History of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth: state - society - culture
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| Sprache: | English Polish |
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Peter Lang Edition
[2015]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Polish studies - transdisciplinary perspectives
Volume 13 |
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| Beschreibung: | Aus dem Polnischen übersetzt. - Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | 573 Seiten Illustration, Karten, Diagramme 22 cm, 830 g |
| ISBN: | 9783631629772 363162977X |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS
EDITORS' PREFACE 23
INTRODUCTION 25
HISTORY OF A SOCIETY; NOT OF A NATION 26
THE QUESTION OF NATIONS IN THE EARLY MODERN POLISH-LITHUANIAN
COMMONWEALTH 27
STRUCTURE AND PERIODIZATION 29
THE STATE OF RESEARCH AND LITERATURE ON THE SUBJECT 29
CHAPTER ONE
PHYSIOGNOMY OF THE COMMONWEALTH 3I
1. NAMES, EMBLEMS, CAPITALS 31
1.1. NAME 31
1.2. EMBLEM AND COATS OF ARMS OF THE LANDS 32
1.3. CAPITAL CITIES 32
2. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND NATURAL CONDITIONS 34
2.1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 34
2.2. NATURAL CONDITIONS 34
2.3. GEOPOLITICAL LOCATION 35
2.4. REGION OF EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE 36
3. FEDERATIVE COMMONWEALTH 36
3.1. GRANULAR STRUCTURE OF EARLY MODERN EUROPE 36
3.2. FEDERATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH 37
3.3. THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA IN THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN
COMMONWEALTH 38
3.3.1. TERMS OF THE UNION OF 1569 39
3.3.2. CONSEQUENCES AND APPRAISALS OF THE POLISH-
LITHUANIAN UNION 40
3.3.3. THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNION ON THE RISE OF MAGNATES'
POWER 42
3.3.4. LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE
POLISH-LITHUANIAN UNION 42
7
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1077926952
4. TERRITORY 44
4.1. TERRITORY OF THE STATE 44
4.2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL DIVISIONS 44
4.2.1. THE CROWN 45
4.2.2. GREAT POLAND AND LITTLE POLAND 45
4.2.3. MASOVIA 45
4.2.4. RUS (RUTHENIA) 46
4.3. THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA 47
4.3.1. JUDICIAL PROVINCES 48
4.4. UKRAINE 49
4.5. PROVINCES AND FIEFS OF THE BALTIC REGION 50
4.5.1. ROYAL PRUSSIA 50
4.5.2. WARMIA (ERMLAND) 52
4.5.3. FIEF TERRITORIES ON THE BALTIC SEA 52
4.5.4. CHANGES IN THE RELATIONS OF PROVINCES AND BALTIC
FIEFS WITH THE COMMONWEALTH IN 16
TH
-17
TH
CENTURIES 55
4.6. BORDER TERRITORIES 56
4.7. THE DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES 58
5. MASTERY OF SPACE 59
5.1. MAPPING TECHNIQUES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARTOGRAPHY 59
5.2. DISTANCES 61
5.3. COMMUNICATION ROUTES 61
5.4. THE SPACE OF POWER 62
6. BORDERS 64
6.1. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BOUNDARY DELIMITATION 64
6.2. CULTURAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE BORDERS 64
6.3. DEFENCE OF BORDERS 65
7. TERRITORIAL AND BORDER CHANGES TO THE END OF THE 18
TH
CENTURY 67
7.1. ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES AT THE DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC 68
7.1.1. ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM OF THE FOUR-YEAR SEJM 68
7.1.2. GRODNO SEJM LEGISLATION 68
7.1.3. THE PARTITIONS OF THE COMMONWEALTH (1772,1793,
1795) 69
8
CHAPTER TWO
POLITICAL SYSTEM AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT 71
1. POLITICAL TERMINOLOGY 71
2. LEGAL POLITICAL ORDERS OF MIXED GOVERNMENT 73
2.1. INTERREGNUM 73
2.2. INSTITUTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERREGNUM 73
3. INSTITUTIONS OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 77
3.1. THE KING'S AUTHORITY 77
3.2. LIMITATIONS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE ELECTED KING 79
3.3. SOURCES OF ROYAL INCOMES 80
3.4.
LESE-MAJESTE
81
3.5. THE ROYAL COURT 82
3.6. ROYAL CHANCELLERY AND THE ROYAL SECRETARIES 84
4. CENTRAL OFFICES OF THE COMMONWEALTH 85
4.1. OFFICES OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA 85
4.2 THE HIERARCHY OF CENTRAL OFFICES 86
4.3. APPOINTMENT TO OFFICES 89
4.4. CENTRAL OFFICIALS 89
4.5. ATTEMPTS TO MODERNIZE THE CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION UNDER
THE WETTINS 90
5. LOCAL ADMINISTRATION 91
5.1. STAROSTWO 91
5.2. LAND OFFICES 92
5.3. PROMOTIONS OF OFFICIALS 93
5.4. SALE OF OFFICES 94
5.5. STATE ADMINISTRATION VERSUS PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION 94
6. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM 95
6.1. PARLIAMENTARY TRADITIONS OF THE CROWN AND LITHUANIA 95
6.2. THE GENERAL SEJM 96
6.3. THREE ESTATES OF THE SEJM 96
6.4. ORGANIZATION OF THE SEJM 102
6.5. PROCEDURES OF SEJM SESSIONS 104
6.6.
LIBERUM VETO.
106
6.7. A SEJM ON HORSEBACK 106
9
7. CONFEDERATION AND
ROKOSZ
(REBELLION) 107
7.1. THE GENESIS OF CONFEDERATION 107
7.2. GENERAL CONFEDERATION 107
7.3.
ROKOSZ
109
8. GENERAL SEJMIKS AND CONVOCATIONS IN LITHUANIA 110
8.1. GENERAL SEJMIKS 110
8.2. LITHUANIAN CONVOCATIONS 112
9. SEJMIKS 112
9.1. TYPES OF SEJMIKS 113
9.2. RULE OF SEJMIKS 115
9.3. CLIENTELISM OF SEJMIKS 115
10. TOWARDS A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY 117
10.1. PROGRAM OF REFORMS 117
10.2. REFORMS OF THE EARLY YEARS OF KING STANISLAW AUGUST 117
10.2.1. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT 117
10.2.2. THE PROJECT OF UNIFICATION OF THE CROWN AND LITHUANIA. 118
10.3. LEGISLATION OF THE DELEGATION SEJM (1767-1768) 119
10.4. LEGISLATION OF THE PARTITION SEJM (1773-1775) 120
10.5. SEJMS OF 1776-1786 121
10.6. THE FOUR-YEAR SEJM. FIRST
STAGE OF WORKS (1788-1790) 122
10.7. THE
GOVERNMENT ACT
OF 1791 AND LATER LEGISLATION OF THE
FOUR-YEAR SEJM 123
10.8. THE MOST IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF THE
GOVERNMENT ACTOF
1791 .123
10.8.1. POLITICAL SYSTEM AND CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 124
10.8.2. PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS 125
10.8.3. POLISH-LITHUANIAN RELATIONS IN THE LEGISLATION OF THE
GREAT SEJM 126
10.9. LEGISLATION OF THE GRODNO SEJM OF 1793 127
10.9.1. LAWS ON POLITICAL SYSTEM 127
10.9.2. POLISH-LITHUANIAN RELATIONS IN THE LEGISLATION OF
TARGOWICA AND GRODNO CONFEDERATIONS 127
11. POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE 1794 INSURRECTION 128
11.1. CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 128
11.2. LOCAL ADMINISTRATION 129
11.3. POLISH-LITHUANIAN RELATIONS IN THE ACTS OF THE INSURRECTION 129
12. IDEAS OF POLITICAL SYSTEM AFTER THE LOSS OF INDEPENDENCE 130
10
CHAPTER THREE
THREE PILLARS OF POWER: JUDICIARY, FINANCES, AND ARMY 131
1. HERITAGE OF THE ESTATE MONARCHY 131
2. CODIFICATIONS AND SOURCES OF LAW 131
3. THE JUDICIARY 132
3.1. ROYAL COURTS AND THE SEJM COURT 132
3.2. NOBILITY COURTS 133
3.2.1. COURTS OF FIRST INSTANCE - LAND COURTS, BOROUGH
COURTS AND CHAMBERLAIN COURTS 133
3.2.2. TRIBUNALS 134
3.2.3. SPECIAL COURTS 135
3.3. RURAL AND URBAN COURTS 136
3.4. THE BAR 136
3.5. PERFORMANCE OF THE JUDICIARY 137
3.6. REFORMS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM AT THE FOUR-YEAR SEJM 138
3.6.1. THE NOBLE JUDICIARY SYSTEM 139
3.6.2. THE SEJM COURT 139
3.6.3. THE MUNICIPAL JUDICIARY AND ASSESSORY COURTS 139
3.6.4. THE RURAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM 140
3.7. CRIMINAL COURTS OF KOSCIUSZKO'S INSURRECTION 140
4. FISCAL AND FINANCIAL MATTERS 140
4.1. DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC FINANCES AND TAXES IN THE
COMMONWEALTH OF THE 16
TH
TO 17
TH
CENTURIES 140
4.2. ORGANIZATION OF FINANCIAL AUTHORITIES 141
4.3. COURT TREASURE AND PUBLIC TREASURE 142
4.4. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INCOME OF THE KING 144
4.5. REVENUES OF THE COURT TREASURY 145
4.6. REVENUE TO THE TREASURY OF THE COMMONWEALTH 145
4.7. REFORMS OF THE FISCAL SYSTEM IN THE H^-IS"
1
CENTURIES 146
4.8. FINANCIAL BURDENS OF THE CATHOLIC CLERGY 149
5. MILITARY SYSTEM 150
5.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE ARMY IN THE 16
TH
*17
TH
CENTURIES 150
5.2. FORMATIONS 152
5.3. COMMAND 155
5.4. SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF THE ARMY 158
11
5.5. PARTICIPATION OF TOWNSMEN IN THE DEFENSE OF THE
COMMONWEALTH 159
5.6. MILITARY RECRUITMENT 160
5.7. MILITARY AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING 161
5.8. SOLDIER'S PAY AND ARMY SUPPLIES 161
5.9. MODERNIZATION OF THE ARMY IN THE 18
TH
CENTURY 163
CHAPTER FOUR
THE STATE AND THE CHURCHES 167
1. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND CHURCHES IN THE EARLY MODERN
COMMONWEALTH 167
1.1. THEORY OF CONFESSIONALIZATION 167
1.2. CONFEDERATION OF WARSAW (1573) 168
1.3. EQUAL RIGHTS OF CONFESSIONS AS A CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE 169
1.4. EQUALITY OF CONFESSIONS OR TOLERATION? 170
2. CHRISTIAN CHURCHES IN THE COMMONWEALTH
OF THE 16
TH
*18
TH
CENTURIES 171
2.1. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 171
2.2. PROTESTANT CHURCHES (REFORMATION CHURCHES) 174
2.2.1. REFORMED CHURCH 175
2.2.2. LUTHERAN CHURCH (EVANGELICAL CHURCH OF THE
AUGSBURG CONFESSION) 178
2.3. CHURCHES OF THE EASTERN TRADITION 179
2.3.1. THE ORTHODOX CHURCH 179
2.3.2. THE UNION OF BREST (1596) 180
2.3.3. GREEK CATHOLIC (UNIATE) CHURCH 181
2.3.4. ORTHODOX CHURCH AFTER THE UNION OF BREST 182
2.3.5. ARMENIAN CHURCH 183
3. EVOLUTION OF THE STATE POLICY TOWARDS RELIGION,
THE 16
TH
-18
TH
CENTURIES 184
3.1. RELIGIOUS POLICY OF THE TWO FIRST ELECTIVE KINGS 184
3.2. KING SIGISMUND III AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION 187
3.3. THE DECLINE OF PROTESTANT PATRONAGE. CONVERSIONS AND
DYING OUT OF PROTESTANT FAMILIES 191
3.4. KING WLADISLAUS IV'S RELIGIOUS POLICY 193
3.5. AN ATTEMPT AT CONCILIATION -
COLLOQUIUM CHARITATIVUM
(1645).L95
12
3.6. ANTI-ARIAN DECREES 196
3.7. LIMITATION OF PUBLIC RIGHTS OF DISSIDENTS 198
3.8. SITUATION OF PROTESTANTS IN THE WETTIN TIMES 199
3.9. DISSIDENT CAUSE UNDER KING STANISLAW AUGUST PONIATOWSKI 201
3.10. ENLIGHTENED CATHOLICISM 203
3.11. CATHOLIC CONFESSIONALIZATION 205
CHAPTER FIVE
ECONOMY 207
1. THE PLACE OF THE COMMONWEALTH WITHIN EUROPEAN ECONOMY 207
1.1. ECONOMIC SPECIFICITY OF THE COMMONWEALTH 207
1.2. A DIVISION OF EUROPE ALONG THE LINE OF THE ELBE RIVER? 207
1.3. ECONOMIC REGIONS OF THE COMMONWEALTH 208
1.4. ECONOMY OF THE CROWN VERSUS EUROPEAN ECONOMY - MAIN
STAGES AND FACTORS OF CHANGES 209
2. THE CRISIS OF THE 17
TH
CENTURY 210
2.1. MONETARY CRISIS 210
2.2. GLOBAL CRISIS OF THE 17
TH
CENTURY 212
2.3. MERCANTILISM 213
2.3.1. THE COMMONWEALTH'S ECONOMISTS IN THE FACE OF THE
MONETARY CRISIS 214
2.3.2. SOLUTIONS TO THE CRISIS 215
3. COMMERCE 216
3.1. ORGANIZATION OF COMMERCE AND BANKING 216
3.2. PLACE OF THE COMMONWEALTH WITHIN EUROPEAN TRADE 217
3.3. COMMERCIAL SPECIFICITY OF THE PROVINCES AND REGIONS 217
3.4. FAIRS AND CONTRACTS 218
4. TRANSPORTATION 219
4.1. LAND TRANSPORT 219
4.2. WATERWAYS 220
4.3. SEA TRANSPORT 220
5. AGRICULTURE 221
5.1. FARMING METHODS AND TOOLS 221
5.2. STAGES OF TRANSFORMATION OF MANORIAL ECONOMY
IN THE 16
TH
-17
TH
CENTURIES 222
13
6. HORTICULTURE AND FRUIT FARMING 223
7. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 224
8. FORESTRY 225
8.1. FOREST PROTECTION 225
8.2. BEEKEEPING 226
9. FISHING INDUSTRY 226
10. CRAFTS 227
10.1. ORGANIZATION
OF CRAFTS AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
227
10.2. MAIN STAGES AND TENDENCIES OF CHANGES 227
11. INDUSTRY 228
11.1. CLOTH MANUFACTURING 228
11.2. MINING INDUSTRY 229
11.3. METALLURGY 230
12. ECONOMIC CHANGES IN THE 18
TH
CENTURY 230
12.1. RECESSION OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 17
LH
- EARLY 18
TH
CENTURY 230
12.2. RECONSTRUCTION OF ECONOMY IN THE WETTIN TIMES 231
12.3. ERA OF KING STANISLAW AUGUST PONIATOWSKI 234
CHAPTER SIX
SOCIETY 241
1. POPULATION CHANGES SINCE THE END OF THE 16
TH
CENTURY TOWARDS
THE END OF THE 18
TH
CENTURY 241
1.1. THE RELIABILITY OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA 243
2. ESTATES OF THE REALM 244
2.1. THE FACTORS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE CHANGE IN 16
TH
TO
THE 18
TH
CENTURIES 244
3. THE NOBILITY 245
3.1. NOBLE EXCLUSIVISM 245
3.2. THE NUMERICAL AMOUNT OF THE NOBILITY 246
3.3. CITIZENSHIP 246
3.4. THE FACTORS OF THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE NOBLE ESTATE 248
3.5. ECONOMIC DIVISIONS WITHIN THE NOBILITY 248
3.6. THE MAGNATES 248
3.7. THE SPECIFICITY OF THE MAGNATE PATRONAGE IN THE
GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA AND UKRAINE 251
14
3.8. GROUPS AT THE MARGINS OF THE NOBLE ESTATE 252
4. THE CLERGY: ESTATE OR ESTATES? 255
4.1. CATHOLIC CLERGY 255
4.2. INTERNAL DIVISIONS WITHIN THE CLERGY 256
4.3. CLERGY OF OTHER CHRISTIAN CONFESSIONS 258
5. THE BURGHER ESTATE? 259
5.1. THE SIZE OF CITIES AND THE LEVEL OF URBANIZATION 259
5.2. INTERNAL DIVISIONS WITHIN THE BURGHER ESTATE 261
5.3. THE DECREASE OF THE BURGHERS' PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC LIFE 263
5.4. METHODS OF BRIBING THE URBAN ELITES 264
5.5. ECONOMIC DECLINE OF CITIES IN THE COMMONWEALTH 264
6. THE PEASANT ESTATE? 265
6.1. STRATIFICATION OF THE PEASANTS 266
6.2. REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE RURAL POPULATION 267
7. ETHNIC-LEGAL GROUPS 269
7.1. THE SCOTS 270
7.2. THE ARMENIANS 271
7.3. THE KARAITES 272
7.4. THE JEWS 272
8. GROUPS OUTSIDE THE LAW 275
8.1. THE ROMANI (GYPSIES) 275
8.2. SOCIAL MARGIN (THE LOOSE PEOPLE) 276
9. ETHNIC AND CONFESSIONAL DIVISIONS 277
9.1. THE ETHNIC STRUCTURE OF THE COMMONWEALTH 277
9.2. MULTICULTURALISM 278
9.3. THE NATIONS OF THE CROWN OF THE POLISH KINGDOM 279
9.4. THE NATIONS OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA 280
9.5. THE EVOLUTION OF CONFESSIONAL RELATIONS 282
9.6. THE SOCIAL AND ETHNIC STRUCTURE OF POLISH AND LITHUANIAN
PROTESTANTS 283
9.7. THE NATIONALIZATION OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH 285
10. MULTIETHNICITY AND MULTICULTURALISM IN THE CITIES 286
10.1. TUMULTS (RIOTS) 287
11. CHANGES IN THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT 289
11.1 THE COLLAPSE OF MAGNATE PATRONAGE 289
15
11.2. CITIES AND BURGHERS 290
11.3. INTELLIGENTSIA 293
12. PEASANT REFORMS IN THE 18
TH
CENTURY 294
12.1. NEW REGULATIONS REGARDING LAND USAGE 294
12.2. PEASANT REFORMS OF THE FOUR-YEAR SEJM 294
12.3. THE PEASANT REFORMS OF THE KOSCIUSZKO UPRISING 295
13. THE ENLIGHTENMENT CIVIC NATION 296
13.1. THE SHIFT IN THE CONCEPT OF NATION 296
13.2. THE NATION AND THE CITIZENS 297
13.3. THE END OF THE STATE-NATION 298
CHAPTER SEVEN
SOCIAL BONDS AND CONDITIONS OF LIFE 299
1. FAMILY AND MARRIAGE 299
1.1. FAMILY 299
1.2. MARRIAGE 299
1.3. THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN THE FAMILY AND IN THE SOCIETY 300
1.4. LIFESPAN AND PROCREATION 302
1.5. CUSTODY 303
1.6. KINSHIP 304
1.7. CLIENTELISM AND PATRONAGE 304
1.8. THE RITUALS OF SOCIAL LIFE 305
1.9. UPBRINGING AND SOCIALIZATION 307
2. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 309
2.1. THE COUNTRYSIDE 309
2.2. THE CITY 311
2.3. NOBLE AND MAGNATE COURTS 313
3. SOCIAL BONDS IN THE CONFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS 313
3.1. THE PARISH 313
3.2. ORTHODOX BROTHERHOODS 314
3.3. PROTESTANT CONGREGATIONS AND SYNODS 314
4. SOCIAL CARE 315
4.1. THE STAGES AND TENDENCIES OF CHANGE 315
4.2. CATHOLIC SOCIAL CARE 315
4.3. PROTESTANT SOCIAL CARE 316
16
4.4. SOCIAL CARE IN THE ETHNIC-LEGAL GROUPS 317
5. HYGIENE AND HEALTH 318
5.1. PERSONAL HYGIENE 318
5.2. EPIDEMICS AND PLAGUES 319
5.3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE 320
5.4. REMEDIES 321
6. LIFE STANDARD 321
6.1. QUALITY OF LIFE VERSUS LIFESTYLE 321
6.2. NUTRITION 321
6.3. LIFESTYLE 323
7. HOUSING 325
7.1. THE NOBLE ESTATES 325
7.2. PALACES AND CASTLES 326
7.3. PEASANT BUILDINGS 326
7.4. IMPOVERISHED NOBILITY FARMS (
ZASCIANEK)
327
7.5. BURGHER HOUSING 327
8. CLOTHES AND HAIRSTYLE 328
8.1. NOBLE DRESS 328
8.2. BURGHER DRESS 330
8.3. FOREIGN DRESS 331
8.4. PEASANT DRESS 331
8.5. HAIRSTYLE 332
8.6. CULTURAL BREAKTHROUGH OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT:
"MOUSTACHE AND WIG" 332
CHAPTER EIGHT
CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY 335
1. MODELS OF CULTURE 335
2. NOBLE CULTURE AND SARMATISM 336
2.1. MYTHS OF ORIGIN 336
2.2. THE SARMATIAN WORLDVIEW 339
2.3. ATTITUDE TOWARDS FOREIGNERS 340
2.4. SARMATIAN CUSTOMS AND MENTALITY 341
2.5. THE NOBLE SYSTEM OF VALUES 342
2.6. LIBERTY AND
LIBERUM VETO.
346
17
2.7. THREE CURRENTS OF NOBLE POLITICAL IDEOLOGY 346
2.8. MONARCHISM. THE IDEAL MODEL OF A RULER 347
2.9. POLITICAL IDEOLOGY OF DECADENT SARMATISM 349
2.10. CONSTITUTIONALISM VERSUS NEOSTOICISM 349
3. URBAN CULTURE IN THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE 16
TH
AND
THE 17
TH
CENTURIES
353
3.1. URBAN IDEOLOGY 554
3.2. URBAN SYSTEM OF VALUES AND ROLE MODELS
3
54
3.3. URBAN POLITICAL IDEOLOGY 356
3.4. THE SARMATIZATION OF BURGHERS 356
3.5. CITIES AS THE CULTURAL CENTRES 357
4. POPULAR CULTURE - FOLK CULTURE 358
4.1. THE CREATORS OF POPULAR CULTURE 358
4.2. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF POPULAR CULTURE 359
4.3. SOCIAL RANGE OF POPULAR CULTURE 360
5. FOLKLORE
361
5.1. NOBLE FOLKLORE 361
5.2. THE NOBLE MANOR AS A CULTURAL INSTITUTION 362
6. RELIGIOUSNESS 562
6.1. MASS RELIGIOUSNESS AT THE END OF THE 16
TH
CENTURY 364
6.2. METHODS OF MINISTRY 364
6.3. THE FOLKLORIZATION OF CATHOLICISM 365
7. THE ENLIGHTENMENT - AN IDEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL BREAKTHROUGH 367
7.1. ASSUMPTIONS AND THE SYSTEM OF VALUES 367
7.2. HIE NATIVE VERSUS THE FOREIGN 368
7.3. TRANSFORMATIONS OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY 369
8. THE ROMANTIC REHABILITATION OF SARMATISM 372
CHAPTER NINE
SOCIAL COMMUNICATION - EDUCATION - ALPHABETIZATION 375
1. THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION
IN THE 16
TH
*18
TH
CENTURIES 375
1.1. THE CULTURE OF THE LIVING WORD 376
1.2. POINTS OF SOCIAL CONTACT 377
1.3. THE ROLE OF URBAN CENTRES IN THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 378
18
1.4. THE POSTAL SERVICE 380
1.5. CENSORSHIP OF INFORMATION 383
2. LANGUAGES OF COMMUNICATION 385
2.1.
LATINITAS
385
2.2. MULTILINGUALISM 385
2.3. POLONIZATION 388
2.4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLISH LITERARY LANGUAGE 390
2.5. THE ENLIGHTENMENT TENDENCIES OF UNIFICATION 390
3. LITERACY AND ALPHABETIZATION 392
3.1. PRINTING HOUSES AND READERSHIP 392
3.2. THE CIRCULATION OF MANUSCRIPTS 396
3.3. THE PRESS 398
4. EDUCATION 399
4.1. EDUCATION OF GIRLS 399
4.2. THE CONFESSIONAL CHARACTER OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 400
5. CATHOLIC EDUCATION 401
5.1. PARISH SCHOOLING 401
5.2. THE ROLE OF RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN EDUCATION - COLLEGES 402
5.3. HIGHER EDUCATION 404
6. PROTESTANT EDUCATION 406
6.1. LUTHERAN GYMNASIA IN ROYAL PRUSSIA 406
6.2. REFORMED NOBLE GYMNASIA 407
6.3. GYMNASIA IN RAKOW AND LESZNO 407
7. ORTHODOX EDUCATION 408
7.1. BROTHERHOOD SCHOOLS 408
7.2. ACADEMY IN OSTROH 408
7.3. THE KIEV-MOGILA ACADEMY 409
7.4. HOSPODAR SCHOOLS IN MOLDAVIA AND WALLACHIA 409
8. EDUCATION OF THE ETHNIC-LEGAL GROUPS 409
8.1. JEWISH SCHOOLS 409
8.2. TATAR SCHOOLS 410
9. STUDIES ABROAD 410
10. MILITARY EDUCATION. PROJECTS OF THE SCHOOL OF CHIVALRY IN THE
COMMONWEALTH OF THE 16
TH
-17
TH
CENTURIES 411
19
11. THE REFORM OF EDUCATION IN THE 18
TH
CENTURY 412
11.1. THE REFORM OF CONVENT EDUCATION 412
11.2. THE PIARIST REFORM AND THE COLLEGIUM NOBILIUM 413
11.3. THE REFORMS OF MILITARY EDUCATION 414
11.4. THE REFORMS OF THE COMMISSION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION 415
CHAPTER TEN
ART - SCIENCE - LITERATURE 419
1. TERMINOLOGY AND PERIODIZATION 419
1.1. RENAISSANCE - REFORMATION - THE RENAISSANCE BREAKTHROUGH 420
1.2. ART AND LITERATURE. BETWEEN RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE 420
2. MANNERISM 421
2.1. ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS 421
2.2. LITERATURE 424
2.3. MUSIC 426
3. BAROQUE 428
3.1. SARMATISM VERSUS BAROQUE 428
3.2. THE SOCIAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE OF THE BAROQUE 429
3.3. EARLY BAROQUE (1600-1630) 430
4. MATURE BAROQUE (1630-1670) 431
4.1. ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS 431
4.2. ROYAL PATRONAGE AND THE PROPAGANDA OF POWER 434
4.3. BELLES LETTRES 435
4.4. SCIENCE 437
4.5. THEATRE 439
4.6. MUSIC 439
5. LATE BAROQUE AND ROCOCO (1670-1770) 443
5.1. ARCHITECTURE AND THE ARTS 443
5.2. LITERATURE 445
5.3. SCIENCE 445
5.4. MUSIC AND THEATRE 445
5.5. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT 446
6. THE ERA OF KING STANISLAW AUGUST PONIATOWSKI 448
6.1. CIVILIZATIONAL CHANGES 448
6.2. INTERNATIONAL PROPAGANDA OF POLISH REFORMS 449
20
6.3. THE ENLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCES IN THE STANISLAW AUGUST
PONIATOWSKI'S COMMONWEALTH 450
6.4. URBAN ELITES IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT 450
6.5. WARSAW AND THE PROVINCE 451
6.6. PATRONAGE 451
6.7. ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS 452
6.8. CLASSICISM (1770-1800) 454
6.9. APPLIED ART 455
6.10. LITERATURE 455
6.11. SCIENCE 456
6.12. MUSIC AND THEATRE 457
CONCLUSIONS 459
GLOSSARY OF POLISH AND LATIN TERMS 463
LIST OF POLISH MONARCHS 469
MAIN HISTORICAL EVENTS OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN
COMMONWEALTH, 1573-1795 47I
BIBLIOGRAPHY 479
STUDIES 479
SOURCES 504
MAPS AND DIAGRAMS 519
LIST OF POLISH GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES AND THEIR ENGLISH
OR NATURALIZED COUNTERPARTS 53I
INDEX OF PEOPLE 537
INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 563
21 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Augustyniak, Urszula 1950- |
| author2 | Hryniewicz, Iwo |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | i h ih |
| author_GND | (DE-588)103293299 |
| author_facet | Augustyniak, Urszula 1950- Hryniewicz, Iwo |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Augustyniak, Urszula 1950- |
| author_variant | u a ua |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043247078 |
| classification_rvk | NK 2465 NK 2481 NN 1372 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)927148665 (DE-599)DNB1077926952 |
| dewey-full | 900 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-raw | 900 |
| dewey-search | 900 |
| dewey-sort | 3900 |
| dewey-tens | 900 - History & geography |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1569-1795 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1569-1795 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen-Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV043247078 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-03T02:50:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1065711506 |
| isbn | 9783631629772 363162977X |
| language | English Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028669325 |
| oclc_num | 927148665 |
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| owner | DE-12 DE-824 DE-739 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-824 DE-739 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 573 Seiten Illustration, Karten, Diagramme 22 cm, 830 g |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Peter Lang Edition |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Polish studies - transdisciplinary perspectives |
| series2 | Polish studies - transdisciplinary perspectives |
| spelling | Augustyniak, Urszula 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)103293299 aut Historia Polski History of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth state - society - culture Urszula Augustyniak ; editorial work by Iwo Hryniewicz ; translated by Grażyna Waluga and Dorota Sobstel Frankfurt am Main ; Berlin ; Bruxelles ; New York ; Oxford ; Warszawa ; Wien Peter Lang Edition [2015] © 2015 573 Seiten Illustration, Karten, Diagramme 22 cm, 830 g txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Polish studies - transdisciplinary perspectives Volume 13 Aus dem Polnischen übersetzt. - Literaturangaben Geschichte 1569-1795 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd rswk-swf Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 gnd rswk-swf Political system Territory Religious relations Population Economy Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 g Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 s Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 s Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Geschichte 1569-1795 z DE-604 Hryniewicz, Iwo edt Peter Lang GmbH (DE-588)1065711506 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe (E-Book) 978-3-653-05491-0 Polish studies - transdisciplinary perspectives Volume 13 (DE-604)BV043898514 13 B:DE-101 application/pdf http://d-nb.info/1077926952/04 Inhaltsverzeichnis X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3d462a122bc042d7b140e92f6bd59299&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext X:MVB application/pdf http://api.vlb.de/api/v1/asset/mmo/file/8bba9233-a1ec-4efc-92b8-d34a3d442cf8 Inhaltsverzeichnis X:MVB application/pdf http://api.vlb.de/api/v1/asset/mmo/file/3dea39e7-2d46-42b7-b6bb-2c74d8cc591a Einführung/Vorwort https://www.recensio.net/r/8c3b4516f90242a8b35367b00bf61fb3 rezensiert in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / jgo.e-reviews, JGO 65 (2017), 4, S. 661-663 Rezension DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028669325&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Augustyniak, Urszula 1950- History of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth state - society - culture Polish studies - transdisciplinary perspectives Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4056618-3 (DE-588)1060577984 |
| title | History of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth state - society - culture |
| title_alt | Historia Polski |
| title_auth | History of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth state - society - culture |
| title_exact_search | History of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth state - society - culture |
| title_full | History of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth state - society - culture Urszula Augustyniak ; editorial work by Iwo Hryniewicz ; translated by Grażyna Waluga and Dorota Sobstel |
| title_fullStr | History of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth state - society - culture Urszula Augustyniak ; editorial work by Iwo Hryniewicz ; translated by Grażyna Waluga and Dorota Sobstel |
| title_full_unstemmed | History of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth state - society - culture Urszula Augustyniak ; editorial work by Iwo Hryniewicz ; translated by Grażyna Waluga and Dorota Sobstel |
| title_short | History of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth |
| title_sort | history of the polish lithuanian commonwealth state society culture |
| title_sub | state - society - culture |
| topic | Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gesellschaft Kultur Staat Polen-Litauen |
| url | http://d-nb.info/1077926952/04 http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3d462a122bc042d7b140e92f6bd59299&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://api.vlb.de/api/v1/asset/mmo/file/8bba9233-a1ec-4efc-92b8-d34a3d442cf8 http://api.vlb.de/api/v1/asset/mmo/file/3dea39e7-2d46-42b7-b6bb-2c74d8cc591a https://www.recensio.net/r/8c3b4516f90242a8b35367b00bf61fb3 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028669325&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV043898514 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT augustyniakurszula historiapolski AT hryniewicziwo historiapolski AT peterlanggmbh historiapolski AT augustyniakurszula historyofthepolishlithuaniancommonwealthstatesocietyculture AT hryniewicziwo historyofthepolishlithuaniancommonwealthstatesocietyculture AT peterlanggmbh historyofthepolishlithuaniancommonwealthstatesocietyculture |
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