Makedoncite vo Tetovo od Ala Turka do Ala Franga: opštestveno-političkiot život i kulturata na živeenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Macedonian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Skopje
Akademski pečat
2015
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Mit englischer Zusammenfassung Includes bibliographical references (pages 1007-1031) and index |
| Beschreibung: | 1099 Seiten Illustrationen 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9786082311470 |
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CONCLUSION
The origin of the Macedonian families in Tetovo is a key factor
influencing the formation of the mentality and the culture of life of the
microenvironment. Besides old Tetovo families for whom we know for sure
that lived in the city for centuries, in the 19th century, the city is settled by
many Macedonian families from Gomi and Dolni Polog, from Miak and
Reka villages, from Skopje Dervis, Porecie, as well as Macedonians from
Eastern Albania, Kosovo Serbs and Aromans from the southwestern parts of
Macedonia. All of them in a period of a century became part of the
Macedonian substrate. All these families, sharing the same religion, the same
living conditions, but with different habits and customs they brought with
them from the areas where they came from, participated in the building of the
common culture of life. Each of these family groups participated with
something of their own giving to others and at the same time, they accepted
something from the others. The Aromans and the Serbs easily accepted the
Macedonian language or the speech of Tetovo Macedonians, and at the same
time, they influenced the culture life, the everyday habits and the mentality
and some of the traditions, especially the Aromans.
The period from 1900 to 1950 for the city of Tetovo and for
Macedonia is one of the most extravagant and most specific periods in its
history. In those 50 years, as a relatively short historical period, very violent
and major events occurred that have had an enormous impact on the further
period, not only on the history of the Macedonian nation and state, but also
on the everyday life of the common man. These 50 years were marked by
three different social systems, 6 different regimes, four wars, a rebellion, the
Young Turk revolution and two world economic crises. Just one generation
could witness all those dramatic events. But it was in this period that the two
most important processes took place in parallel, and those processes are the
creation of the Macedonian state and the Macedonian nation.
The aforementioned period preceded a very long period of Ottoman
rule, which lasted more than five centuries, which is very different from the
previous one, in which, above all, the changes occurred very difficult and
very slow. The generations after 1900 remembered well all this period, and
these people had in them the experiences of their ancestors.
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Comparing the two periods, we come to the conclusion that they are
drastically different, although the changes have come in a very short time
period. The period from the first half of the 20th century is characterized at
the same time with rapid social change, then the most terrible wars for the
mankind, changes of alien regimes and the unceasing struggle for national
freedom of Macedonians in this region on the one hand, and on the other
hand, almost shocking changes in the everyday life of the ordinary people.
Thus, among ordinary Macedonians in early 50’s of the 20th century, who
were employed in state factories or were state officials and built the
socialism, and who survived the period of the first half of the century, were
former soldiers of the Turkish, Serbian, Bulgarian, Albanian and Yugoslav
army: among them were former rebels of the Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization, participants in the Young Turk revolution or former guerrillas,
former members of the Ottoman or the Royal Yugoslav parliament, former
civil servants of all mentioned regimes, former artisans or bankers, former
profiteers, former refugees or former prisoners, people with many traces of
time as a result of turbulent times and ordeals. These drastic changes caused
ups and downs, from positions of power to prisons, from servitude to
freedom, from poverty to wealth, from peace to war, and all around.
What was known as the daily life of the Macedonian people and the
Macedonian family in the previous period and was almost untouched for a
very long period, was placed in front of the impact of the new age in the
turbulent 20th century. These changes occurred like in a movie.
The birth of modem privacy and private life of the Macedonian
environment came with a big of lag behind the same processes, which take
place in Western and Northern Europe, but also compared with some of the
neighboring nations, who in the 19th century managed to get rid of the
Ottoman to create their own national states, who introduced the European
systems, laws and organization of life and work.
Therefore, the process of coming out of the individual citizen from
private to public sector rapidly took place in Tetovo urban environment in the
first half of the 20th century. The departuring Old could not be deleted like
it’s on a paper and the upcoming New was not always so easy to accept.
However, changes were irresistible and visible everywhere. Besides old
dilapidated houses made of mud and scrap, new houses planned from solid
construction were built. Besides inns, hotels with modem restaurants were
built; on the street there were cattle drawn car crossing paths with new Ford
and Citroen, as well as people dressed in traditional clothes with people
dressed in European suits. While the houses in the upper part of the city held
povecherinki, already in the lower part of the city in the new private houses
and hotels parties, soirees, matinees and kermezi were organized. In the
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Conclusion
houses at night lamps and petroleum lamps shined, but at the same time in
the neighboring residential buildings shined new light bulbs etc.
Several processes that took place in this period influenced the
accelerated change of the overall daily life:
1. The change of three political systems in just 50 years: Sultan
governance with chiflig system and local bejs and pashas (with a touch of
feudal tymar-spahi system), the capitalist system with the emergence of
fascism and the socialist system in its initial phase (the dictatorship of the
proletariat ), is very rare in Europe and worldwide. Besides the rule of alien
regimes and all these negative trends for the Macedonians, the people still
had to live, to fight for their survival and the survival of their families. In
some more peaceful times, in such regimes, among Macedonians emerged
layers of more wealthy citizenship. That means that some of them lived well
economically in such circumstances - a conclusion which we cannot meet in
the historical literature created in the socialist period.
2. Wars exercised harsh changes with far-reaching consequences, with
casualties, suffering, epidemics, famines and violent migrations. Many
families were decimated, some even physically disappeared. Separation of
men from their families, the uncertainty of life, the cruelty of events caused
changes in views to the traditional life and accelerated the process of
acceptance of the public life, different perspectives on the family and the
individual.
3. The emigration is a process which almost imperceptibly done
permanent changes in families, separated husbands from their wifes and
children, changing attitudes about life, bringing new insights and
modernization, imposing new habits in the way of life, and separates many
families from the motherland. It encouraged the separated life, the
breakdown of the traditional large family, but also encouraged the divorces
as a result of the long years of separation. Migrant workers brought fresh
capital, invested in new buildings, but emigration affected many families
forever to move out of their homeland and caused demographic changes.
4. Other peoples and cultures influenced the Macedonians in the
Tetovo through a spontaneous process which had its own opposite direction.
Mutual influences were sometimes against the free will, but usually the
positive benefits were addopted, bringing the different cultures together and
creating a common sense of belonging to the geographical environment. The
Tetovians, whom created a special urban behavior on the bazaar, regardless
of their national and religious affiliation, used to say for himself that they are
ancient habitants, or in Turkish, Eski kasabajli, thus highlighting the mutual
benefits and a sense of belonging to a significant segment of the same group.
These values are shown as very important precisely in the most difficult
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times during the war, when the radical political changes and constellations
engaged the masses and the members of ethnic groups for their purposes in
the midst of nationalist struggles and conflicts. In these most critical
moments of foolishness and lawlessness, citizens were able to protect each
other.
5. The education of the Macedonians from Tetovo was a strong factor
for changes, it bore literacy, education, the opportunity to bring the world
trends and their gradual but often selective application in the traditionally
conservative environment. If during the second half of the 19th century there
are only dozens of highly educated professionals, who spent most of their
lives in the Balkans capitals, already in the first half of the 20th century, there
were hundreds college educated Tetovians, and the number of those who
continued to work in Tetovo was increasing. Is not by chance that the most of
the foreign propaganda was infiltrated in education, and thus this segment
received a negative feature of the denationalization of the Macedonians, their
division in national or party lines with unforeseeable negative consequences
for the further course of the Macedonian struggle for national state.
6. The emergence of state institutions in the city, which in the Ottoman
period did not exist or did not met the real needs and demands of the people,
influenced positively the daily life of the population. Caring for
disadvantaged families, children without parents, the elderly, health and
education of citizens in this period is transferred from national social, folk
medicine, traditional education, public education to particular social, health
and educational institutional forms organized and controlled by the state.
Traditional sports games transformed into organized, and most of them are
transfered and teached in other European countries. Folk songs and folk
games that had their spontaneous almost ritualistic forms become part of the
repertoire of many bands, choral music plays are rearranged and are
performed by Tetovo choirs, solo concerts are held, and some of them were
broadcasted for the first time on the waves of Radio Belgrade and Skopje.
7. The emergence of the electric power helped the Tetovians
drastically to change the way of life and work, to became closer to the world
through the radio in their homes. They modernized the production, the craft
shops were increasingly buying machines that run on electricity. They were
proud to have built the first hydroelectric plant in Macedonia.
8. Occurrence of industrial goods and the emergence of new material
culture endangered the survival of the dominant craft layer of citizenship and
forced it to consider adapting to the market. In craft shops, industrial
products particularly influenced the use of new tools, electrical machines, the
methodology, quality and quantity of products. Traditional crafts with
traditional tools and technologies slowly declined and disappeared, ceding
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Conclusion
them to the new crafts and the first industrial facilities. However, industrial
products affected the quality and the change in routine and the overall culture
of consumption. In the homes, there was increased leaving of the traditional
tools and replacing them with new and more functional items and appliances,
which influenced the improvement of living conditions, the increased
comfort in homes, and the use of items that had earmarked function is
enriched with items which had an aesthetic dimension; diversity of industrial
goods has changed the look of the living rooms, who had been almost
uniform. With the opening of the factory Teteks in 1951, symbolically and
actually ends the period which is the topic of this paper, and with it, the
dominance of the crafts in the city as a basic existential activity and primate
is taken by the major industrial facilities.
9. Media in Tetovo in this period drastically affected the public life.
Macedonians in this city that barely approached the milestone of 10, 000
back in 1938, had at least 4 local newspapers, journalists, and even their
association. Through the local newspapers, an accelerated process of change
took place, replacing the traditional practices with modem trends, the notion
of intimate changed to the notion of public and with that more freely
expression of the personal views, with opportunity for public criticism and
even public insult. Public debate paved the way for the democratization of
thought, but some of the media also became exponents of the regimes. In
Tetovo, even a local opposition newspaper appeared, Tetovske novine with its
editor Victor Acimovic. He courageously wrote about the weaknesses of the
government representatives, found weaknesses in the work of the public
authorities, and wrote about the abuses of the public functions. Tetovos’
newspapers builded the public opinion for the first time and affected it.
Several illegal newspapers, that were part of the resistance to the occupier,
appeared on the scene. Being among the first cities with electricity in
Macedonia, Tetovo used the benefits of new media radio, which opened
some new horizons for the citizens as well as audio space at glance with
information beyond local and regional. Special medium for the Tetovians,
which strongly influenced the changes in privacy, is the private town
cinemas, which directly brought to them the audio-visually all the features of
everyday life of modem, mostly western style, through the documentary
films and the movies. The books became more accessible to readers, not only
with the emergence of school libraries and The Tetovos’ Youth Reading-
room but also with the increasing number of literate citizens. The use of
books, newspapers, listening to the radio and the visits to the new modem
phenomena of the cinema are new modem trends, almost unimaginable for
most Tetovians in the late 19th century.
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Such changes "produced" fot the first time leisure time, which is filled
with different forms of cultural, sporting, recreational and tourist activities.
The influence of the media instigated the development of cultural phenomena
even more strongly, i.e., organized forms of cultural activities and creativity:
the emergence of prose and poetry, theater, music groups and choruses,
sports and recreational clubs, fashion shops where young Tetovians grew
from consumers to singers, producers and carriers of the cultural values with
local, regional and national importance, and women equally participate in all
of it. Through tourism and mountaineering associations, Tetovci turned
towards learning about the environmental, cultural and natural beauty of the
motherland.
One thing that is especially characteristic for this period is the art of
singing folk song, which took place in such a large extent that urban folk
song represented the most powerful social and cultural medium. The old city
song was not only created every day in Tetovo but also it was interpreted
spontaneously and massively. Every day, on the streets, courtyards and
verandas in Tetovo, Macedonian song was sung. This art form was an
observation of the all events associated with heroism, love, hate, punishment
and personal and family destinies, then banditry, the komits, merchandise and
crafts in this city. Many people from different families are mentioned in this
songs, and Tetovo wedding ceremony, with its richness of rituals, is full of
ritual songs, which describe each and every segment. It won’t be a mistake to
say that the period of the first half of the 20th century was marked by the two
dominant traits of life: the crafts as a dominant existential mark and the old
city song as a dominant spiritual mark of Macedonians from Tetovo.
The strongest change that was brought in this period, of course, were
the changes in the Macedonian family. The large family disintegrated. The
process of separation began from the family community, meaning that the
children were moving away from the parent’s house after forming their own
families. Education guided many young people to new activities and
migration in larger countries.
The woman, from illiterate or semiliterate housewife, became
increasingly educated, skilled, emancipated woman who changed her
position in the family. More often the women have been able to decide on
their own fate and the fate of the family. The woman began to choose her life
partner individually, and the number of divorces increased, which seemed
almost impossible until the beginning of World War II. With each day her
social role as a participant and creator of public life grew.
The children who during the Ottoman period mainly were guided to
became craftsmen since age five, after World War II ceased to be labor force
and were leaning exclusively towards education. The care for their health, the
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Conclusion
social care and the care for normal development and living conditions
increasingly passed over in the hands of the state.
Expression of political views, the discontent, support etc. through mass
demonstrations, despite their frequent banning, became part of everyday life
and Tetovo. In the first half of the 20th century, the first organized forms of
resistance to social injustice and poverty appeared in Tetovo, as well as, the
first strikes of workers, boycotts, demonstrations of crafts and so on.
All the above mentioned changes caused resistance from the traditional, i.e.,
a conflict between public and private. Craftsmen rebelled against industrial
merchandise, candle-makers were cutting the wires of electric poles etc.
However, people have a sense and strength to survive all the changes,
problems and challenges.
The most important process in that half century was that the Tetovians
were actively involved in the struggle for Macedonian statehood, which
started in the late 70s of the 19th century and ended with the creation of the
Macedonian state in 1944. That, in turn, allowed free and creative
institutional and national-cultural socio-economic development in all
spheres of life, although the socialist order created obstacles to the
development of the democratic thought. The most prominent professionals
were actively involved in the foundation of the Macedonian state and the
important state institutions.
One of the biggest national marks, of course, is the language. Tetovo
dialect is one of the dialects of the Macedonian language. During the early to
mid 20th century, the Macedonian language in Tetovo, as in other parts of
Macedonia, was exposed to appropriation as a dialect of the Serbian and
Bulgarian language. But the uniqueness of this dialect as part of the
Macedonian national language was noticed by lot of researchers, and the
available documents and correspondence show that despite its exposure to
the process of disappearing, it was in everyday use, not only verbally, but
also written in the craftsman’s and commercial notebooks, in mutual
correspondence of citizens, the citizens of letters to church officials, the
letters of the migrant workers to their relatives, the prose works, the theatrical
plays, poetry works in local newspapers, in the performance of the theatre
plays, all the songs from this region, in most of the performances of the
choirs from Tetovo etc. This period is characterized by the greatest pressure
from the Serbian, Bulgarian and the Albanian authorities to introduce a
foreign language among the Macedonians in Tetovo through schools, various
cultural and sports associations, the church, the administrative apparatus and
other advertising methods and tools, but apparently, this intention never
succeeded given the manifestation of the Macedonian national language in all
forms mentioned above. It was at this time, finally, at the end of 1944, after
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the liberation of Macedonia, that the Macedonian literary language was
introduced in Tetovo’s high school and elementary schools, and so, the strive
and the aspirations of many Macedonians from several generations were
fulfilled.
The greatest place to protect the identity and folklore is the family.
When religion, during the socialist order, became very limited and strictly
controlled, the citizens of Tetovo secretly baptize their children to preserve
the most valuable in traits. Religion, as part of the most intimate, the most
private feelings of the man, remained unconquered in the life of the
Macedonians. If the bazar and the city institutions were places where many
foreign interests clashed, the threshold of the home was the sanctuary where
the language and other ethnic characteristics of the people were kept and
nurtured. The fireplace and the home, where the children were bom and grew
up with their native language and were they received spontaneously and
naturally all the Macedonian customs, were the greatest bulwark against the
denationalization of the common Macedonian.
One of the major changes that have occurred in the revolutionaries
was, in fact, the process of decomposition of the large family community
(where the parents lived and shared everything with the families of their male
children, grandchildren, and even one or two brothers of the holder of the
community and their children), to a family consisted of the parents and only
one of the sons and his family. The large family community of the 19th
century, who could include up to thirty members, was reduced in the mid-
20th century in most cases to a family of maximum two of the parent families
with one or two of the sons and their children. The average number of
newborns also declined. Due to the social changes more families with new
habits occurred, especially the changed position and role of women. The
women in that period were subjects of some moral sentences and a strong
criticism for participating in family celebrations out of the house; also
explicit disapproval from the wider community was directed towards the first
married couples that have moved away from their parents and wider family
in separate homes, and towards the growing part of the family budget spent
on fashion, jewelry, recreation, sports, cultural events, etc. But this was just
an echo of some ancient times, which slowly faded in the whirlwind and the
dynamics of the new time.
Nevertheless, the Macedonians in Tetovo, especially the young ones,
in a short time saw the change as a positive process. A desire for
advancement grew among them, as if some kind of competition to accept the
new existed between families. It seemed that the young men strived to escape
away from the traditional life and to become a part of the new Europe as soon
as possible because they were left isolated, and far behind due to the
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Conclusion
historical circumstances and they rightly believed that they belong to. In
many families, children are educated in secondary schools and colleges in
major centers in the Balkans, Skopje, Thessaloniki, Istanbul, Belgrade,
Bucharest and Sofia, and not small number of them graduated in Switzerland,
Austria, France and other European countries.The first private libraries
occurred in the homes of the Tetovians and in most of the families, young
people learned to play musical instruments, and for that reason several
private music schools were opened in the city. The backbone of the cultural
life in the 20’s is The Tetovo’s Youth Readin-groom where beside the book
fund, the Binichki choir, the football club Ljuboten, the chess club, the
amateur theater group and the Workers' University were formed and most of
the promotions and lectures were held. The young people were largely
involved in twenty musical instrumental bands and choirs, the sports culture
is experiencing a real boom with 19 football clubs, and the mountaineering
and skiing were highly developed.
The beginning of the period, which is the subject of this research
(early 20th century), is the cornerstone for the Macedonians from this city in
the northwestern part of Macedonia, a time when they were affected by the
tide of changes from the phenomenon ala turka - ala franga, resulting in a
way of life that in the early 21st century is the main feature of private life and
the everyday life of Tetovians. The end of this period (50’s of the 20th
century) is marked by the beginning of the industrialization of the city, with
all of the above mentioned processes having a strong dynamic of change,
rising decade after decade. Most of the Balkans, which includes the city of
Tetovo, lies in the center of this opposition between ala turka and ala franga
phenomena, between The Oriental and Western culture. Of the many changes
listed, the change in mentality and social psychology was most slowly
implemented. This change, which have not been completed, is the main
feature of the Tetovians in the period covered in this book. In the articles of
the curious observers who visited Tetovo, and also in the critical writings in
Tetovo’s local newspapers from the first half of the 20th century, the mixed
Balkan socio-psychological characteristics are clearly recognizable: humor
and cynicism, envy and compassion, solidarity and the strongly emphasized
attachment to religion and traditional rites to the patriarchal family,
outwitting and labeling, gossip and envy, jealously kept domestic intimacy
and disrespect of others' privacy, hygiene at home and hygiene in the public
space, domesticity in the house and irresponsibility towards social property,
old habits from slavery in behavior towards others - humility towards
stronger and at the same time, arrogance towards the weaker, profiteering,
but not entrepreneurial philosophy, hard work and a very rare phenomenon of
begging, almost unknown occurrence among Macedonians etc.
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Although Tetovo has never been the center of some special events,
either in the times of wars and uprisings and either in times of peace, the
Macedonians of this city have made a significant contribution in many
segments of the life of R. Macedonia.
Tetovo in the first half of the 19th century was one of the major
centers where priests and teachers, who preached and teached in Macedonian
national language, lived and worked.
During the Hinden Uprising, the Tetovians are an important segment
of the production and supply of arms and ammunition for Macedonian
companies, and a large number of Macedonians from this town participated
as volunteers in the uprising in those regions where there were fights, many
of them giving their lives for freedom. Also, many Tetovians were killed in
the battles in World War II.
In the health area, beside the first graduated physician and the first
graduated pharmacologist in Macedonia, Tetovo gave a plethora of
prominent health care professionals, primary medicine doctors, who made a
major contribution in the development of the medicine in Macedonia and
actively participated in the creation of the top Macedonian hospitals as well
as the Faculty of Medicine. Some of the top doctors and university professors
in Belgrade, Sofia, Bucharest and in other centers in the Balkans have origins
from Tetovo.
In the field of art, Tetovians are prominent in the musical life of PR
Macedonia. In the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra, the Macedonian
Opera and Ballet and the Orchestra of Radio Skopje the founders of these
institutions, who were conductors, composers and prominent soloists, left
significant and indelible mark.
In sports, Tetovo made a major contribution in several sports in
Macedonia, primary football, hiking and skiing, and after World War II,
volleyball, table tennis, tennis, basketball and other sports.
1006
СОДРЖИНА
ПРЕДГОВОР . 5
ЕКСОЗЕ . 17
ВОВЕД 24
ГЛАВА I
ОПШТЕСТВЕНО-ПОЛИТИЧКИОТ ЖИВОТ ВО ПРВАТА
ПОЛОВИНА НА 20. ВЕК.29
ПОСЛЕДНИТЕ ГОДИНИ НА ОСМАНЛИСКОТО ВЛАДЕЕЬЕ
(1900-1912). 29
БАЛКАНСКИТЕ И ПРВАТА СВЕТСКА ВОША (1912-1918) .47
СОСТШБИТЕ МЕГУ ДВЕТЕ СВЕТСКИ ВШНИ (1918 ֊ 1941) . 53
ВТОРА СВЕТСКА ВОДНА (1941 ֊ 1944) . 87
ПРВИТЕ ГОДИНИ ПО ОСЛОБОДУВА1БЕТО (1944- 1950) . 127
МАКЕДОНСКИ НАЦИОНАЛНИ ПРШАВИ ДО 1944 ГОДИНА. 142
ГЛАВА II
ЛОКАЛНИ И РЕГИОНАЛНИ ВЛАСТИ И ДРЖАВНИ УСТАНОВИ
ВО ТЕТОВО . 159
ЛОКАЛНА И РЕГИОНАЛНА ВЛАСТ. 159
Комунална де)ност . 168
Градско осветлуваае. 169
Противпожарна заштита. 171
Судови . 172
Адвокататура . 174
УЧИЛИШТА И ДРУГИ ПРОСВЕТНИ УСТАНОВИ . 175
ЗДРАВСТВО . 193
ЦРВЕНИОТ КРСТ И ДРУГИ ХУМАНИТАРНИ ДРУШТВА . 210
СОЦШАЛНА ДЕДНОСТ И ИНСТИТУЦИИ . 213
ГЛАВА III
СТОПАНСКИ ЖИВОТ. 221
ЗАНАЕТЧИСТВО. 221
Абации. 232
Бербери. 234
Бикмеции. 235
Бозации. 235
Бо)ации . 235
Бравари. 236
1093
Бранислав Светозаревик Покорни
Валавичари .
Воденичари .
Волновлачари.
Гаранции.
Графичари .
Грнчари .
Даскари .
Дрвари .
Електричари .
Зидари .
1ажари .
.Горганции .
Казанции .
Кагащии.
Калдрмции.
Качари.
Ковчегари .
Коларо-ковачи .
К^ачи .
Ку]унции.
Кукнизанаети .
Лимари.
Месари.
Минтанции.
Млекари.
Молери .
Мразарничари .
Мутавции.
Наланции .
Ножари .
Опинчари .
Памукчии и платнари
Папуции .
Пекари .
Пушкари .
Самарции .
Сапунции .
Свекари .
Столари .
Табакничари .
Куркчии .
Урдари .
Фризери .
Фотографи.
236
237
238
239
239
240
240
240
240
241
243
243
243
243
244
244
244
244
245
250
251
255
256
257
257
258
259
259
261
262
262
263
263
263
267
269
271
271
271
276
276
278
278
278
1094
Содржина
Часовничари . 281
Чевлари. 281
Чибукчии . 284
Шекерции . 284
ТРГОВША. 287
АГРАРНО СТОПАНСТВО . 307
ТЕТОВСКО ПОЛЕ. 307
ШАР ПЛАНИНА . 310
РЕКАТА ПЕНА . 311
ДОМИНАНТНА СОПСТВЕНОСТ ВРЗ ЗЕМЖШНИОТ ПОСЕД . 312
ЗЕМЮДЕЛИЕ. 315
ОВОШТАРСТВО. 320
ГРАДИНАРСТВО . 326
СТОЧАРСТВО . 329
ПЧЕЛАРСТВО . 335
ЛОЗАРСТВО . 336
ШУМАРСТВО . 340
ЛОВ И РИБОЛОВ . 340
СВИЛАРСТВО. 341
ПЕЧАЛБАРСТВО . 342
ИНДУСТРША. 358
Мелничко производство . 358
Текстилно производство. 360
Кожарство . 361
Преработка на тутун. 362
Тулани . 363
Пилани . 363
Градежништво . 363
Производство на електрича енергща. 365
Рударство. 370
Индустрщата во сощцалистичкиот период . 371
СООБРАКАІ И ТРАНСПОРТ . 376
ПОШТЕНСКИ СООБРАКАІ. 384
ФИНАНСИСКИ ИНСТИТУЦИИ И ЗДРУЖЕНША. 388
Банки . 388
Кредитни задруги . 393
УГОСТИТЕЛСТВО И ТУРИЗАМ. 396
Анови и каравансараи . 396
Хотели . 400
Кафеани . 400
Слаткарници. 401
Туристички и угостителски здружешуа. 402
1095
Бранислав Светозаревик Покорни
ГЛАВАV
МАТЕРШАЛНА КУЛТУРА.411
ТОПОГРАФСКИОТ PA3BOJ НА ГРАДОТ ТЕТОВО . 411
НАМЕНСКИ ОБШКТИ. 431
СЕМЕШИ OEJEKTH. 468
ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА И КОМУНАЛНА ДЕШОСТ. 502
Патишта. 502
Железница. 508
Аеродроми. 511
Улици .512
Мостови.515
Паркови и скверови. 520
Градски чешми и водоводи .523
1азови и бразди . 527
Пазари. 531
ПРЕДМЕТИ ОД СЕКОЗДНВНИОТ ЖИВОТ . 532
Предмети за осветлуваьье и грееше на просторните. 532
Садови во каната. 533
Предмети во дневната соба . 535
Украсни предмети . 540
Предмети во спална соба. 541
Предмети во клетот и ajaTOT. 541
Предмети во огништето. 542
Предмети во визбата . 542
Алати за дворот . 542
Средства и предмети за транспорт . 542
ГЛАВА V
КУЛТУРА И СПОРТ. 551
ОРГАНИЗИРАН КУЛТУРЕН ЖИВОТ . 551
Библиотеки, читални и книжари. 551
Прозни и поетски обиди на македонски народен ja3HK и друго
литературно творештво. 558
Новинарство. 560
Театар . 567
Ликовно творештво.573
Кино .575
My3ejcKa nejHOCT.578
Музички живот. 579
Тетовски игри.579
Музичко-тематска креативност.581
Инструменти.589
Музички дружини.591
Музички друштва и оркестри . 592
1096
Содржина
Хорски (пеачки)состави . 609
Истакнати солисти и диригенти. 634
Културно-уметнички друштва од 1944 до 1950 год. 638
СПОРТСКА И РЕКРЕАТИВНА КУЛТУРА . 650
Соколство (гимнастика). 651
Скаутство (извидништво) . 659
Фудбал . 663
Планинареше. 681
Скщаше. 689
Стрелаштво, велосипедизам, аероспорт, лов, пингпонг, хазена,
тенис, одбо)ка, кошарка, шах, и атлетика . 708
ГЛАВА VI
ИСТОРША НА СЕКОЛДНЕВНИОГ ЖИВОТ (Култура на живееше) . 719
ПОТЕКЛО НА МАКЕДОНСКИТЕ CEMEJCTBА И ЕМИГРАЦИИТЕ . 719
МАКЕДОНСКИОТ НАРОДЕН JA3HK ВО ДЕЛАТА НА
ПРОСВЕТИТЕЛИТЕ, ВО УЧИЛИШТАТА И ВО СЕКОЗДНЕВИОТ
ЖИВОТ ВО ТЕТОВО. 756
НЕКОИ TОЛКУВАН А ЗА ТЕТОВСКИОТ ДШАЛЕКТ ДО 1944
ГОДИНА .767
CEMEJHA ЗАЕДНИЦА. 782
Семе]на задруга . 783
Домакинот - сопругот . 785
Домакинката - сопругата. 786
Дево] чин.ата- керките. 791
Момчшьата - синовите . 792
Дедото и бабата . 793
Бебшьата. 794
Свадбени обичаи . 796
Бегендисуете и мунасип . 800
Мал cmpoj. 802
Голем cmpoj . 803
Зрсуца . 805
Подготовки за венчавката . 806
Денот на венчавка . 807
TuzajHuapu. 812
Првиче . 812
nojaea на /ъубовниврски пред бракот. 813
Бегалка . 814
Држанка . 815
Инцеси . 815
Погребни обичаи . 815
Градевье нова кука. 818
1097
Бранислав Светозаревик Покорни
РЕЛИГИСКИТЕ ОБИЧАИ ВО СЕКОЩНЕВНИОТ ЖИВОТ. 819
Бадник и Божик . 822
Василица. 823
Водици. 823
Св. Атанасці . 823
Велигден. 823
Балаюиуа . 825
Гурговден . 825
Илинден. 827
Голема Богородица. 828
CeMejHH слави и имендени. 828
Еснафски слави. 831
Религиіата во училиштата . 832
Ацилак . 832
Пагански обичаи. 835
ЛИЧНИ ИМШЬА, КОМУНИКАЦША И ИДЕНТИФИКАЦША. 835
БОГАТИ И СИРОМАШИИ CEMEJCTBA. 847
МААЛСКИ ЖИВОТ. 853
ГРАГ АНСКА СОЛИДАРНОСТ И ХУМАНОСТ . 855
ЗДРАВСТВЕНА КУЛТУРА . 862
ОБРАЗОВНА КУЛТУРА . 865
ИСХРАНА . 879
ГОСТОПРИМСТВО . 890
СУЕВЕРША. 892
ПОРОЦИ . 894
МЕГУСЕБНИТЕ ОДНОСИ И КУЛТУРНИТЕ ВЛШАНША НА
МАКЕДОНЦИТЕ СО ДРУГИТЕ ЕТНОСИ . 896
СЕКВЕНЦИ ОД ПРОМЕНИТЕ И ОТПОРИТЕ НА ФЕНОМЕНОТ
АЛА ТУРКА ֊ АЛА ФРАНГА . 910
СЛОВО ДНО ВРЕМЕ - ПАТУВАІЬА, ДРУЖЕШЕ, ЗАБАВА И ХОБИ . 914
Посета на манастирите. 916
Детски игри. 917
Егленче . 921
Посета на блиски излетнички места. 924
Повечеринке. 927
Дневни и вечерни забави . 927
Хумор . 931
Викендички . 933
Хоби . 933
ОБЛЕКУВАЕЬЕ, УКРАСУВАЬЕ И ДЕТСКИ ИГРИ. 937
Детска облека. 937
Играчки за деца. 939
Градска женска Hocnja-ала турка . 941
Градска женска облека ала франта . 945
1098
Содржина
Дотеруваше на косата, шминкан е и китеше . 947
Машка облека ала турка . 950
Машка облека ала франта и украсите. 954
СЛИКИ ОД ГРАДСКИ ЖИВОТ . 958
Чаршціата. 958
Гроздобер . 962
Зимата во Тетово . 964
ПРИЛОЗИ
ЗАПИСИ И СЕКАВАІЬА ЗА ТЕТОВСКОТО СЕКО.ІДНЕВИЕ . 968
Лазар Личеноски 1911-1912 . 968
Влада ֊ геометар 1935 . 971
Иван faja 1923 . 971
Т. Радибо^евик 1927 . 973
Тодор Маневик 1932 . 975
Боро Лосифовски 1939 . 977
Алирахми Рушид 1939 . 979
Илустровани лист 1931 . 981
Андро Николик 1939 . 981
Милаца Бужан 1937 . 983
Лован КирикТетовац 1925 . 984
ЗАКЛУЧОК . 985
CONCLUSION . 997
БИБЛИОГРАФИ JA . 1007
ИМЕНИК НА ЛИЧНИ ИМИН А . 1035
ИМЕНИК НА ПРЕКАРИ. 1083
СОДРЖИНА . 1093
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
1099 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Svetozareviḱ Pokorni, Branislav 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1056150319 |
| author_facet | Svetozareviḱ Pokorni, Branislav 1966- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Svetozareviḱ Pokorni, Branislav 1966- |
| author_variant | p b s pb pbs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043190489 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)950867566 (DE-599)BVBBV043190489 |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Tetovo Region (Macedonia) / History / 20th century Tetovo Region (DE-588)4471039-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tetovo Region (Macedonia) / History / 20th century Tetovo Region |
| id | DE-604.BV043190489 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T05:38:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786082311470 |
| language | Macedonian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028614136 |
| oclc_num | 950867566 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 1099 Seiten Illustrationen 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Akademski pečat |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Svetozareviḱ Pokorni, Branislav 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)1056150319 aut Makedoncite vo Tetovo od Ala Turka do Ala Franga opštestveno-političkiot život i kulturata na živeenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek d-r Branislav Svetozareviḱ Pokorni Skopje Akademski pečat 2015 1099 Seiten Illustrationen 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mit englischer Zusammenfassung Includes bibliographical references (pages 1007-1031) and index Text mazedonisch Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Mazedonier (DE-588)4276786-6 gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Tetovo Region (Macedonia) / History / 20th century Tetovo Region (DE-588)4471039-2 gnd rswk-swf Tetovo Region (DE-588)4471039-2 g Mazedonier (DE-588)4276786-6 s Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Geschichte 1900-2000 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028614136&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028614136&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Svetozareviḱ Pokorni, Branislav 1966- Makedoncite vo Tetovo od Ala Turka do Ala Franga opštestveno-političkiot život i kulturata na živeenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek Geschichte Mazedonier (DE-588)4276786-6 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4276786-6 (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4471039-2 |
| title | Makedoncite vo Tetovo od Ala Turka do Ala Franga opštestveno-političkiot život i kulturata na živeenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek |
| title_auth | Makedoncite vo Tetovo od Ala Turka do Ala Franga opštestveno-političkiot život i kulturata na živeenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek |
| title_exact_search | Makedoncite vo Tetovo od Ala Turka do Ala Franga opštestveno-političkiot život i kulturata na živeenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek |
| title_full | Makedoncite vo Tetovo od Ala Turka do Ala Franga opštestveno-političkiot život i kulturata na živeenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek d-r Branislav Svetozareviḱ Pokorni |
| title_fullStr | Makedoncite vo Tetovo od Ala Turka do Ala Franga opštestveno-političkiot život i kulturata na živeenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek d-r Branislav Svetozareviḱ Pokorni |
| title_full_unstemmed | Makedoncite vo Tetovo od Ala Turka do Ala Franga opštestveno-političkiot život i kulturata na živeenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek d-r Branislav Svetozareviḱ Pokorni |
| title_short | Makedoncite vo Tetovo od Ala Turka do Ala Franga |
| title_sort | makedoncite vo tetovo od ala turka do ala franga opstestveno politickiot zivot i kulturata na ziveenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek |
| title_sub | opštestveno-političkiot život i kulturata na živeenjeto vo prvata polovina na 20 vek |
| topic | Geschichte Mazedonier (DE-588)4276786-6 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Mazedonier Kultur Tetovo Region (Macedonia) / History / 20th century Tetovo Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028614136&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028614136&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT svetozarevikpokornibranislav makedoncitevotetovoodalaturkadoalafrangaopstestvenopolitickiotzivotikulturatanaziveenjetovoprvatapolovinana20vek |