Pluralism, democracy and political knowledge: Robert A Dahl and his critics on modern politics
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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser: Blokland, Hans Theodorus (VerfasserIn)
Format: Elektronisch E-Book
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Burlington, VT Ashgate ©2011
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Online-Zugang:Volltext
Beschreibung:Includes bibliographical references and index
1.Introduction -- 1.The Three Theoretical Levels or Discourses of this Book -- 2.Structure of the Argument -- 2.An American Preamble -- 1.Personal Background: The Absence of Decisive Sources of Inspiration -- 2.Some Observations on the Historical Context -- 2.1.The Great Depression and the New Deal -- 2.2.The Keynesian paradigm -- 2.3.The postwar reassessment of market and politics -- 2.4.Inventing a better society -- 3.Political and Philosophical Background -- 3.1.The overarching liberal political context -- 3.2.Ethical pluralism and liberalism -- 3.3.Pragmatism as attitude toward life -- 4.Pluralistic Antecedents -- 4.1.The traditionally strong role of civil organizations in America -- 4.2.Statism in nineteenth-century political scholarship -- 4.3.The pluralist critique of statist thought in the interbellum -- 4.4.An unstable pedestal for Arthur F. Bentley -- 4.5.Earl Latham on the relentless power struggle between groups
4.6.David B. Truman -- 5.Concerns about Electoral Political Incompetence -- 5.1.The psychological discourse in the interbellum -- 5.2.Political science requires a new theory of democracy -- 5.3.Deweyism as democratic theory -- 5.4.Postwar empirical investigations of electoral competence -- 5.5.Bernard Berelson on benevolent political indifference -- 6.Conclusion -- 3.Foreign Policy and Political Competence -- 1.Citizens, Congress, and Foreign Affairs -- 1.1.Three criteria for democratic decision making -- 1.2.Influences on and limitations of the elected representative -- 1.3.Three methods to improve current decision making -- 1.4.Why the choice of means cannot be left up to the experts -- 1.5.Fostering political competence -- 1.6.Desired reforms of the political system: Party government -- 1.7.Influences on Congress and Foreign Policy -- 2.The Elected Dictator and Iraq -- 2.1.Concentration of power and complacency
2.2.The rationality of the democratic decision making on Iraq -- 3.Electoral Competence and the Emancipation Dilemma -- 4.A Common Point of Departure -- 1.Appropriate Social Techniques and the End of Ideology -- 2.Seven Broadly Endorsed Goals of Rational Social Action -- 3.Calculation and Control as Prerequisites for Rational Social Action -- 3.1.Processes of calculation: Science, incrementalism, calculated risk, utopianism -- 3.2.Four techniques of control -- 4.The Price System -- 4.1.How businessmen are controlled through the market mechanism -- 4.2.The market and socialism can coexist -- 5.The Hierarchical Order -- 5.1.Bureaucracy and the causes of and reasons for its expansion -- 5.2.The inevitable costs of indispensable bureaucracies -- 5.3.The primacy of politics and decentralization as counterweights -- 6.Polyarchy -- 6.1.Polyarchy as solution to the basic problem of politics -- 6.2.The social preconditions for the existence of a polyarchy
7.Bargaining -- 7.1.The negative consequences for political rationality and responsiveness -- 7.2."Party Government" to combat the negative aspects of bargaining -- 8.Hierarchical and Polyarchical Versus Price System Techniques -- 8.1.Some technical shortcomings of polyarchy and hierarchy -- 8.2.Some shortcomings of the price system -- 8.3.Efficiency and innovative potential of public and private organizations -- 9.Bargaining Versus the Price System -- 9.1.Co-management and the illegitimacy of private enterprise -- 9.2.A prelude to the neocorporatism debate: National bargaining -- 10.Improved Social Techniques to Realize the Enlightenment Project -- 10.1.The end of classical liberalism and socialism -- 10.2.The planning of personalities -- 11.Interim Balance -- 11.1.Interdisciplinarity, scientific progress, and naivete -- 11.2.The reception of Politics, Economics, and Welfare -- 11.3.The endless "end of ideology" movement
11.4.Modernization and the end of Big Politics -- 11.5.The spirit of the time by Weber, Mannheim, and Schumpeter -- 5.The Behavioralist Mood -- 1.The Breeding Ground of Behavioralism -- 1.1.Bentley, Wallas, and Merriam -- 1.2.German refugees, social irrelevance, the survey, and the Social Science Research Council -- 1.3.The influence of Popper's epistemological notions -- 2.The State and the Future of Political Science According to David Easton -- 2.1.Facts, trivia, and little laws -- 2.2.The necessity of theories -- 2.3.Can political scholarship become a science? -- 2.4.The unfulfilled function of normative political theory -- 2.5.The potential of the equilibrium theory prevailing in political science -- 3.Dahl's Critique of the Old and New Science of Politics -- 4.Lindblom's Praise of Current Political-Scientific Knowledge -- 5.An Epitaph for a Successful Protest -- 5.1.An austere description of behavioralism -- 5.2.The achievements of behavioralism
5.3.Putting the fragments of political science back together again -- 6.Some Preliminary Observations on Behavioralism -- 6.1.The scarcity of epistemological reflection -- 6.2.Building from the ground up? -- 6.3.Building up to the heavens? -- 6.4.Behaviorism versus behavioralism: Only sensory perceptions? -- 6.5.Opposed to political philosophy? -- 6.6.Economic theory of democracy, equilibrium, rational choice, and modernization -- 6.A Logical Analysis of Polyarchy -- 1.A Preface to Democratic Theory -- 1.1.Democracy according to James Madison -- 1.2.The populistic democracy -- 1.3.A feasible alternative: Polyarchy -- 1.4.The relative importance of constitutional guarantees against tyranny -- 1.5.How minorities rule within the parameters set by the majority -- 2.Some Remarks on A Preface -- 2.1.Symbolism and deductive logic -- 2.2.Natural rights or a social decision procedure -- 2.3.Normative assumptions and political science
2.4.Dahl's growing economic individualism -- 7.Empirical Research on Polyarchy -- 1.Empirical Research on the Distribution of Power -- 1.1.The debate between elitists and pluralists -- 1.2.Defining and investigating power -- 1.3.Dahl's research in New Haven -- 2.A Contented Political Democracy or a Contented Political Scientist? -- 2.1.Politics as a method of conflict resolution -- 2.2.Pluralism instead of majority decisions -- 2.3.Social consensus as precondition for democracy -- 2.4.Political parties and the rationality of public decision making -- 2.5.Four strategies to influence political decision making -- 2.6.Interim balance: Pluralistic democracy and modernization -- 3.Comparative Research on the Preconditions for Polyarchies -- 3.1.The characteristics of a polyarchy -- 3.2.The limited explanatory power of socio-economic development -- 3.3.Social inequality does not obstruct political stability
3.4.The generative history: From greater dispute to greater inclusion -- 3.5.The presence or absence of social divisions -- 3.6.The importance of spreading the democratic conviction -- 3.7.The limited possibilities to democratize hegemonies -- 4.Balance and Outlook -- 8.Arguments in Defense of Democratic Participation -- 1.The Participants, Their Objections, and Their Favorite Opponents -- 2.Classical Theory: Ideal or Reality? -- 3.Dubious System Thinking -- 4.Fear of Ideology, Participation, and Changes in the Status Quo -- 5.The Misunderstood Dynamic Character of the Classical Theory -- 6.The Elitism of the Pluralists and Their Blindness to Social Discord -- 7.Dahl's Defense Against Allegations of Elitism -- 8.Carole Pateman on Economic Democracy and Schumpeter -- 9.Digression: The Costs of Democratic Participation and Deliberation -- 10.Dahl's Reaction to the Democratization Movement
10.1.The legitimation of authority and the costs of participation -- 10.2.A commune is not a country: The definition of the demos -- 10.3.Social inequality is an obstacle to full-fledged democracy -- 10.4.The corporate leviathan and a renewed call for market socialism -- 10.5.The monster of the state and the gap between politics and citizens -- 11.Democratization and Basism or Neo-populism -- 11.1.Political participation and the common or private interest -- 11.2.Participation via the Internet and referendums: Is the citizen finally the boss? -- 12.Schumpeter's Influence on Postwar Democratic Theory -- 12.1.Two interpretations of Schumpeter and pluralism -- 12.2.Schumpeter, the pluralists, and the economic theory of democracy -- 12.3.Do pluralists indeed have no normative criteria? -- 12.4.Is competition among leaders what pluralism is all about? -- 12.5.Pateman and the necessity of reading the authentic texts
9.Power and Powerlessness Under Polyarchy -- 1.Power and Powerlessness: Some Theoretical Notions -- 1.1.Dimensions of the exercise of power -- 1.2.Do people have "real" interests? -- 1.3.Difficulties with the radical conception -- 2.Unheard Voices -- 2.1.Matthew Crenson's research on the depoliticization of air pollution -- 2.2.Michael Parenti's perspective from the bottom up -- 2.3.Lewis Lipsitz' grievances of the disadvantaged and the need of an ideology -- 3.William Domhoff on the American Ruling Class -- 3.1.Some political and methodological assumptions -- 3.2.Four processes of the exercise of power by the ruling class -- 3.3.New Haven too is dominated by an elite -- 4.Dahl's Oblique and Implicit Response to Criticism of Who Governs? -- 5.The Truth of Political Science and the Political Victory of the Right -- 6.Social Inequality and its Political Consequences -- 7.The Making of Social Consensus
8.Anew, Dahl's Struggle with the Emancipation Dilemma -- 10.Epistemological Reservations -- 1.An Overgrown Garden of Grievances -- 2.Kernels of Critique -- 3.Dahl's Aloofness and Complacency in the 1950s and 1960s -- 4.The Influence of Conceptual Models upon Observation -- 4.1.Metaphysical, epistemological, and ethical assumptions -- 4.2.Images of man and society and their origin -- 4.3.Neutrality in the political sciences -- 4.4.Expecting and investigating consensus or conflict -- 4.5.Unbalanced thinking in the equilibrium model -- 4.6.By our behavior we confirm a theory we believe to be right -- 5.Natural Versus Social Sciences -- 5.1.Dahl's modest research findings and the reasons for this -- 5.2.Positivism and positive political freedom -- 5.3.The interpretative method as alternative -- 5.4.Are significant, complex events usually unique? -- 5.5.Some weaknesses of the scientific and interpretative method
5.6.Everyday scholarly practice and its quality -- 11.Modern Political Science and Rationalization -- 1.Behavioralism, Relevance, and Relativism: Dahl's Reply -- 2.Arnold Brecht, Max Weber, and Scientific Value Relativism -- 3.Rationalization and the Retreat from the Realm of Values -- 12.Modern and Old-fashioned Politics -- 1.The Naturalistic Conception of Politics: Christian Bay on Pseudopolitics -- 2.The Counter Culture's Small Political Opposition to Small Politics -- 2.1.Discontent about the social and political consequences of modernization -- 2.2.The innocence of Charles A. Reich -- 3.Political Powerlessness and the Revolution that Did Not Occur -- 4.Robert Lane on Discontent in Market Democracies -- 4.1.An epidemic of depression, distrust, and alienation -- 4.2.The hedonistic treadmill and social malnutrition -- 4.3.The road home -- 5.An Old-fashioned Political Answer to Modern Social Problems -- 5.1.Dahl's struggle with Small Politics -- 5.2.Big and authentic politics
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