Cyvilʹne čynovnyctvo Ukraïny u kinci XVIII-peršij polovyni XIX st.: = Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sumy
TOV Drukarsʹkij dim "Papirus"
2014
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 470 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9789662787269 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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SUMMARY
Studying the history of Ukraine and its nation-building in the
given period most of the researchers paid little attention either to lo-
cal regional and national differences of sociocultural nature or to ad-
ministrative sphere. Mainly, the scientists focused on factual data —
events which took place within this period in the territory of Ukraine
as a part of the Russian Empire. To some extent, such approaches
interrupt the connections between the components of the continu-
ous process of Ukrainian nation- and state-building. Processes which
took place in the Ukrainian society in the end of the 18th -19th centu-
ries are difficult to connect to state-building process of the middle of
the 17th — the second half of the 18th centuries and the events at the
beginning of the 20th century. Thus, their cause-and-effect relation-
ship is broken.
In order to solve these problems social relations in the Ukrain-
ian lands, specific characteristics of Ukrainian society or its separate
spheres (mentality, sociocultural level, etc) should be investigated pro-
foundly. In current work the emphasis is placed on such social group
as officialdom of Ukraine; its sociocultural and socio-professional char-
acteristics, the process of joining to the Russian Empire bureaucratic
environment at the end of the 18th — beginning of the 19th century, con-
ditions of service in state institutions of the Russian Empire were also
analyzed by the author.
There are many researches on the history of the officialdom of
the Russian Empire. However, the number of works devoted to the
civil officialdom in Ukraine is scarce. In pre-Soviet, Soviet and for-
eign historiography this issue was not specially investigated or the
scientists referred to it tangentially (Z. Kohut, D. Beauvois, etc.) Their
groundworks had a positive influence on the development of mod-
ern Ukrainian historiography of national officialdom. During the last
two decades a number of studies revealing different aspects of state
service on the Ukrainian lands under the Russian Empire and de-
scribing Ukrainian officials' private life and conditions of their ser-
vice came into being.
Source base of the outlined range of problems consists of pub-
lished and archive documents. Among the published sources the
most interesting ones are represented by the memorials of people
who served in public institutions in the Ukrainian lands, govern-
cr-oo 463 ouo
ment regulations, which specifically coordinated the relations in
bureaucratic environment on the lands of Left-bank, Southern and
Right-bank Ukraine, published service records. The most informative,
though, are the archival records, which are stored in central and state
archives of Ukraine and Russia. Mostly, they are represented by of-
ficial documents of different state institutions and personal materials
of officials.
Currently, among the most challenging and under-investigated
problems connected to the history of the civil officialdom in Ukraine
during the Russian Empire period the following issues could be dis-
tinguished:
— the problem of a person social origin in the state service system
of the Russian Empire and the ways of its solution in the Ukrainian
lands;
— incorporation of Ukrainian administrative layer into imperial
bureaucratic system;
— education influence on officials' proficiency and carrier oppor-
tunities;
— specification of the most common violations and abuses among
the officialdom, investigation of the reasons of these negative phe-
nomena and the methods of their control;
— the system of rewards and encouragements applied to the officials
of civil institutions including those in the Ukrainian lands.
Let's briefly focus on the listed above aspects of Ukrainian civil
officialdom history during the second halve of the 18th — first half of
the 19th centuries.
The question of a social origin of a person who was trying to climb
the state service career ladder was always pressing for the government
of the Russian Empire. State posts at all times were a prerogative of
the privileged social strata. For a long time government system and
social structure of the Ukrainian lands differed from Russian ones.
This caused certain peculiarities of joining of socially diverse Ukrain-
ian service segment to the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire. The
politics conducted by the Russian government in the Ukrainian lands
at the end of the 18th — the beginning of the 19th centuries concerning
the solution of civil officials' social origin problem differed from the
measures taken in this sphere in many other regions of the Empire,
particularly in originally Russian Governorates (Guberniyas). Almost
up to the last quarter of the 18th century the majority of the adminis-
r-oo 464
trative machine in the Ukrainian lands consisted of the descendants
of Cossacks (in regiments, sotnias), burgess (in city institutions) and
clergy From the end of the 18th century the bureaucracy of the Rus-
sian Empire began to expand rapidly and often there were not enough
people with corresponding education and who wanted to do state
service (especially characteristic of bottom institutions). This problem
could partly be solved by attracting representatives of Ukrainian ser-
vice stratum to civil state service since they had comparatively high
education level; wanted to get to the state service themselves (even
on low positions); had bigger share of nobles, than in Russia, which
gave the possibility at least to try to give noble tone to bureaucracy
(Russian Government until Alexander II reform wouldn't leave the
attempts, though unsuccessful, to keep nobility monopoly).
The society structure on the Ukrainian lands differed from Rus-
sian. In Ukraine there were nobility, Cossack starshyna (foremen), rep-
resentatives of higher clergy, who referred to elite and had more rights.
Nevertheless, peasants, burgess, merchants, lower clergy, regular
Cossacks according to the old Lithuanian-Polish-Cossack legislation
obtained certain rights and privileges, including for the state service.
They could change their social status and even join the ranks of elite.
Liquidating the rests of Ukrainian autonomy, Russian government for
a certain time saved some old rules of the Ukrainians. Limiting the
rights of peasants, burgess, merchants and clergy for state service, the
government didn't apply such restrictions to Cossacks — the stratum
which could be quite easily joined. Taking advantage of this, some peo-
ple from lower social groups could get into state service.
The process of Ukrainian officials' integration into the Russian
Empire bureaucracy was followed by the division of Ukrainian (Cos-
sack) military-civil government model into separate military and civil
branches; active engaging of certain Ukrainian social groups into im-
perial civil service. People expressed desire to hold the positions in
Russian state institutions since state service allowed them to secure
their privileged status or attain it through the service. The government
widely used the practice of awarding the Ukrainians with Russian
ranks according to The Table of Ranks, which created the feeling of
belonging to Russian Imperial bureaucracy But there were many peo-
ple who gave preference to old Ukrainian ranks, considering that they
supposed more privileges and liberties, than Russian ones (in the past
it was exactly that way). During the last quarter of the 18th century Rus-
sian government legislatively prohibited to use old Ukrainian ranks.
Final integration of Ukrainian service stratum with Imperial bureau-
cracy took place around the beginning of the 19th century.
It was impossible to provide sufficient quantity of educated of-
ficials only by Ukrainian constituent. The nature of the education
provided in the Empire up to the end of the 18th century could not
entirely satisfy the demands of the times. Sophistication of bureau-
cratic functions, differentiation of civil state officials according to
the specifics of duties performed by them (proceedings, law enforce-
ments functions, financial control, administrating, etc) required the
establishment of fundamentally new education system. Development
of education reform and its implementation delayed for a long time,
though. The descents of privileged social groups were preferably
accepted to newly created general educational establishments of lo-
cal level (narodni uchylyshcha), but the nobles often didn't want to
study since they could get the positions and obtain the ranks without
education. Besides, the government could not organize the sufficient
quantity of educational institutions.
In this time religious and secular educational institutions which
operated in the Left- and the Right-bank Ukrainian lands became for
the Russian government an alternative source of state service specials
provision. Quite many people studied there and most of them want-
ed to join the state service in future. Thus, they partly covered state
requirements in educated officials. In this respect, Kyivan Theologi-
cal Academy and Seminary, Kharkiv Seminary, Chernihiv collegium
and other played important role. They were the main suppliers of, if
not professional officials, than at least prepared for the state service
better, than the graduates of other educational institutions or those
with home education or without it.
With the development of education system in the Empire at the
first half of the 19th century the possibilities of the descendants of dif-
ferent social groups for getting education were universalized in the
entire state. The education itself was called to work exceptionally in
the interests of state, namely to protect the interests of the Caesarism.
But the Ukrainian lands for a long time continued to maintain the
status of the key supplier of educated human resources for the vari-
ous positions in state institutions. Here was the biggest quantity of
those who wanted to study (the same situation was also in the re-
gions subordinated to Vilna education district). Secular educational
466
institutions, particularly Kyiv and Kharkiv Universities, Krzemieniec
Lyceum, Prince Bezborodko's Gymnasium of Higher Learning in
Nizhyn, Richelieu lyceum in Odessa, became the most popular. Thus,
Ukrainian educational institutions considerably favoured the promo-
tion of general education level of state officials in the Russian Empire
at the end of the 18th century — the first half of the 19th century. This
influenced the increase of the overall proficiency of the officialdom.
Moreover, in many educational institutions in the Ukrainian lands
pedagogical specialists were prepared.
The officials of the public education branch were a separate com-
ponent of bureaucracy in the Russian Empire. The specifics of their
service differed significantly from standard bureaucratic functions
assigned to state officials. In the same time they enjoyed all the privi-
leges proper to the officialdom. Scholastic service differed from any
other by the officials' education level. Even after the cancellation of
the examinations for the rank, certain education qualification re-
quirements continued to be applied at employment of public educa-
tion department officials. This type of service wasn't popular among
the nobility. That's why the majority of teachers in the most educa-
tional institutions on the Left-bank and the South Ukrainian lands
of the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th — the beginning of the
19th century consisted of the representatives of clergy while the de-
scendants of other social groups were far less numerous. Eventually,
the government attempted to limit the access to teaching positions
for the unprivileged population strata. But the amount of the nobility
representatives had been increasing very slowly in this sphere. The
situation on the Right-bank Ukrainian lands joined to the Russian
empire in the last years of the 18th century was contrary. Here the
pedagogical officialdom almost completely consisted of the nobility
representatives. But since 1830s the Russian government adopted a
series of measures resulting in diversification of local pedagogical of-
ficials' status. As consequence, a lot of noblemen officials lost their
status and were included into less privileged social strata.
Violations and abuses during the performance of duties were
common in the officialdom environment. Their range was extreme-
ly wide. They affected the interests of entire society. It favoured the
emerging of a negative image of an official in the society. Failure of
the imperial government to conduct effective struggle with these
phenomena in bureaucratic environment during many decades
only fixed such image. In the memorials of many contemporaries,
works of Ukrainian and Russian writers of that time violations and
abuses among state servants were extensively criticized and sati-
rized. Such "constantly negative" image of a state official resulted
in perception of the most widely spread violations, especially brib-
ery, as normal.
The reasons of negative phenomena which took place in the bu-
reaucracy of the Russian Empire, particularly, in the Ukrainian lands,
can't be looked for only in personal qualities of the officials-violators.
Thus, the causes of sociocultural, economic and historical nature influ-
enced minor violations, major abuses or crimes in bureaucracy These
factors affected the behavior of Ukrainian officials, but they could be
not a result of political, cultural, socioeconomic development of specifi-
cally Ukrainian society. For example the practice of kormlenie has Rus-
sian roots and to certain extend influenced the development of bribery
in Ukraine.
In the Ukrainian lands from the end of the 18th century the of-
ficials of state institutions for unsatisfactory performance of their du-
ties were most often punished with penalties, dismissals, etc. At the
first half of the 19th century rather light punishments were applied to
guilty officials. Moreover, consideration of judgments extended for a
long time or the violators could even be justified. To some extent it ev-
idences the desire of the government whatever it takes (even ignoring
negative phenomena which took place in bureaucratic environment)
to defend the "esprit de corps" of the officials, who were actually the
representatives and the holders of the power. The punishments pref-
erably concerned the officials of lower level.
Different encouragements were also applied towards civil offi-
cials. They, as well as punishments, had the aim to strengthen the
bureaucratic system of the Russian Empire, to make a liegeman of the
monarchal will out of every official. The encouragements were wide-
ly used by the Imperial government in order to provide numerous
state institutions by the necessary quantity of officials and in order
to motivate the officialdom for better performance. In this regard, the
most effective and time-proven incitements applied in the Ukrainian
lands was awarding ranks and orders. But awarding civil officials
with orders took place infrequently and mostly referred to those who
held higher posts. Moreover, many civil officials received orders not
in civil, but proceeding military service.
CXX/ 468
Imperial promotion according to The Table of Ranks played an
extremely important role in the Ukrainian lands. In the second half
of the 18th century the rank was used as one of the mechanisms of
Ukrainian service elite inclusion to the bureaucratic system of the
Russian Empire. Owing to the rank an official received benefits, occu-
pied a more privileged place in society, identified himself as a repre-
sentative of the authority, which raised his prestige. After the loss of
the autonomy of the Ukrainian lands the rank became both a mecha-
nism and an incentive for Ukrainian officials which allowed them
to adapt to new conditions of life in multi-ethic empire. There was a
practice of awarding Ukrainian civil officials with Russian standard
ranks even before the implementation of all-imperial legislation in
the Ukrainian lands. It could be estimated as a preparation for joining
Russian and Ukrainian bureaucratic systems.
In general, owing to ranks and orders many Ukrainian officials
could satisfy their social, material and career requirements in new
sociopolitical realities, which had been developing on the Ukrainian
lands from the end of the 18th — the beginning of 19th centuries.
One of the most prestigious awards was the assignation of land
allotments in the property of officials. Only public servants of the high-
est ranks who hold high state posts could reckon on such encourage-
ment. But the representatives of Ukrainian service elite who descended
from Cossack starshyna could obtain from Russian government rank
lands in Left-bank and Sloboda Ukraine for perpetual use in the sec-
ond half of the 18th century. Before, the rank lands were only given to
the Cossacks for the period of service. The assignment of these lands
in perpetual use favoured the establishment of Ukrainian elite's loyalty
to Russian government. Although such type of awards was used ex-
tremely rarely.
At the beginning of the 19th century the government complicated
the chance to receive ranks and orders and entirely cancelled award-
ing with lands. Financial encouragements came into wider use. The
officials were also rewarded with service medals, gifts, gratitudes,
etc. This was connected to the expanding of bureaucracy and expen-
siveness of its maintaining. These changes were common to all the
regions of the Russian Empire. During the first part of the 19th cen-
tury awards and motivations used by the government towards civil
officials were finally systematized — a certain list of encouragements
as well as the conditions of officials' rewarding were defined.
cr՝-֊^ 469
Thus, the institution of state service established during the pe-
riod of the Russian Empire firmly entered the life of Ukrainian soci-
ety together with all its positive and negative attributes. It outlasted
not only the Empire, but also the Soviet Union by adjusting success-
fully to command administrative economy. Nowadays, having ex-
perienced minor alternations, this institution continues its existence
in many post-Soviet countries, including Ukraine. But in the end of
the 19th century the Russian Imperial bureaucratic system completely
changed national Ukrainian administrative practices. At first sight
it resulted in quick and complete assimilation of Ukrainian service
mass into Imperial bureaucratic environment, but civil officialdom
in the Ukrainian lands, and mostly Ukrainian by origin, during the
end of the 18th — the first half of the 19th centuries managed to save
a range of specific features, which distinguished Ukrainian officials
against general background of governmental administrative branch
of the Russian Empire*
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
470
ЗМІСТ
вступ 7
РОЗДІЛ І
Українська складова бюрократії Російської імперії:
історіографія та джерела
1. Українська історіографія 11
2. Праці зарубіжних дослідників 23
3. Джерельна база 36
РОЗДІЛ II
Соціокультурна характеристика чиновництва України
1. Проблема соціального походження особи у системі
державної служби 50
2. Особливості асиміляції українського чиновництва 83
3. Вплив освіти на професійний рівень цивільних чиновників 102
4. Службовці відомства народної освіти як складова
чиновницького апарату 144
РОЗДІЛ III
Службові зловживання у чиновницькому середовищі
1. Види зловживань та ставлення до них суспільства 191
2. Історичні, соціальні й економічні причини службових
порушень 214
3. Практика застосування покарань до чиновників 225
РОЗДІЛ IV
Заохочення у системі цивільної державної служби
1. Чин та орден як найвища нагорода за службу 258
2. Інші види службових заохочень та привілеїв 276
ВИСНОВКИ 304
ВИКОРИСТАНІ ДЖЕРЕЛА ТА ЛІТЕРАТУРА 314
ДОДАТКИ 399
СПИСОК СКОРОЧЕНЬ 435
ІМЕННИЙ ПОКАЖЧИК 436
СПИСОК ГЕОГРАФІЧНИХ І ВЛАСНИХ НАЗВ 449
SUMMARY 463 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Dehtjarʹov, Serhij Ivanovyč 1978- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1079848371 |
| author_facet | Dehtjarʹov, Serhij Ivanovyč 1978- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Dehtjarʹov, Serhij Ivanovyč 1978- |
| author_variant | s i d si sid |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043192519 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)950879216 (DE-599)BVBBV043192519 |
| era | Geschichte 1790-1850 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1790-1850 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV043192519 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-06T09:00:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789662787269 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028616114 |
| oclc_num | 950879216 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 470 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | TOV Drukarsʹkij dim "Papirus" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Dehtjarʹov, Serhij Ivanovyč 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)1079848371 aut Cyvilʹne čynovnyctvo Ukraïny u kinci XVIII-peršij polovyni XIX st. = Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries Dehtjarʹov Serhij Ivanovyč XVIII peršij 18th the Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries Sumy TOV Drukarsʹkij dim "Papirus" 2014 470 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text ukrainisch, Zusammenfassung englisch Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 1790-1850 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Herkunft (DE-588)4121684-2 gnd rswk-swf Beamter (DE-588)4005081-6 gnd rswk-swf Strafe (DE-588)4057785-5 gnd rswk-swf Belohnung (DE-588)4144447-4 gnd rswk-swf Zivilverwaltung (DE-588)4588183-2 gnd rswk-swf Bildung (DE-588)4006650-2 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Zivilverwaltung (DE-588)4588183-2 s Beamter (DE-588)4005081-6 s Soziale Herkunft (DE-588)4121684-2 s Bildung (DE-588)4006650-2 s Belohnung (DE-588)4144447-4 s Strafe (DE-588)4057785-5 s Geschichte 1790-1850 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028616114&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028616114&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Dehtjarʹov, Serhij Ivanovyč 1978- Cyvilʹne čynovnyctvo Ukraïny u kinci XVIII-peršij polovyni XIX st. = Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries Soziale Herkunft (DE-588)4121684-2 gnd Beamter (DE-588)4005081-6 gnd Strafe (DE-588)4057785-5 gnd Belohnung (DE-588)4144447-4 gnd Zivilverwaltung (DE-588)4588183-2 gnd Bildung (DE-588)4006650-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121684-2 (DE-588)4005081-6 (DE-588)4057785-5 (DE-588)4144447-4 (DE-588)4588183-2 (DE-588)4006650-2 (DE-588)4061496-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Cyvilʹne čynovnyctvo Ukraïny u kinci XVIII-peršij polovyni XIX st. = Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries |
| title_alt | XVIII peršij 18th the Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries |
| title_auth | Cyvilʹne čynovnyctvo Ukraïny u kinci XVIII-peršij polovyni XIX st. = Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries |
| title_exact_search | Cyvilʹne čynovnyctvo Ukraïny u kinci XVIII-peršij polovyni XIX st. = Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries |
| title_full | Cyvilʹne čynovnyctvo Ukraïny u kinci XVIII-peršij polovyni XIX st. = Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries Dehtjarʹov Serhij Ivanovyč |
| title_fullStr | Cyvilʹne čynovnyctvo Ukraïny u kinci XVIII-peršij polovyni XIX st. = Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries Dehtjarʹov Serhij Ivanovyč |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cyvilʹne čynovnyctvo Ukraïny u kinci XVIII-peršij polovyni XIX st. = Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries Dehtjarʹov Serhij Ivanovyč |
| title_short | Cyvilʹne čynovnyctvo Ukraïny u kinci XVIII-peršij polovyni XIX st. |
| title_sort | cyvilʹne cynovnyctvo ukrainy u kinci xviii persij polovyni xix st civil officialdom in ukraine at the end of the 18th the beginning of the 19th centuries |
| title_sub | = Civil officialdom in Ukraine at the end of the 18th-the beginning of the 19th centuries |
| topic | Soziale Herkunft (DE-588)4121684-2 gnd Beamter (DE-588)4005081-6 gnd Strafe (DE-588)4057785-5 gnd Belohnung (DE-588)4144447-4 gnd Zivilverwaltung (DE-588)4588183-2 gnd Bildung (DE-588)4006650-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Soziale Herkunft Beamter Strafe Belohnung Zivilverwaltung Bildung Ukraine Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028616114&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028616114&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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