X Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar Global-Local/Local-Global: proceedings from the international scientific conference, Skopej, 15-18th September 2009, Republic of Macedonia
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Faculty of Pilosophy - Skopje
2013
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References
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Bokszański Z. (2005) Tożsamości zbiorowe, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
Chrysssochoou X. (2004) Cultural Diversity: Jts Social Psychology, Wiley-Blackwell.
Luhmann N. (2000) The Reality of Mass Media, Stanford University Press, London.
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Social Representations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
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prolegomena. [W:] Dynamika śląskiej tożsamości, (red.) Janeczek J., Szczepański M. S.,
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice, s. 19-27.
Szwed R. (2003) Tożsamość a obcość kulturowa. Studium empiryczne na temat związków
pomiędzy tożsamością społeczno-kulturową a stosunkiem do obcych. Wydawnictwo KUL,
Lublin.
Światkiewicz-Mośny M. (2010) Społeczne reprezentacji tożsamości w prasie.
Niepublikowany raport z badań.
Światkiewicz-Mośny M. (2010) Ślązacy na "naszej klasie". Społeczne reprezentacje śląskiej
tożsamości - analiza forum dyskusyjnych na portalu "nasza-klasa" w: R. Szwed, L,
Dyczewski, J. Szulich-Kałuża (red.) Odmiany tożsamości. Tożsamość osób, zbiorowości i
instytucji, Wydawnictwo KUL, Lublin.
Trutkowski, C. (2007) Teoria społecznych reprezentacji i jej zastosowania, w: M. Marody
(red.) Wymiary życia społecznego. Polska na przełomie XX i XXI wieku. Wydawnictwo
Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa.
Wagner W. Duveen W. G., Farr R., Jovchelovitch S., Lorenzi-Cioldi F., Markova I. ,Rose D.
(1999) Theory of method of social representations “Asian Journal of Social Psychology” (2):
95 -125.
169
Piotr Nowak, PhD
Jagiellonian University
Institute of Sociology
316.334.55-27.511(438)
POLISH COUNTRYSIDE IN THE GLOBALIZATION AGE
Abstract
This paper is an attempt to describe the Polish countryside as part of a social reality that is
undergoing uniquely rapid changes. These changes are visible in dimensions of social
structure, public awareness, lifestyle patterns and cultural participation. The "rurality " of the
lifestyle is to a large extent determined by the very fact of living in the countryside. In this
case a distinctive character of rural way of life results from features of the environment (both
social and natural). One can mention here spatial policy and land use patterns, the structure
of the labor market, access to communication and cultural facilities. However there are also
other factors that are important in this context, such as an attitude towards work, family and -
last but not least - land.
Keywords: globalizations, food industry, transnational corporations, rural areas, farmers,
agriculture.
1. Introductory remarks
Globalization is one of the most popular concepts that describe changes which take
place in the contemporary world. The author’s intention is to carry out a sociological
diagnosis in order to better understand globalization process in the rural areas of Poland and
for the reader to perceive the social phenomena we are usually not aware of. So far there is no
definition of globalization valid for the social sciences (arts) that would be universally
accepted. R. Robertson, who described it as compression, concentration of facts, norms and
values from different cultures and eras, provides one of the earliest definitions of
globalization. Jadwiga Staniszkis describes globalization metaphorically as ‘squeezing time
and space’ (Staniszkis: 2004). A slightly different definition is referred to by P. Sztompka:
‘the process of concentrating and intensifying economic, financial, political, military, cultural,
ideological connections and relationships between human communities, which leads to
uni form ization of the world in all these dimensions and is reflected in the appearance of social
relationships, solidarity and identity in the translocal and transnational scale’ (Sztompka,
2002). When describing globalization, Jan Aart Scholte defines it as the world becoming a
171
‘single location’, James N. Rosenau considers erosion of the boundaries as a source of
creating global space. Definitions with negative meaning are expressed as well, such as a
definition by F. Rodi who defines globalization as ‘mutual connections and economic
processes that have led to the accumulation of influence and power of a relatively small
number of companies operating worldwide. Globalization is a phenomenon in a political as
well as economic and social dimension. It is worth noting that in the debate on globalization
its economic aspect is often emphasized, ignoring political and social issues. Six areas of
globalization are most often specified by professionals involved in globalization. These are as
follows:
• finance,
• markets, strategies, in particular competition,
• technology, followed by research, development as well as knowledge,
• lifestyles and patterns of consumption resulting in the globalization of culture,
• governance and legal regulations,
• policy of homogenization of the world.
Later in this article, I will try to answer the following questions: what are the attitudes
of Polish citizens towards the phenomenon of globalization? If globalization is present in the
Polish countryside, then what are its symptoms? Does our country's membership in the EU
affect globalization of the Polish countryside?
2. Globalization by the Polish public opinion polls
In 2004, the concept of ‘globalization’ was familiar to 62% of the inhabitants of our
country, but only one third (34%) declare they know what it means. Those who have declared
that they know what globalization is, most frequently associate it with processes taking place
in the economy: in particular with establishing the global economic community, economic
freedom and the creation of international companies (The CBOS Report; BS/5/2004, ‘Social
Understanding and Assessment of Globalization’). Although globalization of the economy, as
social assessment shows, is a phenomenon rather positive than negative, societies perceive
and assess consequences of this process as ambiguous. Most respondents believe that only the
rich countries are benefiting by increasing the global economic connections and relationships,
172 _
while the poor countries are losing. Moreover, according to a large part of the respondents՞*
opinions, globalization contributes to increasing inequalities in standards of living of people
in various countries (which is a logical consequence of the belief that only rich countries are
profiting by it ) and to increasing unemployment (The CBOS Report; BS/5/2004, 'Social
Understanding and Assessment of Globalization’, p. 9). Farmers arc relatively the most
skeptical group about the process of growth of relationship between the economies of
different countries, among which the number of supporters of globalization is equal to the
number of its opponents, 40% each (The CBOS Report; BS/154/2006, The Effects of
Globalization for Poland’). The connection between attitude towards globalization and
attitude towards EU membership as well as assessment of political transformation in Poland
indicates that European integration and system transition in our country is seen as elements of
globalization processes (The CBOS Report; BS/5/2004, ‘Social Understanding and
Assessment of Globalization’ s. 8) able. As the study, which was conducted in eighteen
countries worldwide that represent 56% of the world’s population, shows, the majority of
people in the world are convinced that economic globalization and international trade bring in
profit for domestic economies, businesses and consumers only. Many, however, believe that
trade harms the environment and is a threat to job positions - those people would like to
alleviate these effects by using standards of environmental protection and employment. The
highest level of support for globalization can be found in countries with export-oriented
economies, the greatest skepticism in countries such as Mexico, Russia and the Philippines
(The CBOS Report; BS/69/2007, ‘Global Public Opinion about Globalization and
International Trade’).
3. Specific features of the globalization process in rural areas and agriculture
Change in the function of rural areas is a significant example of the impact of
globalization on rural areas. Today, the traditional definition of the rural area is a far cry from
the actual state of affairs. If, following Gorlach, we assume that the countryside is: an area
where various events occur or different economic, social, political and cultural processes take
place, then this area, in recent years, is subject to dynamic changes (Gorlach 2004: 14). Later
in the paper, the author points out that it is only a specific configuration of several factors that
constitutes the content of the term ‘countryside’. In economic terms the point is that
173
agriculture should play the dominant role in economic activity, while in social and cultural
terms, ‘countryside’ should determine the typical features of the local community, which is:
• a relationship with the territory
S objective relationship - the territory provides livelihood, determines
the spatial distribution of the population, may determine certain
characteristic patterns of behavior, such as mutual aid, neighborhood
cooperation
S subjective relationship - a sense of emotional attachment to the
territory, which is manifested as ‘local patriotism \ being ready to
particular actions to the benefit of one fs own community
• far-reaching self-sufficiency
• cultural and economic homogeneity (unification), solid cultural codes
• low social mobility - ‘countryside’ is a relatively closed community
• primal relationships - direct, personal contacts, strong family and neighborly
relationships
• is an integrated whole - human life can be fully spent inside it without the need to
go beyond its boundaries
These specific features of the rural area determined the traditional peasant lifestyle. Its
wide coverage, i.e. the fact that this lifestyle was extended as much as to cover all the
peasants, both rich and poor, was one of the main features of this lifestyle. This was because
the peasants were isolated from the rest of the society, which resulted for majority of them in
a ‘closed’ peasant cultural mentality that was manifested in attitudes demonstrating no interest
in values and patterns of behavior that originated from other social groups.
Globalization changes the traditional rural area. While establishing a mechanism of
uncontrollable consumption, it designs new rural lifestyles. Today, only one in three resident
of rural area in Poland is involved in agriculture. The importance of agriculture as a factor
organizing social space is decreasing; the residential function of rural area is increasing. The
above factors are the major changes taking place in Polish rural areas. Multifunctional
development of rural areas forces ‘neopeasants’ to answer the question: how to reconcile the
urban cultural patterns with the use of the rural space? We should remember that nowadays it
is us rather than space that become a carrier of tradition. Fragmentation, particularity and
174_
relativism are formulas of interpretation of reality contemporary people use. This is the way
inhabitants of rural areas encounter values that are new for them, are faced with ways of
behavior that were not yet present in their lifestyle. The media are the best carrier of the
global culture patterns. Nowadays, radio and TV are part of each household equipment,
including the rural areas. The Internet, which is the major factor to globalize the world, is
more and more often present in rural homes. As much as 76.5% of the self-employed have
internet access in the Polish rural areas, including 38.9% of farmers. (‘Polish Countryside in
2010’Report, FDPA: 138).
Decreasing importance of agriculture in the lives of rural residents is a result of
changes that take place in it. Separation of farming from agriculture and the introduction of
the so-called food chains is one of the most important phenomena related to globalization of
agriculture. A specific extension of boundaries of the farming sector is another result of
globalization. The contemporary agriculture is not just farming, it is not just agribusiness it is
associated with, but sectors of manufacturing, processing and food regime that are integrated
on a global scale (Friedmann and McMichael, 1989). The contemporary agriculture is
strongly associated with the system of chemical and pharmaceutical companies, involved in
e.g. research in genetics or chemistry whose, if applied, may subsequently increase the
intensity of production (hormonal additives to animal feeds, new races and varieties of
animals kept for farming, crop plants, cloning of animal organisms, etc.). This leads to
‘denaturalization’ of agriculture and to attempts to transform it into a peculiar biotech
industrial complex (Gorlach 2004). Quite frequent among economists are descriptions of the
process of ‘economic urbanization’ of Polish countryside whose main feature is that the
structure of the professional activity in rural areas across the population residing there and the
population residing in cities are similar (‘Polish Countryside 2010’ Report, FDPA: 172).
Professional activities of rural residents are more and more often not directly related to
agriculture or food processing.
Processes of globalization of food production and trade facilitate the transfer of
products themselves from surplus areas to areas in short supply, accelerate the diffusion of
innovations in the field of products and manufacturing processes and homogenize cultural and
social patterns related to food, its production, marketing and consumption. Ensuring food
security and the quality of increasingly diverse forms of food products becomes particularly
important. In the present day, food becomes relatively cheap and therefore consumers are
becoming more demanding towards the quality of the products they buy. Economic,
175
demographic, social and cultural changes, which took place in the transformation period in
Poland in the nineties of the last century, were inspiration for quantitative and qualitative
changes in the food market. Changes in food consumption were reflected in strategies of
production and marketing companies. Market success became dependent on the appropriate
identification of consumer needs and adapting companies’ operations to consumer needs.
Transnational corporations operating through their subsidiaries in Poland were definitely the
leaders and it was them as well who initiated these changes. According to P. Chechelski
(2007: 2) entering the Polish market by global companies caused tremendous changes in the
food market since the beginning of the nineties of the 20th century:
1. substantial changes in food consumption patterns, both quantitative and
qualitative took place, including, among others:
S distinct increase in demand for highly processed food,
S substantial changes in consumption between groups of products, e.g.
consumption of cereal products and potatoes decreased, consumption
of fruit, etc. increased,
S increasing the number ofproduct ranges within groups of articles,
S blurring of distinctions between groups of products, caused by
intensifying substitution processes e g. milk-and- fruit drinks or juices
made with milk, butter combined with margarine, etc.,
S greater differentiation in the hierarchy of consumer needs related to
social stratification,
S a more conscious consumers ’ choice of food products,
S range of products of the food market became more differentiated and
increasingly adapted to the actual demand while the level of market
saturation became much higher,
S new trends in food processing were developed e.g. production of
yogurts, snacks, desserts, soft drinks, juices, etc.
2.
176
3.
food products became definitely more sophisticated (packaging),
quality of products was significantly improved,
4. state 's impact on the formation of the food consumption and the development
of individual sectors and companies was significantly decreased[
5. it was changed how and where food products are sold,
6. marketing activities of companies manufacturing and selling food were
changed,
7. consumer’s knowledge about food products and its consumption was changed.
The share of transnational corporations is a measurement of globalization of the agri-
food market in a given country. In Poland, their role and importance is rapidly increasing as
well. According to the data presented in the article cited previously, in 2005, the share of
transnational corporations in the Polish agri-food market amounted to:
• 42% in sales of food products,
• 38% in production of the food industry,
• 15-17% in acquiring agricultural products.
The development of transnational corporations in the food market in Poland
contributed to their significant share of revenue from the agri-food market. The highest share
of transnational corporations in the revenue from the sale of individual sectors of food
industry in Poland in 2003 and 2005 in the tobacco industry it amounted to 97.2%, in oil mill
industry it amounted to 86.4%, while in the brewing industry it amounted to 83.5%. The
lowest amount was 5.6% in the fishing industiy, in the milling industry and pasta product
industry it amounted to 13.5% and in meat industry it amounted to 13.8%. In recent years, the
share of global companies in the production of food industry in Poland is growing very
rapidly, at present it amounts even to approximately 38%. The vast majority of important
transnational corporations operating in the global food market, to a greater or lesser extent,
are involved in Poland (table 1). In 2006, there were about 45 of them.
The increase in the share of transnational corporations usually results in reduction of
the number of employees in a given segment of food industry, increasing labor productivity,
increase in revenue for the company owners and huge social problems for local governments
and the state budget. It would be interesting to analyze the results of comparison of tax
revenues from these companies and the costs that must be borne by the state as a result of the
increasing number of unemployed.
177
Table 1. Transnational Corporations Operating in the Polish Food Industry in 2006
Arcas of Production
Meat Processing
Fish Processing
Dairy Industry
(Including Ice-Cream)
Production of Cereal,
Milling and Pasta
Products
Production of Vegetable
Fats
Name of Transnational Corporations and The Country of Origin
Smithfield Foods (USA), Danish Crown (Denmark),L.D.C. (France)
Orkla Foods (Norway)
Danone (France), Nestlé (Switzerland), Hochland (Germany), Dr Oetker (Germany),
Unilever (The Netherlands/Great Britain)
Nestlé (Switzerland), Dr Oetker (Germany)
Bunge Investment (USA), A.D.M. (USA), Unilever (The Netherlands/Great Britain)
Fruit and Vegetable
Processing
Feed Production
Orkla Foods S.A. (Norway), H.J. Heinz Company (USA), Pernod Ricard (France),
PepsiCo (USA), Bonduelle (France), Coca Cola (USA), Novartis (Switzerland),
Royal Numico (The Netherlands)
Cargill Inc. (USA), Provimi Holding B.V. (The Netherlands), Mars Inc. (USA),
Nestlé SA (Switzerland), Smithfield Foods (USA)
Sugar Production
Production of Sweets
Production of
Concentrates, Additives,
Coffee and Other Food
Beer Production
British Sugar Overseas Ltd. (Great Britain), Südzucker AG (Germany), Nordzucker
AG(Germany)
PepsiCo (USA), Nestlé S.A.(Switzerland), Kraft Foods (USA), Cadbury Schweppes
(Great Britain), Mars Inc. (USA), Danone (France), Ferrero Group (Wlochy), Wm
Wrigley (USA), Lindt Sprilngli (Switzerland), Storck (Germany)
Tchibo (Germany), H.J. Heinz Company (USA), Unilever (The Netherlands/Great
Britain), Nestlé S.A.(Switzerland), Kraft Foods (USA). Sara Lee Douwe Egberts
(USA), Orkla Foods (Norway), Elite (Israel), Dr Oetker (Germany), Royal Numico
(The Netherlands), Tata Group (Indie)
Heineken International B.V. (The Netherlands), SAB / Miller (Great Britain),
Carlsberg Breweries A/S (Denmark)
Production of Soft Drinks
Coca Cola (USA), Pepsi Co (USA), Nestlé S.A. (Switzerland), Danone (France),
Cadbury Schweppes (Great Britain)
Production of Tobacco
Products
Philip Morris (USA), British American Tobacco (Great Britain), Altadis
(Hiszpania), Imperial Tobacco Group (Great Britain), Scandinavian Tobacco
(Denmark), Gallaher Group (Great Britain)
Production and
Distribution of Spirit
Products
Diageo (Great Britain), Philip Beverage Company (USA), Pernod Ricard (France),
Yin Sprit AB (Sweden), Brown-Formon (USA)
Source: Chechelski P., 2007, Globalizacja w przemyśle spożywczym,
http://wwwxbr.edu.pl/konf2007/prezentacje_pdf/chechelski.pdf (dostęp: 2013-05-16).
4, Integration of Poland with the European Union and the problem of globalization
of rural areas
The European Union has a special interest in the development of globalization because
it is one of the biggest exporters in the world and has a positive balance in international trade.
For the European Union, on the one hand globalization is a very advantageous phenomenon,
but on the other hand, any political or economic disturbances occurring on a global scale have
a significant impact on its economic condition. How does, therefore, the European Union
178_
сюре with this dualistic state of affairs? Well, it applies a specific global neo-mercantilism.
With no objections it invests in other regions of the world, while protecting its own markets
against excessive amounts of foreign capital. In particular, the agricultural market seems to be
well-protected. Hence all negotiations on liberalization of the food market in the world are
blocked by European Union representatives, when it concerns liberalization of access to food
markets in European Union countries for other manufacturers. Negotiations on liberalization
of agricultural trade in the WTO under the Doha Development Round resulted in the
declaration made by the European Union that following 2013, export subsidies for producers
of milk, sugar, beef and cereals will be abolished. Thus, globalization gradually leads to
changes in the mechanisms of European integration in the field of agriculture.
Genetically modified foods, food irradiation and the production of organic food
deserve special attention. These are problems most frequently raised when discussing
globalization in the agricultural sector. Do these phenomena occur in Poland and how big
they are?
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) is an organism that comprises foreign genes
in his genome that originate from a foreign organism. The global area of biotech crops in the
world continues to increase (Diagram 1). The largest volume of production of GMOs takes
place in both Americas, but more and more production is transfered to the Far East, to India
and China. GMOs have both their supporters and opponents, who argue in favor of or against
this type of production. Supporters point out that GMO plants are more prolific, resistant to
diseases and pests, have better taste, etc. Opponents usually warn that: there is no evidence for
safety of products of this type, it is only huge companies that derive patents and profits from
this kind of production, traditional crops may be contaminated and a still prevailing problem
of unclear labeling of products containing GMO, which makes that consumers consume these
products against their will.
179
Diagram 1. Global Area of Biotech Crops
GLOBAL AREA OF BIOTECH CROPS
Million Hectares (1996-2011)
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
A record 16.7 million farmers, in 29 countries, planted 160 million hectares (395 million acres) in
2011, a sustained increase of 8% or 12 million hectares (30 million acres) over 2010.
Source: Clive James, 2011.
Source: http://www.isaaa.org/ (2013.05.16)
Since 2007, in Poland as well, transgenic maize is grown. According to a study
conducted by PBS DGA for ‘Gazeta Wyborcza’ in March 2008, 60% of Poles are certain that
consuming genetically modified foods (GMOs) can be harmful for them. Poles do not want
the plants to be grown in our country. Half of respondents would support a ban on the use of
GMO plants, even if it means increase in food prices. Poles are well-known in Europe for
their euro-enthusiasm. And yet, as much as 45% recognized that it is worth to keep the ban
for GMO crops, ‘even if that means a conflict with the European Commission’. 37% of
respondents held the opposite view. Poles are not exception in the struggle against GMOs. In
Austria, support is just as low, if not lower (GMOs are tolerated by only 25%), in France
29%, in Latvia 19%, not to mention Greece, 12%. Most people for GMO is in Spain 74%, in
Portugal 65% and in Ireland 55%. The European Commission constantly attempts to abolish
180_.
bans on GMO crops in the EU Member States, despite they firmly oppose to it. Bans on GMO
crops were introduced by the largest agricultural countries in Europe in their areas, such as
France or Germany, as well as Italy. Luxembourg, Greece. Austria. Hungary and Bulgaria.
Also Switzerland, which is not the EU member, declared a moratorium on the GMOs
cultivation, while some countries, instead of general prohibitions, introduced ‘GMO-free
zones’ — Ireland and Wales in almost 100% are GMO-free zones, while England in almost
50%. In Poland, as a result of adopting the Law the Seed Industry of November 9, 2012 and
the regulations of the Minister of Agriculture of 2013, GMO plants can not be cultivated.
In addition to using GMOs, food irradiation is another controversial phenomenon in
the global food chain. History of irradiation is quite long. Its origins date back to 1905. After
10 years following the great discovery of X-rays by Röntgen, in Britain food was exposed to
ionizing radiation of radium in order to improve its hygienic condition. The first, successfully
completed, trial of preservation of food by irradiation was made in 1943, and sausages were
the object of the procedure. After World War II, this work was continued in many countries,
in the United States this work was made as part of a research program called 'Atoms for
Peace’. The European Union released two directives, the first one is aimed at making the law
on the use of irradiation in the Member States homogenous (Directive 1999/2/EC), while the
other sets a positive list of products that can be irradiated (Directive 1999/3/EC ). At present,
In Poland, there are no business facilities carrying out food irradiation. There is only one
experimental facility.
Food irradiation has its supporters and opponents. The most common demands
proposed by supporters are: it extends the shelf life of foods, eliminates or reduces the
pathogenic micro-organisms to a level that allows the food to be safely consumed, extends
shelf life of fresh fruit and vegetables by inhibiting the natural biological processes such as
sprouting, ripening and aging. Opponents point out that food irradiation does not remove
excrements, vomit and other contaminants. It brings profit to large companies only, rather
than to the poor farmers in the poor South, production of compounds like 2ACB, which may
be carcinogenic, is driven by the nuclear industry and in the end it does not reduce the
problem of hunger in the planet. South Africa. Mexico. France. Brazil and Thailand are
countries where you can irradiate the largest number of food products. Germany is one of
countries that prohibit marketing of food with shelf life extended with this method.
181
Diagram 2. Countries Where Food Irradiation Is Applied
World-wide Utilization of Food Irradiation
Countries which apply food irradiation for commercial purposes
□
Do not yet appfy food irradiation
Source: http://esterka.piwet.pulawy.pl/radiobiologia/irradiacja/factsaboutfoodirradiation.pdf
(2013.05.16)
In Poland, the whole complex of issues related to preservation of food by irradiation is
regulated by Regulation of the Minister of Health of January 15, 2003 on the conditions of
irradiation of food products, permitted additives or other food ingredients that may be treated
with ionizing radiation, their lists, the maximum doses of irradiation, and requirements
regarding labeling and marketing them. Under the regulation, in Poland the following food
products can be irradiated: onion, garlic, fresh and dried mushrooms, potatoes, dry spices
and dehydrated vegetables.
182
5. The problem of globalization of rural areas — summary
Not long ago, most people in the world were supplied with food from small farms that
used differentiated multicultural crops. These small farms served local communities and were
supplying the local market. But under the rule of WTO, small farms are supposed to
disappear. Almost worldwide, including the U.S., global corporations took over majority of
agricultural production, where chemicals and biotechnology is intensively used. Small farms
are disappearing. They are replaced by monoculture, single species crops of grain, vegetables,
or fruit, stretching into infinity, intended for export. What today's European and American
eats, travels on average 2,400 km from the source to the plate. Instead of what grown in the
distance of 10 km from us. we eat food from overseas. Kilometer by kilometer, the more
food manufactured this way travels, the more the environment is devastated. With increasing
distance of transport by ocean, road and air, food, which travels to and fro across the entire
Earth, massively increases energy consumption, oceans and air pollution as well as
contributes to climate change. The need for packaging causes deforestation. Economy of this
type requires new infrastructure: roads, ports, airports, highways. For consumers, the result of
globalization of agriculture usually means supply of food that is unhealthy and impregnated
with chemicals. However, it is not obvious whether agriculture in developing countries could
benefit from liberalization in international trade of agricultural products as part of
globalization. J. Stiglitz (2004), winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics and the author of a
book on globalization finds that the existing farmers, who could benefit from globalization in
becoming wealthier, will be expelled by players whose goal is to maximize the profit.
The same author finds that globalization is a sweet raisins for 20% of the inhabitants
of the Earth and bitter almonds for 80% of them. It follows that globalization will bring loses
for small and medium-sized farms in developed countries, these changes, however, will not at
all bring benefit to the poor farmers in developing countries. Globalization may result in
substantial changes in the agrarian structure and the structure of agricultural production.
Large, high productivity farms, specialized, linked to large food-processing industrial
companies, especially with corporations involved in trading food will only benefit from it.
Each nation is more secure if it can produce its own food, using its own raw
materials and local labor. In this way jobs are created, transportation costs and waste are
183
FOREWORD
9
Marian Niezgoda, PhD
POLES AND THE OTHERS.
SOCIAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE POLES AND OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS.13
Mi leva Gjurovska, PhD
LA SOCIETE CIVILE EN TANT QUE CAPITAL SOCIAL DANS LES
SOCIETES CONTEMPORAINES.27
Antoanela Petkovska, PhD
CREATIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION.37
ZoranMatevski, PhD
THE ROLE OF THE RELIGION IN POST CONFLICT PERIOD IN THE
REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA. 43
Anica Drago vie, PhD
EFFECTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OF HIGHLY SKILLED
PERSONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT.57
Zygmunt Seręga, PhD
THE PRESENCE OF TRADITION AND MEANING OF PLACE
IN THE GLOBALIZING WORLD: THE CASE OF THE POLISH COUNTRYSIDE.69
Krzysztof Frysztacki, PhD
LOCAL COMMUNITY BUILDING: IMAGINATION AND PRACTICE.83
IlijaAceski, PhD
IDENTITY IN THE MODERN ERA: THE CULTURALLY HOMOGENISING
ASPIRATION OF GLOBALISATION AND EU ROPA N1 SAT ION AND THE
INCREASED CULTURAL HETEROGENEITY.95
Vesna Dimitrievska, PhD
GLOBALIZATION AND POVERTY.109
Aleksandra Wagner, PhD
„GLOBAL” AND „LOCAL” AS THE NARRATION CONSTRUCTIONS
IN MEDIASELF-DESCRIPTION.
THE CASE OF POLISH MEDIA AFTER 1989.M9
Marija Drakulovska Chukalevska, PhD
THE GLOBAL IN THE LOCAL-THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 133
Tatjana Stojanoska, PhD
THE VALUES IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF
MACEDONIA AND THE REGIONAL COUNTRIES.147
Maria Swiqtkiewicz-Mosny, PhD
CONSTRUCTING REGIONAL IDENTITY.
ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL AND MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF REGIONAL
IDENTITY.157
Piotr Nowak, PhD
POLISH COUNTRYSIDE IN THE GLOBALIZATION AGE.171 |
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| spelling | Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar 10. 2009 Skopje (DE-588)1079551670 isb X Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar Global-Local/Local-Global proceedings from the international scientific conference, Skopej, 15-18th September 2009, Republic of Macedonia SS Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Jagiellonian University; the organizational committee: George Mladenovski Skopje Faculty of Pilosophy - Skopje 2013 184 Seiten Karten, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd rswk-swf Soziokultureller Wandel (DE-588)4227561-1 gnd rswk-swf Kultursoziologie (DE-588)4133431-0 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2009 Skopje gnd-content Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 g Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 s Soziokultureller Wandel (DE-588)4227561-1 s Kultursoziologie (DE-588)4133431-0 s DE-604 Mladenovski, Ǵorǵe edt Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028603680&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028603680&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | X Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar Global-Local/Local-Global proceedings from the international scientific conference, Skopej, 15-18th September 2009, Republic of Macedonia Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Soziokultureller Wandel (DE-588)4227561-1 gnd Kultursoziologie (DE-588)4133431-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026482-8 (DE-588)4227561-1 (DE-588)4133431-0 (DE-588)1181214262 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | X Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar Global-Local/Local-Global proceedings from the international scientific conference, Skopej, 15-18th September 2009, Republic of Macedonia |
| title_auth | X Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar Global-Local/Local-Global proceedings from the international scientific conference, Skopej, 15-18th September 2009, Republic of Macedonia |
| title_exact_search | X Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar Global-Local/Local-Global proceedings from the international scientific conference, Skopej, 15-18th September 2009, Republic of Macedonia |
| title_full | X Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar Global-Local/Local-Global proceedings from the international scientific conference, Skopej, 15-18th September 2009, Republic of Macedonia SS Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Jagiellonian University; the organizational committee: George Mladenovski |
| title_fullStr | X Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar Global-Local/Local-Global proceedings from the international scientific conference, Skopej, 15-18th September 2009, Republic of Macedonia SS Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Jagiellonian University; the organizational committee: George Mladenovski |
| title_full_unstemmed | X Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar Global-Local/Local-Global proceedings from the international scientific conference, Skopej, 15-18th September 2009, Republic of Macedonia SS Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Jagiellonian University; the organizational committee: George Mladenovski |
| title_short | X Skopje-Krakow Sociological Seminar Global-Local/Local-Global |
| title_sort | x skopje krakow sociological seminar global local local global proceedings from the international scientific conference skopej 15 18th september 2009 republic of macedonia |
| title_sub | proceedings from the international scientific conference, Skopej, 15-18th September 2009, Republic of Macedonia |
| topic | Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Soziokultureller Wandel (DE-588)4227561-1 gnd Kultursoziologie (DE-588)4133431-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Identität Soziokultureller Wandel Kultursoziologie Nordmazedonien Polen Konferenzschrift 2009 Skopje |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028603680&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028603680&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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