Hyjnesha Dardane: = Dea Dardanicae = Dardanian goddess
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Albanian |
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Prishtinë
Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës - ASHAK
2014
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| Schriftenreihe: | Botime të veçanta / Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës
138 Botime të veçanta / Seksioni i Shkencave Shoqërore libri 47 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Auf der Titelseite: U miratua për botim në mbledhjen e Seksionit të Shkencave Shoqërore, mbajtur më 29 tetor 2014... Bibliografija: str. 181-189 |
| Beschreibung: | 189 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789951615358 995161535X |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Summary
Edi Shukriu
DARD ΑΝΙΑΝ GODDESS ֊ DEA DARDANICAE
The study dedicated to Dardanian Goddess reveals the up-to-date
data on this Goddess, it brings various analysis and opens paths for
deeper and more complex studies on Dardanian religion, their approach
to life, death and the afterlife, as well as the presents the elements on
Dardanian cosmology and cosmogony.
Little was known about the religion and Dardanian Pantheon
deities because the antique sources and the later ones did not leave
necessary notes. The information about Dardanian deities are obtained
only after the findings of epigraphic monuments in various areas and
various time periods. Thanks to these monuments, deities such as
Dardanian Goddess or Gods Andi, Ata and Tato, became known.
Number of the Dardanian Pantheon deities and Roman
interpretation of local deities is still not that well known. That there are
quite a few of them in Dardania and elsewhere it is proven especially by
the epigraphic monument dedicated to Jupiter discovered in Smira, in
1988, where the well-known representative of the Roman tribe Quirinia,
pointed out that he raised the monument to his Jupiter and not to the local
one. Therefore, in the monument it is inscripted the dedication formula:
IOMN (Iovi Optimo Maximo Noster).327 328
On this occasion, the Dardanian Goddess is treated in particular,
with the whereabouts and the full texts of monuments, the time of their
erection, the origin of dedicators, numerous symbols and functions of the
Goddess that they foretell us about.
Interest in Dardanian Goddess rose significantly after the discovery
of the Monument of Goddess in Smira (January 1988), which enabled the
connection with other relics and were seen as linked to non-domestic
deities, such as the Mediana Statue or the coins with the inscription
dardanici.
327 Suić, M. (1960) p. 93.
328 Shukriu, E. (2001) pp. 17 - 37.
176
Hyjnesha Dardane
The challenge of this study was the few number of monuments
since they have not been discovered and they still lie in Dardanian
underground or elsewhere; lack of treatment if they were from wood or
of any other material that did not resist the time. A special challenge was
due to the fact that during the Roman rule, the deities appear with names
of foreign deities in their Roman interpretation (interpretatio romana) or
just as Dea and Deus, and therefore their identification becomes much
more difficult.
The discovery of the closed circled labyrinth of Smira was good
news on many unknown things about Dardanians, and instigated the need
to research its background, the meaning of labyrinths and the reasons for
their creation and, of course, the cosmological and cosmogonist
conception of Dardanians, as well. Thus, the study brought from the
underground of Kosova, from the labyrinth of the Dardanian Goddess
which has survived for many centuries up to the celestial space and
perceptions about it.
Monuments of the Dardanian Goddess, as an expression of
Dradanian religion since prehistory, now are in a bigger number and not
just in the Dardanian territories (Phot. 28). Those monuments are from
Romula Malva (Rumania. Monum. 2, 3. Phot. 9, 1 1),329 Kamenica
(Serbia),330 Smira of Vitia (Kosova, Phot. 3),331 Gllamnik (Kosovs. Phot.
14, 15),332 Mediana (Serbia. Phot. 16),333 Lower Branetic (Serbia. Phot.
17), Klokot Spa (Kosova. Phot. 26), coins with dardanici inscription
(Phot. 20, 22-25),334 Kurshumlia Spa (Serbia),335 the monument in
paleochristian of St.Flor and Laurie in Lypjan (Kosova) and the statue
from Theranda (Suhareka, Kosova. Phot. 2).
The time period of epigraphic monuments dedicated directly to the
Dardanian Goddess covers the period of centuries II - III, which is also
related to the need to unveil the indigenous tradition, respectively the
identity issues in the wake of the establishment of the Province of
Dardania as part of the Roman Empire.
329 Tudor D. - Vladescu C. (1972) pp. 183 - 190; Tudor, D. (1978) p. 369. Phot. 102,103.
330 Dušanič, S. (1976) pp. 56 - 157, no. 167.
331 Shukriu E. (1989) pp. 15 - 21.
332 Dobruna-Salihu, E. (2012) pp. 217 - 224, 832.
333 Vulič, N. (1948) no. 237; Nenadovič, A. (1961) p. 169; Picard, Ch. (1953);
Petrovič, P. (1976) p. 148; Jovanovič, A. (1980) pp. 53 - 59.
334 Mirdita, Z. (1981) p. 252, no. 239; Vulič, N. (1948) p. 221.
335 Mirdita, Z. (1981) p. 247, no. 208;.Vulic, N. (1931) p. 98.
Edi Shukriu
111
The name of Dardanian Goddess requires special attention, since in
all inscriptions it appears with the Latin name Dea, although its
Dardanian origin is beyond any doubt. What was the name of the
Goddess before and during the Roman period, with which the locals
addressed her? I think it holds the general Latin notion, which means a
goddess of female sex and its translation into Albanian language would
be: Hyjneshe (Goddess), respectively Dardanian Goddess.
In the monuments of the Goddess were identified 19 cult symbols:
goat (Romulą Malva 1, Lower Branetic), capricorn (Lower Branetic), sun
(Kllokot Spa, Romulą Malva 1), moon/crescent (Romulą Malva 1), axe /
double-bladed axe (Mediana, Lower Branetic), veal (Mediana), rooster
(Romulą Malva 1), altar (Romulą Malva 1, Lower Branetic), pig
(Mediana), ivy (Smira), spiral (Gllamnik 2), wheat ear (Lower Branetic,
Soęanica), grape vine (Smira), wealth basket (Romulą Malva 2), swastika
(Smira), purse (Mediana), city crown (Lower Branetic), knot (Smira) and
labyrinth (Smira).
The highest level of worshiping Dardanian Goddess is expressed
through the circles labyrinth of Smira (Phot. 6b, 9a). In the imaginations
of the Dardanian people it seems that this Goddess had collected nearly
all functions, from that of fertility in prehistory up to the goddess related
to the sun / universe and the eternal perpetual cycle of life.
Monuments bring the concept of life cycle as a result of the activity
of prehistoric and ancient celestial observers. One of the earliest evidence
on the development of the concept of life cycle is the labyrinth placed in
the belly of a well-known statue named as the Goddess on the Throne,
discovered in the location Tjerrtorja of Pristina (Phot. 89). The labyrinth
in the belly of the figure expresses the beginning of the life cycle
concepts and perhaps even more, the concept that left traces in the
prehistoric rock art of Vlashnja (Kosova. Phot. 83 ֊ 87), with drawings of
schematic clusters of spirals and the pictogram of the deer.
The most developed concept expressed in the composition of circle
labyrinth of Smira: the cycle of life, eternity and the Dardanian
perception of the Universe. Concentric circles whose interconnection
creates six swastika in opposite directions and three areas, in addition to
the symbol of the sun and solar journey, they talk also about the universal
scales of being and, similarly about the established hierarchy of
Dardanian religion. *
336
Shukriu, E. (2010) pp. 59 - 62.
178
Hyjnesha Dardane
Dardanian religion went through prehistoric stage (animism,
totemism), antique (polytheism, VI - IV- B.C.), and the late antique
(monotheism, IV and further).
The care for the dead is followed with an archaeological clarity,
primarily through numerous tumuli and other forms of burial. These are
evidence of the belief in eternity with items placed in graves, such as fine
plastics of iron era with appearances of solar disk, the wheels (part of the
solar chart) or poultry, which are seen as symbols of the sun. A special
attention associated with the cult of the sun and the belief in eternity is
presented by bronze discs found in the tomb 3 of Shiroka tumulus II, and
elsewhere, which were called by mistake buttons . These discs actually
symbolize the sun itself and were placed in graves because it was thought
to help the journey of the soul to the afterlife (Phot. 61).
The fact that the Dardanian Goddess is seen as Goddess of the Sun
and that she was on top of the Dardanian Pantheon, although female,
seems natural, moreover when it is known that many Goddesses had this
function, such as Amaterasu in Japan or Arina in Hittite religion (Phot.
96) and such were Mother Saule of Letonia, those in Britain and Ireland
and, generally, in European cultures of antiquity.
The ancient tradition and the long Dardanian resistance against the
Romans made romanization incomplete, which is expressed a lot in
mortal and cult monuments, with two-dimensional or three-dimensional
schematic appearance. The cultivation of the spiritual tradition was
expressed in the burial manner, when four centuries after the burial in
tumuli ceased, their erection was restored to life in II - III centuries
{Černica and A rat e Qerkezit at ancient Ulpiana (Kosova)337 338 339 or tumuli of
Komoran, Drenica (Kosova).340
Early subjectivity of pre-Roman Dardania, the cultural diffusion
and the established tradition of Dardanian ethnicity, forewarn the
acceptance of external manifestations of Roman culture, while only
deeper studies will enable to understand the extent to which it has
managed to break through into the Dardanian being. Pagan belief and
Christian religion survived for a long time in Dardania.
337 Klian, K. (1975) p. 95, T. 58, 59; Mikulcic, I. (1982) p. 24, Phot. 6; Benac, A. -
Covic, B. (1957) p. 33.
338 Straffon, C. (1997); McGrath, S. (1997); Pollack, R. (1997).
339 Srejovic, D. (1986) p. 179 - 187. Thracian affiliation puts in doubt the author himself.
340 Kosova Museum Research (1975). Author-led research.
Edi Shukriu
179
Observations of nature were part of Dardanian s life, in particular
the path of the Sun and Moon, which were done later by Dardanian
celestial observers. This developed the cosmological concept, which is
closely linked to the belief in eternity and to the approach to death, for
which D. Kurtz and J. Boardam say that is one of the most conservative
traditions of mankind.341 This includes also the presence of priestess in
the lead of the funeral procession in the mortal monument of Dardana,
and her hand which touches the chest of the dead soldier or mortal
dancing, that seems to be in the function of transferring the dead soul to
eternal spheres (Phot. 79). The evidence is found in particular in the
circled labyrinth of Smira (Kosova), in the labyrinth of Gamzigrad
(Serbia), in prehistoric observatory Kokino (FYR Macedonia), in the
prehistoric rock art of Vlashnja (Kosova), on the Goddess on the Throne
(Kosova) and the mortal monument of Dardana (Kamenica, Kosova).
The study of monuments dedicated to Dardanian Goddess and symbols
that they carry, brings numerous conclusions, above all that she is named the
Goddess - Dea, and represents Dardanian religion continuously and is related
to aspects of life, life cycle and eternity. Thus, the overall analysis of the data
which are argumented, leads to the conclusion that the Dardanian Goddess:
- is an indigenous Goddess,
- follows all the stages of Dardanian religion from the prehistoric
periods up to IV century,
֊ is a syncretic deity,
- carries a multitude of symbols (goat, Capricorn, beef, rooster,
wheat ear, pig, axe, city crown, purse)
- has multiple functions in different periods,
- expresses the development of anthropomorphic polytheist religion
in the pre-urban and urban Dardanian phase (I ֊ IV centuries),
- gains supreme position in the Dardanian Pantheon and becomes
the deity of the Sun in later stages,
- was mortal psychopomp and covers transcendental aspects,
- is related to aspects that prove cosmological and cosmogonic
Dardanian knowledge
- was worshiped and was empowered during the Roman period, as
the carrier of Dardanian identity,
- created the basis for embracing the Christian monotheism.
341 Kurtz, D. - Boardam, J. (1971) pp. 141 - 141.
180
Hyjnesha Dardane
The iconographic scheme of monuments, though it seems
superficially diverse, it conveys the standardized spirit, out of standards
of Roman culture and closer to Hellenistic influences of the south. The
triplet concept is followed by almost all the monuments of the Dardanian
Goddess and its appearance in the Dardanian territory emerges as the
formula for creation of each of the three worlds premeditated by
Dardanians.
Survival and strengthening of faith in Dardanian Goddess makes it
seem as the main Dardanian deity, especially if its symbol as labyrinth
and as related directly to the sun, the cycle of life and the cosmos. It is the
carrier and follower of Dardanian identity, even more by the fact that
spiritual tradition survives long after centuries and the influence of
different mies. The final sublime of the functions of the Goddess is
expressed through its close circled labyrinth, which turns out to be in fact
a pyramid. Since the pyramid is an approach to reach the sun, the
Goddess is visualized, almost or indeed as an Invincible Sun.
Such development of the Dardanian Goddess starting from the
fertility sphere to the sun is understandable, even more as in the diagrams
of the cosmos, the central space is reserved for the Creator. The
Dardanian Goddess would seem to have reached this stage if it wasn’t the
fact that the processes were not different and if the Dardanian areas
weren t walking along with Christian polytheism and monotheism. The
strengthening of the Dardanian Goddess can be seen from this aspect, as
the guardian of tradition and its reflection, facing new challenges of
supreme, terrestrial and celestial power, which were to be brought by the
new religion.
Based on the monument from Smira, it can be said that this phase
presents the preliminary transfer phase of eternal energy into the celestial
sphere, which created the bases for the birth of a supreme, monotheistic,
almighty and invisible goddess. In this sense, the Christ, the New Sun of
Justice ( SolInstitiae), replaced the previous goddess of Sun342 in this case
the Dardan Goddess.
If taken into consideration that some initial temples had labyrinth
shape, then circled labyrinth of Smira could also be the herald of the
presence of temples of the Dardanian Goddess in the shape of the circle
in Dardanian territory.
342
For similar developments see: Gabricevic, B. (1987) p. 103.
Permbajtja
Hyrje........................................................7
Territori dardan ..........................................9
Dardanet dhe prejardhja ..................................15
I. MONUMENTET VOTIVE PERKUSHTUAR HYJNESHES
DARDANE .................................................19
1. Hyjnesha dardane me dy labirinte nga Smira ............24
2. Hyjnesha dardane me edh nga Romula Malva...............30
3. Hyjnesha dardane me ene bolleku nga Romula Malva.......36
4. Hyjnesha dardane nga Gllamniku 1 ......................38
5. Hyjnesha dardane nga Gllamniku 2 ......................41
6. Hyjnesha dardane nga Mediana ..........................43
7. Hyjnesha dardane nga Branetiqi i Poshtem ..............46
8. Hyjnesha dardane nga Kamenica..........................50
9. Dardanicae sacrum nga Banja e Kurshumlise..............51
10. Monumenti i hyjneshes ne Kishen e Lypjanit............52
11. Monedha me figure hyjneshe dhe mbishkrim dardanici 1 .54
12. Monedha me figure hyjneshe dhe mbishkrim dardanici 2 .57
13. Monedha me mbishkrim dardanici dhe roma dhe me figure
hyjneshe ..............................................59
14. Busti i hyjneshes dardane nga Banja e Kllokotit ......62
15. Shtatoija nga Theranda ...............................64
II. SIMBOLET NE MONUMENTET E HYJNESHES DARDANE 71
1. Edhi ..................................................72
2. Dielli.................................................77
3. Hena ..................................................81
4. Šepata - šepata dyteheshe..............................81
5. Vifi ..................................................83
6. Kenduesi...............................................84
7. Altari ................................................85
8. Derri faran ...........................................86
9. Kalliri i grurit ......................................88
10. Lerthi ...............................................88
11. Spiralja .............................................90
12. Hardhia e rrushit.....................................91
6
Hyjnesha Dardane
13. Shporta e bollekut ............................93
14. Svastika (kryąi i thyer).......................94
15. Qesja..........................................95
16. Kurora murale .................................96
17. Nyja...........................................97
18. Labirinti......................................98
III. FUNKSIONET E HYJNESHES DARDANE ................107
IV. ZHVILLIMII BESIMIT DARDAN SIPAS MONUMENTEVE
TE HYJNESHES DARDANE .............................115
1. Faza parahistorike .............................117
2. Faza antike: politeizmi (IV p.e.r. - IV)........121
3. Faza e antikes se vone: monoteizmi..............122
V. FUQIZIMII BESIMIT NE HYJNESHEN DARDANE NE
PERIUDHEN ROMAKE .................................125
VI. QIELLVROJTUESIT DARDANE DHE OBSERVATORI
PARAHISTORIK......................................131
VII. KOZMOLOGJIA ֊ KOZMOGONIA DARDANE ..............137
1. Labirinti rrethor i Smires......................143
2. Labirinti i Gamzigradit.........................147
3. Monumenti mortor i Dardanes ....................151
4. Arti parahistorik shkembor i Vlashnjes..........158
5. Hyjnesha ne fron ...............................164
ÇESHTJE PER HULUMTIM TE METEJME ....................167
1. Koncepti i treshit..............................168
PERFUNDIME MBI HYJNESHEN DARDANE....................171
Summary ............................................175
Bibliografia .......................................181
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Shukriu, Edi 1950- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)108053749X |
| author_facet | Shukriu, Edi 1950- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Shukriu, Edi 1950- |
| author_variant | e s es |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043230160 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)1083637 (OCoLC)952799103 (DE-599)BVBBV043230160 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kosovo (Republic) / Antiquities Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd Dardanien (DE-588)7860726-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kosovo (Republic) / Antiquities Römisches Reich Dardanien |
| id | DE-604.BV043230160 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:21:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789951615358 995161535X |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028652758 |
| oclc_num | 952799103 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 189 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 25 cm |
| psigel | gbd_4_1612 |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës - ASHAK |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Botime të veçanta / Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës Botime të veçanta / Seksioni i Shkencave Shoqërore |
| spelling | Shukriu, Edi 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)108053749X aut Hyjnesha Dardane = Dea Dardanicae = Dardanian goddess Edi Shukriu Dea Dardanicae Dardanian goddess Prishtinë Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës - ASHAK 2014 189 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Botime të veçanta / Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës 138 Botime të veçanta / Seksioni i Shkencave Shoqërore libri 47 Auf der Titelseite: U miratua për botim në mbledhjen e Seksionit të Shkencave Shoqërore, mbajtur më 29 tetor 2014... Bibliografija: str. 181-189 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Dardanische Göttin Göttin (DE-588)1080536833 gnd rswk-swf Goddesses, Prehistoric / Illyria Dardani (Illyrian people) / Religion Mythology Excavations (Archaeology) / Kosovo (Republic) Funde Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Statue (DE-588)4129665-5 gnd rswk-swf Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (Republic) / Antiquities Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd rswk-swf Dardanien (DE-588)7860726-7 gnd rswk-swf Dardani [49 C1 MAC / YUG] (DE-2581)TH000004679 gbd Dardanische Göttin Göttin (DE-588)1080536833 p Statue (DE-588)4129665-5 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s DE-604 Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 g Dardanien (DE-588)7860726-7 g Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 s Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës Botime të veçanta 138 (DE-604)BV011748946 138 Seksioni i Shkencave Shoqërore Botime të veçanta libri 47 (DE-604)BV011749547 47 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028652758&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028652758&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Shukriu, Edi 1950- Hyjnesha Dardane = Dea Dardanicae = Dardanian goddess Dardanische Göttin Göttin (DE-588)1080536833 gnd Goddesses, Prehistoric / Illyria Dardani (Illyrian people) / Religion Mythology Excavations (Archaeology) / Kosovo (Republic) Funde Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Statue (DE-588)4129665-5 gnd Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1080536833 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4129665-5 (DE-588)4049396-9 (DE-588)4076778-4 (DE-588)7860726-7 |
| title | Hyjnesha Dardane = Dea Dardanicae = Dardanian goddess |
| title_alt | Dea Dardanicae Dardanian goddess |
| title_auth | Hyjnesha Dardane = Dea Dardanicae = Dardanian goddess |
| title_exact_search | Hyjnesha Dardane = Dea Dardanicae = Dardanian goddess |
| title_full | Hyjnesha Dardane = Dea Dardanicae = Dardanian goddess Edi Shukriu |
| title_fullStr | Hyjnesha Dardane = Dea Dardanicae = Dardanian goddess Edi Shukriu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hyjnesha Dardane = Dea Dardanicae = Dardanian goddess Edi Shukriu |
| title_short | Hyjnesha Dardane |
| title_sort | hyjnesha dardane dea dardanicae dardanian goddess |
| title_sub | = Dea Dardanicae = Dardanian goddess |
| topic | Dardanische Göttin Göttin (DE-588)1080536833 gnd Goddesses, Prehistoric / Illyria Dardani (Illyrian people) / Religion Mythology Excavations (Archaeology) / Kosovo (Republic) Funde Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Statue (DE-588)4129665-5 gnd Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Dardanische Göttin Göttin Goddesses, Prehistoric / Illyria Dardani (Illyrian people) / Religion Mythology Excavations (Archaeology) / Kosovo (Republic) Funde Ausgrabung Statue Religion Kosovo (Republic) / Antiquities Römisches Reich Dardanien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028652758&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028652758&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011748946 (DE-604)BV011749547 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shukriuedi hyjneshadardanedeadardanicaedardaniangoddess AT shukriuedi deadardanicae AT shukriuedi dardaniangoddess |