The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia: economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia |b economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared |c vorgelegt von Dr. Anna G. Tevini |
| 264 | 1 | |a Göttingen |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a xxxviii, 368 Seiten | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 502 | |b Dissertation |c Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen |d 2013 | ||
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| adam_text | SHORT TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................xviii
TABLE OF MOST RELEVANT LEGAL DOCUMENTS.............................................................................xxi
TABLE OF MOST RELEVANT LEGAL DECISIONS............................................................................xxiv
TABLE OF REFERENCES................................................................................................xxv
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1
A. General Context and Objectives of the Thesis.................................................................1
B. Outline of the Thesis..........................................................................................2
CHAPTER I: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS.............................................4
A. Introduction...................................................................................................4
B. Defining International Economic Integration....................................................................4
I. Economic integration as a Fashion Term”...................................................................4
II. Market-Driven Economic Integration..........................................................................5
///. Policy-Driven Economic Integration..........................................................................5
IV. The Symbiosis Between Market- and Policy-Driven Integration...............................................7
C. Promoting International Economic Integration Through Law.....................................................8
/. The International Economic Law Revolution...................................................................8
II. The Contribution of Law to International Economic Integration...............................................9
D. Economic Integration Through the WTO.........................................................................17
/. Eoundation and Legal Framework of the GA TTAMTO............................................................18
II. Objectives and Major Principles of the GA TJ/WTO...........................................................18
E. Economic Integration Through Regional Trade Agreements........................................................29
/. Definition and Terminology.................................................................................30
II. Classification of RTAs.....................................................................................31
///. Objectives ofRTAs..........................................................................................44
IV. Economic Effects ofRTAs....................................................................................46
V. The Global Spread ofRTAs...................................................................................49
F. The Multilateral Framework for Regional Trade Agreements......................................................50
L RTAs as Exceptions from the Most-Favoured Nation Principle.................................................51
II. Art. XXIV GA TT1994 and the 1994 Understanding (Trade in Goods)...........................................52
HI Art. V: 1 GA TS (Trade in Services)........................................................................64
IV. Special Rules for Developing Countries.....................................................................68
V. The New Provisional Transparency Mechanism for RTAs......................................................74
G. Summary..........................................................................................................75
CHAPTER II: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN EAST ASIA - ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENTS, AND PROSPECTS.................................76
A. Introduction.....................................................................................................76
B. East Asia - Definition and Characteristics.......................................................................76
I. Definition...................................................................................................76
It. Characteristics..............................................................................................77
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C. Dominance of Market-led Integration and Economic Cooperation in East Asia in the 20th Century....................80
I. Economic Integration in the Absence of RTAs: the 1960s to 1990s..............................................81
II. Economic Cooperation in Southeast Asia: ASEAN s First 25 Years (1967- 1992)..................................84
HI. Economic Cooperation in Border Areas: Sub-regional Economic Zones (the 1980s and Beyond).....................90
IV. Inter-Regional Economic Cooperation: the 1990s and Beyond....................................................94
D. First Experiences of East Asian Countries with Limited RTAs......................................................98
I. The Bangkok A greement (1975)................................................................................98
II. The ASEAN Preferential Trading Arrangements (1977)...........................................................99
III. The ASEAN Free Trade Area (1992)............................................................................100
E. A Rapid Embrace of RTAs in East Asia in the 21st Century........................................................105
I. Dominance of Bilateral FT As in East Asia...................................................................105
H. Increased Integration in Southeast Asia s ASEAN.............................................................108
III. The ASEAN Plus One FT As..................................................................................713
IV. A Region-Wide FT A for East Asia?...........................................................................115
V. Reasons for the New Interest in Strengthened Regional Cooperation and Integration...........................119
F. Summary.........................................................................................................130
CHAPTER III: THE LEGALIZATION OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT RELATIONS IN ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA CEPA........................131
A. Introduction and Objectives.....................................................................................131
B. Background Information..........................................................................................132
I. AFT A (Plus) - The Oldest RTA in East Asia..................................................................132
II. ACFTA - The Largest RTA in East Asia........................................................................140
III. JSEPA-The Most Sophisticated RTA in East Asia...............................................................147
IV. CEPA - An RTA within One Nation and a Stepping Stone toward Greater China?..................................151
C. The Legal Framework for Economic Integration - Goods, Services, Investment, and Labour..........................157
/. Introduction................................................................................................157
II. The Liberalisation of the Trade in Goods....................................................................157
III. The Liberalisation of the Trade in Services.................................................................211
IV. The Liberalisation and Protection of Investment.............................................................239
V Labour Mobility.............................................................................................266
Vi Summary.....................................................................................................270
D. The Legal Framework for Dispute Settlement......................................................................271
/ Introduction................................................................................................271
//. Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA, and CEPA - An Overview.............................272
III. interstate Dispute Settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA JSEPA....................................................275
!]/. Investor-State Dispute Settlement in ASEAN JSEPA.......................................................308
V. Summary..................................................................................................326
E. Comparing Evaluating Levels of Legalization...............................................................327
/ Introduction.............................................................................................327
II. Elements of Legalization - A Refined Definition..........................................................327
///. The Element of Obligation inAFTA, ACFTA, JSEPA, and CEPA.................................................334
IV. The Element of Precision.................................................................................336
V. The Element of Delegation................................................................................338
Vi. Summary and Evaluation...................................................................................345
F. Summary.....................................................................................................348
CHAPTER IV: EAST ASIAN RTAs - SIGNIFICANCE CHALLENGES FOR THE REGION AND BEYOND................................351
A. Introduction................................................................................................351
B. The Significance of RTAs for East Asia.................................................................... 351
/. RTAs as an Additional instrument for Regional Economic Integration and Cooperation.......................351
H. RTAs as A New Instrument of Regional Foreign Policy......................................................353
C. RTA Challenges for East Asia: Managing East Asia’s Noodle Bowl ...................................... 353
I. RTAs in the Aftermath of AFT A, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA and the Race for a Hub Position*..................354
II. The Overlapping Network of RTAs and the Noodle Bowl Problem............................................354
III. Potential Solutions to the Noodle Bow! Problem.........................................................356
fV. The Need for a New East Asian Regional Management Scheme.................................................359
D. The Global Significance of East Asian RTAs..................................................................359
/. The End of East Asia s Outward-Looking Trading Policies?.................................................360
II. East Asian RTAs and the Multilateral Trading System......................................................360
E. Summary.....................................................................................................362
FINAL SUMMARY CONCLUSION.......................................................................................363
DEUTSCHSPRACHIGE ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.................................................................................366
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COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................. xviii
TABLE OF MOST RELEVANT LEGAL DOCUMENTS..................................................................................xxi
TABLE OF MOST RELEVANT LEGAL DECISIONS.................................................................................xxiv
t
TABLE OF REFERENCES.....................................................................................................xxv
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1
A. General Context and Objectives of the Thesis........................................................................1
B. Outline of the Thesis...............................................................................................2
CHAPTER I: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS....................................................4
A. Introduction........................................................................................................4
B. Defining International Economic Integration.........................................................................4
/. Economic Integration as a Fashion Term .....................................................................4
II. Market-Driven Economic Integration.............................................................................5
III. Policy-Driven Economic Integration.............................................................................5
1. Distinguishing Integration and Cooperation........................................................................ 6
2. Forms of Policy-Driven Integration..................................................................................6
IV. The Symbiosis Between Market- and Policy-Driven Integration..................................................7
C. Promoting International Economic Integration Through Law.......................................................... 8
/. The International Economic Law Revolution......................................................................8
If. The Contribution of Law to International Economic Integration..................................................9
1. General Observations................................................................................................9
2. The Creation of ‘Primary’* and ‘Secondary* Rules....................................................................9
3. Varying Degrees of Integration ’’Scope and * Depth .............................................................f 0
a) Elements Defining the Scope of Integration....................................................................10
b) Elements Defining the Depth of Integration......................................................................11
4. Varying Degrees of Legalization: From Soft Law to Hard Law .....................................................13
a) Basic Elements Defining Legalization............................................................................14
b) Soft Law vs. Hard Law - Pros and Cons.......................................................................15
D. Economic Integration Through the WTO...............................................................................17
/. Foundation and Legal Framework of the GA TT/WTO...............................................................18
II. Objectives and Major Principles of the GA TT/WTO..............................................................18
1. Objectives.........................................................................................................18
2. Principles and Measures............................................................................................19
a) Liberalisation..................................................................................................19
aa) Trade in Goods.................................................................................................19
(i) Tariff Barriers...........................................................................................19
(ii) Non-Tariff Barriers.......................................................................................21
bb) Trade in Services.........................................................................................22
b) Non-Discrimination..............................................................................................24
aa) Most Favoured Nation Treatment.................................................................................25
bb) National Treatment........................................................................................27
c) Reciprocity.....................................................................................................28
d) Transparency....................................................................................................29
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E. Economic Integration Through Regional Trade Agreements............................................................29
/ Definition and Terminology......................................................................................30
II. Classification ofRTAs...........................................................................................31
1. Preferential T rading Area ( PTA )............................................................................... 31
2. Free Trade Area ( FTA )......................................................................................... 32
a) Definition..................................................................................................... 32
b) Old Generation and New Generation FTAs.......................................................................33
c) Rules of Origin..................................................................................................34
aa) Meaning and Function...........................................................................................34
bb) Criteria for Origin Determination..........................................................................36
(i) Change in Tariff Classification............................................................................38
(ii) Value-Added Rule...........................................................................................39
(iii) Specified Process Rule.................................................................................41
3. Customs Union ( CU )................................................................................................42
4. Common Market ( CM )............................................................................................ 43
5. Economic (and Monetary) Union.......................................................................................43
III. Objectives ofRTAs...............................................................................................44
1. Economic Gains......................................................................................................44
2. Political Gains.....................................................................................................45
IV. Economic Effects ofRTAs.........................................................................................46
1. Static Effects......................................................................................................46
2. Dynamic Effects................................................................................................. 48
V. The Global Spread ofRTAs........................................................................................49
F. The Multilateral Framework for Regional Trade Agreements..........................................................50
i RTAsas Exceptions from the Most-Favoured Nation Principle..................................................... 51
if. Art. XXIV GATT 1994 and the 1994 Understanding (Trade in Goods).................................................52
1. Overview............................................................................................................52
2. Historical Background...............................................................................................53
3. Substantive Requirements for RTAs in Goods..........................................................................53
a) Art. XXIV:4 GATT 1994 as a Substantive Requirement?............................................................. 54
b) The Internal Requirement: Coverage of Substantially all the Trade (Art. XXIV:8 GATT 1994)........................54
aa) Customs Unions (Art. XXIV;8 fit. a).............................................................................55
(i) Elimination of Internal Trade Barriers (Art. XXIV:8 lit. a (i))............................................55
(ii) Harmonization of External Trade Barriers (Art. XXIV:8 lit a (ii))..........................................57
bb) Free Trade Areas (Art. XXIV:8 lit. b)......................................................................58
c) The External Requirement: No Raise in the Overall Level of Trade Barriers (Art. XXIV: 5).........................58
aa) Customs Unions and Related Interim Agreements (Art. XXIV:5 lit. a).............................................58
bb) Free Trade Areas and Related Interim Agreements (Art. XXIV:5 lit. b).......................................60
d) Reasonable Time Frame for the Establishment of Interim Agreements (Art, XXIV;5 lit. c)...........................60
4. Procedural Requirements............................................................................................61
a) Notification and Reporting Duties to the CRTA (Art. XXIV:7)......................................................61
aa) General Requirements (Art. XXIV:7 lit, a).......................................................................61
bb) Special Requirements for interim Agreements (Art. XXIV:7 lit. b and c)...................................63
b) Negotiation Duty in Case of Raise in Bound Rate of Duty (Art. XXlV;6)............................................63
5. Waiver (Art. XXIV: 10)............................................................................................ 64
III. Art. V: 1 GA TS (Trade in Services).............................................................................64
1. Overview............................................................................................................65
2. The Substantive Requirements for RTAs in Services................................................................65
a) The Internal Requirements (Art. V:1 lits a and b GATS)...........................................................65
b) The External Requirement: No Raise in the Overall Level of Trade Barriers (Art. V:4 GATS)........................66
c) Reasonable Time Frame for the Establishment of Interim Agreements (Art. V:1 lit. b GATS).........................66
3. The Procedural Requirements.........................................................................................67
a) Notification and Reporting Duties (Art. V:7 GATS)................................................................67
b) Negotiation Duty (Art. V:5 GATS).................................................................................67
4. Beneficiaries of Preferential Treatment (Art. V:6 GATS).............................................................67
IV. Special Rules for Developing Countries..........................................................................68
1. The Multilateral Trading System and Developing Countries............................................................68
2. The Absence of a Definition of Developing Countries ..............................................................70
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3. RTAs in Goods and the Requirements of the ’Enabling Clause*.....................................................
a) The Enabling Clause as an MFN Exception for RTAs among Developing Countries (Paras. 1,2 lit. c)............
b) Substantive Requirements (Para. 3 lit. a and b).............................................................
c) Procedural Requirements (Para. 4)...........................................................................
4. RTAs in Services and the Requirements of Art. V:3 GATS.........................................................
a) Art. V:3 lit. a GATS { Flexibility )........................................................................
b) Art. V:3 lit. b GATS ( More Favourable Treatment )..........................................................
V. The New Provisional Transparency Mechanism* for RTAs.........................................................74
G. Summary............................................................................................................75
CHAPTER II: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN EAST ASIA - ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENTS, AND PROSPECTS.....................................76
A. Introduction.......................................................................................................76
B. East Asia - Definition and Characteristics.........................................................................76
I. Definition......................................................................................................76
II. Characteristics.................................................................................................77
1. Diversity......................................................................................................
2. Economic Vibrancy..............................................................................................
3. Regional instability and Nationalism...........................................................................
C. Dominance of Market-led Integration and Economic Cooperation in East Asia in the 20th Century...................80
/. Economic Integration in the Absence of RTAs: the 1960s to 1990s.......................................................81
1. Regional Integration Through Industrial Production Networks..........................................................
a) Japan’s Flying Geese Model.......................................................................................
b) {Excursus Changing Production Networks in the 21st Century.......................................................
2. Global Integration Through the GATT/WTO..............................................................................
a) The Export-Oriented Economic Development Model...................................................................
b) Increasing GATT/WTO Membership...................................................................................
//. Economic Cooperation in Southeast Asia: ASEAN s First 25 Years (1967- 1992)......................................84
1. Foundation, Membership, Objectives of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).............................
2. Original Institutional Structure.....................................................................................
3. Eoonomic Cooperation (1970s and 1980s)...............................................................................
a) Overview.........................................................................................................
b) T rade and Industry Cooperation: The AIP, AIC, AIJV..............................................................
aa) ASEAN Industrial Projects (AIP)..................................................................................
bb) ASEAN Industrial Complementation (AIC).....................................................................
cc) ASEAN Industrial Joint Ventures (AIJV)...........................................................................
III. Economic Cooperation in Border Areas: Sub-regional Economic Zones (the 1980s and Beyond)..............................90
1. Characteristics and Objectives of SREZs..............................................................................
2. Selected Examples....................................................................................................
a) The Growth Triangles in Southeast Asia.........................................................................
b) The Greater Tumen Initiative in Northeast Asia.................................................................
c) The Greater Mekong Subregion in Southeast Asia and Southern China..............................................
d) (Excursus) The Greater Pearl River Delta in the South China Sea - a New SREZ in the 21s1 Century...............
3. Summary..............................................................................................................
IV. Inter-Regional Economic Cooperation: the 1990s and Beyond.............................................................94
1. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC )..........................................................................
a) Foundation, Purpose, Membership..................................................................................
b) Institutional Characteristics and Tools for Realizing Economic Objectives........................................
2. The Asia-Europe Meeting ( ASEM ).......................................................................
3. Summary................................................................................................
D. First Experiences of East Asian Countries with Limited RTAs..................................................98
/. The Bangkok Agreement (1975)............................................................................98
II. The ASEAN Preferential Trading Arrangements (1977)......................................................99
III. The ASEAN Free Trade Area (1992)...................................................................... 100
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1. ASEAN’s Shift to Rules-Based Economic Integration............................................................... 100
2. Slow-Paced Integration............................................................................................103
3. The ASEAN Way ............................................................................................... 103
4. Adoption of a First Formal Set of Rules for Dispute Settlement.................................................. 104
E. A Rapid Embrace of RTAs in East Asia in the 21st Century................................................... 105
/ Dominance of Bilateral FT As in East Asia.....................................................................105
//. Increased Integration in Southeast Asia s ASEAN...............................................................108
1. Toward an ASEAN (Economic) Community..............................................................................108
2. Institutional Strengthening - Enhancing the Rule of Law...........................................................110
a) A More Legalistic Approach to Dispute Settlement..............................................................110
b) The ASEAN Charter ....................................................................................... 112
III. The ASEANPlus One FTAs......................................................................................113
/V A Region-Wide ETA for East Asia?..............................................................................115
1. An EAFTA on the Basis of the ASEAN Plus Three ?...............................................................115
a) The ASEAN Plus Three - Framework of Cooperation.............................................................115
b) Plans for an East Asian Free Trade Area .....................................................................116
2. An EAS-FTA on the Basts of the East Asia Summit?............................................................ 117
a) The East Asia Summit...................................................................................... 118
b) An EAS-FTA ?............................................................................................... 118
V Reasons for the New Interest in Strengthened Regional Cooperation and Integration.............................119
1. Asian Economic and Financial Crisis (1997/98)................................................................... 119
a) Overview on the Crisis........................................................................................119
b) Relevance for East Asian Regionalism..........................................................................120
2. The Emergence of China as a New Regional Super Power..............................................................120
a) China’s Rising Economic Power and its Impact on the Region.................................................. 120
b) China s Accession to the WTO and the Fundamental Overhaul of its Economic and Regulatory System...............122
aa) China s Accession to the WTO...............................................................................122
bb) A Fundamental Restructuring of the Chinese Economic and Regulatory System...................................123
c) Relevance of China s Rise for East Asian Regionalism..........................................................125
3. Slow Progress in the WTO, APEC, ASEAN.............................................................................126
4. increased Regionalism Elsewhere and the Domino Effect ...........................................................127
5. increased Intra-Regional Trade and Investment................................................................... 128
6. Change of US Regional Policy toward East Asia.....................................................................129
F. Summary................................................................................................ 130
CHAPTER 111: THE LEGALIZATION OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT RELATIONS IN ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA CEPA.........................131
A. Introduction and Objectives.................................................................................. 131
B. Background Information..................................................................................... 132
1. APIA (Pius) - The Oldest RTA in East Asia.....................................................................132
1. Drafting History and Legal Framework..............................................................................132
a) The Initial Framework (1992-1996).............................................................................132
b) The Newer Framework (1997-2002)...............................................................................134
c) The Newest Framework (2003 and Beyond)........................................................................135
2. Significance and Motivations......................................................................................136
3. Legal Nature......................................................................................................136
4. Institutional Framework and Decision-Making.......................................................................137
a) Institutional Set-up Before the ASEAN Charter.................................................................137
b) Changes to the Institutional Set-up Introduced by the ASEAN Charter...........................................138
c) Decision-Making in ASEAN......................................................................................139
//. A CFTA - The Largest RTA in East Asia.........................................................................140
1. Drafting History and Legal Framework..............................................................................140
2. Significance and Motivations......................................................................................143
3. Legal Nature.................................................................................................... 146
4. Institutional Framework...........................................................................................146
XI
III. JSEPA-The Most Sophisticated RTA in East Asia...............................................................147
1. Drafting History and Legal Framework............................................................................147
2. Significance and Motivations....................................................................................148
3. Legal Nature....................................................................................................151
4. Institutional Framework.........................................................................................151
IV. CEPA - An RTA within One Nation and a Stepping Stone toward Greater China?..................................151
1. The Hong Kong S.A.R. and China - One Country, Two Systems .....................................................151
2. Drafting History and Legal Framework............................................................................152
3. Significance and Motivations....................................................................................155
4. Legal Nature....................................................................................................156
5. Institutional Framework.........................................................................................157
C. The Legal Framework for Economic Integration - Goods, Services, Investment, and Labour........................157
I. Introduction,...............................................................................................157
//. The Liberalisation of the Trade in Goods....................................................................157
1. Overview.......................................................................................................157
a) ASEAN........................................................................................................158
b) ACFTA........................................................................................................158
c) CEPA........................................................................................................159
d) JSEPA........................................................................................................159
2. Elimination of Tariff Barriers..................................................................................159
a) ASEAN........................................................................................................161
aa} Product Coverage..........................................................................................161
(i) Product Lists..........................................................................................161
(ii) The Reciprocity Limitation.............................................................................163
bb) Schedule for Tariff Cuts...............................................................................163
(i) The Original Objective: 0 % to 5 % Tariff Level........................................................163
(ii) The New Objective: Tariff Elimination................................................................165
(iii) The Newest Objective: Accelerated Tariff Eliminations in Priority Sectors...........................165
b) ACFTA........................................................................................................166
aa) Coverage and Schedule for Agricultural Products...........................................................167
(i) General Coverage of Products in Categories 01 to 08 of the Harmonized System...........................167
(ii) Additional Product-specific Coverage...................................................................168
(iii) Schedule for Tariff Cuts............................................................................169
bb) Coverage and Schedule for Industrial Products..........................................................170
(i) The Normal Track .....................................................................................171
(ii) The Sensitive Track ..................................................................................172
(iii) The Reciprxity Limitation.........................................................................173
c) JSEPA........................................................................................................175
aa) Product Coverage..........................................................................................175
bb) Schedule for Tariff Cuts...............................................................................176
d) CEPA.........................................................................................................176
aa) Product Coverage..........................................................................................177
bb) Schedule for Tariff Cuts...............................................................................178
e) Comparative Summary..........................................................................................178
3. Rules of Origin.................................................................................................180
aa) ASEAN.....................................................................................................181
bb) Local Content Rule.....................................................................................182
cc) CTC Rule..................................................................................................183
dd) Product-specific Rules.................................................................................183
ee) Summary...................................................................................................184
b) ACFTA........................................................................................................184
aa) General Local Content Rule................................................................................185
bb) Product-specific Ruies.................................................................................187
cc) Summary...................................................................................................187
c) JSEPA........................................................................................................188
aa) General CT C-Rule.........................................................................................188
bb) Local Content Rule.....................................................................................188
cc) Summary...................................................................................................190
d) CEPA.........................................................................................................190
aa) Process-Based Rule, CTC Rule, VA Rule.....................................................................191
bb) Incompleteness of CEPA ROO........................................................................... 192
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cc) Summary...................................................................................... 192
e) Comparative Summary..........................................192
4. Elimination of Non-Tariff Barriers.................................................................. 193
a) ASEAN........................................................................................ 194
b) ACFTA..............................................................................................196
c} JSEPA..............................................................................................197
d) CEPA............................................................................................. 198
e) Comparative Summary........................................ 199
5. T rade Remedies.................................................................................... 200
a) Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties?............................................................201
aa) AFTA.............................................................................................202
bb) ACFTA.............................................................................................202
cc) JSEPA.......................................................................................... 202
dd) CEPA..............................................................................................202
ee) Comparative Summary..............................................................................202
b) Possibility of Bilateral Safeguards and Exemption from the Application of Global Safeguards?.......203
aa) AFTA....................................................................................... 204
bb) ACFTA.............................................................................................205
cc) JSEPA............................................................................................206
dd) CEPA..............................................................................................208
ee) Comparative Summary..............................................................................208
6. Exceptions, Balance of Payments Restrictions, and Modification of Schedules......................... 209
a) ASEAN..............................................................................................209
b) ACFTA..............................................................................................209
c) JSEPA..............................................................................................210
d) CEPA...............................................................................................210
e) Comparative Summary........................................ 210
III. The Liberalisation of the Trade in Services.......................................................217
1. Overview..............................................................................................211
a) ASEAN..............................................................................................211
b) ACFTA..............................................................................................212
c) JSEPA..............................................................................................213
d) CEPA...............................................................................................213
2. Coverage ( Services ).................................................................................214
a) ASEAN..............................................................................................215
b) ACFTA..............................................................................................217
c) JSEPA..............................................................................................219
d) CEPA...............................................................................................220
e) Comparative Summary......................................... 221
3. Liberalisation Principles.............................................................................221
a) ASEAN..............................................................................................222
b) ACFTA..............................................................................................225
c) JSEPA............................................................................................ 226
d) CEPA...............................................................................................228
e) Comparative Summary..........................................229
4. Beneficiaries ( Service Providers )...................................................................230
a) ASEAN..............................................................................................231
b) ACFTA............................................................................................ 232
c) JSEPA..............................................................................................233
d) CEPA...............................................................................................235
e) Comparative Summary..........................................236
5. Trade Remedies, Modification of Schedules, Exceptions.................................................237
a) ASEAN..............................................................................................237
b) ACFTA..............................................................................................237
c) JSEPA..............................................................................................238
d) CEPA...............................................................................................239
e) Comparative Summary..........................................239
TV. The Liberalisation and Protection of Investment...................................................239
1. Overview..............................................................................................239
a) ASEAN..............................................................................................241
b) ACFTA..............................................................................................242
c) JSEPA............................................................................................ 243
xiii
d) CEPA.................................................................................................244
2. Investment Liberalisation...............................................................................244
a) Coverage ( Investment )...............................................................................244
aa) ASEAN................................................................................................245
bb) JSEPA............................................................................................245
cc) Comparative Summary...............................................................................246
b) Liberalisation Principles.............................................................................246
aa) Overview........................................................................................... 246
bb) ASEAN............................................................................................247
cc) JSEPA...................*...........................................................................249
dd) Comparative Summary..............................................................................250
c) Beneficiaries ( Investors )...........................................................................251
aa) ASEAN................................................................................................251
bb) JSEPA............................................................................................252
cc) Comparative Summary...............................................................................253
d) Trade Remedies, Exceptions, Modification of Schedules................................................253
aa) ASEAN................................................................................................253
bb) JSEPA...........................................................................................253
cc) Comparative Summary...............................................................................254
3. Investment Protection...................................................................................254
a) Relevance of Rules on Investment Protection...........................................................255
b) Coverage ( Investment )...............................................................................256
aa) ASEAN................................................................................................256
bb) JSEPA...........................................................................................259
cc) Comparative Summary...............................................................................259
c) Standards of Protection...............................................................................259
aa) ASEAN................................................................................................260
bb) JSEPA...........................................................................................263
cc) Comparative Summary...............................................................................264
d) Beneficiaries ( Investors )...........................................................................264
aa) ASEAN................................................................................................265
bb) JSEPA...........................................................................................265
cc) Comparative Summary...............................................................................265
V. Labour Mobility.......................................................................................266
1. Overview................................................................................................266
2. ASEAN...................................................................................................266
3. ACFTA...................................................................................................268
4. JSEPA...................................................................................................269
5. CEPA....................................................................................................270
6. Comparative Summary.....................................................................................270
Vi. Summary...............................................................................................270
D. The Legal Framework for Dispute Settlement.............................................................271
I. Introduction..........................................................................................271
//. Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA, and CEPA - An Overview..........................272
1. ASEAN...................................................................................................272
2. ACFTA...................................................................................................274
3. JSEPA...................................................................................................275
4. CEPA....................................................................................................275
Hi Interstate Dispute Settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA JSEPA.................................................275
1. Pre-Adjudication Dispute Settlement.....................................................................275
a) Consultations.........................................................................................276
aa) ASEAN................................................................................................276
bb) ACFTA............................................................................................276
cc) JSEPA................................................................................................277
dd) Comparison.......................................................................................278
b) Good Offices, Conciliation, Mediation.................................................................279
aa) ASEAN................................................................................................279
bb) ACFTA............................................................................................279
cc) JSEPA................................................................................................279
dd) Comparison.......................................................................................279
xiv
2. Adjudication...........................................................................................280
a) Jurisdiction of Expert Panels and Arbitral Tribunals................................................280
aa) ASEAN......................................................................................... 280
bb) ACFTA........................................................................................ 283
cc) JSEPA....................................................................................... 284
dd) Comparison.....................................................................................285
b) Constitution of Expert Panels and Arbitral Tribunals................................................286
aa) ASEAN...........................................................................................286
(i) Panel..........................................................................................286
(ii) Appellate Body............................................................................... 287
bb) ACFTA..........................................................................................288
cc) JSEPA....................................................................................... 289
dd) Comparison................................................................................. 289
c) Prxeedings..........................................................................................290
aa) ASEAN...........................................................................................290
(i) Panel Prxeedings............................................................................. 290
(ii) Proceedings Before the Appellate Body..........................................................292
bb) ACFTA........................................................................................ 293
x) JSEPA....................................................................................... 295
dd) Comparison.....................................................................................296
d) Implementation of Panel and Arbitral Decisions......................................................296
aa) ASEAN...........................................................................................297
(i) Implementation Time Limits.....................................................................297
(ii) Implementation Disputes........................................................................298
bb) ACFTA...................................................................................... 299
(i) Implementation Time Limits.....................................................................299
(ii) Implementation Disputes........................................................................299
cc) JSEPA......................................................................................... 300
(i) Implementation Time Limits................................................................... 300
(ii) Implementation Disputes...................................................................... 301
dd) Comparison................................................................................... 301
e) Remedies Against Non-Implementation of Panel and Arbitral Dxisions..................................302
aa) ASEAN...........................................................................................302
bb) ACFTA........................................................................................ 304
x) JSEPA...........................................................................................306
dd) Comparison................................................................................... 307
IV.
1.
2.
3.
Investor-State Dispute Settlement in ASEAN JSEPA.........................................................308
Pre-Adjudication Settlement.................................................................................. 309
ASEAN.......................................................................................................309
JSEPA.......................................................................................................309
Comparison................................................................................................ 310
Adjudication....................................................................................................310
Jurisdiction...................................................................................................310
Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae...............................................................................310
aa) ASEAN................................................................................................... 310
bb) JSEPA..................................................................................................311
x) Comparison................................................................................................311
Jurisdiction Ratione Personae...............................................................................312
aa) ASEAN................................................................................................... 312
bb) JSEPA.................................................................................................312
x) Comparison................................................................................................313
Jurisdiction Ratione Temporis...............................................................................313
aa) ASEAN.....................................................................................................313
bb) JSEPA..................................................................................................313
cc) Comparison................................................................................................314
Further Investor-State Dispute Settlement Options Available to ASEAN Investors Based on the AlA-FA s MFN Clause?. 314
Applicable Arbitration Rules.............................................................................. 315
aa) ASEAN.....................................................................................................315
(i) Arbitration under the ICSID Convention and the ICSID Additional Facility Rules........................316
(ii) UNCITRAL............................................................................................ 318
(iii) KLRCA.............................................................................................319
(iv) Special Ad Fix Tribunal in Axordance with Art. X:3-4 AIPA.........................................320
a)
b)
c)
XV
bb) JSEPA...............................................................................................320
(i) Arbitration under the ICSID Convention and the ICSID Additional Facility Rules......................321
(ii) UNCITRAL............................................................................................321
(iii) Annex VC JSEPA..................................................................................322
cc) Comparison.............................................................................................322
f) Implementation and Enforcement of Awards..................................................................323
aa) ASEAN..................................................................................................323
(i) Awards under the ICSID Convention...................................................................323
(ii) Other Arbitration Awards............................................................................324
bb) JSEPA...............................................................................................325
cc) Comparison...............?.............................................................................326
V. Summary.................................................................................................326
E. Comparing Evaluating Levels of Legalization..........................................327
I. Introduction............................................................................................327
H. Elements of Legalization - A Refined Definition.........................................................327
1. Obligation..................................................................................................328
2. Precision...................................................................................................329
3. Delegation..................................................................................................330
a) Scope of Delegation.......................................................................................331
b) independence..............................................................................................331
aa) Selection and Tenure...................................................................................332
bb) Legal Discretion....................................................................................332
cc) Control over Resources.................................................................................332
c) Access....................................................................................................333
d) Embeddedness..............................................................................................333
III. The Element of Obligation in AFTA, ACFTA, JSEPA, and CEPA............................................334
1. ASEAN.......................................................................................................335
2. ACFTA.......................................................................................................335
3. JSEPA.......................................................................................................335
4. CEPA........................................................................................................336
5. Comparison..................................................................................................336
IV. The Element of Precision.............................................................................336
1. ASEAN.......................................................................................................336
2. ACFTA.......................................................................................................337
3. JSEPA.......................................................................................................338
4. CEPA........................................................................................................338
5. Comparison..................................................................................................338
V. The Element of Delegation...............................................................................338
1. ASEAN.......................................................................................................338
2. ACFTA.......................................................................................................341
3. JSEPA.......................................................................................................343
4. CEPA........................................................................................................344
5. Comparison..................................................................................................344
VI. Summary and E valuation.................................................................................345
1. Low Level of Legalization in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA, and CEPA....................................345
2. Are East Asians Anti-Legalistic?............................................................................346
3. Possible Reasons for the Choice of Soft Legalization for ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA, and CEPA....................347
4. Evaluation of Soft Legalization in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA, and CEPA........................................ 347
F. Summary....................................................................................................348
CHAPTER IV: EAST ASIAN RTAs - SIGNIFICANCE CHALLENGES FOR THE REGION AND BEYOND...............................351
A. Introduction...............................................................................................351
B. The Significance of RTAs for East Asia..............................................351
/. RTAs as an Additional Instrument for Regional Economic Integration and Cooperation......................357
xvi
(i RTAs as A New instrument of Regional Foreign Poky...........................................................353
C RTA Challenges for East Asia: Managing East Asia s Noodle Bowl ..............................................353
/ RTAs in the Aftermath of AFT A, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA and the Race for a Huh Positionn.....................354
It. The Overlapping Network of RTAs and the Noodle Bow,F Problem...............................................354
Ilf. Potential Solutions to the Noodle Bowl Problem............................................................356
1. CUs instead of FTAs?......................................................................................... 356
2. Larger Instead of Smaller FTAs.................................................................................357
3. Coordination, Harmonization, Multilateralization............................................................. 358
a) Harmonization...............................................................................................359
b) Multilateralization....................................................................................... 359
IV. The Need for a New East Asian Regional Management Scheme....................................................359
D. The Global Significance of East Asian RTAs....................................................................359
/ The End of East Asia s Outward-Looking Trading Policies?...................................................360
II. East Asian RTAs and the Multilateral Trading System.........................................................360
1. East Asian RTAs as Building Blocks or Stumbling Blocks to Global Trade?...................................360
2. Increasing Participation of East Asian States in the WTO......................................................361
E. Summary.......................................................................................................362
FINAL SUMMARY CONCLUSION.........................................................................................363
DEUTSCHSPRACHIGE ZUSAMMENFASSUNG...................................................................................366
XVII
|
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| author | Tevini, Anna G. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1081163119 |
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| spelling | Tevini, Anna G. Verfasser (DE-588)1081163119 aut The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared vorgelegt von Dr. Anna G. Tevini Göttingen 2013 xxxviii, 368 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Dissertation Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen 2013 Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd rswk-swf Ostasien (DE-588)4075727-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Ostasien (DE-588)4075727-4 g Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028733064&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Tevini, Anna G. The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066510-0 (DE-588)4075727-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared |
| title_auth | The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared |
| title_exact_search | The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared |
| title_full | The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared vorgelegt von Dr. Anna G. Tevini |
| title_fullStr | The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared vorgelegt von Dr. Anna G. Tevini |
| title_full_unstemmed | The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared vorgelegt von Dr. Anna G. Tevini |
| title_short | The juridization of interstate economic relations in East Asia |
| title_sort | the juridization of interstate economic relations in east asia economic integration and dispute settlement in asean acfta jsepa and cepa compared |
| title_sub | economic integration and dispute settlement in ASEAN, ACFTA, JSEPA and CEPA compared |
| topic | Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsrecht Ostasien Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028733064&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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