Holdings: Product lifecycle management

Product lifecycle management: 2 The devil is in the details

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Stark, John 1948- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Cham [u.a.] Springer 2016
Edition:	3. ed.
Series:	Decision Engineering Decision Engineering
Subjects:	Produktlebenszyklus Produktmanagement
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXXII, 634 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9783319244341

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adam_text	Contents 1 Product Lifecycle Management...................................... 1 1.1 Overview.................................................... 1 1.2 What Is PLM?................................................ 2 1.2.1 High-Level Objective of PLM........................ 2 1.2.2 Activities of PLM.................................. 2 1.2.3 A Joined-up, Holistic Approach..................... 3 1.2.4 Generic Product Lifecycle Phases................... 3 1.2.5 PLM, Managing the Product Across the Lifecycle....................................... 4 1.2.6 Managing the Product from Dawn to Dusk............. 4 1.3 PLM~֊With What Resources?................................... 5 1.3.1 The PLM Grid....................................... 5 1.3.2 Managing the Ten Components of the PLM Grid. . . 6 1.4 Why PLM?................................................... 12 1.4.1 There Is no Alternative........................... 12 1.4.2 The Complex Environment of Products............... 13 1.4.3 Horror Story...................................... 15 1.4.4 Opportunities..................................... 16 1.4.5 Benefits................................... 17 1.5 When PLM?.................................................. 18 1.5.1 When Did PLM Emerge?.............................. 18 1.5.2 When Did Companies Get Started with PLM?....... 18 1.5.3 When Do Companies Start a PLM Initiative?...... 19 1.6 Where PLM?................................................. 19 1.6.1 Where Is PLM Used, in Which Industries?........... 19 1.6.2 Where Is PLM Used, in What Size of Company?........................................ 20 1.6.3 Where Is PLM Used, for What Type of Products?....................................... 20 1.6.4 Where Is PLM Used, in What Type of Company?........................................ 20 ix x Contents 1.6.5 Where Did Companies Start with PLM?............. 20 1.6.6 Where Will Companies Continue with PLM?......... 21 1.7 Who PLM?.................................................... 21 1.7.1 Top Management Role................................ 21 1.7.2 Everybody in the Company with a Product-Related Activity............ ........................... . 22 1.7.3 The PLM Initiative Team............................ 23 1.8 How PLM?.................................................... 24 1.8.1 The PLM Initiative................................. 25 1.8.2 Different Approach, Different Result............... 26 1.8.3 The Feasibility Study.............................. 27 1.8.4 Understanding the In-Scope Current Situation.... 28 1.8.5 Developing the Future PLM Strategy................. 30 1.8.6 Developing the PLM Implementation Strategy and Plan........................................... 31 1.8.7 Documenting the PLM Implementation Plan............ 34 2 Product Lifecycle Management..................................... 37 2.1 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM).......................... 37 2.2 Managing the Product Isn’t Easy............................. 37 2.3 Loss of Control. ........................................... 38 2.4 Sources of Problems......................................... 40 2.5 Opportunities of Globalisation.............................. 41 2.6 The Environment Before PLM.................................. 42 2.7 PLM Paradigm................................................ 43 2.8 PLM Grid.................................................... 44 2.9 Starting the PLM Initiative................................. 44 3 Complex and Changing Environment........................... . 47 3.1 Changes and Interconnections................................ 47 3.1.1 Interconnections................................... 48 3.2 Macroeconomic and Geopolitical Changes...................... 48 3.2.1 Globalisation...................................... 48 3.2.2 Geopolitical Developments.......................... 50 3.2.3 New Customer Requirements.......................... 51 3.2.4 The Emergence of Global Products................... 52 3.2.5 Shareholder Value.................................. 52 3.2.6 Market Mentality................................... 53 3.2.7 Deregulation....................................... 54 3.2.8 Regulation and Compliance......................... 54 3.2.9 Traceability....................................... 56 3.2.10 Education and Training............................. 56 3.2.11 Workforce Age Distribution......................... 57 3.2.12 Free Trade......................................... 57 Contents xi 33 Environmental and Social Changes.............................. 58 33.1 Social and Health Issues............................. 58 33.2 Environmental and Sustainable Development............ 59 33.3 Role of Women in Business............................ 60 3.4 Corporate Changes............................................. 60 3.4.1 Changing Business Models............................. 60 3.4.2 New Company Structures............................... 61 3.43 Business Process Reengineering....................... 64 3.4.4 Corporate Theories................................... 64 3.4.5 Standards............................................ 65 3.4.6 Low-Cost and Lean.................................... 65 3.4.7 Intellectual Property Management..................... 66 3.4.8 The Aftermarket...................................... 66 3.5 Technological Changes......................................... 67 3.5.1 Improved Travel, Transport and Telecommunications............................... 67 3.5.2 Revolutionary New Technologies....................... 67 3.53 New IS Applications.................................. 67 3.5.4 Communities.......................................... 70 3.6 Product Changes............................................... 70 3.6.1 Products............................................. 70 3.6.2 Mechatronic Products................................. 71 3.7 The Result and the Requirements............................... 72 4 Product Pain...................................................... 73 4.1 Product Environment........................................... 73 4.2 Private Life Experience....................................... 74 4.2.1 Washing Machine...................................... 74 4.2.2 Telephone............................................ 74 4.2.3 Escalator............................................ 75 4.2.4 Train................................................ 75 4.2.5 Private/Professional Experience...................... 76 4.3 Professional Experience....................................... 76 4.4 Public Experience............................................. 77 4.4.1 Electricity.......................................... 77 4.4.2 Cars................................................. 78 4.4.3 Bridges.............................................. 79 4.4.4 Aerospace Products................................... 79 4.4.5 Power Plants......................................... 80 4.4.6 Financial Products................................... 81 4.4.7 Other Products....................................... 81 4.5 Product Development Is Important.............................. 82 4.6 Product Development Is Hard................................... 83 4.7 Pain in Use................................................... 83 Contents xii 4.8 Effects................................................... 84 4.9 Causes................................................... 85 4.9.1 Challenger...................................... 86 4.9.2 Columbia........................................ 87 4.93 SR-111.......................................... 87 4.9.4 Ariane 5........................................ 88 4.9.5 Multiple Causes................................. 88 4.10 Causes and Measures......................................... 89 4.11 Pre-Emptive Measures and PLM............................... 90 4.12 Current and Future Nightmare................................ 90 4.12.1 It’s a Nightmare................................... 90 4.13 Global Growing Pains...................................... 91 4.14 No Silver Bullet............................................ 93 5 Emergence of PLM................................................ 95 5.1 Product..................................................... 95 5.2 Lifecycle................................................ 95 53 Changing Views of Products............................... 98 5.4 Emergence of PLM in the 21st Century...................... 103 5.5 A New Paradigm............................................. 103 5.6 Across the Lifecycle....................................... 104 5.7 A New Way of Thinking...................................... 104 5.7.1 Thinking About Manufacturing..................... 105 5.7.2 Thinking About the Company....................... 105 5.7.3 Thinking About a Function........................ 106 5.7.4 Thinking About an Activity...................... . 106 5.7.5 Thinking About the Product Development Activity.......................................... 106 5.7.6 Thinking About Focus............................. 107 5.7.7 Thinking About Voices............................ 107 5.7.8 Thinking About Time.............................. 107 5.7.9 Thinking About Customers......................... 107 5.7.10 Thinking About the Portfolio..................... 108 5.7.11 Thinking About the Product....................... 108 5.7.12 Thinking About the Product Lifecycle Approach ... 108 5.7.13 Thinking About the Management Role............... 109 5.7.14 Thinking Profit or Planet......................... 109 5.7.15 Thinking About Processes, Data, Applications... 109 6 Opportunities and PLM........................................... Ill 6.1 Opportunities of a Growing Market.......................... Ill 6.2 Technology Opportunities................................... 112 63 Smart Product Opportunity.................................. 113 6.4 Opportunity of Global Products............................. 114 Contents xiii 6.5 Social and Environmental Opportunities for Products......... 115 6.6 More Opportunities for Products............................. 116 6.6.1 Unsolved Problems.................................. 116 6.6.2 Future Changes..................................... 116 6.6.3 Balance of Power................................... 117 6.6.4 Increased Regulation............................... 118 6.6.5 Better Managed Product Companies................... 118 6.6.6 Multitude of New Products.......................... 119 6.6.7 More Web-Based Product-Related Services............ 119 6.6.8 Breakthrough Computer Aided Product Development........................................ 120 6.7 So Much Opportunity......................................... 120 6.8 Response to Opportunity..................................... 120 6.9 From Opportunities to Detailed Benefits..................... 121 7 Product.......................................................... 123 7.1 Product Importance, Range, Instance......................... 123 7.1.1 Importance......................................... 123 7.1.2 Range of Products.................................. 123 7.1.3 More than the Product.............................. 124 7.1.4 Instance of a Product.............................. 124 7.1.5 Number of Products................................. 124 7.1.6 Commonality........................................ 125 7.2 Parts, Ingredients, Components, Assemblies.................. 125 7.2.1 Range of Parts..................................... 125 7.2.2 Number of Parts.................................... 125 7.2.3 Part and Product................................... 126 7.3 Identifier.................................................. 126 7.3.1 Need for an Identifier............................. 126 7.3.2 Name, Number....................................... 126 7.3.3 Internal, and Other, Names/Numbers................. 127 7.3.4 Serial Numbers..................................... 127 7.3.5 Significant Numbers................................ 127 7.3.6 Product Key........................................ 128 7.3.7 Naming Languages................................... 128 7.3.8 Some Product and Part Identifiers.................. 129 7.3.9 Product Name and Part Name......................... 129 7.3.10 Trade Mark....................................... 130 7.4 Requirements................................................ 130 7.4.1 Customer Requirements.............................. 130 7.4.2 Requirements for Global Products................... 131 7.5 From Customer Requirement to Product Specification........ 131 XIV Contents 7.6 Identification Standards.................................... 132 7.6.1 Global Trade Item Number............................. 132 7.6.2 International Standard Book Number................... 133 7.6.3 International Mobile Equipment Identity.............. 133 7.6.4 International Standard Music Number.................. 133 7.6.5 CAS Registry Numbers................................. 133 7.7 Unique Identifier, Unique Key............................... 134 7.8 Traceability................................................ 134 7.9 Communication of Identifier................................. 134 7.9.1 Type of Communication................................ 134 7.9.2 UPC Barcode.......................................... 135 7.9.3 EAN-13............................................... 135 7.9.4 Two-Dimensional Barcodes............................. 135 7.10 Product Classification...................................... 135 7.10.1 Classification....................................... 135 7.10.2 Advantages of Classification......................... 136 7.10.3 Classification Systems............................... 136 7.11 Versions, Variants, Options................................... 136 7.11.1 Lifecycle State...................................... 136 7.11.2 Version, Iteration................................... 137 7.11.3 Variant, Option...................................... 137 7.12 Product Ownership............................................. 137 7.12.1 Rights............................................... 137 7.12.2 Intellectual Property............................... 138 7.13 Product Structure and Architecture............................ 138 7.13.1 Structures........................................... 138 7.13.2 Bill of Materials.................................... 139 7.13.3 Product Architecture................................. 141 7.13.4 Product Portfolio.................................... 141 7.13.5 Product Model........................................ 142 7.14 Description, Definition and Representation.................. . 142 7.15 From Customer Requirement to Performance...................... 143 7.16 No Product Is an Island....................................... 143 7.17 The Challenges................................................ 144 7.18 The Way Forward............................................... 144 8 Product Data........................................................ 145 8.1 Product and Product Data...................................... 145 8.2 Product Data Examples......................................... 146 8.3 Product Data Issues........................................... 146 8.3.1 Access to Product Data............................... 147 8.3.2 Applications......................................... 147 8.3.3 Archiving of Data.................................... 148 8.3.4 Availability of Data................................. 148 Contents XV 8.3.5 Change............................................... 148 8.3.6 Copies of Data....................................... 149 8.3.7 Confidentiality of Data.............................. 149 8.3.8 Configuration........................................ 149 8.3.9 Definition of Data................................... 149 8.3.10 Duplicate and Redundant Data......................... 150 8.3.11 Exchange of Data..................................... 151 8.3.12 File-Based Data...................................... 151 8.3.13 Formai Description................................... 152 8.3.14 History........................................... 152 8.3.15 Identification and Classification Systems............ 152 8.3.16 Inconsistent Data.................................... 152 8.3.17 Incorrect Data....................................... 153 8.3.18 Informally Annotated Documents....................... 153 8.3.19 Informai Communication of Data....................... 153 8.3.20 Input of Data........................................ 153 8.3.21 Interoperability..................................... 154 8.3.22 Languages............................................ 154 8.3.23 Level of Detail...................................... 154 8.3.24 Library of Data...................................... 154 8.3.25 Location of Data..................................... 155 8.3.26 Long-Life Data....................................... 155 8.3.27 Manuals.............................................. 156 8.3.28 Media................................................ 156 8.3.29 Meaning of Data...................................... 157 8.3.30 Missing Data......................................... 157 8.3.31 Navigation to Data................................... 157 8.3.32 Ownership of Data.................................... 157 8.3.33 Processing of Data................................... 158 8.3.34 Project Data......................................... 158 8.3.35 Re-invention of Existing Data........................ 158 8.3.36 Relationships Between Data........................... 159 8.3.37 Representations of Data.............................. 160 8.3.38 Rules Deficit........................................ 161 8.3.39 Searching for Data................................... 162 8.3.40 Security of Data..................................... 162 8.3.41 Sources of Data...................................... 163 8.3.42 Software............................................. 163 8.3.43 Standards for Data................................... 163 8.3.44 States of Data....................................... 164 8.3.45 Structure of Data.................................... 164 8.3.46 Tabulated Documents.................................. 164 8.3.47 Traceability of Data................................. 165 8.3.48 Training Deficit..................................... 165 XVI Contents 8.3.49 Type and Format of Data ........................... 165 8.3.50 Update Frequency of Data........................... 166 8.3.51 Users of Data ..................................... 166 8.3.52 Uses of Data....................................... 166 8.3.53 Value of Data Unknown.............................. 167 8.3.54 Variants and Options.............................. 167 8.3.55 Versions of Data................................. 167 8.3.56 Versions of Applications........................... 168 8.3.57 Views of Data...................................... 168 8.3.58 Vocabulary....................................... 169 8.3.59 Volume of Data..................................... 169 8.3.60 Workflow........................................... 170 8.3.61 Consequence........................................ 170 8.4 Metadata.................................................. 171 8.4.1 Data Fields in Paper Documents..................... 171 8.4.2 Data About Data.................................... 171 8.4.3 Examples of Metadata............................. 171 8.5 Models.................................................... 172 8.5.1 Need for Models.................................. 172 8.5.2 Sub-models......................................... 173 8.5.3 Different Models................................... 173 8.5.4 Different Levels of a Model........................ 173 8.5.5 Iterative Approach................................. 173 8.5.6 Involvement in Modelling........................... 174 8.5.7 Modelling Tools.................................... 174 8.5.8 Modelling Techniques............................... 174 8.5.9 Characteristics of Models.......................... 175 8.6 Product Data Models......................................... 175 8.6.1 Data Flow.......................................... 175 8.6.2 Entity-Relationship Model.......................... 176 8.6.3 Class Diagram...................................... 177 8.6.4 State Diagram...................................... 179 8.7 Product Data Is not an Island............................... 179 8.8 The Challenges.............................................. 180 8.9 The Way Forward............................................. 180 9 Process.......................................................... 181 9.1 Introduction and Definition................................. 181 9.1.1 Action Across the Lifecycle........................ 181 9.1.2 Organising the Action.............................. 181 9.1.3 Processes for PLM................................. 183 9.2 Defining Characteristics.................................... 184 9.3 Unwanted Characteristics.................................... 185 9.3.1 Unclear Names...................................... 185 Contents xv ii 9.3.2 Other Unwanted Characteristics....................... 186 9.3.3 Process Waste........................................ 187 9.4 Application Workflow, Product Workflow........................ 187 9.4.1 Application Workflow................................. 187 9.4.2 Product Workflow..................................... 187 9.5 Product Workflow and Information Flow......................... 190 9.6 Process Mapping and Modelling................................. 191 9.7 Hierarchical Process Structure................................ 191 9.8 Activity Flow................................................. 192 9.9 Data Model, Process Map....................................... 194 9.10 Use Case Description.......................................... 194 9.11 Use Case Diagram.............................................. 195 9.12 No Process Is an Island....................................... 197 9.13 The Challenges................................................ 197 9.14 The Way Forward............................................... 197 10 PLM Applications.................................................... 199 10.1 Introduction.................................................. 199 10.2 Applications Overview......................................... 199 10.2.1 BOM Applications..................................... 200 10.2.2 Compliance Management................................ 200 10.2.3 CSM Applications..................................... 201 10.2.4 CAD Applications..................................... 201 10.2.5 CAE Applications..................................... 202 10.2.6 CAID Applications.................................... 202 10.2.7 CAM Applications..................................... 202 10.2.8 CAPE Applications.................................... 202 10.2.9 CAPP Applications.................................... 202 10.2.10 CASE Applications.................................... 203 10.2.11 СІМ.................................................. 203 10.2.12 Data Exchange Applications........................... 203 10.2.13 DECM Applications.................................... 203 10.2.14 Digital Manufacturing Applications................... 204 10.2.15 DMU Applications..................................... 204 10.2.16 EDI Applications..................................... 204 10.2.17 EDA Applications..................................... 204 10.2.18 ECM Applications..................................... 204 10.2.19 EDM Applications..................................... 204 10.2.20 FEA Applications..................................... 205 10.2.21 Geometric Modelling Applications..................... 205 10.2.22 Haptic Applications.................................. 205 10.2.23 IM Applications...................................... 205 10.2.24 IPM Applications..................................... 205 10.2.25 KBS.................................................. 205 207 207 207 208 208 208 209 209 209 210 210 210 210 210 210 211 211 211 211 211 212 212 213 213 213 214 214 214 214 215 215 215 215 216 217 217 217 217 218 10.2.26 LCA Applications........................... 10.2.27 MRP 2 Applications......................... 10.2.28 NC Applications............................ 10.2.29 Parts Catalogue Applications............... 10.2.30 Parts Libraries............................ 10.2.31 Phase-Gate Applications.................... 10.2.32 Portfolio Management Applications.......... 10.2.33 PDM Systems............................. 10.2.34 PM Applications............................ 10.2.35 RP Applications............................ 10.2.36 Requirements Management Applications 10.2.37 Reliability Management Applications........ 10.2.38 Simulation Applications.................... 10.2.39 SCM Applications........................... 10.2.40 TDM Applications........................... 10.2.41 Technical Publication Applications......... 10.2.42 Translation Management Applications........ 10.2.43 VR Applications............................ 10.2.44 VE Applications............................ 10.2.45 Virtual Prototyping Applications........... 10.2.46 Visualisation and Viewing Applications . . . . 10.2.47 3D Printing Applications................... 10.2.48 3D Scanning Applications................... Issues of Applications.............................. 10.3.1 Ambiguous Name and Unclear Scope........... 10.3.2 Islands of Automation...................... 10.3.3 Departmental Islands, Supplier Islands..... 10.3.4 Interface and Integration Need............. 10.3.5 Overlapping Data Management Functionality. 10.3.6 Different User Interfaces.................. 10.3.7 Organisational Match....................... 10.3.8 Limited Operating Environment.............. 10.3.9 Versions................................... 10.3.10 Legacy Applications........................ 10.3.11 Neglected Functionality.................... Grouping the Applications........................... 10.4.1 First Grouping............................. Generic and Specific PLM Applications............... Generic PLM Applications............................ 10.6.1 Data Management/Document Management . . 10.6.2 Part Management/Product Management/ Configuration Management................... 10.6.3 Process Management/Workflow Management 10.6.4 Program Management/Project Management. . Contents xix 10.6.5 Collaboration Management........................... 218 10.6.6 Visualisation...................................... 218 10.6.7 Integration........................................ 218 10.6.8 Infrastructure Management.......................... 218 10.6.9 Idea Management.................................... 219 10.6.10 Product Feedback Management........................ 219 10.7 Task-Specific PLM Applications.............................. 219 10.7.1 Product Portfolio Management....................... 219 10.7.2 Idea Generation Management......................... 219 10.7.3 Requirements and Specifications Management....... 220 10.7.4 Collaborative Product Definition Management...... 220 10.7.5 Supplier and Sourcing Management................... 220 10.7.6 Manufacturing Management........................... 220 10.7.7 Maintenance Management............................. 220 10.7.8 Environment, Health and Safety Management........ 220 10.7.9 Intellectual Property Management................... 221 10.8 Applications and Data Management............................ 221 10.9 File-Based Data Management.................................. 221 10.9.1 Problems with Files................................ 222 10.9.2 Files and Fields................................... 222 10.10 Databases and Data Management............................... 223 10.10.1 Database Management Systems........................ 223 10.10.2 DBMS in Commercial Environments.................... 223 10.10.3 Commercial and Product Database Differences .... 224 10.10.4 A Metadata DBMS.................................... 224 10.10.5 Database Vocabulary................................ 225 10.11 Data Models................................................. 226 10.11.1 Hierarchical Data Model............................ 227 10.11.2 Network Data Model................................. 228 10.11.3 Relational Data Model.............................. 228 10.11.4 Object-Oriented Data Model......................... 229 10.12 No PLM Application Is an Island............................. 230 10.13 The Challenges.............................................. 230 10.14 The Way Forward............................................. 231 11 The PDM System.................................................... 233 11.1 Introduction................................................ 233 11.2 PDM System Overview......................................... 233 11.3 Importance of the PDM System................................ 235 11.4 The Eight Components........................................ 236 11.4.1 Information Warehouse.............................. 236 11.4.2 Information Warehouse Manager...................... 237 11.4.3 Infrastructure................................... 238 11.4.4 System Administration Manager...................... 239 XX Contents 11.4.5 Interface Module.................................... 239 11.4.6 Product and Workflow Structure Definition Module................................... 240 11.4.7 Workflow Control Module............................. 241 11.4.8 Information Management Module....................... 242 11.5 Benefits of PDM.............................................. 243 11.6 Common Issues................................................ 244 11.6.1 Naming, Functionality, Scope........................ 245 11.6.2 Change, Version Management.......................... 245 11.6.3 Interfaces.......................................... 246 11.6.4 Data Model, Workflow................................ 246 11.6.5 Ownership, Funding, Support....................... 247 11.6.6 Fit in IS Architecture.............................. 247 11.6.7 Customisation, Installation....................... 247 11.6.8 Everyday Use...................................... 248 11.7 Little Data Management Excitement............................ 250 11.8 No PDM System Is an Island................................... 251 11.9 The Challenges............................................... 252 11.10 The Way Forward.............................................. 252 12 People............................................................ 253 12.1 Introduction............................................... 253 12.2 It’s a Jungle................................................ 253 12.2.1 Different Products.................................. 254 12.2.2 Different Companies................................. 254 12.2.3 Different Departments............................... 255 12.2.4 Same Job, Different Title........................... 255 12.2.5 Same Title, Different Job........................... 255 12.2.6 Different Locations................................. 256 12.2.7 Different Background................................ 256 12.2.8 Different Computer Literacy....................... 256 12.2.9 Different Data Need................................. 256 12.2.10 Different HR Policies............................... 256 12.2.11 Different Metrics................................... 257 12.2.12 Different Bonus Systems............................. 257 12.2.13 Different Languages................................. 257 12.2.14 Different Culture................................... 257 12.2.15 Changing Population................................. 257 12.2.16 Different Roles..................................... 258 12.2.17 Different Sins...................................... 258 12.2.18 Response to PLM..................................... 258 12.3 Nobody Is an Island.......................................... 259 12.4 The Challenges............................................... 259 12.5 The Way Forward.............................................. 260 Contents XXI 13 Methods............................................................ 261 13.1 Introduction................................................ 261 13.1.1 The Need........................................... 261 13.1.2 Improvement Initiatives............................ 262 13.2 Overview of Methods......................................... 263 13.2.1 ABC................................................ 263 13.2.2 Alliance Management................................ 263 13.2.3 Benchmarking....................................... 263 13.2.4 BPR................................................ 264 13.2.5 CWQC............................................... 264 13.2.6 Concurrent Engineering............................. 264 13.2.7 CM................................................. 265 13.2.8 Continuous Improvement............................. 265 13.2.9 COQM............................................... 265 13.2.10 Customer Involvement............................... 266 13.2.11 DFA................................................ 266 13.2.12 DFE................................................ 267 13.2.13 DFM................................................ 267 13.2.14 DFR................................................ 267 13.2.15 DFSS............................................... 267 13.2.16 DFS................................................ 268 13.2.17 Design Rules....................................... 268 13.2.18 DTC................................................ 268 13.2.19 EMI................................................ 268 13.2.20 ESI................................................ 268 13.2.21 FMECA.............................................. 269 13.2.22 FT A............................................... 269 13.2.23 GT................................................. 269 13.2.24 Hoshin Kanri....................................... 269 13.2.25 JIT................................................ 270 13.2.26 Kome Hyappyo....................................... 270 13.2.27 Lean Production.................................... 271 13.2.28 LCA................................................ 271 13.2.29 LCD................................................ 271 13.2.30 Open Innovation.................................... 272 13.2.31 Phase/Gate Methodology............................. 272 13.2.32 PDCA............................................... 273 13.2.33 Platform Strategy.................................. 273 13.2.34 Poka-Yoke.......................................... 273 13.2.35 Process Mapping.................................... 274 13.2.36 Project Management................................. 274 13.2.37 QFD................................................ 274 13.2.38 Roadmapping........................................ 274 13.2.39 Reliability Engineering............................ 274 Contents 13.2.40 Robust Engineering.................................. 275 13.2.41 Simultaneous Engineering............................ 275 13.2.42 Software Development Methodologies.................. 275 13.2.43 Standards........................................... 276 13.2.44 SPC................................................. 276 13.2.45 STEP................................................ 277 13.2.46 System Engineering.................................. 277 13.2.47 Taguchi Techniques ................................. 277 13.2.48 Teamwork............................................ 277 13.2.49 TCO................................................. 278 13.2.50 TQ.................................................. 278 13.2.51 TQM................................................. 278 13.2.52 TRIZ................................................ 279 13.2.53 VAandVE............................................. 279 13.3 Some Characteristics of Methods............................ 279 13.3.1 Unclear Name........................................ 280 13.3.2 Overlap Between Methods .......................... 280 13.3.3 Overlap Between Methods and Applications.......... 280 13.3.4 Confusion Between Methods and Processes............. 280 13.3.5 Duplication of Existing Activities.................. 280 13.3.6 Unclear Definition.................................. 281 13.3.7 Unclear Metrics..................................... 281 13.3.8 Difficult to Implement.............................. 281 13.3.9 Method Evolution and Confusion...................... 281 13.3.10 Market Push......................................... 282 13.4 No Method Is an Island....................................... 282 13.5 The Challenges............................................... 282 13.6 The Way Forward.............................................. 283 14 Facilities and Equipment............................................ 285 14.1 Introduction................................................. 285 14.2 Characteristics.............................................. 286 14.2.1 Range, Specialities................................. 286 14.2.2 Lean, High Throughput............................... 287 14.2.3 Automation.......................................... 287 14.2.4 Standards........................................... 287 14.2.5 Simulation.......................................... 287 14.2.6 High Capital Cost................................... 288 14.2.7 Know-How, Training.................................. 288 14.2.8 Tuning, Feedback.................................... 288 14.3 No Facility Is an Island..................................... 288 14.4 The Challenges............................................... 289 14.5 The Way Forward.............................................. 289 Contents xxiii 15 Metrics............................................................... 291 15.1 Introduction................................................... 291 15.2 Characteristics................................................ 292 15.2.1 Naming, Definition................................. 292 15.2.2 Business Relevance................................... 293 15.2.3 Current Value........................................ 293 15.2.4 Metrics and Targets for PLM.......................... 294 15.2.5 Metrics and Targets Example.......................... 294 15.2.6 Number and Priority.................................. 295 15.2.7 Balance and Consistency.............................. 295 15.2.8 Level................................................ 296 15.2.9 Reporting and Action................................. 296 15.3 Improvement Projects........................................... 296 15.4 Project Justification Vocabulary............................... 297 15.5 Time Value of Money............................................ 299 15.6 NPV and ROI.................................................... 300 15.7 Cost Justification........................................... 302 15.8 Identification of Benefits..................................... 303 15.9 Project Calculations........................................... 304 15.10 Benefit Asset Pricing Model.................................... 307 15.11 No Metric Is an Island......................................... 307 15.12 The Challenges................................................. 308 15.13 The Way Forward................................................ 308 16 Organisation.......................................................... 309 16.1 Introduction................................................... 309 16.2 Characteristics................................................ 309 16.2.1 Scope................................................ 310 16.2.2 Complexity, Inter-relations.......................... 310 16.2.3 Identification....................................... 311 16.2.4 Detailing............................................ 312 16.2.5 Documentation........................................ 312 16.2.6 Communication........................................ 313 16.2.7 Implementation....................................... 313 16.2.8 Responsibility....................................... 313 16.3 Changing Environment and Organisation.......................... 313 16.4 No Organisation Is an Island................................. 315 16.5 The Challenges................................................. 315 16.6 The Way Forward................................................ 316 17 Reasons for Implementing a PDM System.............................. 317 17.1 The PDM System in the PLM Environment.......................... 317 17.2 Two Classes of Reasons......................................... 318 17.3 Information Management......................................... 319 XXIV Contents 17.3.1 Basic Data Control and Management................ 320 17.3.2 Data Access...................................... 321 17.3.3 Advanced Information Control and Management ... 321 17.4 Re-use of Information..................................... 322 17.5 Workflow Management....................................... 326 17.6 Engineering Change Management............................... 328 17.7 Overall Business Performance Improvement.................... 331 17.8 Resolution of Business Problems............................. 332 17.9 Functional Performance Improvement........................ 334 17.10 Better Management of Product Development Activities....... 336 17.11 Automation of Product Development Activities................ 338 17.12 IS Effectiveness Improvement................................ 340 17.13 Infrastructure for Effective Product Development............ 343 17.14 Questions About the Future Role of PDM...................... 345 18 Forewarned Is Forearmed............................................ 347 18.1 Reasons and Replies....................................... 347 19 FAQs About PDM Implementation and Use............................ 357 19.1 What PDM Functionality Do We Need?.......................... 357 19.2 Who Should We Involve in PDM?............................... 359 19.3 How Do We Cost-Justify PDM?................................. 361 19.4 Does PDM Fit with Concurrent Engineering?................... 363 19.5 How Should We Introduce PDM?................................ 364 19.6 Should We Buy or Make PDM?.................................. 367 19.7 Should We Outsource PDM?.................................... 368 20 Barriers to Successful Implementation of PDM....................... 371 20.1 The System Barrier.......................................... 371 20.2 The People Barrier.......................................... 372 20.3 The Project Team Barrier.................................... 374 20.4 The Process Barrier......................................... 375 20.5 The Organisational Structure Barrier........................ 377 20.6 The Funding Barrier......................................... 379 20.7 The Information Barrier..................................... 381 20.8 The Installation Barrier.................................... 383 20.9 The Everyday Use Barrier.................................... 384 21 Of PLM Vision and Strategy....................................... 387 21.1 Objectives.................................................. 387 21.1.1 Strategy........................................... 387 21.1.2 Mission............................................ 388 21.1.3 Vision............................................. 388 21.1.4 Plan............................................... 388 Contents xxv 21.1.5 Tactics............................................... 389 21.1.6 Policy................................................ 389 21.2 From Vision to Plan............................................ 390 21.3 A PLM Vision................................................... 391 21.4 Basic Points About the PLM Vision.............................. 391 21.5 Position of the PLM Vision..................................... 392 21.6 Metrics and the PLM Vision..................................... 393 21.7 In the Absence of a PLM Vision............................... 394 21.8 Reasons for Developing the PLM Vision.......................... 395 21.9 Thinking About Visions......................................... 397 21.10 The Danger of Underestimating Vision........................... 399 21.11 Vision Description and Documentation........................... 400 21.12 The PLM Strategy............................................... 402 21.13 An Implementation Strategy..................................... 403 21.14 Industrial Experience of Visioning............................. 404 21.15 Progress Depends on Retentiveness.............................. 406 21.16 Similarities and Differences................................... 407 22 Strategies............................................................. 409 22.1 Military Strategy.............................................. 409 22.2 American Civil War............................................. 411 22.3 France....................................................... 412 22.4 The English Channel............................................ 413 22.5 Russia......................................................... 414 22.6 The Pacific Ocean.............................................. 415 22.7 Lessons Learned................................................ 416 22.7.1 History Repeats Itself................................ 416 22.7.2 Over Time, Strategies Change.......................... 416 22.7.3 Offensive or Defensive Strategy....................... 417 22.7.4 Small Range of Simple Strategies...................... 417 22.7.5 Strategy Depends on Objectives. ...................... 418 22.7.6 Hierarchy of Strategies .............................. 418 22.7.7 Danger of Change During Implementation................ 418 22.8 Principles of Military Strategy................................ 418 22.9 Manufacturing Strategy......................................... 419 22.10 Company Strategy............................................... 421 22.11 Principles of Business Strategy................................ 423 22.12 Importance of Strategy......................................... 424 22.13 Principles of Strategy......................................... 424 22.13.1 Principles of Military Strategy....................... 424 22.13.2 Company Principles.................................... 425 22.13.3 PLM Principles........................................ 425 XXVI Contents 22.14 Implications of Principles................................... 426 22.15 Coherent PLM Vision, Strategy and Plan....................... 427 22.16 Continually Improve.......................................... 428 23 Getting Executive Support.......................................... 431 23.1 Getting Started............................................ 431 23.2 Not so Easy................................................ 432 23.3 Different Span of Activities............................... 433 23.4 Differences Between Industries............................. 433 23.5 Different Reasons for PLM.................................. 436 23.5.1 Cost, Quality, Time, Business Process Improvement....................................... 436 23.5.2 Innovation........................................ 437 23.5.3 Compliance........................................ 438 23.5.4 Mechatronic Products.............................. 438 23.5.5 Collaboration..................................... 438 23.5.6 Intellectual Property Management.................... 439 23.6 Limited Headway.............................................. 439 23.6.1 Middle Managers..................................... 439 23.6.2 Executives.......................................... 440 23.7 Company Dilemma.............................................. 440 23.8 Personal Dilemma........................................... 441 23.9 Going Nowhere................................................ 442 23.10 Examples of the PLM Dilemma.................................. 443 23.11 Overcoming the PLM Dilemma in Three Months................ 446 23.12 The PLM Initiative........................................... 447 23.13 PLM Initiatives, from Strategic to Tactical.................. 449 23.14 Understanding the Way Forward................................ 451 23.14.1 First Time Entry.................................... 452 23.14.2 PLM Business Case Creation.......................... 452 23.14.3 PDM to PLM Expansion................................ 452 23.14.4 Competitive Pressures............................... 453 23.15 The 10 Step Approach to PLM Launch........................... 453 23.16 Results of Use of the Ten Step Approach...................... 455 23.16.1 Understanding and Quantifying Options............... 455 23.16.2 Managing the Post-acquisition Situation............. 456 23.16.3 From PDM to PLM..................................... 456 23.16.4 Getting Started with PLM............................ 457 23.16.5 Engineering Change Management....................... 457 23.16.6 Identification of Benefits and Risks................ 457 23.16.7 Two Proposed Solutions.............................. 457 23.16.8 Common Benefits..................................... 457 23.17 Plan for Next Steps.......................................... 458 Contents xxvii 24 Developing PLM Vision and PLM Strategy............................ 459 24.1 Deliverables of Vision Development.......................... 459 24Л.1 The PLM Vision Report............................... 459 24.1.2 PowerPoint Vision Presentation...................... 459 24.1.3 One-Page PLM Vision Overview........................ 459 24.2 The Visioning Process....................................... 461 24.2.1 First Thoughts for the Vision....................... 461 24.2.2 Horses for Courses.................................. 462 24.2.3 Executive Input..................................... 463 24.2.4 Looking at Competitors.............................. 465 24.2.5 With Executive and Competitive Input................ 466 24.2.6 Review.............................................. 466 24.3 Haziness of the Vision...................................... 466 24.4 Vision Structure. Slicing and Dicing........................ 468 24.5 A Five-Step Process......................................... 469 24.6 Step 1: Gathering Information............................... 470 24.7 Step 2: Identifying Strategies.............................. 470 24.7.1 Resources......................................... 470 24.7.2 Strategy............................................ 470 24.7.3 Strategy Elements................................... 472 24.7.4 Implications of Strategy Elements................... 475 24.8 Step 3: Selecting the Preferred Strategy ................... 476 24.9 Step 4: Communicating the Strategy.......................... 478 24.10 Implementation Strategy..................................... 479 24.11 The PLM Plan................................................ 479 24.12 PLM Vision and Strategy Team................................ 480 24.13 Ramping up PLM Knowledge.................................... 482 25 Example of a PLM Vision........................................... 485 25.1 Overview.................................................... 485 25.2 Overview of the PLM Vision.................................. 485 25.3 More Detailed Overview...................................... 488 25.4 Vision, Strategy, Plan, Metrics............................. 489 25.5 Products.................................................... 490 25.5.1 Product Focus....................................... 490 25.5.2 Product Portfolio................................... 490 25.5.3 Five-Year Strategy and Plan......................... 491 25.5.4 New Technologies.................................... 491 25.5.5 Progress with Products.............................. 492 25.6 Customers................................................... 492 25.6.1 Customer Focus...................................... 493 25.6.2 Voice of the Customer............................... 493 25.6.3 Customer Involvement................................ 493 25.6.4 Progress with Customers............................. 494 Contents 25.7 Organisation............................................... 494 25.7.1 Product Family Teams.............................. 494 25.7.2 PLM Responsibilities.............................. 495 25.7.3 Product Development and Support Methodology . . . 496 25.8 Management, Control, Visibility............................ 496 25.8.1 Management........................................ 496 25.8.2 Visibility........................................ 497 25.8.3 Control........................................... 497 25.9 Lifecycle and Processes.................................... 497 25.9.1 Phases of the Product Lifecycle................... 497 25.9.2 Management of the Product Lifecycle............... 498 25.9.3 Life Cycle Design and Analysis.................... 498 25.9.4 Lifecycle Modelling and Analysis.................... 498 25.9.5 Process Definition and Automation................... 498 25.9.6 Standard Lifecycle Processes........................ 499 25.9.7 Standard Lifecycle Methodologies.................... 499 25.9.8 Progress with Lifecycle and Process................. 500 25.10 Collaboration.............................................. 500 25.11 People and Culture......................................... 501 25.11.1 Team Culture........................................ 501 25.11.2 Skilled, Competent People........................... 502 25.11.3 Quality Culture..................................... 502 25.11.4 Progress with People and Culture.................... 503 25.12 Data, Information and Knowledge.............................. 503 25.12.1 Clean, Standard, Process-Driven Data................ 503 25.12.2 Digital Data........................................ 504 25.12.3 Data Management..................................... 504 25.12.4 Legacy Data......................................... 504 25.12.5 Data Exchange....................................... 504 25.12.6 Progress with Data, Information and Knowledge . . . 504 25.13 Facilities, Equipment, Applications, Interfaces.............. 505 25.13.1 Facilities.......................................... 505 25.13.2 Equipment........................................... 505 25.13.3 Application Standardisation......................... 505 25.13.4 Interfaces.......................................... 506 25.14 Mandatory Compliance, Voluntary Conformity................... 506 25.14.1 Mandatory Compliance................................ 506 25.14.2 Voluntary Conformity................................ 507 25.15 Security and Intelligence.................................... 507 25.15.1 Security............................................ 507 25.15.2 Intelligence........................................ 508 25.16 Linking PLM Drivers to PLM Benefits.......................... 508 Contents XXIX 26 The Current Situation............................................... 509 26.1 Some Questions................................................ 509 26.1.1 Starting Point....................................... 510 26.1.2 Scope and Perimeter.................................. 510 26.1.3 Project Team......................................... 511 26.1.4 Improvement Opportunities............................ 512 26.1.5 Deliverables......................................... 513 26.1.6 Approach............................................. 515 26.2 Extended Enterprise......................................... 518 26.3 Product....................................................... 518 26.4 Processes..................................................... 519 26.5 Product Data.................................................. 520 26.6 PLM Applications.............................................. 521 26.7 Product Data Management....................................... 522 26.8 Equipment and Facilities...................................... 522 26.9 Techniques.................................................... 523 26.10 People........................................................ 523 26.11 Metrics....................................................... 524 26.12 Organisation.................................................. 524 26.13 PLM Environment Model......................................... 525 27 Current Situation Examples.......................................... 527 27.1 A Fragment.................................................... 527 27.2 Automotive Company............................................ 528 27.3 Engineering Company........................................... 529 27.4 Electronics Company........................................... 529 27.5 Aerospace Company............................................. 531 27.6 Data at the Manufacturing Interface........................... 533 27.7 Product Data Report Table..................................... 534 27.8 Current Situation Summary..................................... 534 28 Describing the Future Situation.................................... 537 28.1 Some Questions................................................ 537 28.1.1 Scope and Perimeter.................................. 538 28.1.2 Project Team........................................ 539 28.1.3 Initial Input Collection............................. 540 28.1.4 Future Situation Deliverables........................ 540 28.1.5 Approach............................................. 542 28.1.6 Plan................................................. 542 28.2 Internal Input................................................ 543 28.2.1 Existing Information................................. 543 28.2.2 Current Situation Analysis........................... 543 28.2.3 Requests from Lifecycle Participants................. 544 XXX Contents 28.3 External Input........................................... 544 28*3.1 Smart Products..................................... 544 28.4 Product Strategy......................................... 545 28.4.1 Managed Complexity and Change OEM.................. 545 28.4.2 Global Complex Assembly Provider................... 546 28.4.3 Low-Cost Commodity Supplier........................ 546 28.4.4 Product Portfolio and Product Architecture......... 546 28.4.5 Beyond the Product................................. 547 28.5 Common Steps............................................... 548 28.5.1 Think Global..................................... 549 28.5.2 Understand the Global Market....................... 549 28.5.3 Select the Markets................................. 549 28.5.4 Product Strategy................................... 549 28.5.5 Upfront Planning................................... 549 28.5.6 Prescriptive Approach.............................. 549 28.5.7 Clear and Common Terminology....................... 550 28.5.8 Architectures and Models........................... 550 28.5.9 Digital Product and Digital Manufacturing.......... 550 28.6 Benchmarking .............................................. 550 28.6.1 Actual Situation................................... 551 28.6.2 Improvement Objective.............................. 551 28.6.3 Action............................................. 551 28.6.4 Results............................................ 552 28.6.5 Lessons Learned.................................... 553 28.7 Towards the Future Situation............................... 553 28.8 PLM Environment Model...................................... 554 29 PLM Implementation Strategy and Plan ........................... 555 29.1 Some Questions............................................. 555 29.1.1 Starting Position.................................. 556 29.1.2 Scope.............................................. 556 29.1.3 Approach........................................... 557 29.1.4 Project Team....................................... 560 29.1.5 Deliverables....................................... 560 29.1.6 Plan............................................... 561 29.2 Influencing Factors........................................ 562 29.2.1 Order of Components................................ 562 29.2.2 Prototype.......................................... 563 29.2.3 Bite Size.......................................... 563 29.2.4 Starting Activities................................ 564 29.2.5 Simple High-Level Message.......................... 564 29.2.6 Extending Deployment Capability.................... 565 Contents XXXI 30 PLM Action......................................................... 567 ЗОЛ Some Questions................................................ 567 30ЛЛ Starting Position.................................... 567 ЗОЛ.2 Recap................................................ 568 30.1.3 Differences Between Companies........................ 568 30.1.4 Roles, Responsibility, Involvement................... 568 ЗОЛ .5 Project Team and Others.............................. 569 30.1.6 Actions and Reports.................................. 570 30Л.7 Reporting Progress................................... 570 30.1.8 Balanced PLM Action.................................. 570 30.1.9 Plan................................................. 571 30.2 Forewarned Is Forearmed....................................... 572 30.2.1 Looming Failure...................................... 572 30.3 Recommendations for Project Managers.......................... 573 30.3.1 Wait and Think...................................... 573 30.3.2 Focus on Benefits.................................. 575 30.3.3 Customer Care...................................... 575 30.3.4 Do’s and Don’ts..................................... 576 30.4 Actions....................................................... 576 30.4.1 Company-Specific Actions............................. 576 30.5 Product Structure............................................. 578 30.5.1 Method............................................... 578 30.5.2 Tools................................................ 578 30.5.3 Different Product Structures......................... 579 30.5.4 As-is Situation...................................... 580 30.5.5 Towards to-Be........................................ 580 30.5.6 To-Be................................................ 581 30.5.7 Benefits............................................. 582 30.6 Processes..................................................... 582 30.6.1 Similarity........................................... 582 30.6.2 Similar but Different................................ 582 30.6.3 Method............................................... 583 30.6.4 Tools................................................ 583 30.6.5 As-is Situation...................................... 584 30.6.6 Towards to-Be........................................ 585 30.6.7 To-Be................................................ 585 30.6.8 Benefits............................................. 586 30.7 Product Data.................................................. 587 30.7.1 Method............................................... 587 30.7.2 Tools................................................ 587 30.7.3 As-is................................................ 587 30.7.4 Towards to-Be........................................ 588 30.7.5 To-Be................................................ 589 30.7.6 To-Be Data Model..................................... 590 xxxii Contents 30.7.7 PDM .............................................. 590 30.7.8 Benefits.......................................... 591 30.8 Portfolio Management....................................... 591 30.9 PLM Environment Model...................................... 593 30.9.1 Evolution......................................... 593 30.10 Initiative Progress Reporting.............................. 593 30.11 PLM Review................................................. 594 30.11.1 Project Progress.................................. 595 30.12 External Audit............................................. 596 30.13 PLM Thought and Action..................................... 596 Appendix A: PLM and Big Data . ..................................... 599 Appendix B: PLM and the Internet of Things (IoT)...................... 613 Bibliography.......................................................... 625 Index ................................................................ 627
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isbn	9783319244341
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physical	XXXII, 634 S. graph. Darst.
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series2	Decision Engineering
spelling	Stark, John 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)135756170 aut Product lifecycle management 2 The devil is in the details John Stark 3. ed. Cham [u.a.] Springer 2016 XXXII, 634 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Decision Engineering Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 gnd rswk-swf Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 gnd rswk-swf Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 s Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 s DE-604 (DE-604)BV042557508 2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-319-24436-5 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028633776&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Stark, John 1948- Product lifecycle management Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 gnd Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4135136-8 (DE-588)4125960-9
title	Product lifecycle management
title_auth	Product lifecycle management
title_exact_search	Product lifecycle management
title_full	Product lifecycle management 2 The devil is in the details John Stark
title_fullStr	Product lifecycle management 2 The devil is in the details John Stark
title_full_unstemmed	Product lifecycle management 2 The devil is in the details John Stark
title_short	Product lifecycle management
title_sort	product lifecycle management the devil is in the details
topic	Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 gnd Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 gnd
topic_facet	Produktlebenszyklus Produktmanagement
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028633776&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV042557508
work_keys_str_mv	AT starkjohn productlifecyclemanagement2

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