM BCE IS CHARACTERISED IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN (AEGEAN,
EGYPT,
LEVANT) BY THE EMERGENCE OF THE PALATIAL SYSTEM, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OL
LUXURY CRAFT PRODUC-
TIONS. AMONG THEM, GOLD WORK AND STONE VASES INDUSTRY WERE AMONG THE
MOST FLOURISHING, PAR-
TICULARLY IN MINOAN CRETE AND EGYPT. THE GROWTH OF TRADE AND CONTACTS
BETWEEN THE AEGEAN AND
THE ORIENT, DURING THE 2
IU|
AND I"
1
MILLENNIA BCE, SUPPORTED THE SPREAD OF IDEAS AND FINISHED OB-
JECTS. CRAFTSMEN ALSO TRAVELLED FROM ONE CENTRE TO ANOTHER, BRINGING
WITH THEM THEIR TOOLS AND
KNOWLEDGE.
THE TWO SPECIFIC CASE STUDIES GOLD WORK AND STONE VESSELS PRODUCTIONS
PRESENTED HERE, WERE
RECENTLY RECONSIDERED USING MULTIDISEIPLINARY APPROACHES IN ORDER TO
IDENTIFY THE MANUFACTURING
TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED IN THE DIVERSE REGIONS. THESE RESEARCHES HAVE
DEMONSTRATED THAT TECHNICAL
PROCESSES IN CRETE WERE THE RESULT NOT ONLY OF TRANSFER FROM THE ORIENT
BUT ALSO O! LOCAL INNOVA-
TIONS AND ADAPTATIONS OF THE NEW TECHNIQUES. THE CENTRES OF PRODUCTION
USED AND IMPROVED LOCAL
KNOWLEDGE, BUT A SELECTION ^ND INTEGRATION OF FOREIGN PROCESSES WERE
ALSO PRACTICED. IN THE STONE
VESSELS INDUSTRY THE LATTER PROCESSES WERE THEN GENERALLY REARRANGED AND
ADAPTED TO THE LOCAL
REPERTOIRES OF SHAPES. I LOWEVER, MINOAN GOLD CRAFTSMANSHIP DEMONSTRATES
A DEVELOPMENT OL
LOCAL KNOW-HOW AND EXPERIENCES READILY OBSERVABLE IN PRACTICING THE
TECHNIQUES OF FILIGREE AND
GRANULATION, WHILE INSPIRATION BY AND AFFINITY WITH THE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN DOES EXIST THROUGH
THE 2'"' MILLENNIUM BCE.
THESE TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES ALSO POINT OUT THE NECESSITY OF DIRECT
CONTACTS BETWEEN CRAFTSMEN
TO ALLOW THE DIFFUSION-TRANSMISSION OF TECHNIQUES. MOREOVER, IT IS
DEMONSTRATED THAT EXCHANGE
AND TRANSMISSION WERE NOT LIMITED TO A SINGLE PATH, BUT THAT MUTUAL AND
MULTIDIRECTIONAL WAYS
BETWEEN REGIONAL CENTRES EXISTED.
KCI/ICDRI/S: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFER; LUXURY CRAFTSMANSHIP; GOLDWORK;
STONE VESSELS; EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN
GRACIELA GESTOSO SINGER
SMALL INGOTS AND SCRAP METAL IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN DURING
THE LATE BRONZE AGE 85
ABSTRACT: THIS PAPER ANALYSES THE USE OF SMALL INGOTS AND SCRAP METAL AS
UNDERSTOOD IN LIGHT OF
THEIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT AND VIEWED IN THE FRAMEWORK OF EXCHANGE
SYSTEMS IN THE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN DURING THE LATE BRONZE AGE (CA. 1550 1200 BCE). IT
PRESENTS AN OVERVIEW OF THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FORMS OF PAYMENT WHICH EMERGED IN THE LEVANT DURING THE
LATE BRONZE AGE
AND SURVEYS THE PATTERNS OF EXCHANGE USED BY IMPORTANT CENTRES (SUCH AS
EGYPT, MITANNI, BABY-
LON, ASSYRIA, AND HATTI), ENCLAVES (SUCH AS UGARIT AND ALAMYN), AND
DEPENDENT PERIPHERAL SOCIE-
TIES (SUCH AS SYRIA AND CANAAN). AS IS DEMONSTRATED, THE DEVELOPMENTAL
LOGIC OF THESE SYSTEMS
CHANGED OVER TIME AS NEW TECHNIQUES OF EXCHANGE EMERGED, BUT THERE ARE
ALSO BROAD CONTINUITIES
OVER MILLENNIA. DURING THE 15
TH
CENTURY BCE IN EGYPT, INGOTS ARE GENERALLY LISTED AS "TRIBUTE"
FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES (PERIPHERIES, ENCLAVES, AND CENTRES), ALTHOUGH
THEY MAY INSTEAD HAVE BEEN
COMMODITIES USED IN "TRADE" OR "GIFT-EXCHANGE" NETWORKS INVOLVING GREAT
KINGS AND ELITES. AT
THE END OF 14"' CENTURY BCE, THE EVIDENCE PROVIDED BY SUBMARINE
ARCHAEOLOGY SUGGESTS THE CO-
EXISTENCE OF ROYAL DELIVERIES OF METALS AND PRESTIGE GOODS FROM PALACES
(SUCH AS ULUBURUN) AND
SMALL ENTERPRISES BY INDEPENDENT MERCHANTS (SUCH AS CAPE GELIDONYA).
SHIPWRECK SITES ARE IM-
PORTANT IN STUDYING EXCHANGE IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE MEDITERRANEAN,
BECAUSE THESE SHIPS (SUCH
AS ULUBURUN) CARRIED ITEMS FROM AT LEAST EIGHT ANCIENT CULTURES: NUBIAN,
EGYPTIAN, CANAANITE,
KASSITE, ASSYRIAN, CYPRIOTE, MYCENAEAN, AND EASTERN EUROPEAN. ROYAL
MERCHANTS COULD HAVE
MIXED BOTH STATE AND PRIVATE TRANSACTIONS AS WELL AS EXECUTING THESE ON
BOTH CEREMONIAL AND
PROFIT-MOTIVATED BASES. MERCHANTS (SUCH AS THOSE FROM THE CAPE GELIDONYA
SHIP) WERE PREPARED
TO TRADE IN ALMOST ANY EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN PORT.
THE TEXTUAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE- RH M , 4
AND MEANS OF EXCHANGE EXTENDED TO ALL OF THE F.S E
N
M '
U
'^W' BY THE SYSTEMS
BASED SYSTEM AND AN OLDER, STATE-RUN AND TRIBUTE-BASED ONE WR T "
FINDS INDICATE THE MODES OF CARRVMG AND STORAGE BV ME^HA^ RTXT^" T 1
METALS' IN VL D K IDII '
^
T
G STORAGE BV ME^HA^ RTX
METALS' IN VESSELS AND SACKS, INDICTING A NEW ONCE-BASED SVSTEM T E C '
U ? ^
THAT SMALL COPPER, SILVER, GOLD AND BRONZE INGOTS AND METAL OBIECE^ * ,
^
INTO SMALL PIECES AND PACKED INTO SEALED BAGS OR STORED IN JAR J , E H
'"7 ' "
P
INGOT FRAGMENTS WERE USED AS "SMALL CHANGE" DURING META W "MW '" ""' '
""'^
THT
AMOUNTS OF SCRAP WERE CARRIED BV MERCHANTS TO
P
AV TRAXVL, EXNE "S T "T^'
0
'
1
"
SM L1
'
BECAME A REASONABLE COMMOD.TV FOR INDEPENDENT N^TZNTX^Z^
KN/UVNIS: SCRAP; INGOTS; PAYMENTS; EXCHANGE
HEIKC WILDE
THE UTILIZATION AND PROLIFERATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS
DURING THE 2"
J
MILLENNIUM BCE. IMPROVEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY
AND NETWORKING BETWEEN EGYPT AND ITS NEIGHBOURS DURING
THE BRONZE AGE
GY G VESSELS AND THEN
WITH SOURCES ,ND,CAT,NG CONTACTS BETWEEN EGYPT AND THE ANCENT NEAR FASTT
Z^ .TS!
IMPORTANCE CONCERNING THE PROLIFERATION OF INNOVATIONS IN PARTICULAR. '
" '"'
KCI/IWNK: CLLASS VESSELS; TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS; SKILLED WORKMEN
JANA MYNAFOVA
COMMUNICATING THE EMPIRE, OR HOW TO DELIVER A MESSAGE OF A KING
149
ABSTRACT: A CORPUS OF CUNEIFORM TEXTS FROM TELL EL-AM IM ,[,,* , A , ,
THE MOST THOROUGHLV STUDIED SUBJECTS P^N^TO^Z^ , ^
M
'^
FLMIM
8
DURMG THE LATE BRONZE AGE. THIS PAPERS TO TURN ^S^TZ^Z^T ^ ^ T
MSMS AND COMMUNICATIVE PROCESSES WHICH WERE NF VIT I * '
ULON
TIN
*"-1S CERTAIN MEDIA-
TRATION IN THE LEVANT. IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A BETTER^^X OF^ 7 ^
ERYPT
J
AN DDMI
"
IS
-
AND THE GENERAL COMMUNICATION PATTERN EMPLOYED IN THE S V
U
'"
M
'
LKL
"
K
F
IRTKT
'
SS
M
IN
1S
TRAT
1V
E/STATE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE F^VPTI ^ "7, M ** *
I8
-DYNASTY, THE AD-
ANALYSED.
RTYF N
S
S L1ND TLU LR
SUBJECTS IS DESCRIBED AND
K^N/S: AMARNA LETTERS; MECHAMSMS OF CON
LNU
,
NICATLON;
^
BN
,
NA
. ^ ^ ^ ^^
JEFFREY P. EMANUEL
SAILING FROM PERIPHERY TO CORE IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
163
ABSTRACT: THE MULTIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF M
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN IS DEARLY RREZZ^ ^T ^"^ ^
U
* ***
A
WHILE THE PARTICIPATION OF STATES M TOXCHN ^"^^
LTERAR
'
AND M
'
1TERIAI
*^-
SL
TXTHANGES OF IDEAS AND OBJECTS IS CLEARLV RECORDED IN
RECORDS LIKE THE AMARNA LETTERS, THE ROLE OF NON-STATE ACTORS, BOTH
WITHIN ESTABLISHED NETWORKS AND
"BELOW TLIE RADAR" ON THE PERIPHERY OF FORMAL LINES OF COMMUNICATION, IS
A SUBJECT THAT HAS GAR-
NERED INCREASING INTEREST IN RECENT YEARS. THIS PAPER APPROACHES THE
ROLE OF PERIPHERAL ACTORS*AL-
TERNATIVELY KNOWN AS ENTREPRENEURS OR PIRATES, DEPENDING ON TIME,
SETTING, AND CONTEXT*IN THE
DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY BY FOCUSING ON THE DEVELOPMENT
AND SPREAD OF THE I LEL-
LADIC OARED GALLEY AND THE LOOSE-FOOTED, BRAILED SAIL AROUND THE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN DURING
THE LAST YEARS OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE AND THE LATE BRONZE-EARLY IRON
TRANSITION. THESE TECHNOLOG-
ICAL DEVELOPMENTS REPRESENTED A BREAK FROM PRIOR SHIP DESIGN, WHICH
REVOLUTIONIZED SEAFARING IN
THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. WHILE THE GALLEY, A VESSEL WELL-SUITED TOR
RAIDING AND WARFARE
1
, SEEMS
TO HAVE ITS ORIGIN IN THE I LELLADIC WORLD (AS ITS NAME SUGGESTS), THE
BRAILED SAILING RIG APPEARS IN
MULTIPLE LOCATIONS WITHIN THE HASTERN MEDITERRANEAN WORLD WITHIN A SMALL
TEMPORAL WINDOW,
WITH ITS MOST FAMOUS REPRESENTATION BEING THE NAVAL BATTLE SCENE AT
MEDINET 1 LABU, WHEREIN BOTH
LGYPTIAN AND "SEA PEOPLES" SHIPS ARE PORTRAYED AS EMPLOYING THIS NEW RIG
IN IDENTICAL FASHION.
THIS STUDY EXPLORES THE CIRCUMSTANCES AND CONNECTIONS WHICH CAUSED THESE
OPPOSING FORCES TO
DRAW ON NEW AND IDENTICAL IMPLEMENTS, AS WELL AS THE ROLE (AND TRAVELS)
OF NON-STATE MARITIME
ACTORS IN DRIVING THE DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF THIS REVOLUTIONARY
TECHNOLOGY.
KCI/WCNTS: GALLEY; MARITIME TECHNOLOGY; SEA PEOPLES; SHIPBUILDING; WORLD
SYSTEMS
SECTION II. EGYPT AND THE AEGEAN - THE ICONOGRAPHY
JUDITH WCINGARTCN
THE ARRIVAL OF BES[ETJ ON MIDDLE-MINOAN CRETE 181
ABSTRACT: UNTIL VERY RECENTLY, THERE WERE ONLY THE MOST INDIRECT
ICONOGRAPHICAL HINTS THAT THE
EGYPTIAN DEMON BES HAD EVER COME TO BRONZE AGE CRETE. NOW, BES-LIKE
IMAGES HAVE APPEARED
ON TWO ENGRAVED GEMS FROM EASTERN CRETE, AT LEAST ONE OF WHICH CAN BE
ELATED TO MM 1113 (CON-
TEMP, EARLY 13'
1
' DYNASTY). PERHAPS SURPRISINGLY, THE MINOANS IMPORTED THE RARER FEMALE
DEMON,
SO-CALLED BESET, RATHER THAN MALE BES. IN THIS PAPER, I EXAMINE THE
CONTEMPORARY EGYPTIAN ICO-
NOGRAPHY OF BESET, CONSIDER HOW THE ORIGINAL IMPORTED IMAGE MIGHT HAVE
LOOKED, AND HOW IT
WAS ADAPTED BY THE MINOANS.
KCI/UWTFC: BES; BESET; BIRTH TUSKS; MAGIC KNIVES; PROTECTION OF MOTHER
AND CHILD; RAMESSEUM MAGICIAN'S
HOARD; RAMESSEUM PAPYRUS IV; SNAKE DEMONS; EGYPTIAN-MINOAN
INTERRELATIONS; ZAKRO MASTER
FRIT/, BLAKOLMER
THE MANY-FACED "MINOAN GENIUS"AND HIS ICONOGRAPHICAL
PROTOTYPE TAWERET. ON THE CHARACTER OF NEAR EASTERN RELIGIOUS
MOTIFS IN NEOPALATIAL CRETE 199
ABSTRACT: THE SO-CALLED MINOAN GENIUS CONSTITUTES A PROMINENT HYBRID
CREATURE WHICH WAS BOR-
ROWED FROM THE ICONOGRAPHY OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST AND INTEGRATED INTO
THE ART OF MINOAN CRETE
DURING THE 18
LH
-17"' CENTURIES BCH. HE ALLOWS US TO RECONSTRUCT THE PROCESS OF HIS
ADOPTION AND
OBVIOUSLY BECAME ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR METAPHYSICAL BEINGS IN RITUAL
IMAGES OF THE AEGEAN
BRONZE AGE. THE RICH AND VERSATILE ICONOGRAPHY OF THE MINOAN GENIUS IN
THE AEGEAN ENABLES US
ALSO TO DEFINE SEVERAL FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HIM AND HIS NEAR
EASTERN PROTOTYPE
'LIRWERET IN THE APPEARANCE, THE FUNCTIONS AS WELL AS THE THEOLOGICAL
PROFILE. "MINOANISATION", ADAP-
TATION, RE-INTERPRETATION AND SIMILAR PHENOMENA IN CREATING ICONOGRAPHY
AND MEANING WERE
CHARACTERISTIC AND WIDE-SPREAD CULTURAL ISSUES WHEN NEOPALATIAL CRETE
TOOK OVER ELEMENTS FROM
SYRO-PALESTINE AND EGYPT. IN THE SECOND PART, THIS PAPER AIMS TO
RECONSTRUCT THE REASONS FOR THE
MINOAN QUEST FOR STIMULATION FROM THE NEAR EAST IN THE CREATION OF A
RELIGIOUS ICONOGRAPHY AND
ESPECIALLY IN ORDER TO DEVELOP AN ICONOGRAPHICAL DEFINITION OF THEIR
DEITIES. PROVIDED THAT A HIGHLY
PLURALISTIC DIVINE KOSMOS EXISTED IN PREHISTORIC CRETE FROM THE
BEGINNING, THE QUESTION OF THE CHAR-
ACTER OF FOREIGN RELIGIOUS ICONOGRAPHY APPEARING RATHER SUDDENLY IN LATE
PROTOPALATIAL AND EARLY
NEOPALATIAL CRETE WILL BE RAISED. THE BORROWING OF NEAR EASTERN IMAGES
OF DEITIES POSSIBLY CAN
A.,E PCWIKCAL AS WELL AS SOEIA, MTCGRAT.ON ON THE ^X^^"^ ^ ' ^
KN
/FW
R,/S: M.NOAN CENMS; AEGEAN ICONOGRAPHY; MINOAN REHG.ON; NEOPALAT.AL
CRETE
VERONIKN DUBCOVN
THE NEAR EASTERN "HERO"AND "BULL-MAN" AND THEIR IMPACT
ON THE AEGEAN BRONZE AGE ICONOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT: BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF ELOQUENT WRITTEN SOURCES LEFT BEHIND BY
THE BRONX - X V
CULTURES, THE STUDY OF THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE ANCIENT NEAR FAST H
, 1 '
S
^
SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THEIR RELIGIOUS KONOGRAPHV AND IDEOK V 7" *
LNI
P
ORT
'
LNT
HASTERN DIVINE F.GURES, THE CONTEST SCENES WITH THEIR
MAIL P
"S^ " *
H
*"^
AND "BULL-MAN'-WERE BY FAR THE MOST FREQUENT. AS AN IMPORTANT IN ROV T
NF
W
'
SENTATION, THEY HAVE ENJOYED GREAT POPULARITY THROUGHOUT [HE WHOLE - "'
7*'
ALL M NORTHERN MESOPOTAMIA. SYRIA AND ANATOHA. THEIR INFLUENCE ON S E F
O
H[ ^
M THE DELETION OF DIVINE FIGURES IN THE AEGEAN ICONOGRAPHY SUCH AS THE
"M * M 1
AN.MALS , CONTEST SCENES AND SOME FANTASTIC CREATURES, HAS ALREADY BEEN
ECOT N D ""
NEVERTHELESS, .NANYNK.REDIITEREN. ELEMENTS BEARING SIGNIFICANT
SIMILARITIES TCT] *T F ,
PROTOTYPES, THUS INDICATING NUMEROUS INTERCONNECTIONS. THE PAPER OV M I
NI
S 1 "
APPEARANCE OF THESE MOT.FS IN D.FTERENT REGIONS AND TI.NE PCRUJ O C^^^T
""?
THE A,M OF NITRATING THEIR WIDE PROHFERATION AND MU.T.PLE FUNCTIONS.
BV
"^ ^ ,^ J
AEGEAN AND NEAR LASTERN ,MAGES (MOSTLY ON SEALS), SIMILANT.ES
IN
F
ORM LN
H .""
FOUND. THEY ILLUSTRATE MULTIPLE CASES OF INSPIRATION BY FORE.GN SOURCE
CCURR N?7 T
A
'
V
IMPORTED OBJECTS. THE RESULTS OF THIS ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATE" N EAR Y
N
(
' ' * '"
OF AEGEAN ARTISTS IN THESE MOT.FS, THEIR REASONS AND WAYS OF THE, U E
"SV BOL "T* '"^L
CONTROL OF THE RULING ELITE. "
LU
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^ 'I"D
KN/TIVNU: ICONOGRAPHY; BULL-MAN; HERO; RELIGION; GLYPTIC; AEGEAN
SECTION III. PROBLEMS OF THE 2
LU1
MILLENNIUM BCE
SUSAN COHEN
PERIPHERY AND CORE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT
AND EGYPT IN THE EARLY MIDDLE BRONZE AGE (MB I)
ABSTRACT: THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE (MB I) IN THE ., N
POORLY DEFINED AND POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN PARTICULAR" KNOW \ ^
TOM
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N
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WITHIN A BROADER NET^^ ORK OF INTERACTING RE-IONS TO -
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STS
TLS )UST
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DEMENT
LEVANT ALONE, THEREFORE, WITHOUT ALSO ACKNOW-LE 1,,'
M
'
N
H
8YPHAN INFLUENCE ON THE SOUTHERN
REGIONS, IS CHOOSING TO LOOK AT ONLY ONE DETAIL WII-H^F "
NITOM
P
L
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R
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LR
-
V
E
8 'P
TIA
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INDICATES THAT IT WAS NUBIA THAT RECEIVED THE LI , '^
COM
P
IEX
P'^'RE. ALL EVIDENCE
BRONZE AGE / MIDDLE KINGDOM AND -
EN
-, " ' "'
LS
-
VPTWN MMTKM
DURING THE MIDDLE
SOUTHERN LEVANT WITH THOSV IN NUBIA A-VEIL SIIT^
CO
"
LP
.
TNRISON
F E
8 T ACTIVITIES IN THE
THE CORE AND ITS PERIPHERIES. ALTHOUGH THERE IS T
DLTFORENCOS IN THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE SOUTHERN LEVANT, BOTH REG.ONS LWNU D N T 'I |I *' '^ *''""
CONTACT MWI?CN NLLBLA
'
1ND
COMMON CONNECTION WITH E^YPT THIS , H
MM
SYST ?M
'
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FI
OTHT R THRI
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H TH
^
R
SOUTHERN LEVANT TOGETHER U^HTHE EEVMHN L"!*"","
TLW B
B
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S
OF URBAN SOC.ETY IN THE
THESE DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN A LARGER\
T
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MT
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AND
SIHLATES
OF A LARGER INTERCONNECTED WORK! '
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^MNB: SOUTHERN LEVANT; MIDDLE KINGDOM EGYPT; NUBIA; MB I; URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
FELIX HOFLMAYER
CARBONE-14 COMPARE: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I (IIA) CHRONOLOGY,
TELL EL-DAB
C
A AND RADIOCARBON DATA 265
ALVLNICT: IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
CIVILIZATIONS IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE, A SOUND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY IS A
PREREQUISITE. FOR A LONG
TIME ABSOLUTE DATES FOR MIDDLE BRONZE AGE LEVANT DEPENDED ON
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SYNCHRONISMS
WITH LGYPT AND THE EGYPTIAN HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY. ONLY IN THE LAST
YEARS NEW RADIOCARBON SE-
QUENCES FOR SITES LIKE TELL EL-DAB'A, TEL IFSHAR, AND TELL EL-BURAK HAVE
BEEN PUBLISHED, PARTLY CHAL-
LENGING CURRENT CHRONOLOGICAL MODELS. THIS CONTRIBUTION WILL DISCUSS THE
RADIOCARBON EVIDENCE
FOR MIDDLE BRONZE AGE LEVANT AND FIGYPT AND PROVIDE A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL
FRAMEWORK FOR THE
LATE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I (IIA).
KI'\FTRONH: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE; TELL EL-DAB'A; CHRONOLOGY; RADIOCARBON
DATING; TOLL EL-BURAK; TEL
IFSHAR
VANESSA BOSCHLOOS
FROM EGYPT TO BYBLOS.AND BACK AGAIN. THE PRODUCTION
AND DISTRIBUTION OF GREEN JASPER SEALS IN EGYPT
AND THE LEVANT DURING THE EARLY 2
ND
MILLENNIUM BCE 297
ALVLNUI: THE CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF A GROUP OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE
EGYPTIANISING CYLINDER
SEALS HAS BEEN DISCUSSED IN THE SCHOLARLY LITERATURE EVER SINCE IT WAS
IDENTIFIED BY DOMINIQUE
C'OLLON C1986). SHE NAMED IT THE GREEN JASPER WORKSHOP AND POINTED TO
BYBLOS AS THE LIKELY PRO-
DUCTION CENTRE. SINCE NO CYLINDER SEALS OF THIS TYPE HAVE SURFACED AT
THAT SITE AND THEY ARE NOT
EXCLUSIVELY EGYPTIANISING, OTHER SCHOLARS HAVE ARGUED FOR WORKSHOPS IN
ALALAKH, QATNA OR
MEGIDDO. IN L
L
)H
L
), OTHMAR KEEL NOTICED STYLISTIC AND ICONOGRAPHIC SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
THESE
CYLINDER SEALS AND A GROUP OF CANAANITE GREEN JASPER SCARABS THAT HE
ATTRIBUTED TO A SOUTHERN
LEVANTINE ORIGIN BECAUSE LEW SURFACED IN CONTEMPORARY CONTEXTS IN THE
NORTH. THE PROBLEM OF
THE GREEN JASPER SEAL WORKSHOP(S) REMAINED UNRESOLVED AND WAS NOT
TOUCHED UPON IN RECENT
YEARS. I LOWEVER, SCARABS EXCAVATED AT BYBLOS CALL FOR A RE-EXAMINATION
OF THE EVIDENCE. THIS PAPER
AIMS AT CONTEXTUALISING THE PRESENCE OF GREEN JASPER CYLINDER AND STAMP
SEALS IN THE EARLY 2"'
1
MILLENNIUM EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN, MOVING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN EGYPT,
THE SOUTHERN AND
THE NORTHERN LEVANT. FINALLY, IT WILL EXAMINE IF*AND IF SO LIOW*BYBLOS
PLAYED A PART IN THEIR
PRODUCTION.
KCI/IMNK: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE; MIDDLE KINGDOM; EGYPTIANISING CYLINDER
SEALS; SCARABS; SEAL
WORKSHOPS
ELLEN F. MORRIS
EGYPT, UGARIT, THE GOD BA
C
AL, AND THE PUZZLE OF A ROYAL REBUFF 315
AHSLNNI: LETTER RS 88.2158, SENT FROM MERNEPTAH TO THE KING OF UGARIT,
REVEALS THAT THE STATUE OF
BA'AL IN UGARIT'S MAIN TEMPLE HAD BEEN DEDICATED BY THE EGYPTIANS AND
ALSO THAT THE KING OF
UGARIT WISHED THE PHARAOH TO COMMISSION ANOTHER STATUE, THIS TIME OF
HIMSELF, THAT COULD ALSO
BE ERECTED IN THE BA'AL TEMPLE. TO THIS REQUEST, MERNEPTAH REPLIED
EVASIVELY, PREFERRING TO TELL
A FIB RATHER THAN TO ACQUIESCE TO HIS CORRESPONDENT'S REQUEST. THIS
PAPER EXAMINES FOUR DIFFERENT
ASPECTS OF STATUES THAT MAY HAVE BEEN TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN SUCH
NEGOTIATIONS. IT IS ARGUED THAT
UGARIT WAS CONSIDERING SHIFTING ITS PRIMARY LOYALTY FROM HATTI TO EGYPT
IN THE REIGN OL MERNEPTAH
AND THAT THE PROVISION OF STATUES PLAYED AN IMPORTANT PART IN THESE
NEGOTIATIONS.
KN/UVRDS: LATE BRONZE AGE FOREIGN RELATIONS; DIPLOMACY; CULT STATUES;
UGARIT; EGYPT; MERNEPTAH;
BA'AL
ALEXANDER AHRENS
THE EARLY 18'" DYNASTY IN THE NORTHERN LEVANT:
NEW FINDS AND A REASSESSMENT OF THE SOURCES
ABSTRACT: THE RELATIONS BETWEEN EGYPT AND THE LEVANT DURING TIN- M **
-I
THUTMOSE III OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18"- DVRNSTV UNHI .H H KINGDOM,
STARTING WITH
IN
S
THE 20- DYNAST, ARE WELL ATTESTED M H.STON ", ^X" " 1 ^M " ^ ^
EXTENT AND NATURE OF THE CONTACTS BETWEEN EGYPT AND TH 'T "T^ "^^
F
^
.8- DYNAST, ON,Y VERY LITTLE IS KNOWN. THIS TRAN ITI* , Y,^ -7, 7 ^ '
^ ^
INTERMEDIATE IW-IN TERMS OF NEAR EASTERN BRONZ AGE H H'O Y \ T"
G
F ^^
LATE BRONZE AGE L-SAW THE POLITICAL UNIFICATION OF THE F^VPTI E'MF "^ '"
'" ""'
THE F,RST KMG OF THE , 8* DYNASTY AND ALSO ,A,D THE PRAGMA^ I* 1 ^ ^ '
AH
_*"''
LAN IMPERIAL STRATEGY IN THE LEX-ANT FOR THE SUCCEEDING "NVITNN-" I V
N
A
SR
10SSI
^ TGYPT-
CAMPAIGNING ALMOST EVERY YEA, AND ESTABLISHING^
WO
T^^T "I
ADMINISTRATIVE CENTERS THAT STILL EXISTED DURING THE AMARNA PERIOD
^"HTT*?
EVIDENCE AND NATURE OF CONTACTS BETWEEN EGYPL AND THE LEVANT SRIN \L,^D
O!7HT ^
INTERMEDIATE PERIOD AND THE REIGN OF THUTMOSE 111.
ECOND
KN/NX RRFS: EGYPT; LEVANT; INTERREGIONAL CONTACTS; EARLY 18"' DYNASTY;
EARLY LATE BRONZE AGE
UROS MA TIC
CHILDREN ON THE MOVE: MS.W WR.W IN THE NEW KINGDOM
PROCESSION SCENES
373
ABSTRACT: CHILDREN ARE A SOCIAL GROUP QUITE OFTEN LEFT ASIDE IN THE
DISCUSSIONS ON RELATIONS CON.,
F
AND INTERCONNECTIONS IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE. THIS PAPER ANALYZES THE
DENI R !""
LONLLUTS
DREN IN THE NEW KINGDOM PROCESSION SCENES FROM FIFTEEN T^IND THSS ""
DL
"
THAT THIS CORPUS WAS NEVER STUDIED AS A WHOLE AND IN DETAIL. THE
DEPICTIONS OF CHIL
FIGURES WHO BRING THEM ARE DIVIDED ACCORDING TO THEIR ETHNICITY, GENDER
AND THE TYN
.NTERRACHON THEY HAVE IN THESE SCENES. THE PATTERNS OF REPRESENTATION
ARE ESTABLISHED
LN
I
PARED TO THE TERMS USED TO LABEL THE CHILDREN IN THE INSCRIPTIONS
ACCOMPANY
C
"
V
SCENES. THE RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH THE ATTESTATIONS OF THE PRACTICE
OF BNN "
PV
^'
N
TO EGYPT IN INSCRIPTIONS NOT RELATED TO THE PROCESSION SCENES
K S
R
'
LGN
CHIIDR
*
KCI/NVNIS: NEW KINGDOM; FOREIGNERS; CHILDREN; SYRIA; NUBIA
ZSOLT SIMON
WHERE DID THE KINGS OF DANUNA OF EA 151 RULE?
ABSTRACT: HISTORICAL FACTS UNAMBIGUOUSLY EXCLUDE THE IN VR I ,
AND THIS CONCLUSION IS SUPPORTED BY IMGUISTICS ^
CL
TH^T L^T '" ^^ '"
CIIKID
AHK 31 DEMONSTRATE THAT THE KINGDOM OF DANU SI U T" '"T"'
TH
LC
"
CRS EA 131
""
D
OR AROUND TODAY'S MATAY PROVINCE- DANUNA AND DNNYM ^ ^ ^ ""^
F UG
'
LRIT
""
THE GEOGRAPHICAL SHIFT CANNOT BE EXPLAINED AND BH / SEPARATED
ACCORDINGLY, SINCE
FROM THE DENYEN. THE PAPER ALSO INCLUDES A DIS~'
M
\
UMVD
'ME SEPARATION OF DNNYM
APPEARANCE OF AHHIYAWA IN THE KARATELVINSCRI ITBI'"
U
R
'
ATED PROBLEM OF THE ALLE
S
OD
KN/UVNIS: DANUNA; CILICIA; SEA PEOPLES; AMARNA
JANA MYNAFOVA
AMARNA PALAEOGRAPHY PROJECT. THE CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH
409
ABSTRACT: AT PRESENT THE AMARNA CUNEIFORM ,-,** , ,
IMPORTANT SET OF DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRAT
N
"T T
U
"
D
UBTCDL
'
RE
P
RT
^
NTS
"8T AND MOST
VANT. A NEW PROJECT DEDICATED TO THE %ZRX^TTT "?? !" ^ "*
QAITL
"
?
' ^ '"
^*'IAEOGRAPNY OF THESE TEXTS HAS BEEN STARTED AIMING TO
7
ANALYZE THESE CUNEIFORM TEXTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PALAEOGRAPHY WITH
SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN
TO INDIVIDUAL SCRIBAL TRADITIONS, IDIOSYNCRASIES AND CONSISTENCY OF
PRACTICE, TECHNICAL ISSUES, AS
WELL AS TO VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DIPLOMATICS.
KEYWORDS: AMARNA TABLETS; CUNEIFORM PALAEOGRAPHY; CHRONOLOGY; PERIPHERY
NIKOLAS PAPADIMITRIOU
AEGEAN AND CYPRIOT CERAMIC TRADE OVERSEAS DURING
THE 2
ND
MILLENNIUM BCE 423
ABSTRACT: ALTHOUGH AEGEAN AND CYPRIOT CERAMIC VESSELS WERE WIDELY TRADED
IN THE EASTERN MEDITER-
RANEAN DURING THE 2'"' MILLENNIUM BCE, THEY ARE OFTEN EXAMINED
SEPARATELY, NOT ALLOWING FOR COMPA-
RISONS. THIS PAPER EXAMINES COMPARATIVELY THEIR QUANTITIES AND
REPERTOIRES IN EGYPT AND THE 1 .EVANL,
AND THE RATE OF EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE TWO REGIONS (THE AEGEAN AND
CYPRUS) OVER TIME. IT IS SHOWN
THAT WHILE CYPRIOT CERAMICS ARRIVED EN MASSE AT EGYPT AND THE LEVANT
SINCE THE LATER PART OF THE MBA,
AND INCLUDED MOSTLY CONTAINERS FOR LIQUIDS, AEGEAN VESSELS IN THE EAST
WERE RARE BEFORE THE I4
!H
CENTURY
ISCF, AND INCLUDED MOSTLY TABLEWARE; AEGEAN CONTAINERS WERE
SYSTEMATICALLY EXPORTED ONLY IN LI 1
IIIA2-B, I.E. THE MYCENAEAN "PALATIAL" PERIOD. THESE REMARKS SUGGEST
THAT THE AEGEAN AND CYPRIOT
EXCHANGE NETWORKS OPERATED INDEPENDENTLY FOR A LONG TIME, AND RAISE SOME
INTERESTING QUESTIONS
ABOUT THE LEVEL OF INTEGRATION OF AEGEAN POLITIES INTO THE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN TRADE SYSTEM.
KCI/JUORDS: EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN; BRONZE AGE TRADE; AEGEAN; CYPRUS;
CERAMIC IMPORTS
SECTION IV. PROBLEMS OF THE 1
ST
MILLENNIUM BCE
PAVEL ONDERKA
TYPHONIA OF FREDERIC CAILLIAUD 447
ABSTRACT: DURING HIS VOYAGE TO THE PRESENT-CLAY SUDAN IN 1821-1822.
FREDERIC CAILLIAUD DOCU-
MENTED TWO STRUCTURES WHICH HE LABELLED AS "TYPHONIA" BASED ON THE
SCULPTURES OF BES (IDENTIFIED
WITH CREEK TYPHON) THAT THEY ORIGINALLY INCORPORATED. ONE OF THE
STRUCTURES IS THE MUT TEMPLE
BUILT BY TAHARQO AT THE FOOT OF JEBEL BARKAL (B 200), THE OTHER ONE WAS
LOCATED AT WAD BEN NAGA
AND WAS BUILT DURING THE MEROITIC PERIOD (WBN 200). WHILE THE TEMPLE B
200 IS A WELL-KNOWN
TEMPLE WITH A LONG HISTORY OF SCHOLARLY INTERESTS, THE EXPLORATION OF
THE TYPHONIUM AT WAD BEN
NAGA BEGAN ONLY IN 2011. THE EXCAVATIONS YIELDED NUMEROUS PIECES OF
INFORMATION, INCLUDING THE
NAME OF ITS BUILDER BEING NATAKAMANI AND THE MAIN DEITY WORSHIPPED IN
THE TEMPLE BEING MUT.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF THE TWO STRUCTURES ATTESTS TO MANY
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TWO STRUC-
TURES IN DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE MAIN SANCTUARIES, IN INCLUSION OF
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES IN THEIR
CONSTRUCTIONS AND IN ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS. THE SIMILARITIES ARE FAR TOO
MANY TO BE ACCIDENTAL.
THE ANALYSIS IMPLIES THAT THE TYPHONIUM OF WAD BEN NAGA WAS BUILT BY
NATAKAMANI WITH AN
ASPIRATION TO CREATE A COPY OF TAHARQO'S TEMPLE AT THE FOOT OF JEBEL
BARKAL (B 300), UPDATED AND
ENRICHED ACCORDING TO INSPIRATIONS FROM CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN
ARCHITECTURE AND DECORATION.
KEYWORDS: GODDESS MUT; WAD BEN NAGA; TYPHONIUM; FREDERIC CAILLIAUD
VLASTIMIL VRTAL
EGYPTIAN INSCRIPTIONS OF NATAKAMANI AND AMANITORE 465
ABSTRACT: IN THE 2'"' CENTURY BCE, MEROITIC SCRIPT AND LANGUAGE BECAME
WIDELY USED IN THE IN-
SCRIPTIONS OF THE MEROITIC KINGDOM. HOWEVER, AT AROUND THE TURN OF THE
ERAS, EGYPTIAN WAS REIN-
TROD UCED INTO SOME OF THE ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS. THIS RENEWED INTEREST IN
EGYPTIAN WRITING CAN BE
ASSOCIATED WITH INTENSIFICATION OF CONTACTS BETWEEN MEROE AND (RELIGIOUS
CENTRES IN) EGYPT, BUT
AT THE SAME TIME CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AS A MEANS OF MANIFESTATION OF THE
POLITICAL PROGRAM OF
MEROITIC RULERS, THROUGH WHICH THEY WERE REPRESENTED AS THE TRUE RULERS
OF THE TWO LANDS.
KEYWORDS: ANCIENT NUBIA; MEROITIC KINGDOM; RE-INTRODUCTION OF EGYPTIAN;
ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS
10
ALOSSANDRO MORICONI - GIULIA TUCCI
PHILISTINES IN TRANSITION: ASSYRIANS AND EGYPTIANS IN TEL MIQNE/
EKRON DURING THE 7"' CENTURY BCE 493
ABSTRACT: THE AIM OF THIS PAPER IS THE STUDY OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
IMPACT AND "CORE-PERIPHERY"
INTERACTIONS DOCUMENTED IN EKRON THROUGH THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
CONCERNING THE NEO-
ASSYRIAN AND EGYPTIAN DOMINATION DURING THE LATE IRON AGE.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE REMARKABLE DATA DISCOVERED IN TEL MICPIE'S STRATA
1C-I3 AND THE SUBSTANTIAL
GROWTH OF THE SETTLED URBAN SPACE DURING THE 7"' CENTURY BCE DEMONSTRATE
HOW NEW PERSPECTIVES
AND AN EXTRAORDINARY DEVELOPMENT OF INTERCUITURAL RELATIOIISLIIPS
CONNECTED THE WESTERN MEDITER-
RANEAN ENVIRONMENT TO ASSYRIA AND EGYPT, REFLECTING THE CREATION OF NEW
CULTURAL AND POLITICAL
HORIZONS.
KEYWORDS: TEL MKJNE/EKRON; NEO-ASSYRIANS; EGYPTIANS; 7
IH
CENTURY BCE; JEWELRV
DAN'EL KAHN
WHY DID NECHO II KILL JOSIAH? 511
ABSTRACT: LOSIAH, KING OF JUDAH (64()-DO
T
) BCE), WAS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST RIGHTEOUS KINGS
OF JUDAH ACCORDING TO THE STANDARDS OF THE BOOK OF KINGS (2 KGS 22:2). 1
LOW GREAT WAS THE SURPRISE
WHEN THIS GOD-REVERING KING WAS KILLED IN THE PRIME OF HIS REIGN BY
NECHO 11, KING OF EGYPT
(610*595 BCE). IN THIS ARTICLE I WILL DEAL WITH THE CIRCUMSTANCES AND
REASONS WHICH LED TO LOSIAH'S
TRAGIC DEATH. IN ORDER TO DO SO, IT IS NECESSARY TO RECONSTRUCT THE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF HIS
REIGN.
KEYWORDS: JOSIAH OF |UDAH; NECHO II; ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
LUISA BONADIES
STONE JARS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN OF THE 1
ST
MILLENNIUM BCE 529
ABSTRACT: THIS PAPER REVIEWS SOME SOFT STONE VESSELS FROM THE DEPARTMENT
OF EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES
AT THE LOUVRE MUSEUM IN PARIS, BY FOCUSING ESPECIALLY ON THE MORPHOLOGY
OF THEIR BODY PROFILES.
BY ATTEMPTING TO MAKE A COMPARISON WITH SOME OTHER STONE JARS FROM THE
MEDITERRANEAN AREA OF
THE L
S[
MILLENNIUM BCE, THIS STUDY AIMS TO ESTABLISH IF IT IS POSSIBLE THAT AN
ARTEFACT USUALLY CON-
SIDERED EGYPTIAN MAY HAVE BEEN MADE BY FOREIGN CRAFTSMEN POSSIBLY LIVING
IN THE NILE VALIEV
IT IS HOPED THAT THIS WILL PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF CONTACTS BETWEEN EGYPTIAN
AND PHOENICIAN PEOPLES
NOT ONLY IN THE FORM OF SIMPLE COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES, BUT ALSO AS AN
IMPORTANT MUTUAL EXCHANGE
OF TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE.
KEYWORDS: STONE VESSELS; EGYPT; PHOENICIANS; WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
INDICES 549
11 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Mynářová, Jana 1976- Onderka, Pavel 1982- Pavúk, Peter 1974- |
| author2_role | edt edt edt |
| author2_variant | j m jm p o po p p pp |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1053322933 (DE-588)1024004465 (DE-588)1075058678 |
| author_corporate | There and back again - the crossroads II (Veranstaltung) Prag |
| author_corporate_role | aut |
| author_facet | Mynářová, Jana 1976- Onderka, Pavel 1982- Pavúk, Peter 1974- There and back again - the crossroads II (Veranstaltung) Prag |
| author_sort | There and back again - the crossroads II (Veranstaltung) Prag |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043360608 |
| classification_rvk | EO 1930 LE 1800 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)936799587 (DE-599)OBVAC12716401 |
| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft Klassische Archäologie |
| era | Geschichte 1999-1 v.Chr. gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1999-1 v.Chr. |
| format | Conference Proceeding Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift |
| geographic | Ägypten Altertum (DE-588)4068430-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ägypten Altertum |
| id | DE-604.BV043360608 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-13T18:00:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1082433977 |
| isbn | 9788073085759 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028779835 |
| oclc_num | 936799587 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 |
| physical | 555 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | There and back again - the crossroads II (Veranstaltung) 2 2014 Prag Verfasser (DE-588)1082433977 aut There and back again - the crossroads II proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 edited by Jana Mynářová, Pavel Onderka and Peter Pavúk Prague Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts 2015 555 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1999-1 v.Chr. gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd rswk-swf Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd rswk-swf Kulturaustausch (DE-588)4165964-8 gnd rswk-swf Ägäische Kultur (DE-588)4068427-1 gnd rswk-swf Ägypten Altertum (DE-588)4068430-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Ägypten Altertum (DE-588)4068430-1 g Ägäische Kultur (DE-588)4068427-1 s Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 s Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 s Kulturaustausch (DE-588)4165964-8 s Geschichte 1999-1 v.Chr. z DE-604 Mynářová, Jana 1976- (DE-588)1053322933 edt Onderka, Pavel 1982- (DE-588)1024004465 edt Pavúk, Peter 1974- (DE-588)1075058678 edt SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028779835&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | There and back again - the crossroads II proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Kulturaustausch (DE-588)4165964-8 gnd Ägäische Kultur (DE-588)4068427-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4068297-3 (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4165964-8 (DE-588)4068427-1 (DE-588)4068430-1 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | There and back again - the crossroads II proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 |
| title_auth | There and back again - the crossroads II proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 |
| title_exact_search | There and back again - the crossroads II proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 |
| title_full | There and back again - the crossroads II proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 edited by Jana Mynářová, Pavel Onderka and Peter Pavúk |
| title_fullStr | There and back again - the crossroads II proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 edited by Jana Mynářová, Pavel Onderka and Peter Pavúk |
| title_full_unstemmed | There and back again - the crossroads II proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 edited by Jana Mynářová, Pavel Onderka and Peter Pavúk |
| title_short | There and back again - the crossroads II |
| title_sort | there and back again the crossroads ii proceedings of an international conference held in prague september 15 18 2014 |
| title_sub | proceedings of an international conference held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 |
| topic | Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Kulturaustausch (DE-588)4165964-8 gnd Ägäische Kultur (DE-588)4068427-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsbeziehungen Bronzezeit Kulturaustausch Ägäische Kultur Ägypten Altertum Konferenzschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028779835&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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