Pasižvalgymas anapus Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vilnius
Savastis
2015
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 351 Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789986420989 |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a A look around the other side of the Vilnius city wall |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804175834865467392 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | 5
Turinys
Pratarmé / 7
Trampas jvadas / 9
Uzupis - seniausias Vilniaus priemiestis /13
Per Sereikiskes j Antakalnj / 46
Sluski} rümai ir T. Kosciuskos gatvés pastatai / 69
Sventiyij apastalq Petro ir Povilo baznycia ir Petro Vilei§io rümai / 89
Atgyjantis Sapiegp ansamblis /119
Uzsukime j Tuskulénus /144
Tarp Zaliojo ir Mindaugo tiltq /150
Pabükime Vilniaus kalvarijq piligrimais /173
Verkiai. Nuo Vilniaus vyskupij rezidencijos iki Mokslininkq rümij /191
Per jauniausiq Vilniaus priemiestj Zvérynq - j Pylimo gatv? / 215
Prisiminkime evangelikq reformati} kompleksq / 247
Iseikime uz miesto pro Trakq vartus / 271
Nuo senovéje linksmo priemiescio iki urbanizuotos J. Basanaviciaus gatvés / 284
Pasizvalgymas Rudninkq priemiestyje / 312
Santrampos / 339
Saltiniai ir literatura / 340
Summary / 348
348
Summary
Morta Bauziene
A Look around the Other Side of the Vilnius City Wall
The book is a sequel to A Look around the Old Vilnius Walls which was published in 2012. In
the latter book we have mentioned the Vilnius urban core (within the limits of the defensive wall),
church and monastery ensembles in the outskirts of Subacius, visited the artillery bastion and Rasos
Cemetery. We have continued our journey at the Gedimino Avenue, which saw an intensification
in the building of residential properties in the second half of the 19th century and from there, went
to the Lukiskiq Square. In this book we take a stroll around the old districts of Vilnius that formed
beyond the defensive wall and on the right coast of both rivers (Vilnia and Neris). We begin and
finish the book with the oldest suburbs of Vilnius - Uzupio Street and St. Stephen’s Street. Both of
these districts became suburbs after the building of the defensive wall (1503-1522). These districts,
growing in unison with the city center, were transformed into suburbs by the defensive wall.
Determining factors in the development of Uzupis were the road to Polotsk and the river Vilnia.
Due to the road to Polotsk, two main formants of the suburb - the future Malunq Street and Uzupio
Street which branches off in two directions - already existed at the end of the 14th century. According
to archaeological findings, at the turn of the 16th century these two streets were already inhabited.
Along the emerging streets, small manor-type homesteads with wooden structures were being
formed. Lots, which bordered the streets, were closed-off by buildings with gates leading to the
interior courtyard. All of the Uzupis dominions reclined upon the river at the other end, which set up
the specific conditions for building more residential buildings there.
Previously deep, the Vilnia River was the hardest worker of the city, the main supplier of energy
used to operate the water plant engines. Various hydro engineering systems were built along it:
canals, dams, embankments, mills. Beside Vilnia, bathhouses and fulling-mills operated, the first
paper mill (workshop) of Vilnius was established here in 1524. Uzupis was connected to the city
center, situated on the left coast of Vilnia river, via several bridges, which were always built in the
same place. The riverbed of Vilnia was settled and its coasts consolidated only at the end of the 19th
century. Before that, it posed many risks to the city due to constant flooding which destroyed bridges
and washed away enterprises operating on the coast.
Several jurisdictions formed in Uzupis before the middle of the 17th century. Along with the
institution of Christianity, the bishop of Vilnius received, among other city dominions, some land
on the right coast of Vilnia. The jurisdiction of the bishop was formed here. On the other side
of the MalOnq Street was the Manvydai jurisdiction. Since the middle of the 17th century, large,
circumscribed stretches of what are now Polocko Street and Paupio Street belonged to the Order of
Saint Augustine. The jurisdiction of the Vilnius Orthodox Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, which
went down in history as Popine (pi. Popowszczizna) also formed around that time. The main artery
of this jurisdiction was the current Kriviq Street.
Most of the Uzupis buildings that remain to this day were built at the turn of the 20th century.
Of the more famous monuments from the first half of the 19th century, Honesti mansion and
Str. Bartholomew’s Church deserve a mention. The most spectacular monument of Uzupis is
the Bernard inq cemetery, founded in 1810, which retains its original plan and many interesting
monuments.
From Uzupis, through the Sereikiskhj Park, which had its beginnings in 1469 when the Grand
duke Kazimieras Jogailaitis allocated the wooded lot of Vilnia bight to the Saint Bemadine monks,
we reach Antakalnis. Kainq Park - the former territory of the Kreivoji Castle, which was burnt
down in 1390 - interrupts between the city center and this suburb, a designated recreational zone
for many centuries. At the turn of the 17th century, two monuments were erected on these hills: one
for the general Kasparas Bekesas and the Three Crosses. In 1831, during the building of a military
stronghold, both of these were destroyed. The Three Crosses, designed by Antanas Vivulskis, were
built in 1916, then taken down by the Soviets and rebuilt again in 1989.
Antakalnis was isolated from the city center by barriers of the natural environment - a hilly,
forested locality. Once the building of the Vilnius stronghold commenced and the Sapieha Palace
was overtaken by a military hospital, communication with the Antakalnis suburb became especially
important. The spontaneously-formed main artery of Antakalnis was settled after the approval of the
perspective plan of the city in 1837. At that time, Antakalnis saw an increase in the number of brick
and wooden residential buildings. The tsarist administration expropriated the local ensembles and
used them for establishing Cadet Corps and a military hospital. An entertainment zone was being
formed alongside the Neris River: a Chinese restaurant, Tivoli.
Monuments of every architectural style were preserved in Antakalnis. St. Peter and St. Paul’s
Church ensemble, the Sapiegq-Trinitoriq complex and the Slushko Palace represent the Baroque
style. The manor at T. Kosciuskos Str. 36, owned by the embassy of the Kingdom of Denmark,
represents Classicism; the building at T. Kosciuskos Str. 30, the buildings at the embassy of the
United Kingdom (Antakalnio Str. 2) and the Neo-baroque Vileisis Palace (Antakalnio Str. 6)
represent Historicism. The Modem Style Apostolic Nunciature, two monumental primary school
corps, built in 1930 and decorated with Neo-baroque portals, and the residential quarter near the T.
Kosciuskos and Olandq streets which has features of an urban homestead, intervene among them
style-wise.
On our return from Antakalnis, we visit the Tuskulenai Manor, built in the style of Late Classicism,
in order to remember the history of the supplemental economy of Vilnius castles, the building
of palaces, the use of manor territory for burying the victims of NKVD, the peripeteia of victim
commemoration, the restoration of the ensemble and the establishment of the columbarium.
The Kalvarijos—Jeruzale suburb stretches from the Green Bridge to the homestead ensemble of the
Verkiai Palace. From its inception, the Green Bridge (referred to as such from 1766) connected the
city center with the Ukmerge tract and the road to Verkiai. The bridge over Neris on the road from
Vilnius to Ukmerge is known from the 14th century. Its more specific history begins in 1529 when
Sigismund I the Old, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, ordered to build a brick bridge with supports,
which was completed in 1530. After crossing the Green Bridge, we find ourselves in Snipiskes,
which was inhabited by the producers of building materials (bricks, hearth and lime), wood preparers
and fishermen. Several enduring monuments from different epochs are found on both sides of the
Kalvarijq Street: the Baroque ensemble of the Church of St. Raphael the Archangel and the Jesuit
monastery, and the Historicist-style Raduskevicius Palace, built in 1900 in accordance with the
projects of three different architects (with changes by the client).
The Church of St. Theresa, parishes of St. Raphael the Archangel and a Jewish cemetery used to
operate on the right coast of Neris. Not one of those monuments remains. The old power station of the
city, built in 1901-1903, which nowadays became the Energy and Technology Museum, is situated
on the coast. In 1878, after demolishing the stronghold, house of the current Wroblewski Library
of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and several so-called “profitable” apartment buildings were
built on the left coast of Neris.
The most important monuments of the Verkiai Historical and Cultural Reserve are the ensembles
of Vilnius Kalvarijos (The Way of the Cross) and Verkiai estate. During the last decade of the 19th
century, low-cost housing areas were built along the way to Vilnius Kalvarijos. 1895 marked the
350
erection of the St. Michael the Archangel Orthodox Church, while the structures of the St. Joseph
Seminary were built in 1998.
Vilnius Kalvarijos were founded by the bishop Jurgis Bialozaras, who used it to commemorate
the liberation of Vilnius from the first Russian occupation (1655-1661) in its history. The Church
of the Holy Cross and the ensemble of a Dominican monastery were built at the same time as the
Kalvarijos. In the end of the 18th century, 35 stations were completed in the 7 kilometer stretch of the
Way of the Cross: 20 chapels, 7 brick gates and 1 wooden gate, and a bridge over the river Cedronas
were built. Each of the 18 single-storey chapels had 1 station; each two-storey chapel had 2-3, two
more stations were built on the exterior wall of the church and one on the inside.
This complex was supplemented by the Church of the Holy Trinity, Lord Revelation Church and
the Trinitoriq (Holy Trinity) Monastery complex which were built in 1695-1709 near the Alyvq Hill,
along the Way of the Cross. After the insurrection of 1831, the tsarist administration expropriated
the ensemble, turned the church into an Orthodox Church, and the monastery became the summer
residence of the Orthodox metropolitan. Chapels of the Way of the Cross, demolished during the
Soviet years, were rebuilt in 2002.
The Verkiai estate of Vilnius bishops, which was situated far beyond the city limits, was established
on the grounds of pre-Christian worship. The Baroque estate ensemble of the palace took shape
during the times of the bishop K. K. Bzostovskis (1687-1722), while its current form emerged in the
period between 1770 and 1845. The unfinished central manor-house was taken down in 1845; new
wings were added on each end of the eastern palace.
In 1778, Verkiai estate became the private property of the bishop I. Masalskis. After his death
in 1794, having changed the owner twice, Verkiai together with Snipiskes and Zverynas ended up
in the hands of the Vitgensteinai Dukes. That is when the transformation of the forested Zverynas
into a recreational urban zone began. The year 1901 marks the beginning of an intensified building
of residential properties in Zverynas, which was carried out according to the plan of the engineer
F. Valickis. Even though the idea of an urban homestead was already articulated in Europe at the
time, Zverynas was designed as a residential homestead district. Four sacred objects (two Orthodox
churches, a Christian church and a Karaite kenesa) and an infectious disease and children’s hospital
complex were built here. Zverynas was characterized by its abundant examples of wooden homestead
architecture. But due to the lack of appreciation for it and because of the high cost of its restoration,
many of the wooden buildings became dilapidated or were destroyed with malicious intent.
After crossing the Liubarto Bridge over Neris, we find ourselves in Pamenkalnio Street where we
encounter a group of four-storey buildings (Pamenkalnio Str. 14-28), erected in 1912-1913 according
to the plan of E. Rouba, which are stylistically close to Ryga’s national romanticism. A large Jewish
nursing home complex (Pamenkalnio Str. 11) had taken shape on this street in 1864-1909, while the
building No. 34, modeled in the style of Constructivist architecture, was built in 1938.
In 1640, The Reformed Evangelist church, which had an ensemble of buildings near the A.
Volano Street, was driven out of the city by a decree of the government of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth. After that, a large Continental Reformed church complex was formed in the Pylimo
Street. The complex had a church, a cemetery, a Synod Palace, a hospital, a shelter and many
outbuildings. The church, designed by K. Podcasinskis and remaining to this day, was built in 1835.
The cemetery on the other side of the street was closed in 1830. A lot for a new one was allocated
on the Tauro Hill, near the new cemetery of the Evangelist Lutherans which was open since 1808.
The complex of the Reformed Evangelists, situated on the right side of Pylimo Street, burned down
in 1944, and what was left of the old cemetery was destroyed in 1976-1983, during the construction
of a monument for Lithuanian partisans and underground fighters. The cemetery on Tauro Hill was
destroyed during the building of the Trade Unions House (1955-1962) and the Wedding Palace
(1984). At the beginning of the 20th century, on the territory between the two destroyed Evangelist
complexes, some interesting Neo-classicist (K. Kalinausko Str. 19, Rozes Alley 2/5), Modernist
351
(Pylimo Str. 5) and Secessionist (M. Valanciaus Str. 3) houses were built. Above-mentioned
buildings are also known for the people they sheltered. These include: the architects V. Gorskis, A.
Filipovicius-Dubo vikas, the writer Lazdynu Peleda and the doctor T. Dembovskis.
Building of the Petersburg-Warsaw railway’s Vilnius branch (1860) became the stimulus for the
growth of the southwestern part of the city. Naujamiestis was drafted in the perspective plan of the
city in 1875 and had its main streets (Mindaugo, Algirdo and Svitrigailos streets) paved at the turn
of the 20th century. Anticipating the future significance of the J. Basanaviciaus Street, the architect N.
Caginas, I. Levickis and A. Bykovskis were some of the first people to erect their homesteads there.
At the turn of the 20th century, immense rented buildings were built in J. Basanaviciaus Street, where
government institutions and Jewish organizations had their quarters. The rentable I. Bunimovicius
edifice (J. Basanaviciaus Str. 5), erected at the beginning of the 20th century, housed the Central
Jewish Commercial Bank. The large houses on the opposite side of the street (J. Basanaviciaus
Str. 12-14) housed the State Control and Polese Railroad Management. After the First World War,
the house No. 16 on the J. Basanaviciaus Street, built in 1898, housed not only the future Vytautas
Magnus Gymnasium, but also the Jewish Science Institute JIVO, The Polish theater, the youngest of
Vilnius Orthodox churches, named as St. Michael and St. Constantine, and the new Catholic church
nearby, designed by A. Vivulskis and destroyed during the Soviet occupation, were built before
World War I.
After demolishing the city wall in 1800-1805, the buildings on the Pylimo Street began to change.
The outbuildings of the Franciscan monastery, which stood beside the wall, behind the gates of
Trakai, were transformed into a residential building (Pylimo Str. 30). The London Hotel and its
nearby inns, built in the former domains of the Hilzen nobles (on the comer of the Pylimo and
Naugarduko streets), were first mentioned in 1819, and in 1885 they were already rebuilt to Leiba
Gordonas rentable house. During the 19th century, the Jewish hospital complex developed in the
triangle formed by the Pylimo and Ligonines streets (Pylimo Str. 38, 40, 42/Ligonines Str. 1), and a
Choral synagogue was erected nearby in 1903.
The suburb of St. Stephen, stretching behind the representational gates of Rudninkai, was famous
for its horse market, the related trades and the Renaissance-style Church of St. Stephen, built in
1600. After building the railroad and setting up a railroad station, the suburb became especially
appealing to commerce. The old manor-like homesteads were bought by Jewish businessmen, who
built houses for commerce, stowage and servicing the arrivals in their place. After 1864, when the
monastery, which stood beside the Church of St. Stephen, was closed and turned into a prison,
the ensemble never regained its former functions. In 1926, on the territory of the former church
cemetery a tile-making workshop was established. The Church of St. Stephen remained surrounded
by industrial facilities ever since. The exterior of the abandoned church was restored in 2005-2010,
but the fate of the sanctuary remains unclear. The Vilnius city gates - railway station palace, entirely
rebuilt after World War II, were renovated during two stages, in 1995-2000 and 2003.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Baužienė, Morta 1946- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1049923650 |
| author_facet | Baužienė, Morta 1946- |
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| author_sort | Baužienė, Morta 1946- |
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| geographic_facet | Vilnius |
| id | DE-604.BV043300907 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:22:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789986420989 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028721783 |
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| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-255 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-255 |
| physical | 351 Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Savastis |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Baužienė, Morta 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)1049923650 aut Pasižvalgymas anapus Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos Morta Baužienė A look around the other side of the Vilnius city wall Vilnius Savastis 2015 351 Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: A look around the other side of the Vilnius city wall History Geschichte Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd rswk-swf Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 gnd rswk-swf Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 g Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028721783&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028721783&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Baužienė, Morta 1946- Pasižvalgymas anapus Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos History Geschichte Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002851-3 (DE-588)5057560-0 |
| title | Pasižvalgymas anapus Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos |
| title_alt | A look around the other side of the Vilnius city wall |
| title_auth | Pasižvalgymas anapus Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos |
| title_exact_search | Pasižvalgymas anapus Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos |
| title_full | Pasižvalgymas anapus Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos Morta Baužienė |
| title_fullStr | Pasižvalgymas anapus Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos Morta Baužienė |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pasižvalgymas anapus Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos Morta Baužienė |
| title_short | Pasižvalgymas anapus Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos |
| title_sort | pasizvalgymas anapus vilniaus miesto gynybines sienos |
| topic | History Geschichte Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | History Geschichte Architektur Vilnius |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028721783&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028721783&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bauzienemorta pasizvalgymasanapusvilniausmiestogynybinessienos AT bauzienemorta alookaroundtheothersideofthevilniuscitywall |