Epidemiology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand
2015
|
| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xxxi, 616 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780195597318 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Epidemiology |c Petra Büttner, Reinhold Muller |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |b Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand |c 2015 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Epidemiologic Methods | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804175836764438528 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | List of Figures xiv
List of Tobies xvii
List of Case Studies xx
About the Authors xxi
About the Contributors xxii
Preface to first edition xxv
Foreword to second edition xxv//
Acknowledgments xxviii
Find your level: From Introduction to Beyond the basics xxix
CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY? 1
Key learning objectives 1
Key terms 1
Introduction 2
Defining epidemiology 2
Classification of epidemiology 7
Further classifications of epidemiology 12
The epidemiological process 14
A brief history of epidemiology 19
Examples of major achievements in public health through epidemiology 25
Eliminating smallpox 25
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease 26
Iodine deficiency 26
Smoking and lung cancer 27
Evidence-based practice 28
Summary 28
Further reading 29
Websites 29
Bibliography 29
Answers to critical thinking exercises 32
CHAPTER 2 DISEASE CONCEPTS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 36
Key learning objectives 36
Key terms 36
Introduction 37
The natural history of disease 38
Aetiology of disease 42
An epidemiological approach to causality 46
Infectious disease concepts 51
vi CONTENTS
The epidemiological triangle: Agent-host-environment 55
Agent 56
Host 58
Environment 59
Some basic concepts used in infectious disease epidemiology 60
Transmission routes 50
Infectious period and latent period 63
Investigation of an infectious disease outbreak 65
The epidemic curve 67
Modelling infectious diseases 72
A simple infectious disease model 76
Summary 79
Further reading 79
Websites 80
Bibliography 80
Answers to critical thinking exercises 85
CHAPTER 3 IDENTIFICATION OF DISEASE: DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
AND SCREENING 90
Key learning objectives 90
Key terms 90
Introduction 91
Quality measures of diagnostic tests 92
Assessing reliability of diagnostic tests 93
Assessing validity of diagnostic tests 97
How to calculate predictive values from sensitivity and specificity 101
Dependence of predictive values on prevalence 103
Receiver operating characteristics: Optimising cut-off points 105
Screening for disease 109
Important issues to be considered when screening 111
Screening programs 112
Evaluation of a screening program 113
Summary 115
Further reading 115
Websites 116
Bibliography 116
Answers to critical thinking exercises 117
CHAPTER 4 MEASURES OF DISEASE FREQUENCY 121
Key learning objectives 121
Key terms 121
Introduction 122
CONTENTS vii
Prevalence 123
Characteristics of prevalence 125
Incidence 127
Cumulative incidence 127
Incidence rate 130
The concept of risk 135
Relationship between prevalence and incidence 137
Standardisation of rates 139
Crude rates and specific rates 140
Direct standardisation of rates 142
Indirect standardisation of rates 143
Facts about standardisation and standardised rates 144
Summary 147
Further reading 147
Websites 147
Bibliography 147
Answers to critical thinking exercises 148
CHAPTER 5 FROM RESEARCH TOPIC TO RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 153
Key learning objectives 153
Key terms 153
How do you choose a research topic? 154
The literature review 158
PRISMA statement 159
Where to look for literature 159
The hierarchy of evidence 162
Some practical tips on conducting a literature review 164
Information seeking 164
Critical appraisal 165
Writing 167
The operational research hypothesis 169
Summary 173
Further reading 173
Websites 173
Bibliography 174
Answers to critical thinking exercises 175
CHAPTER 6 QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE STUDY DESIGNS 177
Key learning objectives 177
Key terms 177
What are quantitative descriptive studies? 178
vtii CONTENTS
Descriptive epidemiology by person, place, and time 180
Characteristics of person 181
Characteristics of place 183
Characteristics of time 185
Routine health statistics: An initial source of descriptive data 186
Sources of routine health data 187
Use of routine sources of health data 189
Limitations of routinely collected health data 193
Vital statistics 195
Gaming access to routinely collected data 199
Ecological (correlation) studies 200
Limitations of ecological studies 202
Can ecological studies be relevant for disease aetiology? 206
Case report and case series 207
Descriptive cross-sectional studies 208
General comments on cross-sectional studies 211
Summary 212
Further reading 213
Websites 213
Bibliography 213
Answers to critical thinking exercises 218
CHAPTER 7 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 222
Key learning objectives 222
Key terms 223
What defines an experimental study? 223
Design options for experimental studies 230
Historic controls (non-concurrent controls) 231
Volunteer control group or researcher-decided control group 232
Before-and-after controls 233
Randomised controlled trial 235
Placebo controls in randomised trials 241
Blinding in randomised controlled trials 243
Cross-over trial 244
N-of-1 trial 246
Zelen s design 246
Multiple baseline design 247
Technical aspects of experimental studies 249
Superiority, equivalence, and non-inferiority 249
Compliance and non-compliance 253
Analysis of experimental studies 254
The study protocol 257
How to report a randomised controlled trial 258
CONTENTS ix
Summary 258
Further reading 259
Websites 259
Bibliography 259
Answers to critical thinking exercises 253
CHAPTER 8 OBSERVATIONAL DESIGNS 267
Key learning objectives 267
Key terms 267
What defines an observational study? 268
Directionality and timing 270
Directionality 270
Timing 271
The three basic observational study designs 273
Cohort studies 276
Case-control studies 282
Comparative cross-sectional studies 291
Measures of association 295
The relative risk: Closed cohort studies 295
The exposure odds-ratio: Case-control studies 299
The prevalence odds-ratio: Cross-sectional studies 303
The relative risk for dynamic and fixed cohorts 306
Difference measures for cohort studies 307
Comparison between relative risk and attributable risk 310
Difference measures in case-control studies 312
Other observational study designs 314
Summary 317
Further reading 317
Bibliography 318
Answers to critical thinking exercises 321
CHAPTER 9 SOURCES OF BIAS 329
Key learning objectives 329
Key terms 329
The concept of bias 330
Selection bias 338
Volunteer bias 340
Berkson s fallacy 343
Detection bias 347
Self-selection bias and selective survival 348
Selection bias in different study designs 348
x CONTENTS
Information bias ■33U
Misdassification of disease status 351
Detection bias 353
The Will Rogers phenomenon 353
Confounding bias 355
Intermediate variable 357
Potential confounding 358
Confounding and effect modification 362
Control of bias 368
Control oF bias during design phase of study 368
Control of bias during statistical analysis 370
Direction of bias 371
Summary 375
Further reading 376
Bibliography 376
Answers to critical thinking exercises 378
CHAPTER 10 SAMPLING STRATEGY AND SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION 385
Key learning objectives 385
Key terms 385
Introduction 386
Sampling strategy 387
Simple random sampling 387
Stratified random sampling 389
Systematic sampling 390
Cluster sampling 392
Non-probability sampling 395
Sample size calculation 397
Sample size calculation for prevalence estimated by a cross-sectional study 399
Summary 402
Further reading 403
Websites 403
Bibliography 403
Answers to critical thinking exercises 404
CHAPTER 11 QUANTITATIVE METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 409
Key learning objectives 409
Key terms 409
Introduction 410
Observations 413
Interviews 416
Types of interviews 416
Face- to-face interviews versus distance interviews 417
CONTENTS xi
Recording interview information 418
Questionnaires 418
Questionnaire design:The process 419
The structure of a questionnaire 419
The format of responses 424
Visual analogue scale (VAS) and numerical rating scales (NRS) 427
Adjectival scale 428
Likert scale 428
Semantic differential scale 428
Vignettes 430
Validated instruments 431
What can go wrong with data collection? 432
The don t know problem 432
The effect of wording on responses 433
Recall loss and telescoping error 434
Summary 435
Further reading 435
Websites 436
Bibliography 436
Answers to critical thinking exercises 438
CHAPTER 12 STATISTICS WITH CONFIDENCE 443
Key learning objectives 443
Key terms 443
Why statistics? 444
Types of quantitative data 445
Descriptive statistics 446
A note on missing values 451
Inferential statistics 453
Confidence interval 454
Confidence interval for the relative risk 458
Confidence interval for the odds-ratio 459
Statistical hypothesis testing 461
Errors in statistical testing and the problem of multiple testing 463
Selecting an appropriate bivariate statistical test 465
Survival analysis 469
The pitfalls of agreement and equivalence 470
Multivariable statistical analysis 472
Data preparations for multivariable analysis: Correlation matrix 473
Data preparations for multivariable analysis: Coding 474
Selecting an appropriate multivariable model 474
Presenting results from multivariable modelling 476
xii CONTENTS
The use of computer programs for data analysis 478
Summary 479
Further reading 480
Websites 480
Bibliography 481
Answers to critical thinking exercises 483
CHAPTER 13 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 490
Key learning objectives 490
Key terms 490
What is ethics? 491
A historical perspective of ethics in health research 492
Principles of biomedical ethics 497
Respect for autonomy 498
Beneficence and non-malfeasance 500
Justice 500
Veracity and fidelity 504
Privacy and confidentiality 504
Further ethical issues in health research 506
Responsibility 506
Quality research 507
Debriefing 507
Ethical concerns in clinical research 507
Coercion and deception 509
Health research conducted in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 509
Scientific misconduct 511
Ethical theory and public health 513
Utilitarianism 514
liberalism 514
Communitarianism 515
Which point of view is correct? 516
Summary 517
Furthef reading 517
Websites 517
Bibliography 518
Answers to critical thinking exercises 522
CHAPTER 14 HOW TO READ AND WRITE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 525
Key learning objectives 525
Key terms 525
Introduction 526
CONTENTS xiii
The structure of a scientific publication 526
The introduction 527
The methodology 528
The results 529
The discussion 530
The abstract 530
The references 531
The title page 531
The acknowledgments 531
Guidelines for writing scientific articles 531
Technical aspects of publishing a scientific article 534
Formatting the manuscript 534
The peer-review process 535
The impact factor 535
How to read a scientific publication 536
Critical appraisal of published articles 539
Summary 556
Further reading 556
Websites 556
Bibliography 556
Appendix 4.7 Age structure of standard populations 55
Appendix 72.7 Mathematical signs, symbols, and abbreviations 559
Glossary 560
Bibliography 5
Index 607
The second edition of Epidemiology is a methodological and practical guide to conducting
evidence-based quantitative research in all health sciences. Drawing from a broad spectrum
of health disciplines, this text integrates a wealth of case studies and examples to
demonstrate the application of theory to real-life research.
Following a two-level ‘methods based’ approach, this book clearly differentiates between the
introductory knowledge that all students of epidemiology should be familiar with and ‘beyond
the basics’ information for interested, or more advanced, readers. Each chapter includes tips,
key definitions and critical thinking exercises to help readers engage with key concepts in
epidemiology and extend their knowledge of epidemiological methodologies.
NEW TO THIS EDITION
• New and updated case studies throughout the text that provide insights into current
Australian and international epidemiological research
• A new section on superiority, equivalence and non-inferiority status; greater coverage
of missing values, internet-based surveys and the Dillman protocol; and studies that
assess agreement of methods or observers, with the Bland-Altman plot
• A revised and updated section on infectious disease concepts, including discussion
of emerging infectious diseases and a new case study on transmission routes
|
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| spelling | Büttner, Petra Verfasser (DE-588)1095692275 aut Epidemiology Petra Büttner, Reinhold Muller Second edition South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand 2015 xxxi, 616 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Epidemiology Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology fast Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd rswk-swf Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 s DE-604 Muller, Reinhold 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)1095692208 aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028723134&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028723134&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
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