Scribes as agents of language change:
Gespeichert in:
| Körperschaft: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston
De Gruyter
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in Language Change SLC.
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | FAW01 FAW02 Volltext |
| Beschreibung: | Acknowledgements; Part I: Introduction; 1 Scribes and Language Change; Part II: From spoken vernacular to written form; 2 Biblical Register and a Counsel of Despair: two Late Cornish versions of Genesis 1; 3 Medieval Glossators as Agents of Language Change; 4 How scribes wrote Ibero-Romance before written Romance was invented; 5 Hittite scribal habits: Sumerograms and phonetic complements in Hittite cuneiform; Part III: Standardisation versus regionalisation and de-standardisation; 6 Words of kings and counsellors: register variation and language change in early English courtly correspondence 7 Quantifying gender change in Medieval English8 Identity and intelligibility in Late Middle English scribal transmission: local dialect as an active choice in fifteenth-century texts; 9 Lines of communication: Medieval Hebrew letters of the eleventh century; 10 The historical development of early Arabic documentary formulae; 11 Individualism in "Osco-Greek" orthography; 12 How a Jewish scribe in early modern Poland attempted to alter a Hebrew linguistic register; Part IV: Idiosyncracy, scribal standards and registers 13 Writing, reading, language change -- a sociohistorical perspective on scribes, readers, and networks in medieval Britain14 Challenges of multiglossia: scribes and the emergence of substandard Judaeo-Arabic registers; 15 Variation in a Norwegian sixteenth-century scribal community; 16 Language change induced by written codes: a case of Old Kanembu and Kanuri dialects; Index The majority of our evidence for language change in pre-modern times comes from the written output of scribes. The present volume deals with a variety of aspects of language change and focuses on the role of scribes. The individual articles, which treat different theoretical and empirical issues, reflect a broad cross-linguistic and cross-cultural diversity. The languages that are represented cover a broad spectrum, and the empirical data come from a wide range of sources. This book provides a wealth of new data and new perspectives on old problems, and it raises new questions about the actual |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (336 pages) |
| ISBN: | 1614510547 9781614510543 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nmm a2200000zc 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV043092795 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 00000000000000.0 | ||
| 007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
| 008 | 151126s2013 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 1614510547 |c electronic bk. |9 1-61451-054-7 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781614510543 |c electronic bk. |9 978-1-61451-054-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)851970454 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV043092795 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-1046 |a DE-1047 | ||
| 082 | 0 | |a 417.7 |2 23 | |
| 110 | 2 | |a Scribes as Agents of Language Change (Conference) <2011, University of Cambridge> |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Scribes as agents of language change |c edited by Esther-Miriam Wagner, Ben Outhwaite, Bettina Beinhoff |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston |b De Gruyter |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 1 Online-Ressource (336 pages) | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Studies in Language Change SLC. | |
| 500 | |a Acknowledgements; Part I: Introduction; 1 Scribes and Language Change; Part II: From spoken vernacular to written form; 2 Biblical Register and a Counsel of Despair: two Late Cornish versions of Genesis 1; 3 Medieval Glossators as Agents of Language Change; 4 How scribes wrote Ibero-Romance before written Romance was invented; 5 Hittite scribal habits: Sumerograms and phonetic complements in Hittite cuneiform; Part III: Standardisation versus regionalisation and de-standardisation; 6 Words of kings and counsellors: register variation and language change in early English courtly correspondence | ||
| 500 | |a 7 Quantifying gender change in Medieval English8 Identity and intelligibility in Late Middle English scribal transmission: local dialect as an active choice in fifteenth-century texts; 9 Lines of communication: Medieval Hebrew letters of the eleventh century; 10 The historical development of early Arabic documentary formulae; 11 Individualism in "Osco-Greek" orthography; 12 How a Jewish scribe in early modern Poland attempted to alter a Hebrew linguistic register; Part IV: Idiosyncracy, scribal standards and registers | ||
| 500 | |a 13 Writing, reading, language change -- a sociohistorical perspective on scribes, readers, and networks in medieval Britain14 Challenges of multiglossia: scribes and the emergence of substandard Judaeo-Arabic registers; 15 Variation in a Norwegian sixteenth-century scribal community; 16 Language change induced by written codes: a case of Old Kanembu and Kanuri dialects; Index | ||
| 500 | |a The majority of our evidence for language change in pre-modern times comes from the written output of scribes. The present volume deals with a variety of aspects of language change and focuses on the role of scribes. The individual articles, which treat different theoretical and empirical issues, reflect a broad cross-linguistic and cross-cultural diversity. The languages that are represented cover a broad spectrum, and the empirical data come from a wide range of sources. This book provides a wealth of new data and new perspectives on old problems, and it raises new questions about the actual | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY / Ancient Languages |2 bisacsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Historical & Comparative |2 bisacsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Linguistic change |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Scribes |2 fast | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Linguistik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Linguistic change |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Scribes |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kopist |0 (DE-588)4165276-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Sprachwandel |0 (DE-588)4056508-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)1071861417 |a Konferenzschrift |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Sprachwandel |0 (DE-588)4056508-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Kopist |0 (DE-588)4165276-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Outhwaite, Ben |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wagner, Esther-Miriam |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Beinhoff, Bettina |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |u http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=604315 |x Aggregator |3 Volltext |
| 912 | |a ZDB-4-EBA | ||
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028516987 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 966 | e | |u http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=604315 |l FAW01 |p ZDB-4-EBA |q FAW_PDA_EBA |x Aggregator |3 Volltext | |
| 966 | e | |u http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=604315 |l FAW02 |p ZDB-4-EBA |q FAW_PDA_EBA |x Aggregator |3 Volltext | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804175495268401152 |
|---|---|
| any_adam_object | |
| author_corporate | Scribes as Agents of Language Change (Conference) <2011, University of Cambridge> |
| author_corporate_role | aut |
| author_facet | Scribes as Agents of Language Change (Conference) <2011, University of Cambridge> |
| author_sort | Scribes as Agents of Language Change (Conference) <2011, University of Cambridge> |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043092795 |
| collection | ZDB-4-EBA |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)851970454 (DE-599)BVBBV043092795 |
| dewey-full | 417.7 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 417 - Dialectology and historical linguistics |
| dewey-raw | 417.7 |
| dewey-search | 417.7 |
| dewey-sort | 3417.7 |
| dewey-tens | 410 - Linguistics |
| discipline | Sprachwissenschaft |
| format | Electronic eBook |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04523nmm a2200589zc 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV043092795</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">00000000000000.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">151126s2013 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1614510547</subfield><subfield code="c">electronic bk.</subfield><subfield code="9">1-61451-054-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781614510543</subfield><subfield code="c">electronic bk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-61451-054-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)851970454</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV043092795</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-1046</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1047</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">417.7</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="110" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Scribes as Agents of Language Change (Conference) <2011, University of Cambridge></subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Scribes as agents of language change</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Esther-Miriam Wagner, Ben Outhwaite, Bettina Beinhoff</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Boston</subfield><subfield code="b">De Gruyter</subfield><subfield code="c">2013</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (336 pages)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Studies in Language Change SLC.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Acknowledgements; Part I: Introduction; 1 Scribes and Language Change; Part II: From spoken vernacular to written form; 2 Biblical Register and a Counsel of Despair: two Late Cornish versions of Genesis 1; 3 Medieval Glossators as Agents of Language Change; 4 How scribes wrote Ibero-Romance before written Romance was invented; 5 Hittite scribal habits: Sumerograms and phonetic complements in Hittite cuneiform; Part III: Standardisation versus regionalisation and de-standardisation; 6 Words of kings and counsellors: register variation and language change in early English courtly correspondence</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7 Quantifying gender change in Medieval English8 Identity and intelligibility in Late Middle English scribal transmission: local dialect as an active choice in fifteenth-century texts; 9 Lines of communication: Medieval Hebrew letters of the eleventh century; 10 The historical development of early Arabic documentary formulae; 11 Individualism in "Osco-Greek" orthography; 12 How a Jewish scribe in early modern Poland attempted to alter a Hebrew linguistic register; Part IV: Idiosyncracy, scribal standards and registers</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">13 Writing, reading, language change -- a sociohistorical perspective on scribes, readers, and networks in medieval Britain14 Challenges of multiglossia: scribes and the emergence of substandard Judaeo-Arabic registers; 15 Variation in a Norwegian sixteenth-century scribal community; 16 Language change induced by written codes: a case of Old Kanembu and Kanuri dialects; Index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The majority of our evidence for language change in pre-modern times comes from the written output of scribes. The present volume deals with a variety of aspects of language change and focuses on the role of scribes. The individual articles, which treat different theoretical and empirical issues, reflect a broad cross-linguistic and cross-cultural diversity. The languages that are represented cover a broad spectrum, and the empirical data come from a wide range of sources. This book provides a wealth of new data and new perspectives on old problems, and it raises new questions about the actual</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY / Ancient Languages</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Historical & Comparative</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Linguistic change</subfield><subfield code="2">fast</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Scribes</subfield><subfield code="2">fast</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Linguistik</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Linguistic change</subfield><subfield code="v">Congresses</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Scribes</subfield><subfield code="v">Congresses</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kopist</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4165276-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sprachwandel</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056508-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1071861417</subfield><subfield code="a">Konferenzschrift</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Sprachwandel</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056508-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Kopist</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4165276-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Outhwaite, Ben</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wagner, Esther-Miriam</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Beinhoff, Bettina</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=604315</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-4-EBA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028516987</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=604315</subfield><subfield code="l">FAW01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-4-EBA</subfield><subfield code="q">FAW_PDA_EBA</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=604315</subfield><subfield code="l">FAW02</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-4-EBA</subfield><subfield code="q">FAW_PDA_EBA</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV043092795 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:17:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1614510547 9781614510543 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028516987 |
| oclc_num | 851970454 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-1046 DE-1047 |
| owner_facet | DE-1046 DE-1047 |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (336 pages) |
| psigel | ZDB-4-EBA ZDB-4-EBA FAW_PDA_EBA |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | De Gruyter |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Studies in Language Change SLC. |
| spelling | Scribes as Agents of Language Change (Conference) <2011, University of Cambridge> Verfasser aut Scribes as agents of language change edited by Esther-Miriam Wagner, Ben Outhwaite, Bettina Beinhoff Boston De Gruyter 2013 1 Online-Ressource (336 pages) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Studies in Language Change SLC. Acknowledgements; Part I: Introduction; 1 Scribes and Language Change; Part II: From spoken vernacular to written form; 2 Biblical Register and a Counsel of Despair: two Late Cornish versions of Genesis 1; 3 Medieval Glossators as Agents of Language Change; 4 How scribes wrote Ibero-Romance before written Romance was invented; 5 Hittite scribal habits: Sumerograms and phonetic complements in Hittite cuneiform; Part III: Standardisation versus regionalisation and de-standardisation; 6 Words of kings and counsellors: register variation and language change in early English courtly correspondence 7 Quantifying gender change in Medieval English8 Identity and intelligibility in Late Middle English scribal transmission: local dialect as an active choice in fifteenth-century texts; 9 Lines of communication: Medieval Hebrew letters of the eleventh century; 10 The historical development of early Arabic documentary formulae; 11 Individualism in "Osco-Greek" orthography; 12 How a Jewish scribe in early modern Poland attempted to alter a Hebrew linguistic register; Part IV: Idiosyncracy, scribal standards and registers 13 Writing, reading, language change -- a sociohistorical perspective on scribes, readers, and networks in medieval Britain14 Challenges of multiglossia: scribes and the emergence of substandard Judaeo-Arabic registers; 15 Variation in a Norwegian sixteenth-century scribal community; 16 Language change induced by written codes: a case of Old Kanembu and Kanuri dialects; Index The majority of our evidence for language change in pre-modern times comes from the written output of scribes. The present volume deals with a variety of aspects of language change and focuses on the role of scribes. The individual articles, which treat different theoretical and empirical issues, reflect a broad cross-linguistic and cross-cultural diversity. The languages that are represented cover a broad spectrum, and the empirical data come from a wide range of sources. This book provides a wealth of new data and new perspectives on old problems, and it raises new questions about the actual FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY / Ancient Languages bisacsh LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Historical & Comparative bisacsh Linguistic change fast Scribes fast Linguistik Linguistic change Congresses Scribes Congresses Kopist (DE-588)4165276-9 gnd rswk-swf Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 s Kopist (DE-588)4165276-9 s 1\p DE-604 Outhwaite, Ben Sonstige oth Wagner, Esther-Miriam Sonstige oth Beinhoff, Bettina Sonstige oth http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=604315 Aggregator Volltext 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Scribes as agents of language change FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY / Ancient Languages bisacsh LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Historical & Comparative bisacsh Linguistic change fast Scribes fast Linguistik Linguistic change Congresses Scribes Congresses Kopist (DE-588)4165276-9 gnd Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4165276-9 (DE-588)4056508-7 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Scribes as agents of language change |
| title_auth | Scribes as agents of language change |
| title_exact_search | Scribes as agents of language change |
| title_full | Scribes as agents of language change edited by Esther-Miriam Wagner, Ben Outhwaite, Bettina Beinhoff |
| title_fullStr | Scribes as agents of language change edited by Esther-Miriam Wagner, Ben Outhwaite, Bettina Beinhoff |
| title_full_unstemmed | Scribes as agents of language change edited by Esther-Miriam Wagner, Ben Outhwaite, Bettina Beinhoff |
| title_short | Scribes as agents of language change |
| title_sort | scribes as agents of language change |
| topic | FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY / Ancient Languages bisacsh LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Historical & Comparative bisacsh Linguistic change fast Scribes fast Linguistik Linguistic change Congresses Scribes Congresses Kopist (DE-588)4165276-9 gnd Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY / Ancient Languages LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Historical & Comparative Linguistic change Scribes Linguistik Linguistic change Congresses Scribes Congresses Kopist Sprachwandel Konferenzschrift |
| url | http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=604315 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT scribesasagentsoflanguagechangeconference2011universityofcambridge scribesasagentsoflanguagechange AT outhwaiteben scribesasagentsoflanguagechange AT wagneresthermiriam scribesasagentsoflanguagechange AT beinhoffbettina scribesasagentsoflanguagechange |