Gornyj Krym: II v. do n.ė.-II v. n.ė. : po materialam raskopok svjatilišča u perevala Gurzufskoe Sedlo : k 30-letiju so dnja otkrytija i načala issledovanija pamjatnika = The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
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Simferopolʹ
N.Orianda
2015
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| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 215 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9785990639515 |
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| adam_text | N.G.Novichenkova
The Mountain Crimea in II century BC - II century AD.
Basing on materials of excavations of the sanctuary near
Gurzuf Saddle pass
Summary
Introduction. Sanctuary at the pass the Gurzuf Saddle - one the
most studied archaeological sites of Southern Tavrika which have
kept material signs of culture of its population of a boundary AD.
The site belongs to type of the mountain sanctuaries which were
settling down in special landscape conditions, with peculiar natural
and climatic features which were traditionally used within centuries
and even epochs. The sanctuary at the pass the Gurzuf Saddle
was revealed at gas pipeline construction Yalta ֊ Alushta in the
territory of the Crimean reserved and hunting economy (nowadays
the Crimean natural reserve). In 1981-1982 the study of a site
was carried out by survey and from 1983 to 1993 by systematic
excavation. The occupation layer is studied on the area of 2400
sq. m. Preparation of the monograph is carried out on materials of
archaeological researches of the author and of Victor Novichenkov
led to a sanctuary at the pass the Gurzuf Saddle and on other
sites of the South of Mountain Crimea (an ancient mountain way, a
defensive wall of the Roman fortress of Charaks, etc.).
Being situated in the highest part of the Crimean Mountains
(1434 m), the sanctuary was used since the late Stone Age until
the end of the Middle Ages. The antique period was the brightest in
the history of a site, when, according to written and archaeological
sources, the southern mountain part of the Crimea (in I thousand
BC) was occupied by tribes of Taurians (Herod. IV, 99), and (since a
boundary AD) - of Skytho-Taurians (PI. IV, 85).
The materials of the sanctuary being unearthed at the site fill in a
large chronological gap in knowledge’s about historical and cultural
processes, taking place in the Mountain Crimea at indicated time. It
is the only one of known sites of II century BC - II century AD in the
Main Ridge of Mountain Crimea with the excellent condition of the
cultural layer. Necropolises of that time are unknown in the Southern
part of Mountain Crimea, but settlements are almost completely
destroyed with ploughing and building.
Chapter 1. Location of the sanctuary near Gurzuf Saddle pass
and description of the cultural layer.
The place of Gurzuf yaila on which among the Alpine pastures
the sanctuary settled down, differs with nature originality. Specifics
of a microclimate was, apparently, one of the important factors which
have caused on a choice of a place for a sanctuary. The nature often
shows the inconstancy there, on the narrow ridge dividing warm
and cold air masses: from a condition of rest to gale-force winds
at continuous overcast, a rain and zero visibility. The impression of
domination of this place over huge surrounding space is made.
The name of the top Kalfrakh-Kayasy on which the sanctuary
took place, is designated on the map of 1912 on which the pass the
Gurzuf Saddle is noted as Girset-Dere-Bogaz (one more name of the
pass, probably more later, - Gurbet-Dere-Bogaz). The name of the
mountain is absent on modern maps.
The layer of light clay with unburned bones of sacrificial
animals, ceramics (mainly fragments of amphorae), metal products,
fragments of glass cast vessels belongs to the first period according
to a stratigraphy. By the first period the congestion from more than
forty deepenings from the stakes hammered into the continent, a
heap of the raw stones with the bronze details of a bed belongs too.
The sanctuary of the second period represented the open area
deprived of architectural constructions too, but with elements of a
peculiar registration. Oval platform with the light layer extended on
it with small fragments of bones and a dark layer with the remains
of burnings, pits and a dark layer surrounding a platform with ashes
and the burned-through bones (ashpit) belong to a uniform complex
of one time.
The main structural elements of a complex are the following:
1. Sacrificial pits with bones of animals, with ashes impurity from
the burnings made on aside, located by three groups.
2. The oval platform, surrounded with the bow-shaped lines from pits.
3. The ashpit surrounding an oval platform in which the remains
of burnings were poured.
Pits are subdivided into three groups on conditions of their origin,
filling and existence of things: bow-shaped line (155 pits), axial line
(15 pits) and kernels (22 pits). Pits escaped from different levels: from
a continent surface, in the formed layer, some of them cut through
filling of already existing pits, repeated subburials of things are noted.
Pits meet the remains of plentiful burnings, layers from the small
stones, not burned through bones or from bone ashes, the stones
designating them on a surface. Besides bones of large and a small
cattle, a pig and horses, bones of a dog meet. The detailed description
of all pits of a sanctuary Is given in the Appendix 1 (Catalogue of
sacrificial pits of the sanctuary near Gurzuf Saddle pass).
Chapter 2. Main groups of votive inventory from the sanctuary
near Gurzuf Saddle pass.
The collection of the material found at excavation is numerous
and also is various on structure. Among the ancient things found in
a sanctuary, there are a weapon, jewelry, tools, coins, objects of cult
appointment, etc.
The big group of objects of the Hellenistic import of the ll-l BC
centuries includes Rhodes and light-clay amphorae, metal ware from
the Hellenistic and Late La-Tene centres, the East Mediterranean
glass. The sanctuary at the pass the Gurzuf Saddle is so far the
only thing from the found and studied archaeological sites of the
Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains and Southern Coast in
which the set of objects of the Hellenistic time, coming from well
remained occupation layer is revealed. In a layer of unburned bones
some numismatic finds, including a Lysimachos-type stater and
the tetradrachm of Mithridates Eupator. Dating finds are coins, bed
details, arrowheads and other objects of armour, details of a horse
harness, glass, ceramics.
The articles of the Hellenistic period found in a sanctuary, are
subdivided into three groups that defines the main directions of
their transportation: Sarmatian and Scythian things (the northeast
direction), the Mediterranean import from Asia Minor and the
Aegean basin (the southern direction), La-Tene and Etruscan things
(the western direction).
Fibulae belongs to numerous finds of the II century BC - II century
AD: 7 of La-Tene types, 7 of military, 37 of North Black Sea types.
The group of the fibulae of western origin includes 25 copies, among
them there are 17 of early Roman hinged ones (Alesia, Aucissa,
etc.), 6 fibulae-brooches (one with a glass cameo and bronze
hinged fibulae), strongly profiled fibula and of the omega type. The
overwhelming part of finds belongs to the second half of the I century
BC - the first half of the I century AD.
The overwhelming part of coins is found in a ritual complex
with pits. Their main quantity belongs to Rome (138 copies) and
213
Bosporan Kingdom (105 copies). Other centres are presented by
single finds. The peak of distribution of the Roman coins drops out on
the second half of the I century BC and a boundary AD, Bosporan -
for the 20-40th of the I century AD. Staters of governors of the
Bosporan Kingdom (Dynamis, Aspourgos, Mithridates VIII) and
stater of Chersonesos are unique.
The silver and bronze statuettes from Gurzuf Saddle (of Zeus,
Poseidon, Artemis, Cybela, Hermes and other deities, of the idolized
animals also) are distinguished among similar to them items with
their highest level of artistic fulfilment and perfect safety, according
to which all details of imaginations and treatment are preserved. The
description of figurines is provided in the Appendix 2.
The finds of Italian silver and bronze ware, such as a spoon,
cups, metal ornaments, etc. are similar to the finds in Pompeii. In
the sanctuary there were revealed instruments for writing, a wire
earrings, amulets, bracelets, gold arch fibula with a garnet inset,
finger-rings, pendants. The massive cast silver finger ring with
sculptural representations of two snakes’ heads, which had the box
of cubic form in open mouths, was covered with graving showing
imitation of the snakes’ skin.
Articles of Roman military equipment do not make up a separate
complex and lay in different layers, pell-mell with heterogeneous
votives donated to the sanctuary during the ancient epoch. The
published group is unique in its composition: besides arrowheads
of catapult, spearheads, fragments of Roman swords of the Mainz
type and their scabbards, there are details of helmets (cheek plates,
forehead guards, a handle for fastening the helmet of the coolus
type to the belt during a march), big parts of an iron helmet casque
and a cheek plate from it, many fragments from a Montefortino
bronze helmet. Two bronze umbones of the shields scutum existing
since the Republican times are the extremely rare such finds in
archaeological practice. The Roman coat of mail (lorica hamata)
cut in the sanctuary (more then 900 fragments) is also unique. Of
horsemen equipment spurs are particularly noteworthy. There are
details of the Roman military uniform: bronze and silver fasteners
of Noriko-Pannonian belts of the 10-40th AD, laid on plates with
umbons in the center both silver buckles and rivets.
The collection of a site contains four big groups of imports:
1) II ֊ the beginnings of the I century BC, 2) the second half of the
I century BC ֊ a boundary AD, 3) the first half of the I century AD,
4) the second half of I ֊ the beginning of the II century AD. Each of
them includes various dating materials: coins, fibulae, glass, weapon
and subjects of military attributes. It means that import arrived in
a sanctuary without lateness and allows to lean on it when dating
complexes of a sanctuary.
Chapter 3. Chronology of the sanctuary and periods of its history.
Numerous flint articles in antique and medieval layers and the
remained fragments of an cultural layer with ochre and plates in a
form of knives give the grounds to assume that the sanctuary of
antique time was preceded by earlier cult place originating in a
Neolithic and Eneolithic.
Not numerous things of the Vll-V centuries BC belong to the first
stage (estimated as the layer didn t remain). They are characteristic
for Taurian and early Scythian cultures. They are found in layers of
antique and medieval time. Allegedly the layer was on the central
site. Import is absent.
From IV century BC import objects and the first coins start arriving
in a sanctuary.
The second stage corresponds to the first period according to
a stratigraphic (IV - the last decades I century BC). The layer of
this time is revealed on the area about 600 sq. m in Northeast and
Northern part of a site. Things of this time meet also in layers of the
subsequent periods, especially there are a lot of them in Northern
part of the centre of a ritual complex with pits where probably there
was a centre of the second stage. The main period of formation of
a layer is the share of II - the first half of the I century BC. Signs of
use of fire in ceremonies are absent. The central part is probably
destroyed at creation of the centre of a sanctuary at the following
stage,
The third stage corresponds to the second period according to
a stratigraphic data (the last decades I century BC - the middle of
the II century AD). The ritual complex with the pits concerns to him,
intended for ceremonies of burnings, about 3 thousand sq. m. This
stage is subdivided into two steps.
First step: the last decades I century BC ֊ the middle of the
I century AD. Creation of a complex and sanctuary blossoming.
Sacrifices are made around pits of the axial line, in a kernel, in
Northern part of an oval platform and, probably, in an ashpit. In the
20֊30th and 40th years of the I century AD the preference is given
to a kernel.
Second step: the second half of I - the middle of the II century
AD. Gradual fading of activity of a ritual complex with the pits,
especially noticeable since the beginning of the II century. At this
time the sanctuary loses value of the religious centre. In the middle of
the II century the complex with pits stops functioning and is covered
with grasses. The sanctuary ceases to exist in a former form. The
territory used for commission of ceremonies is sharply reduced.
The fourth stage - late antique. The sacrificial place is near
top. The layer which consists from soil with a humus opened here
testifies to its existence with bones and things on the area some
tens sq. m and a thing in the layers connected with construction and
functioning of Christian temples. There are no application signs in
fire ceremonies.
Finds from VII-VI centuries BC to the IV century AD inclusive,
in combination with a large number of jaws and livestock teeth in
layers, speak about continuous existence of a sanctuary during an
antique era, and also about the period of its greatest activity from
II century BC to the II century AD.
Chapter 4. Religious beliefs of the Mountain Crimea population
according to the materials of the sanctuary near Gurzuf Saddle pass.
In a sanctuary at the pass the Gurzuf Saddle a combination of
features of the device, ceremonies and a variety valuable votives
was reflected. Its archaeological researches revealed many new
data on beliefs of the population of the Mountain Crimea of antique
time, The new original ritual culture which developed on plateaus of
the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains, in interaction with world
around ֊ antique and barbarous is opened and is investigated.
The ritual life of a sanctuary traces the roots back to an extreme
antiquity. The same elements (jars bones of animals) meet in
layers of the first and second periods on the Gurzuf Saddle, in the
Autkinsky sanctuary, in the Taurian sites (burial grounds and cave
sanctuaries) that gives the grounds to see an origin of a ceremony of
a sanctuary in the local environment of the Mountain and Southern
Coast of Crimea. Preservation of the main form of ceremonies
which existed in a sanctuary and before a construction of a ritual
complex with pits, and in the complex, and after the termination
214
of its functioning even many centuries, including the Middle Ages,
confirms this statement.
During the early period the characteristic for this site peculiarities,
remaining invariable throughout all its centuries-old history there
were determined: cult departures were made on the same place; on
the Gurzuf Saddle sacrificed a livestock traditionally; the site always
represented a sanctuary of open type.
By a Hellenistic epoch when the sledges of ceremonies starts
being fixed in a stratigraphic, we find rather developed ritual culture.
At this stage important public value of a sanctuary is shown. It is
expressed in preliminary cleaning from the turf of the considerable
territory on the area intended for a of a large number of maxillary
bones of a livestock, in aspiration to save and keep bones by a
covering of them with pure clay, in construction of an altar with the
bed which was on it, in use of considerable number of votives.
The brightest period of history of a sanctuary is connected with
a construction of a ritual complex that was caused by emergence of
a cult of fire and a pantheon last decades I century BC. We observe
attempt of carrying out reform of an ancient cult which made short-
term success to the middle of the I century AD. In a sanctuary,
besides a local cattle breeding basis, a certain military context
that is shown in a weapon cult, in very probable use of trophies in
ceremonies of sacrifices is felt.
At a sanctuary of the second period the new features which
specifics was connected with ceremonies of burning of remains of
sacrificial animals earlier unknown here were defined:
- The sacral center in the form of a big oval platform, designated
on perimeter from three sides with the double bow-shaped line of the
pits having a congestion in its northern part.
- The axial line from pits, the double too.
- Kernel in the form of a congestion from pits.
- The ashpit bordering the bow-shaped line from pits, consisting
of the remains of the burnings which have been taken out from the
center.
As a whole all complex differed with irregular planning, it wasn t
strictly focused over countries of the World, and its centre had
indistinctly expressed geometrical form with any rough outlines
and use of exclusively unelaborated stones. At the same time its
device is characterized by reasonableness of a plan. The difficult,
carefully developed structure of a ritual complex of the second period
consisted of various elements on the functional purpose which order
of use was invariable and wasn t broken. Stratigraphic supervision
indicate collective character of the organization of space and of
sanctuary use, an order maintenance in it by attendants of a cult
who directed execution of ceremonies.
The mountain with its top was the main object of worship in a
sanctuary at the pass the Gurzuf Saddle. Sanctuary materials
with its symbolic of the World Tree, characteristic for the archaic
societies, expressed by means of figurines of antique deities,
tells about accessory of the site not to purely antique (despite
abundance of antique import) and not to purely barbarous world
(as it is possible to judge on sacrifices), and rather strongly to the
Hellenistic population which has apprehended many achievements
of ancient material and spiritual culture.
High level of an hellinization of late Scythian culture and of related
somehow with it the population of the Mountain Crimea (Skifo-
Taurians), who built a ritual complex in a sanctuary at the pass the
Gurzuf Saddle at the end of the I century BC, and ceased to use
it in the II century AD, gives the grounds to assume more active
penetration of cults of the Greek deities on local environment, than it
was recognized earlier.
Chapter 5. The Mountain Crimea in the frontier zone of antique
civilization.
The rare valuable opportunity has appeared ֊ to trace the
dynamics of development of the relations between barbarians of
the Mountain Crimea and Antique civilization at the baze of study of
original ritual culture and of a collection of votives of the sanctuary
at the Gurzuf Saddle. These contacts took place at the frontier zone
of the Antique civilization, to which the Mountain Crimea belonged.
The development of these contacts was described according to its
stages.
At an early stage of history of a sanctuary (the Vll-V centuries
BC) import things in it weren t used. The artifacts typical for funeral
stock of the barbarous population of the Mountain Crimea of before
Scythian and Scythian time are found. Favorable conditions to start
mutually advantageous contacts of the population of the Mountain
Crimea and Greeks developed in the IV-1 centuries BC that was
shown in receipt of imports on Taurika s territory, in distribution of
amphorae (Fasos, Gerakleya, Sinopa, Rhodes, Knid), found at
sanctuary excavation at the pass the Gurzuf Saddle, in a layer of
light clay with unburned bones of cattle, and in a burial ground from
stone boxes in Upper Massandra near Alexander s III palace. It is
remarkable that cattle was grown up on plateaus of the Main Ridge
of the Crimea only during an antique era when in the Crimea plough
agriculture reached of high development.
In the ll-l centuries BC revival of activity of a sanctuary is observed.
The quantity of articles of antique import and things of a various
ethno-cultural origin (late Scythian, Latenian, Sarmatian, from the
North Caucasus) increases. In a sanctuary a certain proximity to
culture of late Scythians (in chronology, sacrifices, in distribution
of many identical things) is traced. The periods of an eminence,
blossoming and fading of a sanctuary are comparable to the periods
of history of Crimean Skythiya. Coincidence on time of creation and
active the function of a ritual complex in a sanctuary on the Gurzuf
Saddle with the period of the last bright blossoming of late Scythian
culture in the Crimea at a boundary of the I century BC ֊ in the first
half of the I century AD characterizes this communication especially
brightly.
Having compared written certificates, especially Pliny s
instructions on the Main Ridge of the Crimea as on the area occupied
by Skytho-Taurians, with data of archeological excavations, it
is possible to claim that a sanctuary of the second period on the
Gurzuf Saddle ֊ the archaeological site that was stayed by Skytho-
Taurians.
In a sanctuary on the Gurzuf Saddle the set of characteristic
features of the device and the certain finds which are pulling together
it both with late Scythian culture, and with Bosporus, with Taman s
territory and the Northern Caucasus (since a Hellenism era) -
with Panticapaeum, Gorgippiya, the district of Novorossiysk, the
Artyukhovsky barrow, burials of Zubovsko-Vozdvizhensky group (a
coin, fibulae, the weapon, furniture details, glass and metal ware) is
traced. Metal figurines in spite of the fact that finds of art bronze are
very rare, pull together the Gurzuf Saddle with sites of the specified
regions of a boundary AD.
Distribution of import objects since the beginning of the Roman
period (the middle of the I century BC) was connected with
radical changes in a political situation, with of active processes
215
of interaction of an antique civilization and the barbarous world,
with threat of attack of barbarians to Chersonesos and events of
Roman-Bosporan war of 45 ֊ 49 (Tac. Ann. XII, 15) that caused of
settlement of a political situation from Pontus, and subsequently from
Rome. The entire periods of the Roman penetration into the Crimea
are differently presented by finds from the Gurzuf Saddle. For this
reason the collection of the Roman articles from a sanctuary can be
an important source in studying of the Roman influence and direct
presence of Romans at the region of Northern Black Sea Coast.
Objects of the Roman military equipment, found in the mountains
of the Crimea, are archaeological evidences of the unstable political
situation connected with difficult relationship of Rome, Bosporus and
Chersonesos and participation in them of local tribes. They could be
offered in a sanctuary by the militarized elite of local population of the
Mountain Crimea which was in a sphere of influence of the Bosporan
Kingdom in the period of the statement of Romans in the Northern
Pontic region.
Long finding of the territory of the Mountain Crimea in a frontier
zone of an Antique civilization promoted a distribution of many
elements of ancient culture here and to strengthening of become
traditional communications with the Mediterranean.
Conclusion. Materials of a sanctuary allow to fill a lacuna in
knowledge of the historical and cultural processes happening
in Mountain Crimea during an antique epoch, first of all, - about
development of religious beliefs, about religious rituals of its
population.
Four big groups of imports to a sanctuary on the Gurzuf
Saddle are connected with known events in the Crimea (first of
all, on Bosporus and in Crimean Scythia) and beyond its limits in
which the population of the Mountain Crimea was involved, most
likely: 1. II ֊ the middle of the I century BC - with formation of late
Scythian culture and Diophantus s expeditions, with participation
of local tribes in Mithridates wars; 2. The last decades I century
BC - a boundary AD ֊ with establishment of difficult and unstable
military and diplomatic relations between Bosporus and Rome and
Bosporus s activities for strengthening of its influence in the Crimea;
3.20 - the 40th of the I century AD ֊ with Roman-Bosporan war of
45-49; 4. The second half of the I century AD ֊ the beginnings of
the II century AD - with the beginning of the period of the Roman
military presence at Northern Black Sea Coast.
Becomes obvious that the Mountain Crimea which was
represented earlier as the isolated area, wasn t away from the general
processes of active interaction of various groups of barbarians with
the classical antiquity, captured since the end of an era of Hellenism
all Northern Black Sea Coast, especially if to consider political
influence and role of Bosporus and Rome.
Probably, not casually the greatest number of objects of the
Roman military equipment is revealed around the Main Ridge of
the Crimean Mountains. The mountain Crimea becomes one more
important place on the map of Northern Black Sea Coast (along
with Lower Podneprovye, Podnestrovye, the South Western and
East Crimea, Transcaucasia, Kuban basin) in which the Roman
military actions were developed at a boundary AD. Further in these
regions the Roman military bases, the citadels, fortifyed camps,
including the Roman outpost in Tavrika - Charaks were under
construction.
Communications of the population of the Mountain Crimea with
Bosporus, Asia Minor, with Roman, Mediterranean in the basis, a
civilization, established since the Hellenistic period, become stronger
at a boundary AD and in the first centuries AD, created a reliable basis
for perception of its achievements in material and spiritual culture
that subsequently promoted successful distribution of provincial
Byzantine culture in the southern part of the Mountain Crimea.
Научное издание
Монография
Наталья Георгиевна Новиченкова
ГОРНЫЙ КРЫМ: II В. ДО Н.Э. - II В. Н.Э.
ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ РАСКОПОК СВЯТИЛИЩА
У ПЕРЕВАЛА ГУРЗУФСКОЕ СЕДЛО
Редактор С.Н.Солодовнтова
Подготовка к печати Р.Г.Неве дрова, РА.Замтарадзе, А.В.Гущина
Макет и компьютерная верстка А.В.Пинчук
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Художественный редактор Н.В.Дымникова
«Н.Оріанда»™
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г. Саки, ул. Первомайская, 14
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
CONTEXT
Введение
Список сокращений
Условные обозначения к рисункам первой главы
Глава 1.
Местоположение святилиша
у перевала Гурзуфское Седло
и характеристика культурного слоя
1.1. Географическое положение
и некоторые климатические особенности
Юго-Западных яйл Главной гряды
Крымских гор
1.2. Рельеф и стратиграфия памятника
1.3. Нижний слой памятника (слой светлой глины
с непережженными костями)
1.4. Планировочная структура
и слои комплекса с ямками
1.4.1. Овальная площадка сакрального центра
1.4.2. Зольник (темный слой
с золой и пережженными костями)
1.4.3. Ямки дугообразной линии
1.4.4. Ямки осевой линии
1.4.5. Ямки и каменный развал в «ядре»
Глава 2.
Основные группы вотивного
инвентаря святилиша
у перевала Гурзуфское Седло
2.1. Предметы культового назначения
2.2. Монеты
2.3. Принадлежности костюма
2.4. Украшения
2.5. Оружие
2.6. Снаряжение всадника, конская упряжь
2.7. Орудия труда, предметы промысла
2.8. Детали мебели
2.9. Принадлежности туалета,
спортивный инвентарь
2.10. Металлическая посуда и утварь
2.11. Стеклянная посуда, оконное стекло
2.12. Глиняная посуда и тара
2.13. Особенности состава
коллекции святилища
2.13.1. Изделия эллинистического времени
2.13.2. Изделия раннего римского времени
Introduction
List of abbreviations
Conventional signs to drawings of the first chapter
Chapter 1.
Location of the sanctuary
near Gurzuf Saddle pass
and description of the cultural layer
1.1. Geographical position of the Crimean
Mountains and some climate
peculiarities of South-Western Yailas
of the Mane Ridge of Crimean Mountains
1.2. Relief and stratigraphy of the site
1.3. Lower layer of the site
(the layer of light clay with unburned bones)
1.4. Planning structure and the layers
of the complex with pits
1.4.1. Oval ground of sacred center
1.4.2. The ash-bin (dark layer with ash
and burned bones)
1.4.3. Pits of the arched line
1.4.4. Pits of the axis line
1.4.5. Pits and the stone couple in the “kernel”
Chapter 2.
Main groups of votive inventory
from the sanctuary near Gurzuf
Saddle pass
2.1. Objects of cult purposes
2.2. Coins
2.3. Accessories of a dress
2.4. Ornaments
2.5. Weapons
2.6. Equipment of the rider, horse’s harness
2.7. Tools, articles of craft
2.8. Details of a furniture
2.9. Accessories of a toilet,
sport’s inventory
2.10. Metal wares
2.11. Glass vessels, window pane
2.12. Pottery and tare
2.13. Peculiarities of composition
of the sanctuary’s collection
2.13.1. Articles of Hellenistic time
2.13.2. Articles of early Roman time
8
11
11
12
12
15
21
25
25
26
27
30
31
40
41
49
54
62
68
75
77
84
87
89
94
103
110
111
112
Глава 3,
Хронология и периодизация
истории святилища
՝ - ”· ~..Н л
3.1. Датировка слоя светлой глины
с непережженными костями
(первый период по данным стратиграфии)
3.2. Датировка ритуального комплекса с ямками
(второй период по данным стратиграфии)
3.3. Датировка ямок дугообразной линии
3.4. Датировка ямок осевой линии
3.5. Датировка ямок «ядра»
3.6. Датировка зольника (темного слоя с золой
и пережженными костями)
3.7. Периодизация истории святилища
Глава 4.
Религиозные верования
населения Горного Крыма
по материалам святилища
у перевала Гурзуфское Седло
4.1. Особенности ритуальной культуры
4.2. Элементы обрядности. Поиски аналогий
Глава 5.
Горный Крым в пограничной зоне
античной цивилизации
5.1. Место святилища в окружающей
историко-культурной среде
(к вопросу об этнокультурной
принадлежности памятника)
5.2. Древний путь
5.3. Контакты населения Горного Крыма
с окружающим миром
Заключение
Литература
Приложения
Приложение 1. Каталог жертвенных ямок
святилища у перевала Гурзуфское Седло
Приложение 2. Каталог античных металлических
статуэток из раскопок святилища у перевала
Гурзуфское Седло
Приложение 3. Архивные материалы
Резюме
Chapter 3.
Chronology of the sanctuary
and periods of its history
3.1. Dating of the the layer of light clay
with unburned bones
(first period on stratigraphic data)
3.2. Dating of the ritual complex with pits
(second period on stratigraphic data)
3.3. Dating of pits of the arched line
3.4. Dating of pits of the axis line
3.5. Dating of pits in the “kernel”
3.6. Dating of the ash-bin
(dark layer with ash and burned bones)
3.7. Periods of the sanctuary’s history
Chapter 4.
Religious beliefs of the Mountain
Crimea population according
to the materials of the sanctuary
near Gurzuf Saddle pass
4.1. Peculiarities of ritual culture
4.2. Elements of rituals. Search of analogies
Chapter 5.
The Mountain Crimea in the frontier
zone of antique civilization
5.1. Position of the sanctuary in the surrounding
historical-cultural environment
(to the question about ethnical and cultural
belonging of the site)
5.2. The ancient way
5.3. The contacts of the Mountain Crimea
population with surrounding world
Conclusion
Literature
Appendix
Appendix 1. Catalogue of sacrificial pits of the
sanctuary near Gurzuf Saddle pass
Appendix 2. Catalogue of antique metal
statuettes from the sanctuary
near Gurzuf Saddle pass
Appendix 3. Archive materials
Summary
114
115
116
117
118
119
119
120
122
122
129
138
138
141
146
156
160
174
187
212
213
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Novičenkova, Natalʹja Georgievna ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1080536116 |
| author_facet | Novičenkova, Natalʹja Georgievna ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Novičenkova, Natalʹja Georgievna ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | n g n ng ngn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043230031 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)1073359 (OCoLC)952087220 (DE-599)BVBBV043230031 |
| era | Geschichte 1981-1993 gnd Geschichte v200-200 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1981-1993 Geschichte v200-200 |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Novičenkova, Natalʹja Georgievna ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1080536116 aut Gornyj Krym II v. do n.ė.-II v. n.ė. : po materialam raskopok svjatilišča u perevala Gurzufskoe Sedlo : k 30-letiju so dnja otkrytija i načala issledovanija pamjatnika = The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD N.G. Novičenkova The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD Simferopolʹ N.Orianda 2015 215 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text russisch, Zusammenfassung englisch unter dem Titel: The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 1981-1993 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte v200-200 gnd rswk-swf Heiligtum (DE-588)4072395-1 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Gebirge (DE-588)4019535-1 gnd rswk-swf Gursuf Region (DE-588)4844534-4 gnd rswk-swf Schwarzmeergebiet (DE-2581)TH000011797 gbd Gursuf Region (DE-588)4844534-4 g Gebirge (DE-588)4019535-1 s Heiligtum (DE-588)4072395-1 s Geschichte v200-200 z Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Geschichte 1981-1993 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028652632&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028652632&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Novičenkova, Natalʹja Georgievna ca. 20./21. Jh Gornyj Krym II v. do n.ė.-II v. n.ė. : po materialam raskopok svjatilišča u perevala Gurzufskoe Sedlo : k 30-letiju so dnja otkrytija i načala issledovanija pamjatnika = The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD Heiligtum (DE-588)4072395-1 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Gebirge (DE-588)4019535-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072395-1 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4019535-1 (DE-588)4844534-4 |
| title | Gornyj Krym II v. do n.ė.-II v. n.ė. : po materialam raskopok svjatilišča u perevala Gurzufskoe Sedlo : k 30-letiju so dnja otkrytija i načala issledovanija pamjatnika = The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD |
| title_alt | The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD |
| title_auth | Gornyj Krym II v. do n.ė.-II v. n.ė. : po materialam raskopok svjatilišča u perevala Gurzufskoe Sedlo : k 30-letiju so dnja otkrytija i načala issledovanija pamjatnika = The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD |
| title_exact_search | Gornyj Krym II v. do n.ė.-II v. n.ė. : po materialam raskopok svjatilišča u perevala Gurzufskoe Sedlo : k 30-letiju so dnja otkrytija i načala issledovanija pamjatnika = The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD |
| title_full | Gornyj Krym II v. do n.ė.-II v. n.ė. : po materialam raskopok svjatilišča u perevala Gurzufskoe Sedlo : k 30-letiju so dnja otkrytija i načala issledovanija pamjatnika = The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD N.G. Novičenkova |
| title_fullStr | Gornyj Krym II v. do n.ė.-II v. n.ė. : po materialam raskopok svjatilišča u perevala Gurzufskoe Sedlo : k 30-letiju so dnja otkrytija i načala issledovanija pamjatnika = The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD N.G. Novičenkova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gornyj Krym II v. do n.ė.-II v. n.ė. : po materialam raskopok svjatilišča u perevala Gurzufskoe Sedlo : k 30-letiju so dnja otkrytija i načala issledovanija pamjatnika = The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD N.G. Novičenkova |
| title_short | Gornyj Krym |
| title_sort | gornyj krym ii v do n e ii v n e po materialam raskopok svjatilisca u perevala gurzufskoe sedlo k 30 letiju so dnja otkrytija i nacala issledovanija pamjatnika the mountain crimea in ii century bc ii century ad |
| title_sub | II v. do n.ė.-II v. n.ė. : po materialam raskopok svjatilišča u perevala Gurzufskoe Sedlo : k 30-letiju so dnja otkrytija i načala issledovanija pamjatnika = The Mountain Crimea in II century BC-II century AD |
| topic | Heiligtum (DE-588)4072395-1 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Gebirge (DE-588)4019535-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Heiligtum Ausgrabung Gebirge Gursuf Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028652632&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028652632&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT novicenkovanatalʹjageorgievna gornyjkrymiivdoneiivnepomaterialamraskopoksvjatiliscauperevalagurzufskoesedlok30letijusodnjaotkrytijainacalaissledovanijapamjatnikathemountaincrimeainiicenturybciicenturyad AT novicenkovanatalʹjageorgievna themountaincrimeainiicenturybciicenturyad |